MIND ACTION SERIES

With the Educators, for the Educators

MATHEMATICS WORKSHOP

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
TEXTBOOK GRADE 11
(Chapter 8)

Presented by: Jurg Basson

Attending this Workshop = 10 SACE Points

CHAPTER 8 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
BASIC CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY

Radius:
.
tangent A line from the centre to any point on the
circumference of the circle.
secant Chord:

.
A line with end-points on the circumference.
eter Diameter:
diam sector A chord passing through the centre of the circle.
radi It is double the length of the radius.
us
chor Tangent:
segmedn A line touching the circle at only one point.
t Secant:
arc A line passing through two points on the circle.

THEOREMS INVOLVING THE CENTRE OF A CIRCLE

THEOREM 1A
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
(line from centre ⊥ to chord)

If OM ⊥ AB then AM = MB

Proof

Join OA and OB.

In ΔOAM and ΔOBM:
(a) OA = OB radii
(b) ˆ =M
M ˆ = 90° given
1 2
(c) OM = OM common
∴ΔOAM ≡ ΔOBM RHS
∴ AM = MB

THEOREM 1A (Converse)

The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular
to the chord. (line from centre to midpt of chord)
If AM = MB then OM ⊥ AB
=
=

1
Definition
The perpendicular bisector of a line is a line that
bisects the given line at right angles. In the diagram,
OM is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

THEOREM 1B

The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
(perp bisector of chord)

EXAMPLE 1
O is the centre. AB = 8 cm, OF = 3 cm, OE = 4 cm ,
AF = FB and CD ⊥ OE . Calculate the length of chord CD.

Solution
AF = 4 cm AB = 8 cm and AF = FB
∴ F̂1 = 90° line from centre to midpt of chord
OA2 = (3)2 + (4)2 Pythagoras
∴ OA = 5 cm
∴ OD = 5 cm equal radii
ED2 = (5)2 − (4)2 Pythagoras; Ê1 = 90°
∴ ED = 3 cm
But DE = CE line from centre ⊥ to chord
∴ CD = 6 cm

EXERCISE 1
In all questions, O is the centre.
(a) Calculate the length of AC. (b) Calculate the length of DE.

(c) Calculate the length of (d) Determine the radius OB in terms

the radius of the circle. of x and hence the length of OB.
and hence PQ. B
E
8
=

D x
12 .O
=

2
(e) The radius of the semi-circle (f) AB is a chord of the circle. AC = CB,
centre O is 5 cm. A square is and the length of OA is 5 units.
fitted into the semi-circle as AC = 3 units and OC = 4 units .
shown in the diagram. Calculate Show that OC ⊥ AB and explain
the area of the square. Let the why OC passes through the centre O.
length of the square equal x.

Subtended Angles

Arc APB or chord AB subtends ACB ˆ at

ˆ
the circumference of the circle and AOB
at the centre.

THEOREM 2
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc at the circumference (on the same side of the chord as the
centre). ( ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ )
x x
. . x .
2x
2x
2x

Proof
Consider Diagram 1 and Diagram 2.
Join CO and produce.
Oˆ =C ˆ +A ˆ ext ∠ of ΔAOC
1 1
Now OA = OC radii equal
ˆ
∴ C1 = Aˆ ∠ s opp = sides
∴O ˆ = 2C ˆ
1 1

Similarly, in ΔOCB , O ˆ = 2C
ˆ
2 2

∴Oˆ +O ˆ = 2C ˆ + 2Cˆ
1 2 1 2

∴Oˆ +O ˆ = 2(C ˆ +Cˆ )

1 2 1 2
ˆ = 2ACB
∴ AOB ˆ

Consider Diagram 3.
Join CO and produce.
Oˆ =C ˆ +A ˆ ext ∠ of ΔAOC
1 1
Now OA = OC radii equal
ˆ
∴ C1 = Aˆ ∠ s opp = sides
∴O ˆ = 2C ˆ
1 1

3
Similarly, in ΔOCB , O ˆ = 2C
ˆ
2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∴ O2 − O1 = 2C2 − 2C1
∴Oˆ −O ˆ = 2(C ˆ −C
ˆ )
2 1 2 1
ˆ = 2ACB
∴ AOB ˆ

THEOREM 3
The angle subtended at the circle by a diameter is a right angle.
We say that the angle in a semi-circle is 90° . ( ∠ in a semi-circle)

If AB is a ˆ = 90°
then ACB
diameter

THEOREM 3 (Converse)
If the angle subtended by a chord at a point on the circle is 90° ,
then the chord is a diameter. (Chord subtends 90° )

ˆ = 90°
If ACB then AB is a
diameter

EXAMPLE 2
O is the centre of each circle. Calculate the sizes of the angles marked with small letters.

