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Rocks and The Rock Cycle

The document discusses the rock cycle and how rocks are classified based on their formation. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compression of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. The rock cycle is the continuous transformation of rocks between these classes through geological processes like erosion and tectonic activity.

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Irica Mae Ciervo
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43 views29 pages

Rocks and The Rock Cycle

The document discusses the rock cycle and how rocks are classified based on their formation. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compression of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing heat and pressure. The rock cycle is the continuous transformation of rocks between these classes through geological processes like erosion and tectonic activity.

Uploaded by

Irica Mae Ciervo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Did you know?


• Most of Earth’s rocks are made up of over 20
common minerals.

• These minerals are called rock-forming


minerals!
Misconception: you can identify a
rock based on its density.

FALSE!
• You can ONLY identify pure substances (like
ELEMENTS) based on their densities. Rocks
are NOT pure substances; they are made of
many minerals! You CANNOT identify a rock
based upon it’s density. Densities of similar
rocks may have very different densities.
Classifying Rocks by COLOR
• The color of a rock depends on the colors of the
minerals that make up the rock.

• The color of the minerals reflects their chemical


composition.

• Color is NOT always helpful, though, because


weather can change the color of a rock’s outer
surface over time.
Classifying Rocks by TEXTURE
• In geology, texture refers to the size, shape and
arrangement of a rock’s grains (NOT how it feels).

• A grain is one of the particles that make up a rock.


Grains can be made up of crystals of a mineral or
can be a piece of another rock.
Classifying Rocks by COMPOSITION
• A geologist determines a rock’s composition
by identifying the minerals the rock contains.
– ROCKS ARE MADE OF MINERALS!!!--
• If the grains are too small, they may take a
“thin section” of the rock to see more clearly.
Classifying Rocks Based on How Rocks
Form
• Geologists classify rocks based on how they
form.

• Geologists classify rocks into three major


groups:
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic
Now, onto the foldable…and the
notes YOU will be taking!
Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms when magma or lava cools
and hardens.
– Example: Pegmatite

• Intrusive Rock: igneous rock forms from magma


beneath the Earth’s surface.
– Example: Granite (made up of quartz, feldspar, mica,
and hornblende)

• Extrusive Rock: when igneous rock forms from


lava on the surface.
– Example: Basalt
Pegmatite→

Granite
(Intrusive Rock)

Basalt (Extrusive Rock)→


Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary Rock forms when particles of
rock and other materials are pressed and
stuck together. Example: Limestone

• Geologists use the term sediment for particles


of rock or material from living things.
– Examples: seashells, twigs, leaves, remains of
animals, etc.
Sedimentary Rock Process
• First→ erosion moved sediment from place to
place on Earth’s surface. (flowing water, waves,
wind, and ice)

• Next→ Sediment is laid down in a process called


deposition.

• Then→ thick layers of sediment build up. The


weight of the layers above press down on the
layers below. This is known as compaction.
Sedimentary Rock Process Cont.
• Finally→Cementation glues the sediment
together.

• Cementation can occur when water dissolves


some of the sediment. The solution then forms
mineral crystals that cement the sediment
particles together.

• Compaction and cementation may continue for


millions of years. Eventually, the sediment
changes to sedimentary rock.
Three Major Types of Sedimentary
Rock
• Clastic Rock

• Organic Rock

• Chemical Rock

• *Each of these types of rocks forms in a different


way.*

• You are NOT taking notes over each of the major


types of sedimentary rock…just listen!
Clastic Rock
• Like a bowl of gelatin with pieces of fruit
mixed in.

• Clastic Rock: pieces of rock that have been


pressed and stuck together.
– Examples: Conglomerate and Sandstone
Organic Rock
• Organic Rock: formed from the remains of
plants and animals.
– Examples: Limestone and Coal
Chemical Rock
• Chemical Rock: formed when dissolved
minerals come out of solution and form
crystals.
– Example: Haltite (a.k.a. Rock Salt)

• **Usually found in areas once covered by


water.
…now, back to writing!
Metamorphic Rock
• Sometimes, sediment buries rock deep
beneath Earth’s surface. The weight of the
thick layers of sediment pushes the rock
down toward the heat of Earth’s mantle.

• Heat and great pressure deep beneath


Earth’s surface can change any rock to
metamorphic rock. (Heat from volcanoes can
cause metamorphic rock, too.)
Facts About Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic rocks are different from the rocks that
formed them. Textures can change as well as
chemical composition.

• Any kind of rock can become a metamorphic rock.


– Example: Igneous Rock→ Granite can become
Metamorphic Rock→ Gneiss
The Rock Cycle
• Forces inside Earth and at the surface produce
a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes
rocks in the crust.

• The rock cycle is a series of processes on and


beneath Earth’s surface that slowly change
rocks from one kind to another.
Misconception: There is only one
set path through the rock cycle.

FALSE!
• Rocks go through different parts of the rock
cycle at different times. Rocks don’t go
through a specific stage at a specific
time…sometimes…often times…they go out
of order!
• Often, a rock will stay in it’s current state a
VERY LOOOOOONG TIME.
F.Y.I. The rock cycle can be modeled
in multiple ways
• You are going to experience it 3-D (DICE
GAME)
• You’re going to create a story walking your
own rock through it (in the order YOU choose)
• You’re going to create a cartoon
• You’re going to make a foldable
• You’re going to SING about it
• And you’ll see an example on the next page!
Rock Cycle Song
sung to “Row, Row, Row, Your Boat”

Sedimentary rock
Has been formed in layers
Often found near water
sources
With fossils from decayers
Then there’s igneous rock
Here since Earth was born
Molten Lava, cooled and
hardened
That’s how it is formed
These two types of rocks
Can also be transformed
With pressure, heat, and
chemicals
Metamorphic they’ll
become.
Click for next slide!
Relate the processes of the rock cycle to the
structural layers of Earth to illustrate where the
processes happens
• Sketch a diagram of the layers of the
earth. Identify WHERE the types of rocks
are formed (above the crust, just
below…deeper). Label with the
following words: sedimentary rock,
igneous rock, metamorphic rock,
weathering, erosion, deposition,
compaction, cementation, heat, pressure,

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