PARUL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
B.B.A 1st SEMESTER
SUBJECT: Mathematical Aptitude
Subject code : 00019101SE01
➢ Numbers system :
A number system relates quantities and symbols. The base or radix of a number system represents the
number of digits or basic symbols in that particular number system.
Decimal is a base (or radix) 10 numeral system. This means that the system has ten symbols or
numerals to represent any quantity. These symbols are called Digits. The ten symbols are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 and 0. decimal number system, also called Hindu-Arabic, or Arabic, number system, in
mathematics, positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different numerals.
• Types of Numbers :
Real numbers: Real numbers comprise the full spectrum of numbers. They can take on any form –
fractions or whole numbers, decimal points or no decimal points. The full range of real numbers
includes decimals that can go on forever and ever without end.
For Example: 8, 6, 2 + , 3/5 etc.
Natural numbers: A natural number is a number that comes naturally. Natural Numbers are counting
numbers from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Whole numbers: hole numbers are just all the natural numbers plus zero. For Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and so on upto infinity.
Integers: Integers incorporate all the qualities of whole numbers and their opposites (or additive
inverses of the whole numbers) . Integers can be described as being positive and negative whole
numbers. For Example: … –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Rational Numbers: All numbers of the form p/q where p and q are integers (q ≠ 0) called Rational
numbers. For Example: 4, 3/4, 0, ….
Irrational Numbers: Irrational numbers are the opposite of rational numbers. An irrational number
cannot be written as a fraction, and decimal values for irrational numbers never end and do not have a
repeating pattern in them. ‘pi’ with its never-ending decimal places, is irrational. For Example:
𝜋, 𝑒, √2…
Even Numbers: An even number is one that can be divided evenly by two leaving no remainder, such
as 2, 4, 6, and 8.
Odd Numbers: An odd number is one that does not divide evenly by two, such as 1, 3, 5, and 7.
Prime Number: A prime number is a number which can be divided only by 1 and itself. The prime
number has only two factors, 1 and itself. For example: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17, …. are prime numbers.
Composite Number: A Composite Number is a number which can be divided evenly. Any composite
number has additional factors than 1 and itself. For example: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10…
Co-primes or Relatively prime numbers: A pair of numbers not having any common factors other
than 1 or –1. (Or alternatively their greatest common factor is 1 or –1). For Example: 15 and 28 are co-
prime, because the factors of 15 (1,3,5,15), and the factors of 28 (1,2,4,7,14,28) are not in common
(except for 1).
Twin Primes: A pair of prime numbers that differ by 2 (successive odd numbers that are both Prime
numbers). For Example: (3,5), (5,7), (11,13).
• Notes:
✓ The number 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
✓ 2 is only even number which is prime.
✓ Prime numbers up to 100
are:2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97,i.e.,25 primes between 1 to
100.
✓ Two numbers which have only 1 as the common factors are called co-primes or relativity prime to each
other, e.g.,3 and 5 are co-primes.
✓ Note that the numbers which are relatively prime need not necessarily be prime numbers, e.g., 16 and
17 are relatively prime, although 16 is not prime number.
• Divisibility test:
✓ Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if its unit’s digit is even or 0. Examples:4,12,18,30,38, …
✓ Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits are divisible by 3. Example: The
number 3792 is divisible by 3?
Solution: Here 3+7+9+2 = 21 and 21 is divisible by 3 then 3792 is divisible by 3.
✓ Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the last 2 digits are divisible by 4, or if the last two digits
are 0’s. Example: The number 261232616 is divisible by 4?
Solution: Here last two digits of the number is 16 which is divisible by 4.Then this number is divisible
by 4.
✓ Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its unit’s digit is 5 or 0. Example: A number 53489245
is divisible by 5?
Solution: Last digit of the number is 5 then this number is divisible by 5.
✓ Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is simultaneously divisible by 2 and 3. Example: A
number 4518 is divisible by 6?
Solution: Here sum of the digit is 4+5+1+8= 18. And 18 is divisible by 3.And this is even number.
✓ Divisibility by 7: A number is divisible by 7 if unit’s place digit is multiplied by 2 and subtracted from
the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 7. Example: A number 448 is divisible by
7?
Solution: Doubling the unit digit 8 of 448 we get 16. Then 44-16=28.Here 28 is divisible by 7. Then the
number 448 is divisible 7
✓ Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8, or if the
last three digits of a number are zeros. For Example: 41784 is divisible by 8 as the number formed by
last three digits, i.e,784 is divisible by 8
✓ Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For Example: The
number 19044 is divisible by 9?
Solution: Sum of the digits 1+9+0+4+4 = 18 is divisible by 9
✓ Divisibility by 10: A number is divisible by 10 if its unit’s digit is 0. Example: The last digit of 530 is
zero therefore, 580 is divisible by 10.
✓ Divisibility by 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of digits at odd and even places are equal or
differ by a number divisible by 11. For Example: Number 38797 is divisible by 11?
Solution: Even place of the number is 8,9 And odd place of number is 3,7,7
Sum of the even places-sum of odd places
= (8+9) - (3+7+7)
=17-17 = 0 Then this number is divisible by 11.
✓ Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if the number is divisible by both 4 and 3.
✓ Divisibility by 18: A number is divisible by 18 if it is simultaneously divisible by 2 and 9
✓ Divisibility by 25: A number is divisible by 25 if the number’s last two digits is divisible by 25
✓ Divisibility by 88: A number is divisible by 11 if the number is divisible by both 11 and 8.
✓ Divisibility by 125: A number is divisible by 125 if the number’s last three digits is divisible by 125
• Question: Find whether the given numbers are divisible by 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and
10,11,12,18,25,88,125.
1. 58694 6. 24567845
2. 86945 7. 65438798653
3. 695421 8. 345679900
4. 246591 9. 876908704
5. 686 10. 3547987690
 • Shortcut Methods
✓ Method 1: Test to find whether a given number is a prime.
Step 1: Select a least positive integer n such that n^2> given number.
Step 2: Test the divisibility of given number by every prime number less than n
Step 3: The given number is prime only if it is not divisible by any of these primes.
✓ Examples: Test which of the following are prime numbers?
1. 173: Since {13}^2 = 169 < 173 and {14}^2 = 196 > 173
∴ n= 14. Prime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.
since, 173 is not divisible by any of these prime number.
2. 923: Since {30}^2 = 900 < 923 and {31}^2 = 961 > 923
∴ n= 31. Prime numbers less than 31 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,17,19,23,29.
since, 923 is not divisible by any of these prime number.
3. 319 4. 437
✓ Method 2: Method of multiplication.
1. Method 1: Multiplication of a given number by 9, 99, 999, etc
that is by write as this form 9 = (10 − 1), 99 = (102 − 1) = (100 − 1), 999 = (103 − 1) =
(1000 − 1), In general, (10𝑛 − 1)
(a) 3893×99 (b) 4327×999 (c) 5863×9999
Solutions: (a)𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟑 × 𝟗𝟗 = 3893 × (100 − 1) = 389300 − 3893 = 385407
(b) 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 × 𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 4327(1000 − 1)= 4327000 − 4327 = 4322673
(𝐜) 𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟑 × 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 5863(10000 − 1) = 58630000 − 5863 = 58624137
2. Method 2: Multiplication of a given number by 11, 101, 1001, etc. that is by write as this form 11 =
(10 + 1), 101 = (102 + 1) = (100 + 1), 1001 = (103 + 1) = (1000 + 1), In general that is, by
10"+ 1.
(a) 4782×11 (b) 9836×101 (c) 6538×1001
Solutions: (a)𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏 = 4782(10 + 1) = 47820 + 4782 = 52602
(b)𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏= 9863(100 + 1) = 983600 + 9836 = 993436
(𝒄)𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 = 6538(1000 + 1) = 6538000 + 6538 = 6544538
3. Method 3: Multiplication of a given number by 15, 25, 35, etc.
Method. Double the multiplier and then multiply the multiplicant by this new number and finally divide
the product by 2.
(a) 7054 × 15 (b) 3897 × 25 (c) 4563 × 35
7054 × 15×2 211,620
Solutions: (a)𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟓 = 2
= 2 = 105,810
3897 × 25×2 194,850
(b)𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟕 × 𝟐𝟓 = 2
= 2 = 97,425
4563 × 70 319410
(c)𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟔 × 𝟑𝟓 = = = 159705
2 2
4. Method 4: Multiplication of a given number by 5, 25, 125, 625, etc., that is, by a number which
is some power of 5 Method: Place as many zeros to the right of the multiplicand as is the power
of 5 in the multiplier, then divide the number so obtained by 2 raised to the same power as is the
power of 5
(a) 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟐 × 𝟓, (b) 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟗 × 𝟐𝟓, (c) 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓
3982 × 5×2 39820
Solutions: (a)𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟐 × 𝟓 = 2
= 2 = 19,910
4739 × 25×2 2 473900
(b)𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟗 × 𝟐𝟓 = = = 118475
22 4
7894×125×2 3 7894000
(c)𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 23
= 8 = 986750
5. Distributive Law: For any three numbers a, b, c we have
(a) 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏)𝑎 × 𝑏 − 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 − 𝑐)
(1)438 × 637 + 438 × 367 = 438 × (637 + 367) = 4380000
(2) 674 × 832 − 674 × 632 = 674 × (832 − 632) = 134800
✓ Method 3: Method of square
1. Method 1: To square any number ending with 5, (𝐴5)2 = 𝐴(𝐴 + 1)25
(a) (25)2 = 2(2 + 1)25 = 625, (b) (45)2 = 4(4 + 1)25 = 2025
(𝑐) (85)2 = 8(8 + 1)25 = 7225
2. Method 2: To square a number in which every digit is one. Count the number of digits in the
given number and start writing numbers in ascending order from one to this number and then in
descending order up to one.
(a) (11)2 = 121, (b) (111)2 = 12321, (c) (1111)2 = 1234321,
(d) (222)2 = 22 (111)2 = 4(12321) = 49284,
(e) (3333)2 = 32 (1111) = 9(1234321) = 11108889
3. Method 3: To square a number which is nearer to 10x.
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 2
(1) (97) = (97 + 3)(97 − 3) + 32 = 9400 + 9 = 9409
2

(2) (102)2 = (102 + 2)(102 − 2) + 22 = 10400 + 4 = 10404

(3) (994)2 = (994 + 6)(994 − 6) + 62 = 988000 + 36 = 988036
✓ Method 4: Method for division
Division is repeated subtraction.
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = (𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 × 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) + 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 OR 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Example 1: On dividing 7865321 by a certain number, the quotient is 33612 and the remainder is
113. Find the divisor.
Solution: Here 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 7865321, quotient = 33612, remainder = 113
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑−𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 7865321−113
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 33612
= 232
• Example 2: A number when divided by 315 leaves remainder 46 and the value of quotient is 7.
Find the number.
Solution: Divisor = 315, Remainder = 46, Quotient = 7
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = (𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 × 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) + 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 315 × 7 + 46 = 2251
➢ Exercise- 1
1. 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐 × 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐 + 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐 × 𝟔𝟐𝟖 =?
(𝑎)58976000 (𝑐)5897600
(𝑏)58967000 (𝑑)𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒
2. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 + 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 + 𝟕𝟕𝟕+? = 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟎
(a) 36 (c) 64
(b) 16 (d) 26
3. 60?6 × 111=666666
(a) 0 (c) 1
(b) 2 (d) 6
4. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟗 × 𝟏? 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟓
(a) 3 (c) 4
(b) 2 (d) 6
5. If the two digits of the age of Mr Manoj are reversed then the new age so obtained is the age of his
𝟏
wife.𝟏𝟏 of the sum of their ages is equal to the difference between their ages. If Mr Manoj is older
than his wife then finds the difference between their ages.
(a) Cannot be determined (c) 10 years
(b) 8 years (d) 9 years
6. If in a long division sum, the dividend is 380606 and the successive remainders from the first to
the last are 434, 125 and 413, then divisor is:
(a) 451 (c) 4215
(b) 843 (d) 3372
 𝒙 𝟑 𝟔 𝒚−𝒙
7. If 𝒚
=𝟒 ,then the value of(𝟕 + 𝒚+𝒙) equals:
5
(a) (c) 1
7
1
(b)1 7 (d) 2
8. The largest natural number by which the product of three consecutive even natural numbers is
always divisible, is:
(a) 16 (c)48
(b) 24 (d) 96
9. In a division sum, the divisor is 12 times the quotient and 5 times the remainder. If the remainder
be 48, then the dividend is:
(a) 240 (c) 4800
(b) 576 (d) 4848
10. What least number must be subtracted from 1294 so that the remainder when divided by 9,11,13,
will leave in each case the same remainder 6?
(a) 0 (c) 2
(b) 1 (d) 3
11. 24 is divided into two parts such that 7 times the first part added to 5 times the second part makes
146.The first part is:
(a)11 (c)16
(b)13 (d)17
𝟏 𝟏
12. of a number subtracted from of the same number gives 12.The number is:
𝟒 𝟑
(a) 144 (c)72
(b)120 (d)63
𝟒
13. 𝟓
of a certain number is 64. Half of that number is:
(a) 32 (c) 80
(b)40 (d)16
14. What is the sum of all prime numbers from 60 to 80?
(a)361 (c)351
(b)341 (d)349
15. In a division sum, the quotient is 120, the divisor 456 and the remainder 333, find the dividend.
(a)5533 (c)56053
(b)50553 (d)55053
16. How many numbers between 100 and 300 are divisible by 11?
(a) 11 (c)12
(b)10 (d)18
17. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏 is divisible by:
(a) 11 (c)17
(b) 13 (d) 19
18. Find the least value of x and y so that the number 5x423y is divisible by 88.
(a) 8,2 (c)9,4
(b) 7,3 (d) 6,5
➢ Square root and Cube root :
✓ The square root of a number 𝑥 is the number whose square is 𝑥 Positive square root of a number 𝑥 is
denoted by √𝑥.
• Square:
Number obtained when a number is multiplied by itself is calledthe square of the
number. For example, the square of an integer 4 will be: 4 × 4 = 16, i.e., the square of
4 is equal to 16. This can be written as: 42 = 4 × 4 = 16