60°
130°
50°
130°

Solutions

a = 65° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ

b = 25° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ
Ô1 = 260° ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ
c = 360° − 260° ∠ s round a point
∴ c = 100°
Ĉ = 90° ∠ in a semi-circle
d = 30° int ∠ s of Δ

4
EXERCISE 2

Calculate the value of the unknown variables. O is the centre in each case.
(a) (b) (c)

24°
10°
60°

(d) (e) C (f)

120° A
B
36°
O. 230°
x

(g) (h) (i)

150°
95° 70°

(j) (k) (l)

55°

20° 110°

(m) (n) (o)

52° 60°

104°

22°

5
EXERCISE 3 (Challenges)
O is the centre of each circle.
(a) (b) (c)

Prove: Prove: Prove:

(1) Oˆ = 2Cˆ (1) 2B ˆ +O ˆ = 180° (1) Oˆ = 360° − 2Bˆ
1 1 1 1

(2) Bˆ +Dˆ = 90° ˆ

(2) B̂ + A = 90° (2) Cˆ = 2B
ˆ − 180°
1

THEOREMS INVOLVING CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS

Cyclic quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference

of a circle is referred to as a cyclic quadrilateral.
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral because A, B, C and D
are concyclic (lie on the circumference).

THEOREM 4

Angles subtended by a chord (or an arc) of the circle,

on the same side of the chord (or the arc), are equal.
We say that the angles in the same segment of the circle ⊕
are equal. ( ∠ s in the same seg)
In the diagram, A ˆ =B ˆ =D
ˆ ,A ˆ ,Cˆ =D ˆ and B̂ = Cˆ ⊕
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

THEOREM 4 (Converse)

If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points on the same
side of the line segment, then these four points are concyclic (lie on the circumference).
ABCD will be a cyclic quadrilateral. (line subt = ∠ s )

θ θ θ θ

6
Corollaries

(a) Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference.

(equal chords ; equal ∠ s )

ˆ =D
A ˆ

(b) Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre.

(equal chords ; equal ∠ s )

ˆ = FOE
BOC ˆ

(c) Equal chords of equal circles subtend equal angles

at the circumference.
(equal circles ; equal chords ; equal ∠ s )
ˆ =D
A ˆ and G ˆ =H
ˆ

EXAMPLE 3
130°
Calculate the value of the unknown angles.
Solutions
x = 60° ∠ s in the same segment
y = 130° equal chords, equal angles
z = 60° ∠ s opp = sides
60°
EXERCISE 4
Calculate the value of the unknown angles. O is the centre.
(a) (b) (c)
22° 16°

18°
35°

(d) (e) (f)

92° 40°
88°

32°

7
(g) (h) (i)

20°

32° 20°
110°

43°

(j) (k) (l)

15°

35°

110°

(m)

The two circles have diameters that are

equal. O is the centre of circle ABE.
120°

EXERCISE 5 (Challenges)

(a) (b) (c)

Prove: Prove: Prove:

(1) Eˆ 1 = B
ˆ ˆ
B̂ = 90° − O ˆ = 2B
A ˆ − 90°
1 1
(2) BDF ˆ =A ˆ + Eˆ (O is the centre) (O is the centre)

(d) In the diagram, chord EF = chord GH.

A, B, H, G, F and E are concyclic.
Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

8
(e) In the diagram, O and P are the centres of
two circles intersecting at C and EC = ED .
AB and BC are chords of the larger circle.
CD is a chord of the smaller circle.
Prove that ABEP is a cyclic quadrilateral.

THEOREM 5

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (add up to 180° ).

(opp ∠ s of cyclic quad)

If AB is a cyclic then the opposite x

quadrilateral angles are supplementary
ˆ +D
B ˆ + Cˆ = 180°
ˆ = 180° and A 180° − x

Proof
In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, join AO and OC.
ˆ = 2D
O ˆ ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ
1
ˆ = 2B
O ˆ ∠ at centre = 2 × ∠ at circ
2
ˆ +O
∴O ˆ = 2D
ˆ + 2B
ˆ
1 2
ˆ +O
and O ˆ = 360° ∠ s round a point
1 2
ˆ ˆ
∴ 360° = 2D + 2B
∴180° = Dˆ +Bˆ
ˆ + Cˆ = 180°
Similarly, by joining BO and DO, it can be proven that A

THEOREM 5 (Converse)

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral is a

cyclic quadrilateral. (opp ∠ s quad supp)

If the opposite angles then ABCD is a x

x
of quadrilateral ABCD cyclic quadrilateral
are supplementary 180° − x 180° − x

THEOREM 6

An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

(ext ∠ of cyclic quad)
If ABCD is a cyclic ˆ =A
then C ˆ
1
quadrilateral

9
THEOREM 6 (Converse)
If an exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle, then the
quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral. (ext ∠ = int opp ∠ )
ˆ =A
If C ˆ then ABCD is a
1
cyclic quadrilateral

EXAMPLE 4
ABCD and BCDE are cyclic quadrilaterals. Calculate the value of the unknown angles.
Solutions
a = 80° opp ∠ s of cyclic quad ABCD
b = 70° ext ∠ of cyclic quad BCDE
c = 80° ∠ s in the same segment
(or opp ∠ s of cyclic quad BCDE)
d = 30° ∠ s in the same segment 30°
e = 70° int ∠ s of Δ 100°
70°

EXERCISE 6
Calculate the value of the unknown angles. O is the centre.

(a) (b) (c)

83° 110°
105°
82°

40° 62°

(d) (e) (f)

80° 3y 3x
2y

x y
80°
y 2x

(g) (h) (i)

84°

150°
50°

10
(j) (k) (l)

85°

125°
110°

(m) (n) (o)

92°

106° 20°
112°

EXERCISE 7 (Challenges)
O is the centre of each circle.
(a) (b) (c)

Prove: Prove: Prove:

(1) ˆ +D
A ˆ = 180° (1) ˆ = 2Y
O ˆ (1) ˆ = 180° − 2B
O ˆ
1 1 1 1 1
(2) ˆ = 360° − 2A
O ˆ (2) ˆ
Y =Kˆ (2) ˆ ˆ
O = 360° − 2D
1 1 2 1

Important Summary (strategies to prove that a quadrilateral is cyclic)

ABCD is a quadrilateral. One of the following three strategies can be used to show
that ABCD a cyclic quadrilateral.

Strategy 1: Show that at least one pair of opposite angles are supplementary

ˆ +C
A ˆ = y + (180° − y ) = 180°
x
or
y 180° − y ˆ +D
B ˆ = x + (180° − x) = 180°
180° − x

11
Strategy 2: Show that an exterior angle is equal to the interior opposite angle.

For example, if C ˆ =Aˆ , then ABCD

1
will be a cyclic quadrilateral.

Strategy 3: Show that a line segment subtends equal angles on the same side of that
line segment.

For example, since it is given that line

segment AB subtends equal angles
(Cˆ =D ˆ ), we can conclude that ABCD
1 1
is a cyclic quadrilateral.

EXERCISE 8

(a) Show that LMRQ is a cyclic (b) Write down, with reasons, two
quadrilateral if PQ = PR and cyclic quadrilaterals in the figure.
LM || QR. A
P

2 D
1
1 1 M
L M
2 2
2 1
Q R B E C
(c) In the diagram, figure ABCD is a (d) A circle through C and D cuts
parallelogram with B̂ = 80° . parallelogram CDFG at H
ABFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. and I. Prove that GFIH is
Show that DEFC is a cyclic cyclic quadrilateral.
quadrilateral.

E D
F I D
A 1 2 2 1

1 2 C
80° F
2 1
B G H C

12
THEOREMS INVOLVING TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE

AXIOM 7
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
contact. (tan ⊥ radius)
If ABC is a tangent then OB ⊥ ABC
to the circle at B

AXIOM 7 (Converse)
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius at the point where the radius meets the circle,
then the line is a tangent to the circle. (line ⊥ radius)

If line ABC is then ABC is a

⊥ to radius OB tangent at B.

THEOREM 8

Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the
circle are equal in length. (tangents from same pt)

THEOREM 9
The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord drawn from the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
( ∠ between tangent and chord) or (tan-chord theorem)

If CDE is a tangent then D̂1 = Aˆ

to the circle at D and Cˆ =B ˆ
2

Proof

Case 1 (Acute angles)

ˆ = BED
We will prove that CBD ˆ

Draw diameter BOF and join EF

Bˆ +B ˆ = 90° tangent ⊥ radius
1 2

Eˆ + Eˆ = 90°
1 2 ∠ in semi-circle
ˆ = Eˆ
But B ∠ s in the same segment
1 1

∴Bˆ = Eˆ
2 2
ˆ = BED
∴ CBD ˆ
13
Case 2 (Obtuse angles)
ˆ = BDE
We will prove that ABE ˆ

Draw diameter BOF and join FD

B̂1 = 90° tangent ⊥ radius
D̂1 = 90° ∠ in semi-circle
∴B ˆ =D ˆ
1 1
ˆ =D
But B ˆ ∠ s in the same segment
2 2
ˆ ˆ
∴ B1 + B2 = D ˆ +D
ˆ
1 2
ˆ = BDE
∴ ABE ˆ

THEOREM 9 (Converse)

If a line is drawn through the endpoint

of a chord, making with the chord an
angle equal to an angle in the alternate
segment, then the line is a tangent to the
circle. ( ∠ between line and chord)
or (converse of tan-chord theorem)

EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the value of the unknown angles. ABC is a tangent to each circle.

