DBMS

Database Management System

Sem-IV
 Highest
Cogniti
CO ID. Course Outcome ve
Level

The learner will be able to differentiate between file systems and

CSC403.1
databases and know the role of the Database administrator L3

The Learner will be able to Design ER and EER diagrams for real-
L3
CSC403.2
life applications.

The learner will be able to derive a relational model and formulate

L3
CSC403.3
relational algebra queries

The learner will be able to Analyze the query statement and

L3
CSC403.4
formulate SQL queries

The learner will be able to Apply the concept of normalization to

L3
CSC403.5
relational database design

The learner will be able to use the concept of transaction

L3
CSC403.6
management for concurrency

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

 Highest
CO ID. Course Outcome Cognitive
Level

Design ER /EER diagram and convert to relational

model for the real world application. 3
CSC402.1

Apply various SQL sublanguage commands and

formulate simple/complex queries to demonstrate
CSL402.2 database operations 3

Implement stored procedure/function for specific task

CSL402.3 3

Demonstrate database connectivity

CSL402.4 3

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 3

MODULE NAME

1. Introduction of DBMS
2. Entity-Relationship(ER) Data Model
3. Relational Model and Relational Algebra
4. Structured Query Language(SQL)
5. Relational Database Design
6. Transaction Management and Concurrency
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 4
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Databases Management

System

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 5

OUTLINE
 Basic Definitions
 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
 File Processing System vs DBMS
 Data Abstraction and Data Independence
 DBMS System Architecture
 DBMS Administration
 Types of Database Users

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 6

What is Data, Database, DBMS
 Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit
meaning; raw
 Database: a highly organized, interrelated, and structured set of
data about a particular enterprise
 Controlled by a database management system (DBMS)
 DBMS
 Set of programs to access the data

 An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

 Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:

 Highly valuable

 Relatively large

 Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same

time.
 A modern database system is a complex software system whose
task is to manage a large, complex collection of data.
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 7
 The database management system consists of two parts.
They are:
1. Database and
2. Management System
 Data: Collection of RAW Data. (e.g. 1,ABC,20 etc.)

 Database: Collection related data is termed as Database

which is used to organized in such a way that it can be
easily retrieved and managed. Collection of related data
items, e.g. in the above example the three data items had
no meaning. But if we organize them in the following way,
then they collectively represent meaningful information.

 Database Management System(DBMS): Used to perform

Slide 1- 8
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
 Characteristics of Data Base
a. Self-Description:
It contains a description of its own structure. his
description is called metadata - data about the data. The
database is integrated in that it includes the relationships
among data items, as well as including the data items
themselves.
b. Insulation between Programs and Data, Data Abstraction:
The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS
catalog separately from the access programs. This property is
called as program-data independence.
c. Multiple views of Data:
Multiple views of Data A view may be a subset of
the database.
d. Data sharing and multi-user Transaction Processing:
A database supports multiple views of data. A view is
a subset of the database, which is defined and dedicatedSlide
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
for1- 9
File Processing System
 A file processing system is a collection of programs
that store and manage files in computer hard-disk.
 File processing system has more data redundancy,
 File processing system provides less flexibility in
accessing data,

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 10

Drawbacks of File Processing System
 Data Redundancy
 Data Inconsistency
 Limited Data Sharing
 Difficulty in Accessing Data
 Data Dependence
 Poor Data Control
 Problem of Security
 Concurrency Problems
 Data Isolation
 Atomicity Problems
 Integrity Problems
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 Data redundancy: In File Processing Systems, the same
data is often stored in multiple files, which can lead to data
redundancy. Data redundancy means that the same data is
stored in more than one place, leading to the wastage of
storage space and making data maintenance more difficult.
 Data inconsistency: Due to data redundancy,
inconsistencies can occur in the data. If changes are made
to one file, these changes must be manually made to all
other files containing the same data. If this is not done
properly, data inconsistencies can arise.
 Limited data sharing: File Processing Systems are not
designed to share data between applications or users. Each
application has its own set of files, and sharing data
between applications is difficult and often requires custom
coding.
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 12
 Security: File Processing Systems do not have built-in
security features to protect data from unauthorized
access. Access to files is typically controlled through file
permissions, which can be difficult to manage and can
lead to security breaches.
 Difficulty in accessing data: In a file processing system, to
access data differently we need to have different
programs. For example, if you want to access student
names from a file, we need a program that does the job.
If you want to view only address of all students from a
specific city, then we need different program that does
the required job. This list goes endless. Hence, it is
difficult to access data.
 Data isolation: Files are stored in different locations,
different formats. Thus they are isolated . For example,
one location the student data may be stored
in .txt format. In other location, the same file may beSlide 1- 13
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
 Integrity problems: Integrity problem arises when the
database fails to satisfy certain integrity conditions . For
example, the phone number cannot be longer than 10
digits, bank balance should not go below 1000 etc. The
actual problem arises when we would like to include new
such conditions with the existing database. It is hard to
make those changes.
 Atomicity problems: The database must be in a consistent
state in spite of failures. For example, let us suppose that
you have a savings account with the balance 5000 and a
loan account with an outstanding of 3000. This is the old
consistent state. Now you would like to transfer 500 to
your loan account. If this transaction is successful, then
your savings balance should be 4500 and loan outstanding
should be 2500. This is the new consistent state. Suppose
a failure occurs during this transaction, the database must
be in any one of the 2 consistent states mentioned above.
Slide 1- 14
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
Advantages of DBMS over File Processing
System
 Reduced Data Redundancy
 Improved Data Consistency
 Improved Data Access and Availability
 Improved Data Sharing
 Data security
 Data Integrity and Security

