03/10/2023

EQ:

The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is a process

How are rocks
classified as
of the transformation and igneous.
generation of igneous,
sedimentary, and Sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks.
metamorphic?

Earth
● Earth, being a terrestrial

100 kilometers
planet, is composed of
rocks and minerals as part
of the geosphere. The
geosphere is the solid The lithosphere extends to a depth of about 100
portion of Earth that kilometers down the surface containing different rocks
includes the lithosphere, and minerals from both the continents and the oceans.
the outermost layer which
is composed of the crust
and upper mantle.

Rock
Different types of rocks are found on Earth’s
lithosphere: the continental crust is composed of
lighter, thicker, and buoyant granitic rocks while
the oceanic crust is composed of heavier basaltic
Is a naturally-occurring aggregate or combination of rocks.
minerals and mineraloids, such as fossils and
glass.

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Earth’s Lithosphere
- Is made primarily of rocks containing
one or more minerals. Rocks are
constantly being transformed,
generated, and destroyed in a process
called rock cycle. Depending on their
origin or formation, rocks can be
categorized into one of three types:
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
The rock cycle involves processes that destroy,
generate, and transform one rock form into
another.

Petrology Petrologists
● The ● Is a person
(geologist)
scientific who
study of specializes in
rocks petrology.

Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks

- Are formed through ● Formed from
the cooling of magma hardening or
or lava. The term crystallization
“igneous” is based of magma or
from the Latin ignis, molten
meaning fire. mineral.

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Magma or lava may be solidified in Types of Igneous

one of three ways: Rocks
1. Below the surface, from a slow- ● Extrusive/ Volcanic
cooling magma. Rock
2. On the surface, from fast-cooling
lava.  Lava that cools
3. On the surface, from the  Fine-grained crystals
consolidation of particles since the cooling is
erupted by explosive volcanic fast.
activity.

2.
Intrusive/Plutonic
 Magma that

cools slowly.
 Coarse-grained

crystals.
Fine-grained- sizes of minerals are small.
Coarse-grained-mineral crystals are visible to the
unaided eye.

Classification of Igneous Rocks Classification of Igneous Rocks

based on Composition: based on Texture:
● FELSIC -light-colored, ● APHANITIC- fine grained.
feldspar, silicate. ● PHANERITIC- course grained.
● MAFIC- dark in color, ● PORPHYRITIC- large crystals with small
made up of magnesium crystals.
● GLASSY- non-ordered solid from rapid
and iron.
quenching.
● INTERMEDIATE- between ● PYROCLASTIC- composite of ejected
mafic and felsic. fragments.
● ULTRAMAFIC- very dark.

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Examples of Igneous Rocks Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks accumulated on
Earth’s surface in a process called
deposition. The materials that
make up sedimentary rocks are
GRANITE DIORITE CYANITE combination of the products of
weathering and erosion, and
organic materials.

BASALT ANDESITE

Sedimentary rocks Types of Sedimentary Rocks:

● Formed from 1. Clastic- this type of
pre- existing sedimentary rock
rocks or formed from
pieces of once accumulation of clasts:
living Sedimentary-
little pieces of broken
organisms. formed from the
word sediments. rocks and shells.

2. Chemical- 3. Organic- rocks

formed when formed from the
dissolved accumulation of
minerals materials from
living things or
precipitation from
product of living
a solution. things.

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Examples of Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic rocks

- are formed from the
exposure of sedimentary or
igneous rocks to high
pressure, high temperature,
SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE
or both, deep within Earth’s
surface. This process affects
the mineralogy and texture of
the rock.
CONGLOMERATE BAUXITE

Metamorphic rocks Metamorphism

● Formed from pre- ● Change of minerals or
existing rocks; these geologic texture in pre-
existing rocks (protoliths)
rocks have been
without the protolith
modified by heat, melting into liquid-
pressure, and magma. ( solid-state
chemical processes. change).

Types of Metamorphism
1. Regional- happens
over large region of
the crust where high
temperature and
pressure is present.

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2. Contact-
happens on
layers of rocks
having contact
with heat
(magma).

Examples of Metamorphic Rocks

SLATE SCHIST GNEISS

MARBLE QUARTZITE