(a) Solutions
a = 55° tan ⊥ radius
b = 90° ∠ in semi-circle
F̂1 + c + 65° = 180° int ∠ s of Δ
BC = FC tangents from same pt
F̂1 = Cˆ ∠ s opp = sides
35° 66° ∴ 2c + 66° = 180°
∴ c = 57°
FC is also a tangent
O is the centre

(b) Solutions

x = 72° tan-chord theorem

y = 65° tan-chord theorem

72° 65°

14
(c) Solutions
40°
x = 70° co-int ∠ s ; ABC||FG
B̂1 = 40° alt ∠ s ; DE||BF
110°
y = B̂1 + x tan-chord theorem
∴ y = 40° + 70°
y = 110°

EXERCISE 9
Calculate the value of the unknown angles. O is the centre and ABT is a tangent.
(a) (b) (c)

35° 2a
50°
3a

(d) (e)

80° 60°

DT is a tangent. DT is a tangent.
(f) (g) (h)

70°

100°

60° 40° 30° 100°

(i) (j) (k)

6x 140°
7x

35°

15
(l) (m) (n)
26°

36° 56°
32°
40°

(o) (p) (q)

54°

38°

130°
59°
40°

EXERCISE 10
(a) Prove that PT is a tangent to the circle if (b) Prove that SRT is a tangent
ˆ = 120° and C
P̂4 = 60°, BCP ˆ =C ˆ to the circle through PQR.
1 2

64°

120°
x + 20°

40°
5x 4x

(c) In the diagram, S is the centre

of the circle and SQ ⊥ PR . TP = 12 ,
PR = TU = 8 and SQ = 3 .
Prove that TP is a tangent to the circle.

(d) O is the centre of the circle through A, B, C

and T. DTE is a tangent at T and
chord BC = chord CT
(1) Why is A ˆ =A ˆ ?
1 2

(2) Prove that Oˆ = 2Tˆ

1 3

(3) Prove that Tˆ 2 + B ˆ = 180°

ˆ +C
1 1

16
(e) In the diagram, DE is a tangent to the circle
ACD at D. BC||DE. Prove that CD is a tangent
to the circle passing through A, B and C.

EXERCISE 11 (NUMERICAL GEOMETRY PROBLEMS)

(a) In the diagram below, AOB is a diameter

of the circle centre O.
OD||BC. The length of the radius is 10 units.
(1) What is the size of Ĉ ? State a reason.
(2) What is the size of Ê1 ? State a reason.
(3) Why is AE = EC ? State a reason.

>

>
(4) If AC = 16 units , calculate the length
of ED.

(b) In the figure below, RDS is a tangent to

the circle centre O at D.
BC = DC and CDS ˆ = 40°
(1) What is the size of B̂1 . State a reason.
(2) What is the size of D̂ 2 . State a reason.
(3) What is the size of Ĉ . State a reason.
(4) Calculate the size of Ô 2 State a reason.
(5) Calculate the size of Ô1 . State a reason.
(6) Calculate the size of D̂3 State reasons. 40°
(7) Calculate the size of  State a reason.

(c) In the diagram, O is the centre

of the circle passing through
20°
A, B, C and D. AB||CD and B̂ = 20°
(1) Calculate the size of Ĉ1 ? State a reason.
(2) Calculate the size of Ô1 ? State a reason.
(3) Calculate the size of D̂ ? State a reason.
(4) Calculate the size of Ê1 ? State a reason.
(5) Why is AOEC a cyclic quadrilateral?

17
(d) AB and CD are two chords of the circle centre O.
OE ⊥ CD, AF = FB . OE = 4 cm, OF = 3 cm and C
AB = 8 cm . Calculate the length of CD. B

O
E
F

D
A
D
C
(e) In the circle centre O, BO ⊥ OD ,
AE = EC and AOD ˆ = 116° .
Calculate the size of:
(1) Ĉ 1 1 E 2
B O
(2) ABCˆ 2 23 1

(f) O is the centre of the circle. D

AB is the diameter.
AOCˆ = 104° and DAB ˆ = 32° .
Calculate the size of:
(1) D̂ 2 O
A B
(2) Ĉ3 1 1 2

(3) Â1
2 3
(4) Ĉ2 1

C
S
(g) O is the centre of the circle. A
STU is a tangent at T. 1 2
Chord BC = chord CT, 1
T
ATCˆ = 105° and CTU ˆ = 40° . 2
3
Calculate the size of :
O U
(1) Â2 1

(2) Â1 2 2 3
(3) ˆ +B
B ˆ 1 1
1 2
B C
(4) Ĉ2

18
(h) PQR is a tangent at Q.
ST || QW. T
1 2 V
WQRˆ = 30° and TSW ˆ = 70° .
Calculate the size of the S 1 70°
2
following angles with reasons:
(1) V̂ 2 3
1 W
(2) Q̂1
(3) T̂1
(4) Ŵ2 1 2 30°
P Q R

(i) O is the centre of circle ABC.

AC is produced to D so that CD = CB.
Prove that Ô1 = 128° if D̂ = 32° .

(j) QOS is a diameter of the circle centre O.

P
QR = RT and T̂ = 35° .
Calculate, with reasons, the size of: 2 S
1
(1) R̂ 2 1 2

(2) Ŝ2 2
1
(3) Q̂2 O
(4) Q̂1 1
2 1 2 35°
(5) P̂1 Q R T

(k) In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle

and AO||BC. 130°
If Â1 = 130° , calculate the size of Ô1 .

(l) In the diagram below, JM||KL and the centre

of the circle is O.
Ô1 = 120° .
(1) Calculate the size of Ŷ1 .
(2) Prove that XYLK is a cyclic 120°
quadrilateral.

19
(GEOMETRY PROBLEMS INVOLVING VARIABLES)

(m) In the diagram, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral T E

with AB parallel to chord ED. Â1 = x and AB 1 2
ˆ . TAN is a tangent to the circle x D
bisects NAG 1
1 F
2 2 3
at A. A G
3 2
(1) Write down, with reasons, seven 4 1
angles equal to x. C
(2) Why is AB a tangent to the circle
1 2
passing through A, G and E?
N B
P
(n) In the diagram, chord PR is parallel to chord TS.
1 2
PR = PS and PT = TS . ARB is a tangent to the

=
circle at R and RST is a straight line.
R̂ 3 = x and R̂1 = y . T
(1) Write down, with reasons, three other A y =
angles equal to x and three other equal 1
2 3
to y.
R 3x 2
(2) Express T̂ in terms of y. 1 S
(3) Express T̂ in terms of x.

B
(o) In the diagram, DE is a tangent to circle
ABCD at D. AD||BC and B ˆ =B ˆ .
1 3

(1) Why is D̂3 = x ?

(2) Why is DEFB a cyclic quadrilateral?
>

(3) Why is B̂5 = x ?

>

(4) Why is D̂1 = x ?

(Don’t assume that EB is a tangent!)
(5) Why can we now conclude that EB
is a tangent at B?

(p) In the diagram, O is the centre of A

the circle and E is the midpoint of
chord AD. AO and EO are produced 2
=

1 E
to cut the circle at C and B respectively. x 12
D
=

AD produced meets the tangent drawn 3

2
to the circle at C in G. Ô3 = x 4O
1
(1) Why is EOCG is a cyclic 1
quadrilateral? 2
(2) Write down, with reasons, two B 2 3
1
other angles equal to x. G
C
(3) Express Â1 in terms of x.
(4) Express Ĉ1 in terms of x.
(5) Express Ĉ2 in terms of x.

20
 A
(q) O is the centre of the circle through
A, B, C and D. BC = CD and BOD ˆ = 2x .
Express the following in terms of x.
(1) B̂2 O
(2) BCDˆ
2x
(3) Â 1
2 1
B 3 2 D
1 2
C
(r) In the diagram, AB is a diameter of the circle.
EA is a tangent to the circle at A.
B̂1 = x and Ê = y .
(1) Name one other angle equal to x.
(2) Show that Â2 = y .
(3) Name one other angle equal to y.

(s) In the diagram, AOB is the diameter of the

semi-circle AMNB. MO||NB and B̂1 = x . M N
3 1
(1) Express M̂2 and B̂2 in terms of x. 1 2 2
1
(2) Express Ô2 and N̂2 in terms of x.
K 2
Express K̂1 in terms of x. 2
(3) 1 3 x 1
*(4) If it is given that x = 30° , calculate A O B
the sizes of the angles of Δ MKN .
*(5) Hence prove that MOBN is a rhombus.