• A natural number is called a perfect square if it is the square of some natural number.
i.e., if m = n2, then m is a perfect square where m and n are naturalnumbers.
• The unit digit of a perfect square can be only 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
• The square of a number having:
✓ 1 or 9 at the unit place ends in 1.
✓ 2 or 8 at the unit place ends in 4.
✓ 3 or 7 at the unit place ends in 9.
✓ 4 or 6 at the unit place ends in 6.
✓ 5 at the unit place ends in 5.
• How to find square:
Find the square of 24.
Solution: We can write 24 as: 24 = (20 + 4) Put square on both the sides:
242 = (20 +4)2 = (20 + 4) (20 + 4) = 20 x 20 + 20 x 4 + 4 x 20 + 4 x 4
= 400 + 80 + 80 + 16 = 576
Note: We can observe that the expression of (20 +4) 2 is similar to the algebraic
expression (a+b)2 that is (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
Find the square of 204.
Solution: We can write 204 as:
204 = (200 + 4) Put square on both the sides:
2042 = (200 + 4)2 = (200 + 4) (200 + 4) = 200 x 200 + 200 x 4 + 4 x 200 + 4 x 4
= 40000 + 800 + 800 + 16 = 41616
(204 = 2 04 where a = 2, b = 04 𝐚𝟐 |𝟐𝐚𝐛|𝐛𝟐 = 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔)
 Find the square of 311 Ans: 96721
(Hint: 311 = 3 11 where a = 3, b = 11, 𝐚𝟐 |𝟐𝐚𝐛|𝐛𝟐 = 𝟗 |𝟔𝟔(+𝟏(𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐲))|𝟐𝟏
• Square root trick for 3 digit number:
✓ The square root of a three-digit number is always a two-digit number.
Example: Find the square root of 144.
Step 1: Pair the digits from the right to left: 1 44.
Step 2: The unit place of 144 is 4. So, either the square root will have 2 or 8 at the unit place
Step 3: Now, considering the first digit is 1, it is the square of 1. Thus, the first digit of the square root
of 144 is 1.
Step 4: Since 1 is the smallest of the square. Hence, the square root of 144 will take a smaller number
between 2 and 8. Thus, it will be 2.
Step 5: Hence, the required square root is 12. Therefore, the square root of 144 is 12,
i.e. √144=12.
• Square root trick for 4 digit number:
• Example: Find the square root of 1521.
Solution: The steps to determine the square root of 1521 are:
✓ The digits of 1521 are paired as 15 21.
✓ The unit digit of 1521 is 1. Hence, the possible unit digits, as per the chart, after taking the square root
could be 1 and 9.
✓ Let us consider the pair of digits 15.
✓ The number 15 lies between two perfect squares 9 and 16 that is, 9 < 15 < 16 which can be written
as 32 < 15 < 42. Hence, the tens digit of the square root of 1521 is 3 since 3 < 4.
✓ As the number obtained in step 2 is, 1 and 9. The numbers can be 31 or 39.
✓ The product of the possible tens digits gives the value 12 (as here a = 3 and b = 4).
✓ As 12 < 15, the square root of 1521 will be the greater of 31 and 39 which is 39.
• Square root trick for 4 digit number:
• Example: Find the square root of 10816
Step 1: Pair the digits from the right to left: 108 16.
Step 2: The unit digit of 10816 is 6. Hence, the possible unit digits after taking square root could
be 4 and 6.
Step 3: Consider the first three digits of 10816 which are 108. The number 108 lies between two perfect
squares 100 and 121, that is, 100<108<121. Hence, the tens digit of the square root of 10816 is 10 as
10 < 11.
Step 4: As the number obtained in step 2 is, 4 and 6. The numbers can be 104 or 106.
Step 5: The product of the possible tens digits gives the value 110 (a=10, b=11).
Step 6: As the 110>108, the square root of 10816 will be the lesser of 104 and 106 which is 104.
Therefore, the square root of 10816 is 104, i.e. √10816=104.
• Find square root using prime factorization:
Step 1: Find the prime factors of a given number.
Step 2: Group the factors in pairs.
Step 3: Take one number from each pair of factors. Multiply them together.
Step 4: The product thus derived the square root of the given number
• Example : find the square root of 256.
Solution: First we make the prime factor of 256
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1
256=2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2
Now, making pairs ⇒ 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2, Take one factor from each pair and find the product.
2×2×2×2 = 16 ∴ 256 = 16
• Example: Find the square root:
(i) 4761 (ii) 207025
Answer: i) 4761 = 23 × 23 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 3 = 69
ii) 207025 = 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 13 × 13 = 5 × 7 × 13 = 455
• Find square root using division method:
Example: Find the square root of 256.
Solution:

• Example: Find square root of 529 by division method.

• Step 1: Place a bar over every pair of digits starting from the digit at one’s place. If the number of digits in it is
odd, then the left-most single digit too will have a bar. Thus, we have, 5̅ 29 ̅̅̅̅
• Find the largest number whose square is less than or equal to the number under the extreme left bar (22 < 5 < 32).
Take this number as the divisor and the quotient with the number under the extreme left bar as the dividend (here
5). Divide and get the remainder (1 in this case).
2

2 5̅ ̅29
̅̅̅
4

1
• Step 3: Bring down the number under the next bar (i.e., 29 in this case) to the right of the remainder.
So, the new dividend is 129.
2
2 5̅ ̅29
̅̅̅
4
129

• Step 4: Double the quotient and enter it with a blank on its right.
0 2

2 5̅ ̅29
̅̅̅
4

4 129

• Step 5: Guess a largest possible digit to fill the blank which will also become the new digit in the quotient, such
that when the new divisor is multiplied to the new quotient the product is less than or equal to the dividend.
In this case 42 × 2 = 84. As 43 × 3 = 129 so we choose the new digit as 3. Get the remainder.
23
2 5̅ ̅29
̅̅̅
4

43 129
129

• Step 6: Since the remainder is 0 and no digits are left in the given number, therefore,√529 = 23
• Example: Evaluate the square root of 22.09 by long division method.
• Solution:
4.7
4 ̅𝟐𝟐
̅̅̅̅. ̅𝟎𝟗
̅̅̅̅

16

87 609
609
0
Therefore √𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 = 𝟒. 𝟕
• Example: Find square root of given numbers 2304 , 4489
• Cubes:
✓ Number obtained when a number is multiplied by itself three times are called cube
number. For example, the cube of an integer 5 will be 5 × 5 × 5, i.e., the cube of 5 is equal
to 125.This can be written using exponent as: 53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125
✓ Cubes of the numbers ending with the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 end with digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6
and 9 respectively.
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 1, the unit digit of cube root will be 1
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 8, the unit digit of cube root will be 2
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 7, the unit digit of cube root will be 3
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 4, the unit digit of cube root will be 4
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 5, the unit digit of cube root will be 5
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 6, the unit digit of cube root will be 6
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 3, the unit digit of cube root will be 7
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 2, the unit digit of cube root will be 8
✓ If the last digit of the given number is 9, the unit digit of cube root will be 9
✓ A natural number is called a perfect cube if it is the cube of somenatural number.
i.e., if m = n3, then m is a perfect cube where m and n are naturalnumbers.
• Finding cubes of any number:
Example: Find the cube of 11 (11³=?)
Use the simple algebra formula (a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³.
we can write 11³= (10 + 1)³ So, here take a = 10, b = 1 then
(10 1)³ = 1000 + 300 + 30 + 1 = 1331.
Example: Find the cube of 48 (48³= ?)
Use the simple algebra formula (a – b)³ = a³ – 3a²b + 3ab² – b³.
we can write 48³ = (50 - 2)³. So here take a = 50, b = 2 then
(50 – 2)³ = 125000 – 15000 + 600 – 8 = 110592.
• General Formula for finding cube is (a + b)³ OR (a - b)³
• Cube root:
3
✓ The cube root of a number 𝑥 is the number whose cube is 𝑥. It is denoted by √𝑥
3
Example: FIND √𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟑
Step 1: The last digit is 3, so the unit digit of the cube root is 7.
Step 2: Grouping the given number 103 823
Step 3: The greatest cube which is less than 103 is 64 for first group, therefore tens place digit is 4.
(64 < 103 < 125)
3
Step 4: Answer √103823 = 47
 𝟑
Example: FIND √𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟐
Step 1: The last digit is 2, so the unit digit of the cube root is 8.
Step 2: Grouping the given number 054 872
Step 3: The greatest cube which is less than 54 is 27 for the first group, therefore tens place digit is 3.
(27 < 54 < 64)
Step 4: Answer is “38”
• Method of Factorization
Step 1: Write the given number as product of prime factors.
Step 2: Take the product of prime, choosing one out of three of each type.
Step 3: This product gives the cube root of the given number.
Example: Find the cube root of 42875.
Solution: Resolving 42875 into prime factors,
we get 42875 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7, so ∛42875 = 5 × 7 = 35
Example: Find the cube root of 5832.
Solution: The prime factorization of 5832 is
2 5832
2 2916
2 1458
3 729
3 243
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
1

5832 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
𝟑 𝟑
Therefore, √𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟐 = √(𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟑 × 𝟑 × 𝟑 × 𝟑 × 𝟑) = 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖
Note:
✓ Square root and cube root are the inverse operations of squares and cubes respectively.
✓ Squares and cubes of even numbers are even.
✓ Squares and cubes of odd numbers are odd.
✓ The sum of first n odd natural numbers is given by n2.
✓ A perfect square can always be expressed as the product of pairs of prime factors.

➢ HCF and LCM:

• Common Factor: A common factor of two or more numbers is a number which divides each of them
exactly. For example, 4 is a common factor of 8 and 12.
• Highest Common Factor: Highest common factor of two or more numbers is the greatest number that
divides each none of them exactly. For example, 6 is the highest common factor of 12, 18 and 24.
Highest Common Factor is also called Greatest Common Divisor or Greatest Common Measure.
Symbolically, these can be written as H.C.F or G.C.D or G.C.M respectively.
• Method of finding H.C.F:
✓ Method 1: Method pf prime factorization.
Step 1: Express each one of the given numbers as the product of prime factors. [A number is said to be
a prime number if it is exactly divisible by 1 and itself, but not by any other number e.g. 2,3,5,7 etc. are
prime numbers]
Step 2: Choose common factors.
Step 3 Find the product of these common factors. This is the required H.C.F of given numbers.
• Illustration 1: Find the H.C.F of 70 and 90.
Solution: 70 = 2×5×7, 90 = 2×5×9, Common factors are 2 and 5
∴ H.C.F = 2 × 5=10
• Illustration 2: Find the H.C.F of 3332,3724 and 4508.
Solution: 3332 = 2×2×7×7×17, 3724 = 2×2×7×7×19, 4508 =2×2×7×7×23
∴ H.C.F = 2×2×7×7 = 196
• Illustration 3: Find the H.C.F of 360 and 132.
Solution: 360 = 23 × 32 × 5, 132 = 22 × 31 × 11
∴ H.C.F =22 × 31 = 12
• Illustration 4: If 𝑥 = 23 × 35 × 59 and 𝑦 = 25 × 37 × 511 , find H.C.F of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
Solution: The factors common on both 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 23 , 35 𝑎𝑛𝑑 59
∴H.C.F =23 × 35 × 59 .
✓ Method 2: For two numbers,
Step 1 Greater number is divided by the smaller one.
Step 2 Divisor of (1) is divided by its remainder.
Step 3 Divisor of (2) is divided by its remainder. This is continued until no remainder is left. H.C.F is
the divisor of last step.
• Illustration 1 : Find the H.C.F of 3556 and 3444.
Solution: 3444)3556 ( 1
3444
122)3444( 30
3360
84)112 ( 1
84
28 ) 84 ( 3
84
00
∴H.C.F = 28
✓ Method 3: For more than two numbers
Step 1 Any two numbers are chosen and their H.C.F is Obtained
Step 2 H.C.F of H.C.F (of (1)) and any other number is obtained.
Step 3 H.C.F of H.C.F (Of (2)) and any other number (not chosen earlier) is obtained.
This process is continued until all numbers have been chosen. H.C.F of last step is the required H.C.F.
• Illustration 1: Find the H.C.F of 13915,9499 and 2553 by division method.
Solution : 9499)13915 ( 1
9499
4416)9499( 2
8832
667)4416 ( 6
4002
414) 667 ( 1
414
253)414( 1
253
161)253 ( 1
161
92 ) 161 ( 1
92
69) 92 ( 1
69
 23) 69 ( 3
69
00
✓ Now, in the next step, we will find the H.C.F of 23 and 2553
23)2553 ( 111
23
25
23
23
23
00
Thus, H.C.F of 13915,9499 and 2553 = 23.
• Illustration 2 : Find the greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the lengths 7
m,3 m 85 cm, 12 m 95 cm.
Solution : Required length = (H.C.F of 700, 385,1295) cm =35 cm .
• Least Common Multiple: The least common multiple of two or more given numbers is the least or
lowest number is exactly divisible by each of them. For example, consider the two numbers 12 and 18.
Multiples of 12 are 12,24,36,48,60,72,..., Multiples of 18 are 18, 36,54,72,...
Common Multiples are 36,72,... ∴ Least common multiple , i.e., L.C.M of 12 and 18 is 36.
• Methods of finding L.C.M.:
✓ Method 1: Method of Prime Factors
Step 1: Resolve each given number into prime factors
Step 2: Take out all factors with highest powers that occur in given numbers.
Steo 3: Find the product of these factors. This product will be the L.C.M.
Illustration 1 : Find the L.C.M. of 32,48,60 and 320.
Solution : 32 = 25 , 48 = 24 × 3, 60 = 22 × 3 × 5, 320 = 26 × 6
∴ L. C. M. = 26 × 3 × 5 = 960
✓ Method 2: Method of Division
Step 1 The given numbers are written in a line separated by common.
Step 2 Divide by any one of the prime numbers 2,3,5,7,11,... which will divide at least any
two of the given numbers exactly. The quotients and the undivided numbers are written in a line below
the first.
Step 3 Step 2 is repeated until a line of numbers (prime to each other) appears.
Step 4 Find the product of all divisors and numbers in the last line, which is the required L.C.M.
Illustration 1 Find the L.C.M. of 12,15,20 and 54.
Solution : 2 12, 15, 20, 54
2 6, 15, 10, 27
3 3, 15, 5, 27
5 1, 5, 5, 9
1, 1, 1, 9

L. C. M = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 9 = 54
Note : Before finding the L.C.M. or H.C.F. , we must ensure that all quantities are expressed in the
same unit.
Some useful Shortcut methods:
✓ H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimals:
Step 1: Make the same number of decimal places in all the given numbers by suffixing zero(s) if
necessary.
Step 2: Find the H.C.F./L.C.M. of these numbers without decimal.
Step 3: Put the decimal point (in the H.C.F./L.C.M. of Step 2) leaving as many digits on its right as
there are in each of the numbers.
• Illustration : Find the L.C.M. of 1 2, 0.24 and 6.
Solution: The given numbers can be written as 1.20, 0.24 and 6.00. Now, ignoring the decimal we find
the L.C.M. of 120, 24 and 600
2 120, 24, 600
2 60, 12, 300
2 30, 6, 150
3 15, 3, 75
5 5, 1, 25
1, 1, 5
L.C.M. = 2  2  2  3  5  1  5 = 600 Thus, the required L.C.M. = 6.00, i.e., 6.
• Illustration :Find the H.C.F. of 6.16 and 13.
Solution: The given numbers can be written as 6.16 and 13.00. Now, ignoring the decimals we find
the H.C.F. of 616 and 1300.
616)1300 ( 2
1232
68)616( 9 ∴ H.C.F. of 616 and 1300 is 4.
612 Thus, the required H.C.F. 0.04
4)68 ( 17
68
00
• L C.M. and H.C.F. of Fractions
L.C.M of the numbers in numerators H.C.F of the numbers in numerators
L.C.M.= H.C.F of the numbers in denominators , H.C.F = L.C.M of the numbers in denominators
2 3 6
• Illustration : Find the L.C.M. of , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 25
5 10
Solution: L.C.M. of numerators 2, 3 and 6 is 6, H.C.F. of denominators 5, 10 and 25 is 5.
L.C.M of the numbers in numerators 6
∴L.C.M.= H.C.F of the numbers in denominators = 5
4 10 20
• Illustration : Find the H.C.F. of 9 , 21 and 63
Solution: H.C.F. of numerators 4, 10 and 20 is 2, L.C.M. of denominators 9, 21 and 63 is 63
H.C.F of the numbers in numerators 2
∴H.C.F = L.C.M of the numbers in denominators = 63
✓ Notes:
• If the given set of numbers includes fractions as well as whole numbers, treat whole number too as
fraction with 1 in its denominator.
• The H.C.F. of a number of fractions is always a fraction, but the L.C.M. may be a fraction or an integer.
✓ Product of two numbers L.C.M. of the numbers H.C.F. of the numbers
• Illustration: The H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of any two numbers are 63 and 1260, respectively. If one of
the two numbers is 315, find the other number.
L.C.M × H.C.F 1260 × 63
Solution: The required number = First number = 315 = 252
✓ To find the greatest number that will exactly divide x, y and z Required number = H.C.F. of x, y
and z.
• Illustration: Find the greatest number that will exactly divide 200 and 320.
Solution: The required greatest number = H.C.F. of 200 and 320 = 40.
✓ To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving remainders a, b and c, respectively.
Required number = H.C.F. of (x – a), (y – b) and (z – c).
• Illustration :Find the greatest number that will divide 148, 246 and 623 leaving remainders 4, 6 and
11, respectively.
Solution: The required greatest number
= H.C.F. of (148 – 4), (246 – 6) and (623 – 11), i.e. H.C.F of 144,240 and 612 =12
✓ To find the least number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z. Required number = L.C.M. of x,
y and z.
• Illustration: What is the smallest number which is exactly divisible by 36, 45, 63 and 80?
Solution: The required smallest number = L.C.M. of 36, 45, 63 and 80 = 5040
✓ To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the remainders a, b and c,
respectively. It is always observed that (x – a) = (y – b) = (z – c) = k (say)
Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) – k.
• Illustration: Find the least number which when divided by 36, 48 and 64 leaves the remainders 25, 37
and 53, respectively.
Solution: Since, (36 – 25) = (48 – 37) = (64 – 53) = 11
therefore, the required smallest number = (L.C.M. of 36, 48 and 64) – 11 = 576 - 11 = 565
✓ To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the same remainder r in each
case. Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) = r.
Illustration : Find the least number which when divided by 12, 16 and 18, will leave in each case a
remainder 5.
Solution: The required smallest number = (L.C.M. of 12, 16 and 18) = 5 = 144 + 5 =149
✓ To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving the same remainder in each case.
(a) When the value of remainder r is given: Required number = H.C.F. of (x – r), (y – r) and (z – r).
(b) When the value of remainder is not given:
Required number = H.C.F. of | (x – y) |, | (y – z) | and | (z – x) |
• Illustration: Find the greatest number which will divide 772 and 2778 so as to leave the remainder 5 in
each case.
Solution: The required greatest number = H.C.F. of (772 – 5) and (2778 – 5) = H.C.F. of 767 and 2773
= 59.
• Illustration: Find the greatest number which on dividing 152, 277 and 427 leaves equal remainder.
Solution: The required greatest number = H.C.F. of |(x – y)|, |(y – z)| and |(z – x)|
H.C.F. of |(152 – 277)|, |(277 – 427)| and |(427 – 152)| H.C.F. of 125, 150 and 275 = 25.
✓ To find the n-digit greatest number which, when divided by x, y and z,
(a) leaves no remainder (i.e., exactly divisible)
Step 1 L.C.M. of x, y and z = L
L)n−digit greatest number(
Step 2 Remainder=R
, Required number = n-digit greatest number - R
(b) leaves remainder K in each case Required number = (n-digit greatest number – R) + K.
• Illustration: Find the greatest number of 4-digit number which, when divided by 12, 18, 21 and 28
leaves 3 as a remainder in each case.
Solution: L.C.M. of 12, 18, 21 and 28 = 252.
252)9999 ( 39
9828
171 ∴ The required number = (9999 – 171) + 3 = 9931.

• Illustration: Find the greatest number of four digits which, when divided by 12, 15, 20 and 35 leaves
no remainder.
Solution: L.C.M. of 12, 15, 20 and 35 = 420

420)9999 ( 23
9660
339 ∴ The required number 9999 – 339 = 9663
✓ To find the n-digit smallest number which when divided by x, y and z
(a) leaves no remainder (i.e., exactly divisible)
L)n−digit smallest number(
Step 1: L.C.M. of x, y, and z = L, Step 2:
Remainder=R
Step 3: Required number = n-digit smallest number + ( L - R).
(b) leaves remainder K in each case. Required number = n-digit smallest number + (L - R) + K
• Illustration: Find the least number of four digits which is divisible by 4, 6, 8 and 10.
Solution: L.C.M. of 4, 6, 8 and 10 = 120.
120)1000 ( 8
960
40 ∴ The required number = 1000 + (120 – 40) + 1080
• Illustration: Find the smallest 4-digit number, such that when divided by 12, 18, 21 and 28, it
leaves remainder 3 in each case.
Solution: L.C.M. of 12, 18, 21 and 28 252
252)1000 ( 3
756
244 ∴ The required number = 1000 + (252 – 244) + 3 = 1011
• Exercise :
(1) What is the H.C.F of 27,18 and 36?
a) 8 b) 11 c) 9 d) none of these
(2) What is the L.C.M of 25,30,35 and 40?
a) 3800 b) 4200 c) 4400 d) none of these
(3) What is the greatest number which divides 852,1065 and 1491 exactly? But when 7 leaves no
remainder.
a) 8004 b) 13004 c) 18004 d) 18014
4)\Find the greatest number which will divide 2112 and 2792 leaving the remainder 4 in each case
a) 78 b) 68 c) 65 d) 63
5) Find the greatest number which will divide 25,73 & 97 so as to leave the same reminder in each
case
a) 12 b) 18 c) 24 d) 32
6) The sun of two numbers is 216 and their H.C.F is 27. The numbers are
a) 54,162 b) 108,118 c) 27,189 d) none of these
7) How often will five bells toll together in one hour if they start together and toll at intervals of
5,6,8,12,20 seconds respectively?
a) 29 b) 30 c) 31 d) 120
8) The least perfect square number which is divisible by 3,4,5,6 & 8
a) 900 b) 1200 c) 2500 d) 3600
9) The product of two numbers is 6760 and their H.C.F is 13. How many such pairs can be
formed?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) only one
10) Find the greatest number of four digits which when divided by 10,15,21 & 28 leaves 4,9,15 &
22 remainders respectively
a) 9654 b) 9666 c) 9664 d) 9864
11) Find the least number which when decreased by 11 is divisible by 14,15,21,32 & 60
a) 4371 b) 3271 c) 3371 d) 3360
12) Find the least number of five digits which when divided by 8,12,16 & 20 leaves remainders
1,5,9 & 13 respectively
a) 10003 b) 10093 c) 10073 d) 10013
13) What least value which should be added to 1812 to make it divisible by 7,11 & 14?
a) 12 b) 36 c) 72 d) 154
14) The product of two digit numbers is 2160 & their H.C.F is 12. The numbers are
a) (12, 60) b) (72, 30) c) (36, 60) d) (60, 72)
 15) Find the greatest number which exactly divides 200 & 320
a) 10 b) 20 c) 16 d) 40
➢ Averages:
Whenever we are asked the marks we scored in any examination, we usually tell the marks in
terms of percentage, that is, taking the percentage of total marks of all subjects. This percentage is
called average percentage. Also, in a class, if there are 100 students, instead of knowing the age of
individual student, we usually talk about their average age.The average or mean or arithmetic mean of a
number of quantities of the same kind is equal to their sum divided by the number of those quantities.
For example, the average of 3, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19 and 23 is 3+9+11+15+18+19+23
7
=98
7
=14.
• Some basic formulas:
Sum of quantities
✓ Average = Number of quantities
✓ Sum of quantities = Average × Number of quantities
✓ Number of quantities = Sum Average
of quantities