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 15

 Reduced Data Redundancy: DBMS eliminates data
redundancy by storing data in a structured way. It
allows sharing data across different applications and
users, reducing the need for duplicating data.
 Improved Data Consistency: DBMS ensures data
consistency by enforcing data validation rules and
constraints. This ensures that data is accurate and
consistent across different applications and users.
 Data Integrity and Security: DBMS provides a
centralized approach to data management that
ensures data integrity and security. DBMS allows
defining constraints and rules to ensure that data is
consistent and accurate.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 16

 Improved Data Access and Availability: DBMS provides
efficient data access and retrieval mechanisms
that enable quick and easy data access. It allows
multiple users to access the data simultaneously,
ensuring data availability.
 Improved Data Sharing: DBMS provides a platform
for sharing data across different applications and
users. It allows sharing data between different
departments and systems within an organization,
improving collaboration and decision-making.
 Data security: To prevent illegal access, alteration, or
theft, database management systems (DBMS)
include a number of security features, including
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 17
Disadvantages of DBMS over File
Processing System
 Increased Cost
 Complexity
 Complex design
 Performance
 Frequency Upgrade/Replacement Cycles

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 18

 Increased Cost: To install DB system, we required standard
software and hardware . Also to handle the Database
System , highly skilled personnel are required .
 Complexity: As we all know that nowadays all companies
are using the database management system as it fulfills
lots of requirements and also solves the problem. But a
problem arises, that is all this functionality has made the
database management system an extremely complex
software. For the proper requirement of DBMS, it is very
important to have a good knowledge of it by the
developers, DBA, designers, and also the end-users.
 Complex design : Database design is complex, difficult and
time consuming.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 19

Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
 Mini-world for the example:
 Part of a UNIVERSITY environment
 Some mini-world entities:
 STUDENTs
 COURSEs
 SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
 (Academic) DEPARTMENTs
 INSTRUCTORs

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 20

Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
 Some mini-world relationships:
 SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs

 STUDENTs take SECTIONs

 COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs

 INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs

 COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs

 STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

 Note: The above entities and relationships are typically

expressed in a conceptual data model, such as the entity-
relationship (ER) data or UML class model (see Chapters 3, 4)

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 21

Example of a Simple Database

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The relational model

E.F. “Ted” Codd

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 23

Example of a Simplified Database Catalog

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 24

 File Processing System Database Management System

1. The file system is a way of arranging the 1. DBMS is software for managing the
files in a storage medium within a database.
computer.
2. Redundant data can be present in a file
2. In DBMS there is no redundant data.
system.
3.Data Inconsistent occurs when the data 3.The Data Consistency is obtained by
is not updated in all the files controlling the data redundancy.
simultaneously.
4. Data is distributed in many files. So, it is 4. Due to centralized nature data sharing
not easy to share data. is easy

5. It is less complex as compared to 5. It has more complexity in handling as

DBMS. compared to the file system.

6. File systems provide less security in 6. DBMS has more security mechanisms
comparison to DBMS. as compared to file systems.

7. There is less data consistency in the 7. There is more data consistency

file system. because of the process of normalization
8. It is less expensive than DBMS. 8. It has a comparatively higher cost than
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe a file system.
Data Abstraction
 Abstraction is an important feature of DBMS.
Extracting the important data by ignoring the renaming
irrelevant details know as Abstraction.
 As we know, the DBS usually has complex data
structure as per their requirements so to make user
interaction easy with DB, internal irrelevant details can
be hidden from users.
 Complexity of DB can be hiding from user by different
level of abstraction as follows:
 Level of Abstraction
1. Physical Level
2. Logical Level
3. View Level
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1. Physical Level
 It is the lowest level in abstraction.