SOLVING GEOMETRICAL RIDERS

Some important concepts

A rider is a geometrical problem requiring proofs of statements. The problem involves

the application of a combination of theorems and logical abstract reasoning. The
following statements of logic are extremely important for solving geometrical riders.

(a) If a = b (b) If a + b = c (c) If a = b

and b = c and a + d = c and c = d
then a = c then b = d then a + c = b + d

(d) If a + b = c + d (e) If a + b + c = d + e (f) If a + b + c = d

and b = c and b = d and a = b
then a = d then a + c = e then 2b + c = d
or 2a + c = d

21
EXAMPLE 1

CD is a tangent at C to the circle through A, B, C

and E. BC = CE and chords AC and BE intersect
at F. Prove that:
(a) Cˆ =A ˆ
1 2

(b) Cˆ = Eˆ
4 2

Solutions

(a) ˆ =A
C ˆ tan-chord theorem
1 1
ˆ
A =Aˆ equal chords ; equal angles
1 2
ˆ =A
∴C ˆ
1 2
Alternative for (b)
(b) ˆ =A
C ˆ tan-chord theorem ˆ =A
C ˆ tan-chord theorem
4 2 4 2
ˆ
A =Aˆ equal chords ; equal angles ˆ =B
A ˆ ∠ s in the same segment
2 1 2 2

∴Cˆ =A ˆ ∴Cˆ =B ˆ
4 1 4 2
ˆ
A =E ˆ ∠ s in the same segment ˆ = Eˆ
B ∠ s opp = sides
1 2 2 2
ˆ = Eˆ
∴C ˆ = Eˆ
∴C
4 2 4 2

EXAMPLE 2
PR is a diameter of circle PRMS with centre Q.
PS, SR and PM are chords. PM bisects RPSˆ .
Prove that:
(a) PS||QM
(b) QM ⊥ SR
(c) QM bisects SR

Solutions

(a) Pˆ2 = M
ˆ ∠ s opp = radii
Pˆ = Pˆ
2 1 given
∴ Pˆ1 = M
ˆ
∴ PS||QM alt ∠ s =

(b) Ŝ = 90° ∠ in semi-circle

∴Ê2 = 90° corr ∠ s =
∴ QM ⊥ SR

(c) RE = ES line from centre ⊥ to chord

∴QM bisects SR

22
EXAMPLE 3

LOM is a diameter of circle LMT. The centre is

O. TN is a tangent at T. LN ⊥ NP . MT is a chord.
LT is a chord produced to P. Prove that:
(a) MNPT is a cyclic quadrilateral
(b) NP = NT

Solutions

(a) ˆ +N
N ˆ = 90° given
1 2

T̂3 = 90° ∠ in semi-circle

∴N ˆ +N ˆ = Tˆ
1 2 3
∴MNPT is a cyclic quad ext ∠ of quad = int opp ∠

(b) Tˆ1 = Tˆ 4 vert opp ∠ s =

Tˆ = M
4
ˆ
1 tan-chord theorem
∴ Tˆ1 = M
ˆ
1

Mˆ = Pˆ ext ∠ of cyclic quad

1

∴Tˆ1 = Pˆ
∴ NP = NT sides opp = ∠ s

EXAMPLE 4

AB, AC, DB, and DC are chords.

DE ⊥ AC and DB ⊥ FC .
Prove that:
(a) DEFC is a cyclic quadrilateral
(b) AB || EF

Solutions

(a) Ê1 = 90° given

F̂2 = 90° given
∴ DEFC is a cyclic quad DC subtends = ∠ s

(b) Eˆ 2 = D
ˆ
2 ∠ s in the same seg
Aˆ =D ˆ ∠ s in the same seg
2
ˆ
∴ Ê2 = A
∴AB || EF corr ∠ s =

23
EXAMPLE 5
O is the centre of circle SAT which is inscribed in Δ PQR . PQ, QR and PR are tangents
to the circle. Prove:
(a) PSOT is a cyclic quadrilateral (b) OS is a tangent to circle SPE
R A Q

O
1 2

1 1
T 2 E 2 S

1 2

P
Solutions

(a) Tˆ1 + Tˆ 2 = 90° tan ⊥ radius

Sˆ + Sˆ = 90°
1 2 tan ⊥ radius
∴ Tˆ1 + Tˆ 2 + Sˆ1 + Sˆ 2 = 180°
∴PSOT is a cyclic quadrilateral opp ∠ s of quad supp