• Illustration 1: A man purchased 5 toys at ₹200 each, 6 toys at ₹250 each and 9 toys at ₹300 each.
Calculate the average cost of 1 toy.
Solution: Price of 5 toys = 200 × 5 = ₹1000
Price of 6 toys = 250 × 6 = ₹ 1500
Price of 9 toys = 300 × 9 = ₹2700
Total number of toys = 5 + 6 + 9 = 20
1000+1500+2700 5200
Average price of 1 toy = 20
= 20
= ₹260
• Illustration 2: The average marks obtained by 200 students in a certain examination is 45. Find the
total marks.
Solution: Total marks = Average marks × Number of students
= 200 × 45 = 900.
• Illustration 3: Total temperature for the month of September is 840°C. If the average temperature of
that month is 28°C, find out the number of days is the month of September.
Solution: Number of days in the month of September
Total temperature 840
= Average temperature = 28
= 30 days.
• Some shortcut formulas:
✓ Average of two or more groups taken together.
If the number of quantities in two groups are 𝑛1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 and their average is x and y, respectively, the
𝑛 𝑥+𝑛 𝑦
combined average (average of all of them put together) is 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
1 2
If the average of 𝑛1 quantities is x, and the average of 𝑛2 quantities out of them is y, the average of the
remaining group (rest of the quantities) is
𝑛 𝑥−𝑛 𝑦
= 1𝑛 + 𝑛2 .
1 2
• Illustration 4: The average weight of 24 students of section A of a class is 58 Kg, whereas the average
weight of 26 students of section B of the same class is 60.5 Kg. Find out average weight of all the 50
students of the class.
Solution: Here,𝑛1 =24, 𝑛2 =26, x = 58, and y = 60.5.
𝑛1 𝑥+𝑛2 𝑦 24×58+26×60.5
Average weight of all the 50 students = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
= 24+26
1392+1573 2965
= 50
= 50
= 59.3 kg
• Illustration 5: Average salary of all the 50 employees including 5 officers of a company is ₹850. If the
average salary of the officers is ₹2500, find the average salary of the remaining staff of the company.
Solution: Here,𝑛1 =50, 𝑛2 =5, x=850and. y=2500.
𝑛1 𝑥−𝑛2 𝑦 50×850−5×2500 42500−12500
Average salary of the remaining staff = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
= 50−5
= 45
30000
= 45
= ₹667(approx..)
✓ If x is the average of x1, x2,..., xn, then
The average of 𝑥1 + a, 𝑥2 + a, ..., 𝑥𝑛 + a is x + a.
The average of 𝑥1 − a, 𝑥2 − a, ...., 𝑥𝑛 − a is x − a.
The average of a𝑥1 , a𝑥2 , ..., a𝑥𝑛 is ax provided a≠0 .
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The average of is 𝑎1, 𝑎2, …, 𝑎𝑛 is 𝑎 provided a≠0 .
• Illustration 6: The average value of six numbers 7, 12, 17, 24, 26 and 28 is 19. If 8 is added to each
number, what will be the new average?
Solution: The new average = 𝑥̅ + a = 19 + 8 = 27.
• Illustration 7: The average of x numbers is 5x. If x − 2 is subtracted from each given number, what will
be the new average?
Solution: The new average = 𝑥̅ − a = 5x − (x − 2) = 4x + 2.
• Illustration 8: The average of 8 numbers is 21. If each of the numbers is multiplied by 8, find the
average of a new set of numbers.
Solution: The average of a new set of numbers = a𝑥̅
= 8 × 21= 168
✓ The average of n quantities is equal to x. If one of the given quantities whose value is p, is replaced by a
new quantity having value q, the average becomes y, then q = p + n(y − x).
• Illustration 9: The average weight of 25 persons is increased by 2 Kg when one of them whose weight
is 60 Kg, is replaced by a new person. What is the weight of the new person?
Solution: The weight of the new person = p + n(y − x) = 60 + 25(2) = 110Kg.
✓ The average of n quantities is equal to x. When a quantity is removed, the average becomes y. The value
of the removed quantity is n(x − y) + y.
✓ The average of n quantities is equal to y. When a quantity is added, the average becomes y. The value of
the new quantity is n(y − x) + y.
• Illustration 10: The average age of 24 students and the class teacher is 16 years. If the class teacher’s
age is excluded, the average age reduces by 1 year. What is the age of the class teacher?
Solution: The age of class teacher = n(x − y) + y = 25(16 − 15) + 15 = 40
years.
• Illustration 11: The average age of 30 children in a class is 9 years. If the teacher’s age be included, the
average age becomes 10 years. Find the teacher’s age.
Solution: The teacher’s age = n(y − x) + y = 30(10 − 9) + 10 = 40 years.
𝑛+1
✓ The average of first n natural numbers is = .
2
(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
✓ The average of square of natural numbers till n is = .
6
𝑛(𝑛+1)2
✓ The average of cubes of natural numbers till n is = 4 .
last odd number + 1
✓ The average of odd numbers from 1 to n is = 2
.
last even number + 2
✓ The average of even numbers from 1 to n is = 2
.
• Illustration 12: Find the average of first 81 natural numbers.
𝑛+1 81+1
Solution: The required average = = = 41
2 2
• Illustration 13: What is the average of squares of the natural numbers from 1 to 41?
(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) (41+1)(2×41+1) 42×83 3486
Solution: The required average = 6
= 6
= 6
= 6
= 581.
• Illustration 14: Find the average of cubes of natural numbers from 1 to 27. Solution: The required
𝑛(𝑛+1)2 27(27+1)2 27×28×28
average= 4
= 4
= 4
= 5292.
• Illustration 15: What is the average of odd numbers from 1 to 40?
last odd number+1 39+1
Solution: The required average = 2
= 2
=20.
• Illustration 16: What is the average of even numbers from 1 to 81?
last even number+2 80+2
Solution: The required average = 2
= 2
=41.
✓ If n is odd: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive odd
numbers is always the middle number.
✓ If n is even: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive odd
numbers is always the average of the middle two numbers.
✓ The average of first n consecutive even numbers is (n + 1).
✓ The average of first n consecutive odd numbers is n.
2(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
✓ The average of squares of first n consecutive even numbers till n is 3
.
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
✓ The average of squares of consecutive even number till n is 3
.
𝑛(𝑛+2)
✓ The average of squares of consecutive odd numbers till n is 3
.
✓ If the average of n consecutive numbers is m , then the difference between the smallest and largest
number is 2(n - 1).
• Illustration 17: Find the average of 7 consecutive numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Solution: The required average = middle number = 6.
• Illustration 18: Find the average of consecutive odd numbers 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35.
Solution: The required average = average of middle two numbers
27+29
= average of 27 and 29 = 2 = 28.
• Illustration 19: Find the average of first 31 consecutive even numbers.
Solution: The required average =(n+1)=31+1=32.
• Illustration 20: Find the average of first 50 consecutive odd numbers.
Solution: The required average = n = 50.
• Illustration 21: Find the average of squares of first 19 consecutive even numbers.
2(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 2(19+1)(2×19+1)
Solution: The required average = 3
= 3
= 520.
• Illustration 22: Find the average of squares of consecutive even numbers from 1 to 25.
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) (25+1)(25+2) 702
Solution: The required average = 3
= 3
= 3
= 234.
• Illustration 23: Find the average of squares of consecutive odd numbers from 1 to 31.
𝑛(𝑛+2) 31×(31+2)
Solution: The required average = = = 341.
3 3
• Illustration 24: If the average of 6 consecutive numbers is 48, what is the difference between the
smallest and the largest number?
Solution: The required difference = 2(n - 1) = 2(6 - 1) =10.
✓ Geometric Mean or Geometric Average.
✓ Geometric mean of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … . , 𝑥𝑛 is denoted by G.M.= 𝑛√𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × … × 𝑥𝑛
✓ Geometric mean is useful in calculating averages of ratios such as average population growth rate,
average percentage increase and, so on.
• Illustration 25: The production of a company for three successive years has increased by 10%, 20%
and 40%, respectively. What is the average annual increase of production?
1
Solution: Geometric mean of x, y and z = (𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧)3 .
Average increase = (10 × 20 × 40)1/3% = 20% .
• Illustration 26: The population of a city in two successive years increases at the rates of 16% and 4%,
respectively. Find out the average increase in two years.
Solution: In case of population increase, the geometric mean is required.
1
Geometric mean of 16% and 4% is =(16 × 4)2 % , i.e.,8%
✓ Harmonic Mean or Harmonic Average
1
✓ Harmonic mean of x1, x2, ..., xn is denoted by H.M.= 1 1 1 1
( )( + +⋯+ )
𝑛 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
✓ Harmonic mean is useful in finding out average speed of a vehicle, average production per day and, so
on.
• Illustration 27: A man runs 1 Km at a speed of 15 Km/h and another 1 Km he walks at a speed of 5
Km/h. Find out his average speed in covering 2 Km.
Solution: Harmonic mean is used when distance remains constant and speed varies. Harmonic mean of
2 2𝑥𝑦
x and y is 1 1 or, 𝑥+𝑦 .
+
𝑥 𝑦
2×15×5
Average speed for the whole distance = 15+5
=. 7.5 Km/h.

✓ If a certain distance is covered at a speed of x Km/h and the same distance is covered at a speed of y
2𝑥𝑦
Km/h, the average speed during the entire journey is (𝑥+𝑦) Km/h.
• Illustration 28: If half of the journey is travelled at a speed of 15Km/h and the remaining half at a
speed of 12 Km/h, find out average speed during the entire journey
2𝑥𝑦 2×15×12 360 1
Solution: The average speed = (𝑥+𝑦) = ( 15+12
) = 27 =13 3 Km/h.
• Illustration 29: A man goes to a certain place at a speed of 30Km/h and returns to the original place at
a speed of 20Km/h, find out his average speed during this up and down journey.
2𝑥𝑦 2×30×20
Solution: The average speed = (𝑥+𝑦) =( 30+20
) = 24 Km/h
✓ If a person or a motor car covers three equal distances at the speed of x Km/h, y Km/h and z Km/h,
3𝑥𝑧𝑦
respectively, then for the entire journey average speed of the person or motor car is (𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥) Km/h.
• Illustration 30: A train covers the first 160Km at a speed of 120 Km/h, another 160Km at 140 Km/h
and the last 160 Kms at 80Km/h. Find out average speed of the train for the entire journey.
3𝑥𝑧𝑦 3×120×140×80
Solution: Average speed = (𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥) = (120×140)+(140×80)+(80×120)
4032000 11
= = 107 Km/h.
37600 47
✓ If a person covers A Km at a speed of x Km/h, B Km at a speed of y Km/h and C Km at a speed of z
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
Km/h, the average speed during the entire journey is ( 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ) Km/h.
+ +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

• Illustration 31: A person covers 9Km at a speed of 3Km/h, 25Km at a speed of 5 Km/h and 30Km at a
speed of 10 Km/h. Find out average speed for the entire journey .
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 9+25+30 9
Solution: The Average speed = ( 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ) =( 9 25 30 ) = 511 Km/h.
+ + + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 3 5 10

✓ If a person covers Ath part of the distance at x Km/h, Bth part of the distance at y Km/h and the
1
remaining Cth part at z Km/h, then the average speed during the entire journey is (𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ) Km/h.
+ +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 3
• Illustration 32: A person covers the first of the distance at 8 Km/h, the next at 6 Km/h and the
4 5
remaining distance at 15Km/h. Find the average speed during the entire journey.
1 3 1 3 3
Solution: [𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 , 𝐴 = 4 , 𝐵 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1 − (4 + 5) = 20
]

1 1 1 3200 9
The average speed = (𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ) = (1 3 3 )= 1 1 1 =
452
=7
113
Km/h.
+ + 4 + 5 + 20 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 32 10 100
8 6 15

• Illustration 33 : A train covers 50% of the journey at 30 Km/h, 25% of the journey at 25Km/h and the
remaining at 20Km/h. Find the average speed of the train during the entire journey.
Solution: Let the total journey be = 100m. [𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 , 𝐴 = 50 , 𝐵 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 25]
100 100
The average speed: = 100 km = (𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ) =(50 25 25 )
+ + + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 30 25 20
100 1200 25
47 = 47
= 25 47 Km/h.
12
• Exercise:
1. The daily earnings of a taxi driver during a week are: ₹60, ₹65, ₹70, ₹52.50, ₹63,
₹73 and ₹68. What is his average daily earning for the week?
(a) ₹74.50 (b) ₹54.50 (c) ₹64.50 (d) ₹84.50
2. The average of 10numbersis7.Whatwillbethenew average if each of the numbers is multiplied by
8?
(a) 45 (b) 52 (c) 56 (d) 55
3. The average weight of 5 persons, sitting in a boat, is 38 Kg. If the average weight of the boat and
the persons sitting in the boat is 52 Kg, what is the weight of the boat?
(a) 228 Kg (b) 232 Kg (c) 122 Kg (d) 242 Kg
4. There are 35 students in a hostel. If the number of students increased by 7, the expenses of the
expenses were increased by ₹42 per day while the average expenditure per head decreased by ₹1.
Find out the actual expenditure of the mess.
(a) ₹480 (b) ₹440 (c) ₹520 (d) ₹420
5. The daily maximum temperature in Delhi, for 7 consecutive days in May 1988, were 42.7°C,
44.6°C, 42.0°C, 39.1°C, 43.0°C, 42.5°C and 38.5°C. Find out the average daily maximum
temperature.
(a) 42.63 °C (b) 45.65 °C (c) 41.77 °C (d) 39.60 °C
6. The average salary per head of all the workers in a workshop is ₹850. If the average salary per
head of 7 technicians is ₹1000 and the average salary per head of the rest is ₹780, find out the total
number of workers in the workshop.
(a) 26 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 22
7. Anaeroplanetravels2500Km,1200Kmand500Km at 500 Km/h, 400 Km, and 250 Km/h,
respectively. The average speed is:
(a) 420 Km/h (b) 410 Km/h (c) 405 Km/h (d) 575 Km/h
8. In an examination, out of 20 students in a class, in Mathematics 2 students scored 100 marks, 3
students scored 0, and average marks for rest of the students was 40. What is the average mark
of the whole class?
(a) 40 marks (b) 35 marks (c) 32 marks (d) 45 marks
9. The average weight of 24 students in section A of a class is 58 Kg, whereas the average weight of
26 students in section B of the same class is 60.5 Kg. Find out the average weight of all the 50
students of the class.
(a) 57.4 Kg b) 59.3 Kg (c) 58.9 Kg (d) 59.7 Kg
10. The average age of 5 members is 21 years. If the age of the youngest member be 5 years, find out
the average age of the family at the birth of the youngest member.
a) 24 years (b) 25 years (c) 20 years (d) 28 years
11. The average of 7 numbers is 5. If the average of first six of these numbers is 4, the seventh number
is:
(a) 14 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 15
12. The average weight of 10 students is increased by half a Kg when one of the students weighing 50
Kg is replaced by a new student. Find out the weight of the new student.
(a) 55 Kg (b) 60 Kg (c) 45 Kg (d) 40 Kg
13. The average monthly salary of a staff of 9 persons is ₹2450. One member of the staff whose
monthly salary is ₹2650 is transferred. Find out the average salary of the remaining 8 persons of
the staff.
(a) ₹2425 (b) ₹2625 (c) ₹3025 (d) ₹2825
14. The mean marks of 10 boys in a class is 70%, whereas the mean marks of 15 girls is 60%. The
mean marks of all the 25 students is:
(a) 64% (b) 60% (c) 55% (d) 52%
➢ Ratio and Proportion:
• Ratio: A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. It is a relation that one quantity bears to
another with Respect to magnitude. In other words, ratio means what Part one quantity is of another. If a
and b are two numbers, the ratio of a to b is A/B or a ÷ b And is denoted by a:b. The two quantities that
are being Compared are called terms. The first is called antecedent and the second term is called
consequent. For example, the ratio 3:5 represents 3/5 With antecedent 3 and consequent 5.
• Note:
✓ A ratio is a number in order to find the ratio of two Quantities and they must be expressed in the same
units.
✓ A ratio does not change, if both of its terms are Multiplied or divided by the same number.
• Types of Ratio:
1. Duplicate ratio : The ratio of the squares of two Numbers is called the duplicate ratio of the two
32 9 3
numbers. For example, 42 or 16 is called the duplicate ratio of 4.
2. Triplicate Ratio: The ratio of the cubes of two Numbers is called the triplicate ratio of the two
33 27 3
Numbers. For example, 43 or 64 is triplicate ratio of 4.
3. Sub-duplicate Ratio: The ratio of the square roots of two numbers is called the sub-duplicate ratio of
3 9
Two numbers. For example, 4. Is the sub-duplicate ratio of 16.
4. Sub-triplicate Ratio: The ratio of the cube roots Of two numbers is called the sub-triplicate ratio of
2 8
Two numbers. For example, 3. is the sub-triplicate ratio of 27.
5. Inverse Ratio or Reciprocal Ratio: If the antecedent And consequent of a ratio interchange their
places, The new ratio is called the inverse ratio of the first. Thus, if a:b be the given ratio, then 1/a:1/b
3 5
or b:a is Its inverse ratio. For example, . is the inverse ratio of .
5 3
6. Compound Ratio: The ratio of the product of the Antecedents to that of the consequents of two or
more Given ratios is called the compound ratio. Thus, if a:b and c:d are two given ratios, then ac : bd is
3 4 5
the Compound ratio of the given ratios. For example, if . . And . be the given ratios, then their
4 5 7
3×4×5
compound ratio is, 4×5×7. that is, 3/7.
• Proportion:
𝑎 𝑐
The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If = , then a, b, c and d are said to be in Proportion
𝑏 𝑑
3 6
and we write a:b::c:d. This is read as “a to b as c to d”. For example, since 4 = 8, we write 3:4::6:8 and
𝑎 𝑐
Say 3, 4, 6 and 8 are in proportion. Each term of the ratio 𝑏 and 𝑑 is called a Proportion. a, b, c and d
are respectively the first, Second, third and fourth proportion. here, a, d are known as extremes and b, c
are known as means.
• If four quantities are in proportion, then Product of Means = Product of Extremes For example, in the
proportion a:b::c:d,

We have, ad = bc
From this relation, we see that if any three of the Four quantities are given, then the fourth quantity Can
be determined.
𝑎 𝑐
• Fourth proportional: If a:b::c:x, then x is called The fourth proportional of a, b, c. we have, 𝑏 = 𝑥 or,
 𝑏×𝑐
x= 𝑎
.

