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Mutation PDF

Mutation refers to changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can be caused by replication errors, mutagens like UV rays and chemicals, and some cancer drugs. There are two types of mutations: somatic mutations which occur in body cells and may be passed to daughter cells, and germ line mutations which occur in sex cells and may be passed to offspring. Gene mutations include point mutations involving a single nucleotide and frameshift mutations involving insertions or deletions of nucleotides, while chromosomal mutations involve deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of chromosome segments. Most mutations are minor, many are harmful, some are lethal, and a few may be beneficial.

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19 views21 pages

Mutation PDF

Mutation refers to changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can be caused by replication errors, mutagens like UV rays and chemicals, and some cancer drugs. There are two types of mutations: somatic mutations which occur in body cells and may be passed to daughter cells, and germ line mutations which occur in sex cells and may be passed to offspring. Gene mutations include point mutations involving a single nucleotide and frameshift mutations involving insertions or deletions of nucleotides, while chromosomal mutations involve deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of chromosome segments. Most mutations are minor, many are harmful, some are lethal, and a few may be beneficial.

Uploaded by

atuakilu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mutation

By
Dr/ Eman Elsaid Khalifa
Mutation
 Change in the nucleotide
sequence of DNA

 This change may affect:


a single gene or an entire
chromosome
Causes of mutation

 Mutations can be caused by several


factors:
 Replication errors can cause
mutations
 Mutagens, such as UV rays and
chemicals, can cause mutations
 Some cancer drugs use mutagenic
properties to kill cancer cells
Mutation

In multicellular organism, 2
broad categories of mutations:
somatic mutations & germ line
mutations
Somatic mutation

 Arise in the somatic cells


 Passed on to other cells through the
process of mitosis
 Effect of these mutations depends
on the type of the cell in which they
occur & the developmental stage of
the organism
 If occurs early in development,
larger the clone of the mutated
cells
Germ line mutation

They occur in the cells that


produce gametes
Passed on to future generations
In multicellular organisms, the
term mutation used for germ
line mutations
Types of mutations

Gene mutations

Chromosomal mutations
Gene mutations

A change that affects a gene on


a chromosome causes the cell to
produce abnormal proteins.
There are 2 types of gene
mutations:
I. Point mutation
II. Frame shift mutation
Point mutation

 A gene mutation involving only a


single nucleotide
 Ex: ACA mutates to read ACT
 mRNA codes ACT to be UGA which
is a stop codon
 This will cause the necessary
protein to not be made
Frame shift mutation

This is the insertion or deletion


of one or more nucleotides
Ex: CATAT
In a frame shift mutation it would
read ATAT which is meaningless
Types of chromosomal Mutations

I. Deletion
II. Duplication
III. Inversion
IV. Translocation
Deletion
A part of a chromosome is missing
Duplication
Doubling of a segment of a
chromosome
Types of duplication
Inversion
A segment of a chromosome is
excised and then reintegrated in
an orientation 180 degrees from
the original orientation.
Types of inversion
Translocation
Involves two chromosomes
that aren’t homologous
Part of one chromosome is
transferred to another
chromosomes
Types of translocation
Chromosomal Mutations
Animation
Consequence of Mutations

Most mutations are minor


Many are harmful
Some are lethal
A few may be helpful
Thank you

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