(b) Sˆ 1 = Tˆ1 ∠ s opp = radii

Pˆ = Tˆ
2 1 ∠ s in the same seg
∴Sˆ1 = Pˆ2
∴OS is a tangent to circle SPE ∠ between line and chord

EXAMPLE 6
ˆ .
A, D, C, B and P are concyclic. PC bisects DCB
ˆ
Prove that PA bisects XAB.
Solution
ˆ =C
A ˆ ext ∠ of cyclic quad
1 1
ˆ =C
C ˆ given
1 2

∴Aˆ =C ˆ
1 2
ˆC = A
ˆ ∠ s in the same seg
2 2
ˆ =A
∴A ˆ
1 2

24
EXERCISE 12 (SOLVING RIDERS)
(a) ABC is a tangent to the circle BED. (b) In circle ABCDE, BC and AD are
BE || CD. parallel chords. AB is produced to F.
ˆ
Prove that D̂1 = C (1) Name 2 cyclic quadrilaterals
(2) Prove that:
C (i) Bˆ = Eˆ
1
B
3 (ii) D̂ = Aˆ
A 1 1
2

B 1 C
2
3

2
E 1 1 D
A 2
D

(c) AC is a diameter of circle centre O. (d) PQB is a tangent to the circle

B is a point on the circle. QRS at Q. QS bisects BQR ˆ .
OP bisects AB.
Prove that QS = RS
Prove that OP || BC.
B

Q
..
1
2
S

A O C
2
P
1
P

B R

(e) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (f) AQ is a tangent to the circle in Q

BA is produced to E. AD bisects and QP || AR. Prove that RA is a
ˆ . Prove that DC = DB.
EAC tangent to circle ABQ at A.

D
1
2 2 C P

..
1
Q 1
1 2 2
E 3 2
A 1 2
1
B B
R
A

25
(g) In circle ABCD, AB = BC. (h) ALB is a tangent to circle LMNP.
Prove that AB is a tangent to ALB || MP. Prove that:
circle AED in A. (1) LM = LP
(2) LN bisects MNPˆ
A (3) LM is a tangent to circle MNQ
1
2 D A L B
3 4
1 2
1 E
B 2

C 1 Q 1
M 2 2 P

1 2
N

(i) EC is a diameter of circle DEC. (j) PA and PC are tangents to the

EC is produced to B. circle at A and C. AD || PC, and
BD is a tangent at D. PD cuts the circle B. CB is
ED is produced to A produced to meet AP at F.
and AB ⊥ BE . AB, AC and DC are drawn.
Prove that: Prove:
(1) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral (1) AC bisects PADˆ
(2) ˆ = Eˆ
A (2) ˆ =B
B ˆ
1 1 3
(3) ΔBDA is isosceles (3) ˆ = ABD
APC ˆ
(4) ˆ =C
C ˆ
2 3 P
E
1
2 F

.
4 3 4 A
B 2
3
2 1
O 1

4
3
D 1 2
2 1
3 C 3
1 4
2 C 2
1

2 1 D
1 2
A B

26
(k) TA is a tangent to the circle PRT.
M is the midpoint of chord PT.
The centre of the circle is O. P
PR is produced to intersect TA at A
and TA ⊥ PA . T and R are joined.
OR and OT are radii. O
Prove that: 1 M
1
(1) MTAR is a cyclic quadrilateral 2 1
(2) PR = RT 2 R
3
(3) TR bisects PTA ˆ
1
1ˆ 2 1
(4) T2 = O 1 T A
2

EXAMPLE 6 (MORE ADVANCED RIDERS)

In the diagram, PA is a tangent A

to the circle at A. AC and AB are 2 1
chords and PM is produced to K =
=
such that AK = AM . K and M K 1
lie on AC and AB respectively.
1 M
1
Chord CB is produced to P. 2 P
Prove that KP bisects APCˆ . 2 1
B
Solution C

ˆ =M
Pˆ1 + A ˆ ext ∠ of ΔAMP
1 1

But M ˆ =K
ˆ ∠ s opp = sides
1 1
ˆ =K
∴ Pˆ1 + A ˆ
1 1
ˆ ˆ
But P + C = K ˆ ext ∠ of ΔCKP
2 1

and Aˆ =C ˆ tan-chord theorem

1

∴ Pˆ = Pˆ
1 2

EXERCISE 13
(a) FC is a tangent to circle BCD and FG is a tangent to circle FEDC. The circles
intersect at D and C. Chord BD is produced to F. DC is joined. Chord FE and
chord CB produced meet at A. A
E
Prove that: F
1
(1) ABDE is a cyclic 2 1
D
quadrilateral. 1
ˆ +C ˆ B 2 G
(2) D̂1 = C1 2
1

(3) FG||AC
1 2

27
(b) LPN is a tangent to circle ADP. Circle (c) O is the centre of the larger circle.
BCP touches the larger circle internally The second circle drawn through O
at P. Chord AD cuts the smaller circle intersects the larger circle at B and D.
at B and C and BP and CP are joined. Chords BC and DC intersect the
Prove that Pˆ2 = Pˆ4 smaller circle at E and F respectively.
Prove that DE = EC.
A
L C
B
1
2 1
P
3 O
5
E 2 1 F
4 1
1
2
1
C D
B
N
D

CONSOLIDATION AND EXTENSION EXERCISE R

(a) In the diagram below, QP is a tangent
1 2
to a circle with centre O. RS is a
diameter of the circle and RQ is a
straight line. T is a point on the circle.
ˆ and SPQ ˆ = 22° .
.
PS bisects TPQ O
Calculate the following, 4 3
giving reasons: 1 2

(1) P̂2 (2) R̂ 2

1 4
(3) Pˆ + Pˆ
3 4 (4) R̂ 1 2 3
T 3 2 P
(5) Ô1 (6) Q̂2 1 1
S 2

1 2

(b) O is the centre of the circle ABED. A

The radius of the circle is 6,5 cm.
AC is a tangent to the circle at A. 3 2 1

.
BD is produced to C such that
AD = DC .
(1) Prove that AB = AC . O
1 1 2
(2) If BE = 5 cm , calculate B C
the length of AC. 2 D

28
 1
(c) ˆ =C
In the diagram below, A ˆ, A
1 D
2 x + 20°
B̂ = 3 x + 10° and D̂ = 2 x + 20° .
Calculate, with reasons, the value of x.
3 x + 10°
B C
(d) In the figure, O is the centre of
the circle. PRO is a straight line
intersecting the circle at R.
OT is perpendicular to chord
SQ at T. SR is joined. Radius
OQ and line PQ meet at Q.
PQ = 12 units, QS = 8 units,
RP = 8 units and OT = 3 units.
.
O
1 2
S 1
(1) Prove that PQ is a R
1 2
tangent to the circle 2 3
at Q. T
2 3
(2) Express P̂ in terms of 1 4
P
x if Q̂4 = x . Q
F
(e) AC is a diameter of the circle E
4
centre B. FED is a tangent to 1
2 3
the circle at E and BG ⊥ EC. D
2 G
BG produced cuts FE 1 3
4
produced at D. DC is drawn. 1 2 3
Prove that: 2
1
(1) BG||AE C A
(2) BCDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. B
(3) DC is a tangent to circle EAC.
(4) DC is a tangent to circle BCG.

(f) Circles OAS and ABCS intersect (g) P is a point on side AB of ΔABC .
ˆ .
at A and S. SB bisects ABC The circle through P, B and C cuts
Chord AT is produced to C. AC in Q. QP produced cuts the
Prove that SA = SO ˆ +B
larger circle at R. Prove that Pˆ1 = A ˆ
1 1

A A
R 1
1 2
1 2 2
P
2
3 1
1 4 1
O Q
1 2
2 S 1
1
2
T B
1
2 C
B C
29
(h) Two circles with centre O and P touch each other.
The radii of the circles are 7 and 4 respectively.
Calculate the length of AB if AB is a tangent .
O
to both circles. Round off your answer to one
decimal place. 7 .P
4
A B

(i) BC is a diameter of circle ABC

with centre O. OD ⊥ AC and
AT ⊥ BOC. BT = x ,
TO = 5 and AD = 42 .
(1) Prove that OA = 7 T O
B x C
(2) Calculate the length of AB. 1 2 1 3
2
2
1
D

(j) PR is a common chord of circles M

PQSR and PXRY. PR bisects
ˆ . T lies on chord PS such
XRY P
1
that ST = SR = SQ .
2
MPY touches the larger 5
34
circle at P. 1
Q 2
Prove that: 2
ˆ =Q ˆ 1 T
(1) Q 1 2 3
(2) QP is a tangent Y
to the smaller circle.
1
2
X 2 3
1
S R

F
(k) In the figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral D 1
with AB = AD and DC = BC . DC and BC, 3 2
both produced meet AB and AD, both 1
2
produced, at E and F respectively.
AC produced meets FE at G with Ĝ1 = 90° H1 1
A
1 C 1 G
Prove that: 2 2 2 2
3
(1) AC is a diameter of the circle. 2 3
(2) DBEF is a cyclic quadrilateral. 1
ˆ . 4 2
(3) BC bisects DBG
B 1

30