• Illustration 1: Find a fourth proportional to the Numbers 2, 5, 4.

Solution: Let x be the fourth proportional, then

• Third Proportional: If a:b::b:x, then x is called The third proportional of a,b.

• Illustration 2: Find a third proportional to the numbers 2.5, 1.5

• Mean Proportional: If a:x::x:b, then x is called The mean or second proportional of a,b.

• Illustration 3: Find the mean proportional between 48 and 12.

Solution: Let x be the mean proportional. then,

𝑝
• Illustration 4: The sum of two numbers is c and their Quotient is . Find the numbers.
𝑞
Solution: Let the numbers be x, y. Given: x + y = c …(1)

• Shortcut Method:
𝑎𝑥
✓ If two numbers are in the ratio of a:b and the sum of these numbers is x, then these numbers will be 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏𝑥
and , respectively.
𝑎+𝑏
or
 If in a mixture of x litres, two liquids A and B are in the ratio of a:b, then the quantities of liquids A and
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥
B in the mixture will be 𝑎+𝑏 litres and 𝑎+𝑏 litres, respectively.

• Illustration 5: Two numbers are in the ratio of 4:5 and The sum of these numbers is 27. Find the two
numbers.
Solution: here, a = 4, b = 5 and x = 27.

• Illustration 6: Three numbers are in the ratio of 3:4:8 and The sum of these numbers is 975. Find the
three numbers.
𝑎𝑥 3×975
Solution: Here, a = 3, b = 4, c = 8 and x = 975. The first number = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= 3+4+5 = 195
𝑏𝑥 4×975
The second number = = = 260
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 3+4+5

✓ If two numbers are in the ratio of a:b and difference between these numbers is x, then these numbers
will be

• Illustration 7: Two numbers are in the ratio of 4:5. If the difference between these numbers is 24, then
find the numbers.
Solution: Here, a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24

(a) If a:b = 𝑛1 : 𝑑1 and b:c =𝑛2 : 𝑑2 , then

a:b:c = (𝑛1 ×𝑛2 ):(𝑑1 ×𝑛2 ):(𝑑1 ×𝑑2 ).
If a:b = 𝑛1 : 𝑑1 , b:c =𝑛2 : 𝑑2 And c:d = 𝑛3 : 𝑑3 , then a:b:c:d = (𝑛1 × 𝑛2 × 𝑛3 )::( 𝑑1 × 𝑛2 × 𝑛3 ):( 𝑑1 × 𝑑 ×
𝑛3 ):( 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 × 𝑑3 ).
• Illustration 8: If A:B = 3:4 and B:C = 8:9, find A:B:C.
Solution: Here, n1 = 3, n2 = 8, d1 = 4 and d2 = 9.
∴ A:B:C = (n1 × n2):(d1 × n2):(d1 × d2) = (3 × 8):(4 × 8):(4 × 9) = 24:32:36 or, 6:8:9.
• Illustration 9: If A:B = 2:3, B:C = 4:5 and C:D =6:7, find A:D.
Solution: Here, n1 = 2, n2 = 4, n3 = 6, d1 = 3, d2 = 5 and d3 = 7.
∴ A:B:C:D = (n1 × n2 × n3):(d1 × n2 × n3):(d1 × d2 × n3):(d1 × d2 × d3) = (2 × 4 × 6) :(3 × 4 × 6):(3 ×
5 × 6):(3 × 5 × 7) = 48:72:90:105 or, 16:24:30:35. Thus, A:D = 16:35.
✓ The ratio between two numbers is a:b. If x is Added to each of these numbers, the ratio Becomes c:d.
The two numbers are given as:

✓ The ratio between two numbers is a:b. If x is Subtracted from each of these numbers, the ratio Becomes
c:d. The two numbers are given as:
• Illustration 10: Given two numbers which are in the Ratio of 3:4. If 8 is added to each of them, their
ratio Is changed to 5:6. Find the two numbers.
Solution: we have, a:b = 3:4, c:d = 5:6 and x = 8

• Illustrations 11: The ratio of two numbers is 5:9. If Each number is decreased by 5, the ratio becomes
5:11 find the numbers.
Solution: we have, a:b = 5:9, c:d = 5:11 and x = 5

✓ If the ratio of two numbers is a:b, then the Numbers that should be added to each of the Numbers in
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
order to make this ratio c:d is given by .
𝑐−𝑑
✓ If the ratio of two numbers is a:b, then the Number that should be subtracted from each of The numbers
𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
in order to make this ratio c:d is given by 𝑐−𝑑
.
• Illustration 12: Find the number that must be subtracted From the terms of the ratio 5:6 to make it
equal to 2:3.
Solution: We have, a:b = 5:6 and c:d = 2:3.

• Illustration 13: Find the number that must be added to The terms of the ratio 11:29 to make it equal to
11:20.
Solution: We have, a:b = 11:29 and c:d = 11:20.

• There are four numbers a, b, c and d.

✓ The number that should be subtracted from Each of these numbers so that the remaining Numbers
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
may be proportional is given by (𝑎+𝑑)−(𝑏+𝑐)
• Illustration 14: find the number subtracted from each of the numbers 54,71,75 and 99 leaves the
remainders which are proportional.
Solution: we have , a=54 , b=71 , c=75 and d=99
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 54∗99−71∗75
The required number = (𝑎+𝑑)−(𝑏+𝑐) = (54+99)−(71+75) = 3
• Exercise:
1. Find a fourth proportional to the numbers 60, 48, 30.
2. Find the value of x in the following proportion: 27:72::x:8
3. Find a third proportional to the numbers 4, 42.
4. If 18:x = x:8, then x is equal to?
5. In a ratio 11:14, if the antecedent is 55 ,then the consequent is equal to?
6. Find The mean proportional between 64 and 81
7. If The ratio of two numbers is 3:4 and their sum is 420. The greater of the two numbers is equal to?
8. Two numbers are in the ratio 3:5. If each number is Increased by 10, the ratio becomes 5:7. Then find
that numbers.
9. If A:B = 7:5 and B:C = 9:11, then find the ratio A:B:C .
10. If A:B = ¾, B:C = 4/5, C:D = 5/6, then find A:D .
11. Find the number which, when subtracted from the terms of the ratio 12:17 makes it equal to the ratio
2:3.
12. Two numbers are in the ratio of 5:8. If 12 be added To each, they are in the ratio of 3:4. Find the sum Of
two numbers.
13. Two numbers are in the ratio of 4:3. If the difference between these numbers is 2,then find The
numbers.
➢ Partnership:
In partnership, two or more persons carry on a business and share the profits of the business at an agreed
proportion. Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are individually called partners
and collectively called a firm. The name under which their business is carried on is called the firm
name. The partnership may be simple or compound type.
• Simple Partnership is one in which the capital of each partner is invested in the business for certain
timespan.
• Compound Partnership is one in which the capitals of the partners are invested for different time
periods. Again, a partner may be a working partner or a sleeping partner.
• A Sleeping Partner is one who invests the capital in the business, but does not actively participate in
the day-to-day activities of the business.
• A Working Partner besides investing capital, takes part in running the business. For his work, he is
either paid certain amount of salary and also share of profit.
✓ If capitals of two partners be ₹𝐶1 and ₹𝐶2 for the same period and the total profit be ₹P, then shares of
𝑪 ×𝑷 𝑪 ×𝑷
the partners in the profit are ₹ (𝑪 𝟏+ 𝑪 ) and ₹ (𝑪 𝟐+ 𝑪 ) .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
✓ If the capitals of three partners be ₹𝐶1 , ₹𝐶2 and ₹𝐶3 for the same period, and the total profit be ₹P, then
𝑪𝟏 ×𝑷 𝑪𝟐 ×𝑷 𝑪𝟑 ×𝑷
shares of the partners in the profit are ₹ ( ), ₹ ( ) and ₹ ( ).
𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑
• Illustration 1: A, B and C invested ₹20,000, ₹50,000 and ₹40,000, in a business. The net profit for the
year was ₹12,100. This T which was divided in proportion to investment. Find out the amount of profit
each partner has earned.
Solution: We have, 𝐶1 = 20,000, 𝐶2 = 50,000, 𝐶3 = 40,000 and P = 12, 100 Therefore,
C1 ×P 20,000 ×12,100 2
profit share of A = C = 20,000 +50,000+40,000 = 11 × 12,100 = 2,200.
1 + C2 + C3
C2 ×P 50,000 ×12,100 5
profit share of B = C = 20,000 +50,000+40,000 = 11 × 12,100 = 5,500.
1 + C2 + C3
C3 ×P 40,000 ×12,100 4
profit share of C = C = 20,000 +50,000+40,000 = 11 × 12,100 = 4,400.
1 + C2 + C3
✓ If the capitals of two partners be ₹C1 and ₹C2 for the periods t and 𝑡1 , and 𝑡2 , the total profit be ₹P, then
𝐂 × 𝒕𝟏 ×𝐏 𝐂 × 𝒕𝟐 ×𝐏
shares of the partners in the profits are: ₹ ( 𝐂𝟏 𝒕 ) and ₹ (𝐂𝟏𝒕 )
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 𝒕𝟐
✓ If the capitals of three partners be ₹C1, ₹C2and ₹C3 for the periods 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 and 𝑡3 respectively, and the
𝐂𝟏 × 𝒕𝟏 ×𝐏
total profit be ₹P, then shares of the partners in the profit are ₹ ( 𝐂 )
𝟏 𝒕𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 𝒕𝟐 +𝐂𝟑 𝒕𝟑
𝑪 × 𝒕 ×𝑷 𝐂 × 𝒕 ×𝐏
,₹ ( 𝑪 𝒕 𝟏+ 𝑪 𝟐𝒕 +𝑪 𝒕 ) and ₹ ( 𝐂 𝒕 𝟑+ 𝐂 𝟑𝒕 +𝐂 𝒕 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
• Illustration 2: A and B are two partners in a business. A contributes ₹1,200 for 5 months and B
contributes ₹750 for 4 months. If total profit is ₹450, find out their respective shares.
Solution: We have, C1 = 1200, C2 = 750, t1 = 5, t 2 = 4 and P= 450.
C1 × 𝑡1 ×P 1200 ×5×450 27,00,000
Therefore, Profit share of A = C1 𝑡1 + C2 𝑡2
= 1200 ×5×750×4 = 9000 = ₹300.
C1 × 𝑡2 ×P 750 ×4×450 13,50,000
Profit share of B = =
C1 𝑡1 + C2 𝑡2 1200 ×5×750×4
= 9000 = ₹150.
• Some useful shortcut methods:
✓ If the capitals of two partners be ₹𝐶1 and ₹𝐶2 for the periods 𝑡1 , and 𝑡2 respectively, then,
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐟 𝐀 𝑪 ×𝒕
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐟 𝐁
= 𝑪𝟏 × 𝒕𝟐 .
𝟐 𝟐
✓ If the capitals of three partners be ₹𝐶1 , ₹𝐶2 and ₹𝐶3 for the periods 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 and 𝑡3 respectively, then profit
of A: profit of B: profit of C = 𝐶1 × 𝑡1 ∶ 𝐶2 × 𝑡2 : 𝐶3 × 𝑡3 .
• Note: If there is a loss in the business, then Loss of A: Loss of B: Loss of C = 𝐶1 × 𝑡1 ∶ 𝐶2 × 𝑡2 : 𝐶3 ×
𝑡3 .
• Illustration 3: There are three partners A, B and C in a business. A invests ₹2000 for 5 months, B
invests ₹1200 for 6 months and C invests ₹2500 for 3 months. Find out the ratio of their shares in the
profit.
Solution: Here, 𝐶1 × 𝑡1 = 2000 × 5 = 10,000, 𝐶2 × 𝑡2 = 1,200 × 6 = 7,200 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶3 × 𝑡3 = 2,500 ×
3 = 7,500. Therefore, Profit of A: Profit of B: Profit of C = 𝐶1 × 𝑡1 ∶ 𝐶2 × 𝑡2 : 𝐶3 × 𝑡3 = 10,000:7,
200:7, or 100:72:75.
✓ If the capitals of three partners in a business invested in the ratio of 𝐶1 : 𝐶2:𝐶3 and their profits are in the
𝑃 𝑃2 𝑃3
ratio 𝑃1 : 𝑃2 :𝑃3 then the ratio of timing of their investments = 𝐶1 ∶ 𝐶2
∶ 𝐶3
1
• Illustration 4: Anu, Manu and Tanu invested capitals in a business the ratio 4:6:9. At the end of the
business, they received their shares of profits in the ratio 2:3:5. Find the ratio of time for which they
invested their capitals.
Solution: we have, 𝐶1 : 𝐶2:𝐶3 = 4:6:9 and 𝑃1 : 𝑃2 :𝑃3 = 2:3:5
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
Therefore, the ratio of time for which Anu, Mar and Tanu invested their capitals = 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 3 .
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
2 3 5 1 1 5
= : ∶ or : ∶ or 9:9:10.
4 6 9 2 2 9
✓ Three partners invested their capitals in a business. If the timing of their investments is in the ratio of
𝑡1 : 𝑡2 :𝑡3 and their profits are in the ratio of 𝑃1 : 𝑃2 :𝑃3 then the ratio of their capitals invested is
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
= 𝑡1 ∶ 𝑡2 ∶ 𝑡3 .
1 2 3
• Illustration 5: Gupta, Singhal and Kansal starts a business. If the ratio of their periods of investments
are 1:2:5 and their profits are in the ratio of 3:4:5, find the ratio of capitals of Gupta, Singhal and
Kansal.
Solution: We have, 𝑃1 : 𝑃2 :𝑃3 = 3:4:5 and 𝑃1 : 𝑃2 :𝑃3 = 1:2:5, Therefore, The required ratio
𝑃 𝑃2 𝑃3 3 4 5
= 𝑡1 ∶ 𝑡2
∶ 𝑡3
= 1 : 2 ∶ 5 or 3:2:1
1
Thus, Gupta, Singhal and Kansal invested their capitals in the ratio of 3:2:1.
• Exercise:
1. Nikita and Nishita enters into a partnership by investing 50,000 and 40,000, respectively. They
agreed to share profits in the ratio of their capitals. Find out the share of Nikita when profit of the
business is 22500 after a year.
(a) 1,500 (b) 79,500 (c) 10,500 (d) None of these
2. Niki, Nisha and Anu formed a partnership with investments of 75,000, 60,000 and 40,000
respectively. After 3 years of operation, the partnership earned a net profit of 26,250. What was
the share of Anu in the profit?
(a) 6,000 (b) 5,000 (c) 8,000 (d) None of these
3. Mahesh, Suresh and Ganesh entered into a partnership. partnership business. Mahesh invested
16,000 for 9 months. Suresh invested 12,000 for 6 months and Ganesh invested 8,000 for 12
months. At the end of a year, there was a profit of 26,000. Find out the share of Suresh in the
profit.
(a) ₹8,000 (b) 7,500 (c) 6,000 (d) None of these
4. Sita and Gita enters into a partnership. Sita contributes ₹5,000 while Gita contributes
𝟏
₹4,000.After 1 month, one Gita withdraws 𝟒 part of her contribution and after 3 months Sita
invests ₹2,000 more. When Gita withdraws her investment, at the same time, Rita joins them by
investing ₹7,000. If at the end of 1 year there is a profit of ₹1,218, what will be share of Rita in the
profit?
(a) ₹488.47 (b) ₹78,447.37 (c) ₹588.47 (d) None of these
5. Arvind began a business with ₹550. Later, Brij with ₹330. When did Brij join if the profit at the
end of the year was divided in the ratio 10:3?
(a) After 4 months (b) After 6 months (c) After 4.5 months (d) None of these
6. A began a business with ₹3750. Later, with ₹5000. When did B join if the profits at the end of the
year was divided equally?
(a) After 5 months (b) After 9 months (c) After 7 months (d) None of these
7. Sumit, Punit and Ramit started a business by investing their capitals in the ratio of 1:2:3. At the
end of the business term, they received their shares of profit in the ratio of 1:2:3. Find out the
ratio of time for which they invested their capitals.
(a) 1:1:1 (b) 2:3:4 (c) 2:4:3 (d) None of these
8. A, B and C starts a business. If the ratio of their periods of investments are 2:3:6 and their profits
are in the ratio of 4:5:6, then the ratio of capitals of A, B and C is:
(a) 6:8:10 (b) 12:10:6 (c) 10:12:6 (d) None of these
9. A, B and C rented a pasture. A puts in 12 oxen for 6 months, B 8 oxen for 7 months and C 6 oxen
for 8 months. If the rent of the field is ₹396, what amount of rent was paid by A?
(a) ₹126 (b) ₹108 (c) ₹162 (d) ₹168
10. Three men rent a pasture for ₹ 660. The first uses it to graze 50 sheep for 4 months, the second
uses it to graze 40 sheep for 3 months and the third 46 sheep for 5 months. How much should the
first man pay as rent?
(a) ₹ 276 (b) ₹ 220 (c) ₹ 144 (d) ₹ 240
11. A began business with ₹45000 and B joined afterwards with ₹30000. At the end of a year, the
profit is divided in the ratio 2:1. When did B join?
(a) 3 months after (b) 6 months after (c) 8 months after (d) 9 months after
12. A, B and C invested ₹10000, ₹14000 and ₹12000, respectively in a business. If at the end of a year,
they got a profit of ₹5400, the share of B in profit (if profit is divided in proportion to the
investment of each) is:
(a) ₹ 1500 (b) ₹ 2100 (c) ₹ 1800 (d) ₹ 150
13. A starts business with ₹3500 and after 5 months B joins with A as his partner. After a year, the
profit is divided in the ratio 2:3. What is B's contribution in the capital?
(a) ₹8000 (b) ₹ 8500 (c) ₹ 9000 (d) ₹7500
14. A, B and C rent a pasture. A puts 10 oxen for 7 months, B puts 12 oxen for 5 months and C puts
15 oxen for 3 months for grazing. If the rent of the pasture is 175, then how much C must pay as
his share of rent?
(a) ₹745 (b) ₹50 (c) ₹755 (d) ₹60

➢ Permutations and Combinations:

• Fundamental principal of counting: If an event can occur in m different ways, following which
another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the events in the
given order is m × n.
• Example: Find the number of 4 letter words, with or without meaning, which can be formed out of the
letters of the word ROSE, where the repetition of the letters is not allowed.
Solution: There are as many words as there are ways of filling in 4 vacant places by the 4 letters,
keeping in mind that the repetition is not allowed. The first place can be filled in 4 different ways by
anyone of the 4 letters R,O,S,E. Following which, the second place can be filled in by anyone of the
remaining 3 letters in 3 different ways, following which the third place can be filled in 2 different ways;
following which, the fourth place can be filled in 1 way. Thus, the number of ways in which the 4
places can be filled, by the multiplication principle, is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence, the required number of
words is 24.
• Example: Find the number of different signals that can be generated by arranging at least 2 flags in
order (one below the other) on a vertical staff, if five different flags are available.
Solution: A signal can consist of either 2 flags, 3 flags, 4 flags or 5 flags.
Now, let us count the possible number of signals consisting of 2 flags, 3 flags, 4 flags and 5 flags
separately and then add the respective numbers. There will be as many 2 flag signals as there are ways
of filling in 2 vacant places in succession by the 5 flags available.
By Multiplication rule, the number of ways is 5 × 4 = 20.
 Similarly, there will be as many 3 flag signals as there are ways of filling in 3 vacant places in
succession by the 5 flags. The number of ways is 5 × 4 × 3 = 60.
Continuing the same way, we find that The number of 4 flag signals = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 120
and the number of 5 flag signals = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
Therefore, the required no of signals = 20 + 60 + 120 + 120 = 320.
• Exercise:
1. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 assuming that
(i) repetition of the digits is allowed? (ii) repetition of the digits is not allowed?
2. How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if the digits can be
repeated?
3. How many 4-letter code can be formed using the first 10 letters of the English alphabet, if no letter can
be repeated?
• Permutations:
A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects taken some or all at a time.
• Permutations when all the objects are distinct:
✓ The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r ≤ n and the objects do
not repeat is n ( n – 1) ( n – 2). . .( n – r + 1), which is denoted by 𝑛𝑃𝑟
The notation n! represents the product of first n natural numbers,
i.e., the product 1 × 2 × 3 × . . . × (n - 1) × n is denoted as n!. We read this symbol as ‘n factorial’. Thus,
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 . . . × (n – 1) × n = n! we define 0! = 1
• Example: Evaluate (i) 5! (ii) 7! (iii) 7! – 5!
Solution : 5! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120, 7! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 ×7 = 5040
7! – 5! = 5040 – 120 = 4920.
𝟕! 𝟏𝟐!
Compute: i)𝟓! ii) (𝟏𝟎!)(𝟐!)
7! 7×6×5!
Solution: i) We have = = 7 × 6 = 42
5! 5!
12! 12×11×(10!)
ii) We have 10!×2! = (10!)×2 = 6 × 11 = 66
𝟖!
i)Evaluate (i) 8! (ii) 4! – 3! ii)Evaluate 𝟐!×𝟔!
𝒏!
• Formula For nPr = ;0≤r≤n
(𝒏−𝒓!)
• Permutations when all the objects are not distinct objects :
Suppose we have to find the number of ways of rearranging the letters of the word ROOT. In this case,
the letters of the word are not all different. There are 2 Os, which are of the same kind. Let us treat,
temporarily, the 2 Os as different, say, O1 and O2 . The number of permutations of 4-different letters, in
this case, taken all at a time is 4!. Consider one of these permutations say, RO1 O2 T. Corresponding to
this permutation, we have 2 ! permutations RO1 O2 T and RO2 O1 T which will be exactly the same
permutation if O1 and O2 are not treated as different, i.e., if O1 and O2 are the same O at both
4!
places. Therefore, the required number of permutations = 2! = 4 × 3 = 12
• Theorem 1: The number of permutations of a n objects , where p objects are of the same kind rest are
𝑛!
all different = 𝑝!.
• Theorem 2: The number of permutations of n objects , where 𝑝1 objects are of one kind , 𝑝2 are of
𝑛!
second kind,….𝑝𝑘 are of 𝑘 𝑡ℎ kind and the rest,if any, are of different kind is .
𝑝1 !.𝑝2 !… 𝑝𝑘 !
• Example: Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word ALLAHABAD.
Solution: Here there are 9 objects(letters) of which there are 4A’s, 2 L’s and rest are all different.
9! 5×6×7×8×9
Therefore, the required number of arrangements = = = 7560
4!×2! 2
• Example: How many 4-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if repetition of digits is
not allowed?
Solution: Here order matters for example 1234 and 1324 are two different numbers.Therefore,there will
be as many 4 digit numbers as there are permutations of 9 different digits taken 4 at a time.Therefore,the
9! 9!
required 4 digit numbers = 9𝑃4 = (9−4)! = 5! = 3024.
• Example: How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, if the repetition of the digits is not allowed?
Solution: Every number between 100 and 1000 is a 3-digit number. We, first, have to count the
permutations of 6 digits taken 3 at a time. This number would be 6P3. But, these permutations will
include those also where 0 is at the 100’s place. For example, 092, 042, . . ., etc are such numbers which
are actually 2-digit numbers and hence the number of such numbers has to be subtracted from 6 P3 to
get the required number.
To get the number of such numbers, we fix 0 at the 100’s place and rearrange the remaining 5 digits
taking 2 at a time. This number is 5P2 , So,
6! 5!
The required number = 6𝑃3 − 5𝑃2 = 3! − 2! = 4×5×6 - 4×5 = 100
• Example: Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word INDEPENDENCE. In how many
of these arrangements, (i)do the words start with P (ii) do all the vowels always occur together(iii)do the
vowels never occur together(iv)do the words begin with I and end in P?
Solution: There are 12 letters, of which N appears 3 times, E appears 4 times and D appears 2 times and
12!
the rest are all different. Therefore ,The required number of arrangements = 1663200
3!4!2!
i)Let us fix P at the extreme left position, we, then, count the arrangements of the remaining 11 letters.
11!
Therefore, the required number of words starting with P are 3!2!4! = 138600
ii)There are 5 vowels in the given word, which are 4 E’s and 1I.Since they have to always occur
together , we treat them as a single object EEEEI for the time being.This single object together with 7
remaining objects will account for 8 objects.These 8 objects, in which there are 3N’s and 2 Ds , can be
8!
rearranged in 3! 2! ways. Corresponding to each of these arrangements , the 5 vowels E,E,E,E and I can
5!
be rearranged in 4! ways. Therefore, by multiplication principle the required number of arrangements =
8! 5!
3!2!
× 4! = 16800
(iii) The required number of arrangements = the total number of arrangements (without any restriction)
– the number of arrangements where all the vowels occur together. = 1663200 – 16800 = 1646400.
iv)Let us fix I and P at the extremes ends (I at the left end and P at the right end).We are left with 10
10!
letters. Hence, the required number of arrangements 3!2!4! = 12600.
• Combinations:
i)Now, we obtain the formula for finding the number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a
time, denoted by nCr
ii)Suppose we have 4 different objects A, B, C and D. Taking 2 at a time, if we have to make
combinations, these will be AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD. Here, AB and BA are the same combination as
order does not alter the combination.
iii)This is why we have not included BA, CA, DA, CB, DB and DC in this list. There are as many as 6
combinations of 4 different objects taken 2 at a time, i.e., 4 C2 = 6. Corresponding to each combination
in the list, we can arrive at 2! permutations as 2 objects in each combination can be rearranged in 2!
ways.
iv)Hence, the number of permutations = 4C2 × 2!. On the other hand, the number of permutations of 4
4 4!
different things taken 2 at a time = 4P2 . Therefore 𝑃2 = 4𝐶2 ×2! Or = 4𝐶2
(4−2)!2!
Now, let us suppose that we have 5 different objects A, B, C, D, E. Taking 3 at a time, if we have to
make combinations, these will be ABC, ABD, ABE, BCD, BCE, CDE, ACE, ACD, ADE, BDE.
Corresponding to each of these 5𝐶3 combinations, there are 3! permutations, because, the three objects
in each combination can be rearranged in 3! ways.
5 5!
Therefore, the total of permutations = 5C3 x 3!, 𝑃3 = 5𝐶3 ×3! Or (5−3)!3! = 5𝐶3
𝑛!
Formula for combination: 𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
(𝑛−𝑟)! 𝑟!
• Example: A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how
many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man and 2 women?
 Solution: here order does not matter Therefore we need to count combination. There will be as many
committees as there are combination of 5 different persons taken 3 at a time, hence the required number
5! 4×5
of ways = 5𝐶3= (5−3)! 3! = 2
= 10
Now 1 man can be selected from 2 men that is 2𝐶1 and 2 women can be selected from 3 women is 3𝐶2
ways the required number of committees = 2𝐶1 × 3𝐶2= 6
• Example: What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how
many of these
(i) four cards are of the same suit, (ii) four cards belong to four different suits, (iii) are face cards
(iv) two are red cards and two are black cards, (v) cards are of the same colour?
Solution: Drawing 4 cards from pack of 52 cards number of ways = 52𝐶4
(a)There are four suits each have 13 cards and we want all cards from same suits so,
the number of ways = 13𝐶4 + 13𝐶4 + 13𝐶4 + 13𝐶4 = 4× 13𝐶4
(b)The number of ways that all cards are from different suits = 13𝐶1 × 13𝐶1 × 13𝐶1 × 13𝐶1 = 134
(c)The number of ways to select face cards = 12𝐶4 because 12 face cards
(d)The number of ways to select 2 red 2 black = 26𝐶2 × 26𝐶2
(e)The number of ways to select same colour card = 26𝐶4 + 26𝐶4 = 2 26𝐶4
• Exercise:
1. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
EQUATION, using each letter exactly once?
2. How many words, with or without meaning can be made from the letters of the word MONDAY,
assuming that no letter is repeated, if. (i) 4 letters are used at a time, (ii) all letters are used at a time, (iii)
all letters are used but first letter is a vowel?
3. In how many of the distinct permutations of the letters in MISSISSIPPI do the four I’s not come
together?
4. In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if the (i) words start with
P and end with S, (ii) vowels are all together, (iii) there are always 4 letters between P and S?
5. Find the number of ways of selecting 9 balls from 6 red balls, 5 white balls and 5 blue balls if each
selection consists of 3 balls of each colour.
6. Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly one ace in
each combination.
7. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5 players can
bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?
8. A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black and 3 red balls
can be selected.
9. In how many ways can a student choose a programme of 5 courses if 9 courses are available and 2
specific courses are compulsory for every student?

➢ Percentage:
Some basic Formula:
𝑙
✓ To convert a fraction into a percent: To convert any fraction 𝑚 to rate percent, multiply it by 100 and
𝑙
put % sign, i.e., 𝑚
×100%
𝟑 3
• What percentage is equivalent to 𝟓? 5×100 = 60%
✓ To convert a percent into a fraction: To convert a percent into a fraction, drop the percent sign and
divide the number by 100.
50
𝟐 2 50 1 1
• What fraction is 16𝟑 %? 163 % = 3
100
= ( 3 ×100) = 6
𝑥
✓ To find a percentage of a given number: 𝑥% of given number (N)= 100×N.
75
• 75% of 400 = ? 75% of 400 =100×400 =300.
 4
• Find a number whose 4% is 72. Let the required number be 𝑥. Then, 4% of 𝑥 = 72 , × 𝑥 = 72 , 𝑥 =
100
100
× 72 = 1800.
4
𝑥
✓ If A is x% more than that of B, then B is less than that of A by [ × 100] %
100+𝑥
𝑥
✓ If A is x% less than that of B, then B is more than that of A by [100−𝑥 × 100] %
• If Mohan's salary is 10% more than that of Sohan, then how much percent is Sohan's salary less
than that of Mohan? Here, 𝑥 = 10.
𝑥 10 1
∴ Required answer = (100+𝑥 × 100) % = (100+10 × 100) = 11 9 %
• If A's income is 40% less than that B's income, then how much percent is B's income more than
A's income? Here, 𝑥 = 40.
𝑥 40 2
∴ Required answer = ( × 100) % = ( × 100) = 66 %
100−𝑥 100−40 3
𝑥
✓ If A is 𝑥% of C and B is 𝑦% of C, then A = 𝑦 × 100% 𝑜𝑓 B.
• If A is 20% of C and B is 25% of C, then what percentage is A of B?
𝑥 20
Here, 𝑥 = 20 and 𝑦 = 25. 𝐴 = 𝑦 × 100% 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 25 × 100% 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 80% 𝑜𝑓 𝐵.
100+𝑥
✓ If two numbers are respectively 𝑥% an 𝑦% more than a third number, then the first number is (100+𝑦 ×
100+𝑦
100) % of the second and the second number is (100+𝑥 × 100) % of the first number.
100−𝑥
✓ If two numbers are respectively 𝑥% an 𝑦% less than a third number, then the first number is (100−𝑦 ×
100−𝑦
100) % of the second and the second number is ( × 100) % of the first number.
100−𝑥
• Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. What percent is the first
of the second? Here, 𝑥 = 20 and 𝑦 = 50.
100+𝑥 100+20
∴ First number = (100+𝑦) × 100% of the 2nd =(100+50) × 100% of the 2nd = 80% of the 2nd
• Two numbers are respectively 32% and 20% less than a third number. What percent is the first
of the second? Here, 𝑥 = 32 and 𝑦 = 20.
100−𝑥 100−32
∴ First number = (100−𝑦) × 100% of the 2nd =(100−20) × 100% of the 2nd , 85% of the 2nd.
✓ If the price of a commodity increases by 𝑃%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase
𝑃
the expenditure is ( × 100) %
100+𝑃
✓ If the price of a commodity decreases by 𝑃%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
𝑃
expenditure is (100−𝑃 × 100) %
• If the price of sugar increases by 25%, find how much percent its consumption be reduced so as
not to increase the expenditure.
𝑃 25
Reduction in consumption = (100+𝑃 × 100) % = (100+25 × 100) % or 20%
✓ If a number is changed (increased /decreased) successively by 𝑥% and 𝑦% , then net % change is given
𝑥𝑦
by (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 100) % which represents increase or decrease in value according as the sign is +𝑣𝑒 or −𝑣𝑒.
✓ If 𝑥 or 𝑦 indicates decrease in percentage, then put −𝑣𝑒 sign before 𝑥 or 𝑦, otherwise +𝑣𝑒 sign.
• If salary of a person is first increased by 15% and thereafter decreased by 12%, what is the net
change in his salary? Here, 𝑥 = 15 and 𝑦 = −12.
𝑥𝑦 15×12
∴ The net % change in the salary = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 100) % = (15 − 12 − 100
)% Or = 1.2%
Since the sign is +𝑣𝑒 , the salary of the person increases by 1.2%
✓ If two parameters A and B are multiplied to get a product and if A is changed (increased / decreased) by
𝑥% and another parameter B is changed (increased / decreased) by 𝑦%, then the net % change in the
𝑥𝑦
product (𝐴 × 𝐵) is given (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 100) % which represents increase or decrease in value according
as the sign in +𝑣𝑒 or −𝑣𝑒.
✓ If 𝑥 or 𝑦 indicates decrease in percentage, then put −𝑣𝑒 sign before 𝑥 or 𝑦 otherwise +𝑣𝑒 sign.
• If the side of a square is increased by 20%, its area is increased by 𝒌%. Find the value of 𝒌.
𝑥𝑦 20×20
[Here, 𝑥 = 20 and 𝑦 = 20] ∴ Net % change in area = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 100) % = (20 + 20 + 100
)% =
44% Therefore, the area is increased by 44%, k = 40%
✓ If the present population of a town (or value of an item) be 𝑃 and the population (or value of an item)
changes at r% per annum, then
𝑟 𝑛
(a) Population (or value of an item) after n years = 𝑃 (1 + 100)
𝑃
(b) Population (or value of an item) n years ago = 𝑟 𝑛
(1+ )
100
where r is +𝑣𝑒 or −𝑣𝑒 according as the population (or value of item) increases or decreases.
• The population of a town increases 5% annually. if its present population is 84000, what will it be
in 2 years time? Here, 𝑃 = 84000 , 𝑟 = 5 and 𝑛 = 2.
𝑟 𝑛 5 2
∴ Population of the town after 2 years = 𝑃 (1 + 100) = 84000 (1 + 100)
105 105
= 84000 × × = 92610.
100 100
✓ If a number 𝐴 is increased successively by 𝑥% following by 𝑦% and then by 𝑧% then, the final value
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
of 𝐴 will be = 𝐴 (1 + 100) (1 + 100) (1 + 100)
In case a given value decreases by any percentage, we will use a −𝑣𝑒 sign before that.
• The population of a town is 144000. It increases by 5% during the first year. During the second
year, it decreases by 10% and increases by 15% during the third year. What is the population
after 3 years? Here, 𝑃 = 144000, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = −10 and 𝑧 = 15.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
∴ Population of the town after 3 years = 𝐴 (1 + 100) (1 + 100) (1 + 100)
5 10 15 144000×105×90×115
= 144000 (1 + ) (1 − ) (1 + ) = = 156492.
100 100 100 100×100×100
✓ In an examination, the minimum pass percentage is 𝑥% If a student secures 𝑦 marks and fails by 𝑧
100(𝑦+𝑧)
marks, then the maximum marks in the examination is
𝑥
• In an examination, a student must get 60% marks to pass. If a student who gets 120 marks, fails
by 60 marks, find the maximum marks. Here, 𝑥 = 60 , 𝑦 = 120 and 𝑧 = 60.
100(𝑥+𝑦) 100(120+60) 100×180
Maximum marks = = = = 300.
x 60 60
✓ In an examination 𝑥% and 𝑦% students respectively fail in two different subjects while 𝑧% students fail
in both the subjects, then the percentage of students who pass in both the subjects will be (100 −
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧))
• In an examination, 42% students failed in mathematics and 52% failed in science. If 17% failed in
both the subjects, find the percentage of those who passed in both the subjects. Here, 𝑥 = 42, 𝑦 =
52 and 𝑧 = 17. Percentage of students passing both the subjects = (100 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)) % =
(100 − (42 + 52 − 17))% Or 23%
• Exercise:
1
• What percentage is equivalent to 5 4?
(a)525% (b)425% (c)625% (d)None of these
• 0.025 in terms of rate percent is :
(a)3.5% (b)2.5% (c)1.5% (d)None of these
7
• Express 8 as percentage.
1 1 1
(a)67 2 % (b)87 2 % (c) 97 4 % (d)None of these
2 1
• What percent of 7 is 35 ?
(a) 15% (b)18% (c)10% (d)None of these
 1 1
• If 37 % of a number is 45, then 87 % of the number will be:
2 2
(a) 115 (b)135 (c)105 (d)None of these
• What percent of 4 Km is 8 meters?
(a) 0.4 (b)0.2 (c)0.8 (d)None of these
• If 90% of A=30% of B and B=𝑥% of A, then the value of 𝑥 is:
(a) 800 (b)300 (c)700 (d)None of these
• If a number is 20% more than the other, how much percent is the second number less than the first?
1 2 1
(a) 12 3 % (b)163 % (c)163 % (d)None of these
• Two numbers are less than a third number by 30% and 37% respectively. How much percent is the
second number less than the first ?
(a) 15% (b)10% (c)20% (d)None of these
• A number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%, and then decreased by 20% , the final value
of the number :
(a) Does not change (b)Decreases by 2% (c)Increases by 4% (d)Decreases by 4%
• A shopkeeper marks the prices of his goods at 25% higher than the original price. After that, he allows a
discount of 12% . What profit or loss did he make?
(a) 10% profit (b)15% profit (c)10% loss (d)15% loss
• The population of a town is 32000. it increases 15% annually. what will it be in 2 years?
(a)52340 (b)42320 (c)62430 (d)None of these
• In a class of 65 students, each students got sweets that are 20% of the total number of students. How
many sweets were there.
(a)635 (b)845 (c)955 (d)None of these
• In an examination, there are 1000 boys and 800 girls, 60% of boys and 40% girls passed. The
percentage of candidates that failed is:
(a)44.88 (b)45.88 (c)50.00 (d)49.88
• The difference between 40% of a number and 28% of the same number is 198. what is 64% of that
number?
(a)1122 (b)1065 (c)1056 (d)1023

➢ Logarithms:
• Logarithm is the 'exponent' or 'power' to which a stated number called the base, is raised to yield a
specific number. For example, in the expression 10²=100, the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2.
this is written as log10100 = 2.
• Logarithmic presentation:
For example, N = 25, this can be written in exponentially as 25 = 52, and the same can be expressed as
logarithmic function as log5 25 = 2; thus we could say log of a number ‘N’ to a given base ‘a’ is the
exponent ‘x’, by which the base must be raised in order to get ‘N’
i.e.log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥⇔𝑁 = 𝑎𝑥, where N > 0, a > 0 and a ≠ 1.
For example, 24= 16; therefore, 4 is the log of 16 to the base 2, or 4 = log2 16.
Exponential form Logarithmic form
5 log 3 243 = 5
3 = 243
4 log 2 16 = 4
2 = 16

✓ LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
• Product Formula
The logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of their logarithms.
i.e, log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛) = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
Generalization: In general, we have log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛𝑝𝑞 … ) = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 + log 𝑎 𝑝 + log 𝑎 𝑞 + …
• Quotient Formula The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference of their
𝑚
logarithms. i.e, log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 ) = log 𝑎 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑛 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• Power Formula
The logarithm of a number raised to a power is equal to the power multiplied by logarithm of the
number. i.e,log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛 ) = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑚 ; where a,m are positive and 𝑎 ≠ 1.
log𝑎 𝑚 log 𝑚
• Base changing formula : log 𝑛 𝑚 = . 𝑆𝑜 log 𝑛 𝑚 =
log𝑎 𝑛 log 𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≠ 1, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• Reciprocal relation : log 𝑏 𝑎 ∗ log 𝑎 𝑏 = 1,where, a, b are positive and not equal to 1
1
• log 𝑏 𝑎 =
log𝑎 𝑏
• 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥
= 𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0.
• 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑎 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0.
• 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑎 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0.
• 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0.
• log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• There are two bases of logarithms that are extensively used these days. One is base e(e=2.71828
approx) and the other is base 10. The logarithms to base e are called natural logarithms. The
logarithms to base 10 are called the common logarithms.
• log10 10 = 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 101 = 10
• log10 100 = 2, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 102 = 100
• log10 10000 = 4, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 104 = 10000
• log10 0.01 = −2, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 10−2 = 0.01
• log10 0.001 = −3, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 10−3 = 0.001 𝑎𝑛𝑑, log10 1 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 100 = 1
Exercise:
• Express 53= 125 in logarithm form.
• Find the log of 32 to the base 4.
5
• Find the value of log10(3).
• Find the value of log 𝑒 52 .
• Find the value of log10 5 + log10 2 + log10 10 + log10 15
8
• Find the value of log .
2
• Simplify (i)log 2 3 − log 2 24 , (𝑖𝑖) log 𝑎 𝑎2 − 4log 𝑎 (1⁄𝑎), 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.
• An exponential curve has equation = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 , where a and b are non zero constants. Make x the
subject of the above equation, giving the final answer in terms of logarithms base 10.

➢ Boats and Steams:

• Still Water: If the speed of the water in a river is zero, it is called ‘still water’.
• Stream: If the water of a river is moving, it is called, a stream’.
• Upstream: If a boat (or a swimmer) moves against a stream, i.e., in the direction is opposite to that of
the stream, it is called, ‘upstream’.
• Downstream: If a boat (or a swimmer) moves with a stream, i.e., along the direction of a stream, it is
called, ‘downstream’.
• Note: When the speed of a boat or a swimmer is given, it usually means speed in the still water.
• Some Basic Formula: If the speed of a boat (or a swimmer) be x Km/h and the speed of a stream or the
current be y Km/h, then,
(a) The speed of the boat (or swimmer) downstream = (x + y) Km/h.
(b) The speed of the boat (or swimmer) upstream = (x – y) Km/h.
• Illustration 1: The speed of a boat in still water is 20 Km/h. If the speed of the stream be 4 Km/h, find
out its downstream and upstream speeds.
Solution: Speed of the boat (x)= 20 Km/h, Speed of the stream (y) = 4 Km/h
∴ Downstream speed = x + y = (20+ 4) = 24 Km/h, Upstream speed = x – y = (204) = 16 Km/h.
1
• Speed of the boat (or swimmer) in still water = (Downstream Speed + Upstream Speed)
2
1
• Speed of the stream= 2
(Downstream Speed – Upstream Speed)
• Illustration 2: A boat is rowed down a river 40 Km in 5 h and up a river 21 Km in 7 h. Find the speed
of the boat and the river.
40 21
Solution: Speed of the boat downstream = 5 =8 Km/h, Speed of the boat upstream = 7 =3 Km/h
1 1
∴ Speed of the boat = 2(Downstream Speed + Upstream Speed) = 2(8+3) =11/2 or 5.5 Km/h.
1 1 5
and, speed of the river = 2
(Downstream Speed – Upstream Speed = 2(8-3) = 2 or, 2.5 Km/h
• If a man capable of rowing at the speed of Km/h in still water, rows the same distance up and down a
stream which flows at a rate of y Km/h, then his average speed throughout the journey is
Uptream × Downstream (𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦)
= = Km/h
Man’s rate in still wate 𝑥
• Illustration 3: A man rows at a speed of 8 Km/h in still water to a certain distance upstream and back to
the starting point in a river which flows at 4 Km/h. Find his average speed for total journey.
Uptream × Downstream (8−4)(8+4)
Solution: Average Speed= Man’s rate in still wate
= 8
= 6 Km/h
• A man can row a boat in still water at x Km/h. In a stream flowing at y Km/h, if it takes t hours more in
(𝑥 2 −𝑦2 )𝑡
upstream than to go downstream for the same distance, then the distance is given by Km
2𝑦
• Illustration 4: A man can row 7 Km/h in still water. If The river is running at 3 Km/h, it takes 6 hours
more in upstream than to go downstream for the same distance. How far is the place?
(𝑥 2 −𝑦2 )𝑡 (49−9)6
Solution: The required distance = 2𝑦
= 2×3
= 40 Km
• A man rows a certain distance downstream in t₁ hours and returns the same distance upstream in t 2
hours. If the speed of the stream be y Km/h, then the speed of the man in still water is given by
𝑡 +𝑡
y (𝑡2 − 𝑡1) Km/h
2 1
• Illustration 5: A motorboat covers a certain distance downstream in 6 hours, but takes 8 hours, to
return upstream to the starting point. If the speed of the stream be 6 Km/h, find out the speed of the
motor boat in still water.
t + t1 8+6
Solution: Speed of the motorboat in still water = y ( 2 ) = 6( ) = 42 Km/h
t2 − t1 8− 6
• A man can row a boat in still water at x Km/h. In a stream flowing at y Km/h if it takes him t hours to
(𝑥 2 −𝑦2 )𝑡
row to a place and come back, then the distance between the two places is 2𝑥
• Illustration 6: A man can row 6 Km/h in the still water. If the river is running at 2 Km/h, it takes him 3
hours to row to a place and back. How far is the place?
(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )𝑡 (36−4)3
Solution: The required distance = 2𝑥
Km = 2×6
= 8 Km
• A boat (or a swimmer) takes n times as long to row upstream as to row downstream the river. If the
n+1
speed of boat (or swimmer) be x Km/h and the speed of stream be y Km/h, then x= y (n − 1)

• Illustration 7: A man can row at the rate of 4 Km/h in still water. If the time taken to row a certain
distance upstream is 3 times as much as to row the same distance downstream, find the speed of the
current.
n+1 3+1 4
Solution: Speed of the man = y (n − 1) => 4 = y (3 − 1) => 4 = y (2) => Y = 2 km/h
Exercise:
• A boat goes 8 Km in 1 h along the stream and 2 Km in 1 h against the stream. Find The speed of the
stream ?
• A man rows a boat 18 Km in 4 h downstream and speed of the stream returns upstream in 12 h. Find
The speed of the stream (in Km/h) ?
• A man can row at a speed of 10 km/h in still water to a certain upstream point and back to the starting
point in a river which flows at 4 Km/h. Find his average speed for total journey.
• The speed of a boat in still water is 8 Km/h. If its speed downstream be 15 Km/h, then find speed of
the stream?
• A man can row 6 Km/h in still water. If the river is running at 2 Km/h, it takes 3 hours more in upstream
than to go downstream for the same distance. How far is the place?
• A swimmer covers a distance of 28 Km against the current and 40 Km in the direction of the current. If
in each case he takes 4 hours, find the speed of the current ?
• A boat moves downstream at the rate of one Km in 10 minutes and upstream at the rate of 4 Km an
hour. What is the velocity of the current.
• A man can row 6 Km/h in still water. If the river is running at 2 Km/h, it takes 3 hours more in upstream
than to go downstream for the same distance. How far is the place?
• Twice the speed downstream is equal to the thrice the speed upstream, the ratio of speed in still water to
the speed of the current is.
• A boat covers a certain distance downstream in 2 hours, but takes 4 hours to return upstream to the
starting point. If the speed of the stream be 3 Km/h, find the speed of the boat in still water.
• In a river flowing at 2Km/h, a boat travels 32 Km upstream and, then returns downstream to the
starting point. If its speed in still water be 6 Km/h, find out the journey time.
• A boat travels upstream from B to A and downstream from A to B in 3 hrs. If the speed of the boat in
still water is 9 Km/h and the speed of the current is 3 Km/h, then find the distance between A and B ?
• A man swimming in a stream which flows 1/2 Km/h finds that in a given time he can
swim twice as far with the stream as he can against it. At what rate does he swim?
• A man rows upstream 12 Km and downstream 28 Km taking 5 hours each time. Find The velocity of
water current ?

➢ Allegation & Mixture:

• Allegation means 'linking'. It is a rule to find:
(a) the ratio in which two or more ingredients at their respective prices should be mixed to give
a mixture at a given price.
(b) The mean or average price of a mixture when theprices of two or more ingredients which
may be mixed together and the proportion in which they are mixed are given. Here, cost price
of a unit quantity of a mixture is called the 'mean price'.
here are two main types of allegation:
• Simple Allegation: Used when you are mixing two components to obtain a mixture with a
specific intermediate concentration.
• Compound Allegation: Used when you are mixing more than two components to obtain a
mixture with a specific intermediate concentration
• Allegation Rule Suppose, ₹d per unit be the price of first ingredient (superior quality) mixed with
another ingredient (cheaper quality) of price ₹c per unit to form a mixture whose mean price is ₹m per
Quantity of cheaper
unit, then the two ingredients must be mixed in the ratio: Quantity of superior Mean =
C.P.superior−Mean price
Mean price−C.P.of cheaper
i.e., the two ingredients are to be mixed in the inverse ratio of the differences of their prices and the
mean price.
• The above rule may be represented schematically as under:
C.P. of a unit of cheaper quality(c) C.P. of unit of superior quality(d)

Mean price(m)

(d-m) (m- c)
Quantity of cheaper d−m
• Quantity of superior Mea𝑛
= m−c
• Illustration 1: In what ratio two varieties of tea, one costing 27 per Kg and the other costing 32 per Kg.
should be blended to produce a blended variety of tea worth 30 per Kg. How much should be the
quantity of second variety of tea, if the first variety is 60 Kg.
Solution:

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑎 2

The required ratio of the two varieties of tea is 2:3, =
𝑄𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑎 3
60×3
∴Quantity of superior tea = 2
= 90 Kg Thus, the second variety of tea is 90 Kg.
• Illustration 2: Sugar at ₹15 per Kg is mixed with sugar at ₹20 per Kg in the ratio 2:3. Find the per Kg
price of the mixture.
Solution:

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟 20 − 𝑥

=
𝑄𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑥 − 15
20 − 𝑥 2
∴( ) = ⟹ 60 − 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 30 ⟹ 5𝑥 = 90 𝑜𝑟 , 𝑥 = 18.
𝑥 − 15 3
Thus, the per Kg price of the mixture is ₹18
• A vessel, full of wine, contains a litres of it of which b litres are withdrawn. The vessel is then filled
with water. Next, b litres of the mixture are withdrawn and, again the vessel is filled with water. This
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎−𝑏 𝑛
process is repeated n times. Then 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
=( 𝑎
)
• Illustration 3: A vessel contains 125 litres of wine. 25 litres of wine was taken out of the vessel and
replaced by water. Then, 25 litres of mixture was withdrawn and again replaced by water. The operation
was repeated for the third time. How much wine is now left in the vessel?
25 3 100×100×100×125
Solution: Amount of wine left in the vessel = (1 − 125) × 125 = 125×125×125
= 64 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
• There are n vessels of equal size filled with mixtures of liquids A and B in the ratio
𝑎1 : 𝑏1 ; 𝑎2 : 𝑏2 ; 𝑎3 : 𝑏3 ; … , 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑏𝑛 ;respectively. If the contents of all the vessels are poured into a single
𝑎1 𝑎 𝑎
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 ( + 2 +⋯+ 𝑛 )
𝑎1 +𝑏1 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛
large vessel, then 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
( 1 + 2 +⋯+ 𝑛 )
𝑎1 +𝑏1 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛

• Illustration 4:Three equal glasses are filled with mixture of milk and water. The proportion of milk and
water in each glass is as follows: In the first glass as 3:1, in the second glass as 5:3 and in the third as
9:7. The contents of the three glasses are emptied into a single vessel. What is the proportion of milk
and water in it?
3 5 9 31
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 ( + + )
3+1 5+3 9+7 16
Solution: = 1 3 7 = 17 = 31: 17.
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ( + + )
3+1 5+3 9+7 16
• There are n vessels of sizes 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , … , 𝐶𝑛 𝑎1 : 𝑏1 ; 𝑎2 : 𝑏2 ; 𝑎3 : 𝑏3 ; … , 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑏𝑛 If the contents of all the vessels
𝑎1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎 𝑐
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 ,+ ⋯+ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎1 +𝑏1 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛
are poured into a single large vessel, then = 𝑏 1 𝑐1 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐵 + 2 2 + …+ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎1 +𝑏1 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛

• Illustration 5: Three glasses of sizes 3 litres, 4 litres and 5 litres, contain mixture of milk and water in
the ratio 2:3, 3:7 and 4:11, respectively. The contents of all the three glasses are poured into a single
vessel. Find out ratio of milk to water in the resulting mixture.
2×3 3×4 4×5 6 12 20
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 ( + + ) + +
3+2 7+3 4+11
Solution: 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3×3 7×4 11×5 = 59 10 15
28 55 = 56.124 𝑜𝑟 14: 31.
( + + ) + +
3+2 7+3 4+11 5 10 15
Exercise:
• How many Kg of tea, worth 25 per Kg, must be blended with 30 Kg of tea worth 30 per Kg, so that by
selling the blended variety at 30 per Kg there should be a gain of 10%?
(a) 36 Kg (b) 40 Kg
(c) 32 Kg (d) 42 Kg
• How much water be added to 14 litres of milk worth 15.40 a litre so that the value of the mixture may
be 74.20 a litre?
(a) 7 litres (b) 6 litres
(c) 5 litres (d) 4 litres
• In what ratio two varieties of tea, one costing 25 per Kg and the other costing 30 per Kg should be
blended to produce blended variety of tea worth 28 per Kg?
(a) 3:4 (b) 4:3
(c) 2:3 (d) 3:5
• In an examination out of 80 students 85% of the girls and 70% of the boys passed. How many boys
appeared in the examination if total pass percentage was 75%?
(a) 370 (b) 340
(c) 320 (d) 360
• In what proportion must tea worth 75 paise per packet be mixed with tea worth 25.50 per packet so that
the mixture may cost 74.50 per packet?
(a) 3:11 (b) 4:15
(c) 15:11 (d) 4:5
• How many Kg of sugar costing 5.50 per Kg must be mixed with 60 Kg of sugar costing 24.80 per Kg so
that the mixture is worth 25.25 per Kg?
(a) 90 Kg (b) 95 Kg
(c) 108 Kg (d) 106 Kg
• How many Kg of sugar costing 5.75 per Kg should be mixed with 75 Kg of cheaper sugar costing 74.50
per Kg, so that the mixture is worth 5.50 per Kg?
(a) 250 Kg (b) 300 Kg
(c) 350 Kg (d) 325 Kg
• In what ratio must water be added to spirit to gain 10% by selling it at the cost price?
(a) 1:11 (b) 1:5
(c) 1:10 (d) 1:9
• 300 of salt solution has 40% salt in it. How much salt should be added to make it 50% in the solution?
(a) 40 gm (b) 60 gm
(c) 70 gm (d) 80 gm
• A man buys two cows for 1350 and sells one, so as to lose 6%, and the other so as to gain 7.5% and on
the whole he neither gains nor loses. What does each cow cost?
(a) 750, 500 (b) 750, 600
(c) 600, 500 (d) 700, 650
• There are 65 students in a class, 39 rupees are distributed among them so that each boy gets 80 Paise
and girl gets 30 Paise. Find out the number of boys and girls in that class.
(a) 43, 40 (b) 36, 33
(c) 39, 26 (d) 45, 42
• A trader has 50 Kg of sugar, a part of which he sells at 10% profit and the rest at 5% loss. He gains 7%
on the whole. What is the quantity sold at 10% gain and 5% loss?
(a) 40 Kg, 10 Kg (b) 10 Kg, 35 Kg
(c) 25 Kg. 15 Kg (d) 30 Kg, 20 Kg
• A person has 5000. He invests a part of it at 3% per annum and the remainder at 8% per annum simple
interest. His total income in 3 years is 750. Find the sum invested at different rates of interest.
(a) 2000, 1000 (b) 3000, 1000
(c) 1000, 4000 (d) 3000, 2000
• Some amount out of 7000 was lent at 6% p.a. and the remaining at 4% p.a. If the total simple interest
from both the fractions in 5 years was 1600, the sum lent at 6% p.a. was:
(a) 3000 (b) 4000
(c) 5000 (d) 2000
• 729 ml of a mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 7:2. How much more water is to be added to
get a new mixture containing milk and water in the ratio 7:3?
(a) 600 ml (b) 710 ml
(c) 520 ml (d) None of these