 It describes how the data is actually stored.

 This level is kept hidden by compiler from

programmer.
 It can be Hard disk, Magnetic Tape etc.

2. Logical level
 It is the middle level in abstraction.

 Used to describe what data the database stores

and what relationships exits in between the data
items.
 Programmer works at this level.

 Data administrator use this level of abstraction to

Slide 1- 27
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
3. View Level
 It is the highest level in abstraction.
 Describes only specific part of database.
 At this level we have application programs which are
accessed by user according to data required.
 There are many different views of same data.

 Example: In case of storing customer data,

Physical level – it will contains block of storages (bytes ,
GB, TB , etc)
Logical level – it will contain the fields and the
attributes of data.
View level – it works with GUI access of database

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 28

Data Independence
 Data Independence is mainly defined as a property of
DBMS that helps you to change the database schema
at one level of a system without requiring to change
the schema at the next level. it helps to keep the data
separated from all program that makes use of it.
 We have namely two levels of data independence

arising from these levels of abstraction:

1.Physical level data independence
2.Logical level data independence

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1. Physical Level Data Independence
 It refers to the characteristic of being able to modify the
physical schema without any alterations to the conceptual
or logical schema, done for optimization purposes.
 It means we change the physical storage/level without
affecting the conceptual or external view of the data.
 The alterations or modifications to the physical structure
may include Utilization of new storage devices.
2. Logical Level Data Independence
 It refers characteristic of being able to modify the logical
schema without affecting the external schema or
application program. The user view of the data would not
be affected by any changes to the conceptual view of the
data.
 These changes may include insertion or deletion of
attributes, altering table structures entities or relationships
to the logical schema, etc.
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 30
Database Users
 Database users are categorized based up on their interaction
with the database
1. Naive / Parametric End Users : Parametric End Users are the
unsophisticated who don’t have any DBMS knowledge but they
frequently use the database applications in their daily life to get
the desired results
. For examples, Railway’s ticket booking users are naive users.
2. Database Administrator (DBA) : Database Administrator
(DBA) is a person/team who defines the schema and also
controls the 3 levels of database.
• DBA is also responsible for providing security to the
database and he allows only the authorized users to
access/modify the data base.
• DBA is responsible for the problems such as security
breaches and poor system response time.
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2. Application Programmers : Application Programmers also
referred as System Analysts or simply Software Engineers,
are the back-end programmers who writes the code for the
application programs.
• They are the computer professionals.

• Application programmers design, debug, test, and

maintain set of programs called “canned transactions” for
the new users in order to interact with database.
3. Sophisticated Users : Sophisticated users can be
engineers, scientists, business analyst, who are familiar with
the database.
• They can develop their own database applications
according to their requirement.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 32

DBMS ARCHITECTURE
 The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The
basic client/server architecture is used to deal with a large
number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.
 The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a
workstation which are connected via the network.
 DBMS architecture depends upon how users are
connected to the database to get their request
done.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 33

1-Tier Architecture
 In this architecture, the database is directly available to
the user. It means the user can directly sit on the
DBMS and uses it.
 Any changes done here will directly be done on the
database itself. It doesn't provide a handy tool for end
users.
 The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the

local application, where programmers can directly

communicate with the database for the quick response.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 34

2-Tier Architecture
 The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server.
In the two-tier architecture, applications on the client
end can directly communicate with the database at the
server side.
 The user interfaces and application programs are run
on the client-side.
 The server side is responsible to provide the
functionalities like: query processing and transaction
management.
 To communicate with the DBMS, client-side
application establishes a connection with the server
side.

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 35

3-Tier Architecture
 The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the
client and server. In this architecture, client can't directly
communicate with the server.
 The application on the client-end interacts with an application
server which further communicates with the database system.
 End user has no idea about the existence of the database
beyond the application server. The database also has no idea
about any other user beyond the application.
 The 3-Tier architecture is used in

 case of large web application.

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DBMS System Architecture /Structure

Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Slide 1- 37

Database Administrator

 A person who has central control over the system is

called a Database Administrator(DBA).
 Responsibilities of DBA include Designing ,
Implementing and Maintaining the Database System.
 Functions or Role of DBA:-
1. Installing and upgrading the database server and
application tools.
2. Controlling and Monitoring user access to the
database.
3. Planning for backup and recovery of data information.
4. Enrolling users and maintaining system security.
5. Maintaining Archive data. Slide 1- 38
Copyright © 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe