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    Inner and Outer Orbital Complexes

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    abdulghaffarsp8
    Inner orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including inner d orbitals from a lower energy level than s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is d2sp3, as seen in the example of Co(NH3)6]+3. Outer orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including outermost d orbitals at the same energy level as s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is sp3d2, as seen in the example of [CoF6]-3. The main difference is whether the d orbitals involved in hybridization are from the inner or outermost electron shell.

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    Inner and Outer Orbital Complexes

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    abdulghaffarsp8
    539 views4 pages
    Inner orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including inner d orbitals from a lower energy level than s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is d2sp3, as seen in the example of Co(NH3)6]+3. Outer orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including outermost d orbitals at the same energy level as s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is sp3d2, as seen in the example of [CoF6]-3. The main difference is whether the d orbitals involved in hybridization are from the inner or outermost electron shell.

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    Inner orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including inner d orbitals from a lower energy level than s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is d2sp3, as seen in the example of Co(NH3)6]+3. Outer orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including outermost d orbitals at the same energy level as s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is sp3d2, as seen in the example of [CoF6]-3. The main difference is whether the d orbitals involved in hybridization are from the inner or outermost electron shell.

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    539 views4 pages

    Inner and Outer Orbital Complexes

    Uploaded by

    abdulghaffarsp8
    Inner orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including inner d orbitals from a lower energy level than s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is d2sp3, as seen in the example of Co(NH3)6]+3. Outer orbital complexes contain a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization including outermost d orbitals at the same energy level as s and p orbitals. The most common hybridization is sp3d2, as seen in the example of [CoF6]-3. The main difference is whether the d orbitals involved in hybridization are from the inner or outermost electron shell.

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    What are Inner Orbital Complexes

    Inner orbital complexes are coordination compounds composed of a central metal


    atom having hybridization of the atomic orbitals including d orbitals of inner shell and
    s, p orbitals from the outer shell. In other words, the central metal atom of these
    complexes uses inner shell d orbitals for the hybridization of atomic orbitals. Therefore,
    these d orbitals are in a lower energy level than s and p orbitals.

    The most common hybridization of the metal atom in inner orbital complexes is d2sp3.
    But there can be some other hybridizations as well, such as dsp2. Let us consider an
    example in order to understand the formation of inner orbital complexes.

    Example
    [Co(NH3)6]+3 complex
    The electron configuration of cobalt (Co) is [Ar]3d74s2.

    Since NH3 ligands bear no electrical charges, the oxidation state of the Co atom
    should be +3.
    The electron configuration of Co+3 is [Ar]3d6.

    In order to form 6 coordinate covalent bonds with the 6 ligands (NH3), 6 atomic orbitals
    should be hybridized. Therefore, two of the 3d orbitals get hybridized with one 4s
    orbital and three 4p orbitals.

    Since the d orbitals that are involved in the hybridization are in electron shell 3 and
    the s and p orbitals are in the electron shell 4, the coordination complex formed with
    this metal atom is called an inner orbital complex. The arrows in orange color show
    the six lone electron pairs donated by the six ligands.

    What are Outer Orbital Complexes


    Outer orbital complexes are coordination compounds composed of a central metal
    atom having hybridization of the atomic orbitals including s, p and d orbitals from the
    outermost shell. Here, all atomic orbitals involved in the hybridization are in the same
    energy level. Since the d orbitals involved in this hybridization are located outside the
    s and p orbitals, the complexes formed from these metal atoms are called outer orbital
    complexes.

    The most common hybridization that can be observed in this type of complexes is
    sp3d2. This can be explained using an example as shown below.

    Example
    [CoF6]-3 complex is a coordination complex.
    The electron configuration of cobalt (Co) is [Ar]3d74s2.
    The electrical charge of one F atom is -1. Therefore, the oxidation state of Co atom
    should be +3 in order to balance the overall charge of the complex.

    The electron configuration of Co+3 is [Ar]3d6.


    In order to form coordinate covalent bonds, the 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals and two
    of the 4d orbitals are hybridized.

    Since 4s, 4p and 4d orbitals are involved in hybridization, the lone electron pairs
    coming from Fluoride ions are filled to these hybrid orbitals. As d orbitals are located
    outside the s and p orbitals, the complexes formed from these metal atoms are called
    outer orbital complexes.

    Difference Between Inner and Outer Orbital


    Complexes
    Definition
    Inner Orbital Complexes: Inner orbital complexes are coordinate compounds
    having a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization of atomic orbitals
    including the inner d orbitals.
    Outer Orbital Complexes: Outer orbital complexes are coordinate compounds
    having a central metal atom that undergoes hybridization of atomic orbitals
    including outermost d orbitals.
    Most Common Hybridization
    Inner Orbital Complexes: The most common hybridization of metal atoms in inner
    orbital complexes is d2sp3.
    Outer Orbital Complexes: The most common hybridization of metal atoms in outer
    orbital complexes is sp3 d2.

    Energy Levels
    Inner Orbital Complexes: In inner orbital complexes, the d orbitals involved in the
    hybridization are in a lower energy level than s and p orbitals.
    Outer Orbital Complexes: In Outer orbital complexes, the d orbitals involved in the
    hybridization are in the same energy level as the s and p orbitals.

    Electron Shells
    Inner Orbital Complexes: Inner orbital complexes are composed of metal atoms
    that use inner shell d orbitals for the hybridization in the central metal atom.
    Outer Orbital Complexes: Outer orbital complexes are composed of metal atoms
    that use outermost shell d orbitals for the hybridization in the central metal atom.

    Conclusion
    Hybridization of atomic orbitals is a concept that is used in the Valence bond theory
    in order to describe the bonding between two atoms through the overlapping of their
    atomic orbitals. This theory can be used to explain the bonding in the coordination
    complexes. Here, according to the energy level of the d orbitals used in the
    hybridization of the central atom, the coordination complexes are in two types as inner
    orbital complexes and outer orbital complexes. The main difference between inner and
    outer orbital complexes is that the hybridization of the atomic orbitals of the central
    metal atom of inner orbital complex involves inner shell d orbitals whereas the
    hybridization of the atomic orbitals of the central metal atom of outer orbital complex
    involves outermost shell d orbitals.

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