Mahmut Celâlettin "Celâl" Bayar (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986)[1][2][3] was a

Turkish economist and politician who was the third president of Turkey from 1950 to
1960; previously he was the prime minister of Turkey from 1937 to 1939.
Bayar began his career in the Committee of Union and Progress, establishing
its Izmir and Bursa branches. Following the declaration of the Republic, he founded
much of Turkey's early financial institutions, including the country's first bank, İş
Bankası. An advocate of liberal economic policies, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk appointed
Bayar prime minister in 1937 to liberalize the economy, until he resigned in 1939
under Atatürk's successor, İsmet İnönü.
Until 1945, he was a member of Republican People's Party (CHP) which was the
sole legal party. In 1946, he founded the Democrat Party along with Adnan
Menderes, Fuat Köprülü and Refik Koraltan beginning Turkey's multiparty period,
which still goes on to this day.[4] A peaceful transfer of power from the CHP to DP
happened in the 1950 elections, after which Bayar as elected Turkey's third
president.[5] He was subsequently re-elected in 1954 and 1957, serving for 10 years
as president. In that period, Menderes was his prime minister. He was overthrown
and incarcerated after the 1960 coup d'etat, and advocated for the restoration of
rights of former politicians associated with the Democrat Party following his release.
He is considered to be the longest-lived former head of state and was the longest-
lived state leader until 8 December 2008 (when he was surpassed by Chau Sen
Cocsal Chhum). Celâl Bayar died on 22 August 1986 at the age of 103 after a brief
illness.
Early years[edit]

Younger Celâleddin
Mahmut Celâlettin (Bayar after 1934) was born on 16 May 1883 at Umurbey, a
village of Gemlik, Bursa,[6] the third son of Abdullah Fehmi Efendi, religious leader
and teacher who migrated from Lom, Ottoman Bulgaria as a muhacir, after
the Bulgarians ethnically cleansed the Muslim population there during the 1877–
1878 Russo-Turkish war. His older brothers were Behzat and Asım. Bayar worked
as a clerk after school, first in a court in Gemlik and then in Ziraat Bank. In 1906, he
was employed in the Deutsche Orientbank in Bursa.[7]
In the CUP[edit]
In 1907, Bayar joined an unofficial branch of the Committee of Union and
Progress (CUP) in Bursa.[8] After the Second Constitutional Era was proclaimed
following the Young Turk Revolution, he served as the secretary-general of a newly
founded local branch of the organization, with instructions to organize Unionist
infrastructure in Anatolia.[citation needed] Bayar formed a Unionist militia in Bursa with the
intention to join up with Mahmud Shevket Pasha's Action Army during the 31 March
Incident. He got as far as Mudanya but by then the revolt was crushed. He then
founded the İzmir branch of Union and Progress in 1911. Bayar established an
organization and CUP mouthpiece known as Halkın Doğru (True to the People),
where he wrote pro-CUP articles under the pseudonym Turgut Alp. He was a
participant of the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, and witnessed the murder of the
Minister of War Nazım Pasha.[9]
Well connected with financial circles, Bayar played an important role in Unionist Millî
İktisat (National Economy) policies. He was a member of the Special
Organization and worked alongside Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı to help organize
the 1914 Greek deportations in order to reduce the Ottoman Greek population on the
Aegean coast.[10][11] He initiated the opening of İzmir Girls' High School, the Şimendifer
Vocational School in Basmahane, and a library in İzmir. Bayar also played an
important role in the creation of the İzmir based sports club Altay S.K.[12]
War of Independence[edit]
Main article: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Following the Armistice of Mudros, which ended World War I for the Ottomans, he
was tried and acquitted as a war criminal at the İzmir Martial Law Court. However
when the allied powers continued advancing into Ottoman territory despite the
armistice, various nationalist organizations known as Defence of National Rights
Associations started to be founded. Bayar created the Association for the
Cancellation of İzmir's Annexation (İzmir Redd-i İlhak Cemiyeti) and the Association
for the Defence of Ottoman İzmir (İzmir Müdâfaa-i Hukuku Osmaniye Cemiyeti).
Bayar fled into the mountains after hearing rumors of an impending allied occupation
of İzmir and finding out his name was on an arrest list from the Freedom and
Accord government in Constantinople. Once İzmir was occupied, he cooperated with
the national resistance fighters in the Söke region. On the side of the resistance, he
participated in the Battle of Aydın against the Greeks. With the decision of
the Balıkesir Congress, he was appointed to the command of the Akhisar front
regiment.
Bayar was elected to the Ottoman Parliament as deputy of Saruhan (today Manisa)
in the 1919 election, where he gave speeches denouncing the palace's indifference
to allied occupation. Following the occupation of Constantinople, he fled to Ankara to
join Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha and the Turkish Independence Movement. While
on the road the Anzavur rebellion threatened Bursa, so Mustafa Kemal asked Bayar
to stay in Bursa to fend the rebels off. He was briefly a member of the Green Army
Organization and the Turkish Communist Party, a foax communist party set up by
Mustafa Kemal to counter the influence of the Communist Party of Turkey.[13]
He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established Grand National Assembly
of Turkey.[14] The same year, he served as deputy minister of the economy and ın
1921 he was appointed as the minister of the economy. He led the negotiation
commission during Çerkes Ethem's uprising. In 1922, Bayar was a member of the
Turkish delegation during the Lausanne Peace Conference as an advisor to İsmet
İnönü.
One-party period[edit]
Main article: One-party period of the Republic of Turkey

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Bayar on 12 November

1937
Bayar was elected as a member of the Association for the Defence of National
Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (ADNRAR) in the 1923 election, serving as a deputy
of İzmir in the Parliament. ADNRAR soon renamed itself Republican People's
Party (CHP) and continued a one party state started by the CUP in 1913. On 6
March 1924 Celâl Bayar was appointed Minister of Exchange Construction and
Settlement (until 7 July 1924).[15] Bayar was influential in determining the economic
policy of the regime as a result of being in Mustafa Kemal's close circle during this
period. A policy of a modern and state supported capitalism was pursued. On 26
August 1924, Atatürk commissioned Bayar to found a national bank, which resulted
in the foundation of İşbank[16] in Ankara by using as capital the gold bullion sent by
the Muslims in India to support the Turkish War of Independence. The Aşar tax was
abolished, land was distributed, the Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu (Industry Incentive Law)
was enacted, railway construction was accelerated, and the Central Bank was
established. The effects of the Great Depression caused this more "liberal" policy to
be replaced by statism.
During his teneurship as economic minister (between 1932 and 1937), Bayar
became one of the leading advocates of statism. Bayar understood statism as an
effective tool in the creation of a nationalist and capitalist economy. Bayar's term as
economic minister saw an increase in regulatory interventions in the economy by the
state, and high levels of industrialization. For this purpose, the First Five-Year
Industry Plan was enacted. Institutions such as Sümerbank and Etibank were
established to finance industrialization. Nationalizations, protectionist economic
policies, and many state monopolies were created. However İsmet İnönü was in
favor of an even stricter statism, and could not fully agree with his economic policies.
On 1 November 1937 Atatürk appointed Bayar as Prime Minister of the 9th
Government of Turkey after İnönü left the government. During the Bayar
government, the Denizbank Law, which continued the statist approach, was enacted
and several nationalizations were made. However there was no significant change in
the composition of the government nor a significant change in economic policy. He
continued to serve as prime minister when Atatürk died and İnönü became president
in 1938 (10th government of Turkey). Differences of opinion with İnönü led him to
resign from the premiership on 25 January 1939. The rivalry between İnönü and
Bayar became one of the most significant rivalries in Turkish history.
Creation of the Democrat Party[edit]
 İsmet İnönü and Bayar in 1938
During the Second World War, Bayar's political activity was limited; though he was
re-elected as a member of parliament, he shunned from the cabinet. After 1943, he
took a moderate opposition to the government.
The end of World War II brought about a global wave of democracy, which resumed
the power struggle in the one-party regime between the two versions of statism
espoused by İnönü and Bayar. Opposition to the CHP administration surfaced during
the voting of the 1945 Budget Law; Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü, Refik
Koraltan, and Emin Sazak voted against the bill in the voting held for the seven-
month budget of the Şükrü Saracoğlu government. The division within the party
became more evident on 7 June, 1945, when Bayar, Menderes, Koraltan and
Köprülü submitted a motion to the chairmanship of the CHP Parliamentary Group
asking for "amendments to the Party's statute and some laws", known as the "motion
with four signatures". The motion demanded political liberalization in the country and
in the party, but was soundly rejected by the members of the CHP Central Council.
On 21 September, 1945, the CHP Council unanimously expelled Köprülü and
Menderes from the party, and after a short time Koraltan. Bayar resigned from his
parliamentary position in September 1945 and from the CHP in December 1945. On
January 7, 1946, the four founded the Democrat Party (DP) and Bayar was elected
as the leader of the party.[4] The party program of the DP featured Bayar style
approaches to economic policy, political democratization, decreasing the power of
the bureaucracy, and encouraging private initiative while maintaining the principle of
statism.
DP achieved relative success against CHP in 1946 election and elected 62 deputies.
Bayar was also elected as a deputy from İstanbul. Between 1946 and 1950, as
the leader of the opposition, he led a sometimes hardened opposition to his former
party. At the first congress of the DP in January 1947, Bayar demanded that the
Election Law be amended, so that the same person cannot be both president and
party chairman, and that other antidemocratic laws should be abolished. Although
the DP was supported by religious circles who were dissatisfied with the effective
secularism policy of the one-party period, Bayar's Kemalist background was seen as
an assurance of the party's commitment to secularism.[17] But he was among the
moderates in the DP regarding the opposition to the CHP. The "extremists" later left
the party and founded the Nation Party (which would be closed in 1953).
Presidency[edit]
 President Bayar receives a standing ovation after his
speech before a joint session of Congress. Behind him are Vice-President Nixon and
Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn (1954).
In the first free elections in Turkish history, the Democrats won the 1950 general
election with a 53% popular mandate.[18] Though Bayar didn't aspire to become
president, parliament elected him as president of Turkey on 22 May 1950.[5] He
subsequently resigned from the DP leadership, though regularly discussed policy
with his prime minister and DP leader successor, Menderes. He was the first
president of the Republic without a military background. He was also the first to do
away with a non-partisan appearance, participating in election rallies and walking
with a cane with an engraving of the DP logo. He was re-elected in 1954 and 1957,
serving for 10 years as president.
During Bayar's presidency relations with the Western bloc improved and after
the Turkish Straits Crisis, Turkey joined the Korean War in 1951[19] and then NATO in
February 1952.[20] Bayar became the first president of Turkey to make an official visit
to the United States in 1954. In a speech at a DP rally in İstanbul before the 1957
election, he announced that "Turkey will become a "Little America" in 30 years.
During ten-years of Democrat rule, Turkish society went through deep
transformations. An inflationary economic policy encouraging private enterprise was
followed, though the role of the state was not reduced. Political participation
increased, leading to a large cadre of Anatolians entering politics and business.
Although secularism was not abandoned, the explicitly secularist policy of the one-
party regime was abandoned. In the second half of the 1950s, with the impact of the
economic depression, the DP pursued increasingly authoritarian policies and put
heavy pressure on the opposition. It was under his presidency that the İstanbul
Pogrom took place on 6–7 September 1955. Bayar also had a decisive influence in
encouraging authoritarianism by the Democrats.
1960 coup and imprisonment[edit]
Main article: 1960 Turkish coup d'état
On 27 May 1960 the armed forces staged a coup d'etat. Bayar first tried to resist the
officers who came to arrest him at Çankaya Mansion on the morning of the coup and
then tried to commit suicide by holding the pistol in his jacket pocket to his temple.
However, the soldiers were more agile than the 77-year-old Bayar and managed to
take the gun from him. Bayar was arrested along with other Democrats, and was
tried at the High Court of Justice in Yassıada on charges of "treason" and "violating
the constitution". He tried to commit suicide again with a waist belt while he was
imprisoned in Yassıada but failed. He was sentenced to death on 15 September,
1961. The National Unity Committee approved the death sentence for Menderes,
Zorlu, and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other twelve party members
was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was transferred from Yassıada
to Kayseri Prison but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health.
Due to ill health he was brought to Ankara for treatment on 14 February, 1962 and
was taken back to prison in Kayseri five days later. Under pressure from ex-DP
supporters, Bayar's sentence was suspended by the government for a period of six
months due to his health issues and he was released on 22 March 1963. Bayar
came to Ankara the next day, and was greeted by a large convoy and crowd. This
enthusiastic welcome caused chaos in the streets, with protests going so far as
vandalizing the headquarters of the successor of the DP, the Justice Party, Bayar's
house, and the newspaper headquarters of Yeni İstanbul. Concerns arose that the
Justice Party would be shut down. The decision was eventually made to postpone
Bayar's release from prison on 28 March. After being under surveillance in Ankara
Hospital for 6 months, he was sent back to Kayseri Prison (5 October, 1963),
although there was no change in his health status.[21]
He remained in Kayseri Prison until 8 November 1964, when he was released once
more due to health reasons. He was pardoned by president Cevdet Sunay on July 8,
1966.[22] With a new amnesty law enacted by the Justice Party government on 8
August 1966, all former DP members, including those sentenced to life
imprisonment, were freed.[23]
Later years and death[edit]

Bayar during a state visit to West Germany in 1958

Restoring ex-Democrats full political rights was a divisive issue in Turkey during the
1960s. After being pardoned, Bayar worked to restore the political rights of former
DP members. In 1968, he founded a club called Bizim Ev (Our Home), which aimed
to bring together ex-Democrats who lost their political rights. He held a historic
meeting with his political rival İnönü on 14 May 1969 that lead to CHP passing a
constitutional amendment which returned suspended rights to former DP members.
This amendment offended Sunay and the army, and also divided the Justice Party,
resulting in the birth of the Democratic Party in 1970 (which Bayar supported).
Full political rights were restored to Bayar in 1974, but he declined an invitation to
become a life member of the Senate, on the grounds that one can represent the
people only if elected.[24] When a large group of Democratic Party members returned
to the Justice Party after the amnesty was granted, Bayar also supported the Justice
Party in the 1975 Senate partial elections; He took to the podium together
with Süleyman Demirel and spoke at the Justice Party rally held in Bursa. He
supported the 1980 military junta and the 1982 Constitution. He turned 100 on 16
May 1983.
He died on 22 August 1986 in Istanbul at the age of 103 after a brief illness.[25] There
was debate over burying Bayar in Anıtkabir like his old rival İsmet İnönü was, this
was advocated by Motherland (ANAP) party leader Turgut
Özal and SHP leader Erdal İnönü, İsmet's son. However President Kenan
Evren objected and Bayar was buried in his hometown of Umurbey after a state
ceremony in Ankara, at which Evren was in attendance.[26] From 24 April 1978, when
former Paraguayan President Federico Chávez died, until his own death; Bayar was
the world's oldest living former head of state.
Awards and legacy[edit]
In 1954, Bayar was awarded the Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of
the Federal Republic of Germany (Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes des
Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland). 27 January 1954 Bayar received
the Legion of Merit Award from the President of the United States, as a result of
Turkey's participation in the Korean War. He also received the Order of the Yugoslav
Star.[27] In 1954, Bayar was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of
Belgrade. In 1958, the Freie Universität Berlin (Free University Berlin) awarded him
an honorary doctorate.[28] The Celal Bayar University, which was established in 1992
in Manisa, is named after him.
Family[edit]
Celal Bayar married Reşide in 1904 when he was 21 and she 18 years old.[7] They
had three children: Refii (1904–1940), Turgut (1911–1983), and Nilüfer
Bayar (1921–).[29] Refii Bayar was the General Manager of "Milli Reasurans," a
reinsurance company, from 1929 to 1939, was the founder of "Halk Evleri", an
educational government entity in Istanbul, and was a journalist and published
the Halk newspaper between 1939 and 1941 with Cemal Kutay.
Nilüfer married Ahmet İhsan Gürsoy (1913–2008), who was the Kütahya deputy for
the Democratic Party between 1946 and 1960, the Bursa deputy for the Justice Party
between 1965 and 1969 and İstanbul deputy for the Democratic Party between 1973
and 1975 and then for the Justice Party between 1975 and 1980.
External links[edit]
 Celalbayar.org
Bibliography[edit]
 Kayseri Cezaevi Günlüğü (Kayseri Prison Diary), Yapı Kredi
yayınları/Tarih dizisi.
 Ben De Yazdım – Milli Mücadeleye Gidiş (And so I wrote – Going to the
War of National Independence) 8 volumes., Sabah kitapları/Türkiyeden
dizisi, 1965–1972.
Sources[edit]
 Bayar, Celâl (1967), Ben de Yazdım, vol. 4, Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Gerçek Nüfus tezkiresinde kayıtlı adı Mahmud Celaleddin'dir. Daha sonra
Mahmud adını da nadiren kullanan Bayar'a sonraları sadece Celal olarak hitap
 edilecektir; Cemal Kutay, Üç Devirden Hakikatler, Alağaoğlu Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1982, s.
38
2. ^ Kutay, C. (1980). Etniki Eterya'dan günümüze Ege'nin Türk kalma savaşı. Boğaziçi
Yayınları. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
3. ^ Göktürk, H.İ.; Kuntay, M.C. (1987). Mithat Cemâl Kuntay. Kültür ve Turizm
Bakanlığı. ISBN 978-9751700902. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Giritli, Dr. Ismet. Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969.
Istanbul: Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 68.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Giritli, Dr. Ismet. Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969.
Istanbul: Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 81.
6. ^ Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling; et al. (2001). The History of Turkey. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Dawletschin-Linder, Camilla (2003). Diener seines Staates: Celal Bayar
(1883–1986) und die Entwicklung der modernen Türkei (in German). Otto Harrassowitz
Verlag. p. 18. ISBN 9783447047401.
8. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanlarımız". www.tccb.gov.tr. TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı. Archived from the
original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
9. ^ Bayar 1967.
10. ^ Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.
p. 68. ISBN 978-0-691-15333-9.
11. ^ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and
Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009. Oxford University Press.
p. 208. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9. The SO member—and later Turkish president—Celal
Bayar was appointed the local CUP responsible clerk; he collaborated with Kuşçubaşı in
plunder, arson, and murder to scare the Greek Rum into fleeing from the region.
12. ^ "Altay SK Kuruluşu". www.altay.org.tr. Altay SK. Archived from the original on 4 March
2016. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
13. ^ "TBMM Siyasi Partiler". www.tbmm.gov.tr. TBMM. Archived from the original on 27 May
2016. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
14. ^ Celal Bayar, Kayseri Cezaevi Günlüğü, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1999. ISBN 975-363-952-
X.
15. ^ Erhard Franz: "Biographien führender Persönlichkeiten des öffentlichen Lebens. Bayar,
Mahmut Celâl", in: Klaus-Detlev Grothusen (Hrg.): "Türkei. Südosteuropa-Handbuch.
Band IV", Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1985 ISBN 3-525-36204-8, p. 760.
16. ^ Atasoy, Yildiz (2005). Turkey, Islamists and Democracy: Transition and Globalization in
a Muslim State. I.B. Tauris. p. 53. ISBN 978-0857718334.
17. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Fifteenth Edition
18. ^ Giritli, Dr. Ismet. Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969. Istanbul:
Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 77.
19. ^ P. Leffler, Melvyn (1 March 1985). "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United
States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952". The Journal of American History. 71 (4): 819–
825. doi:10.2307/1888505. JSTOR 1888505 – via University of Oxford.
20. ^ "Türkiye and NATO – 1952". NATO. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
21. ^ "Celal Bayar ve Eski Demokrat Partililerin Türk Siyasi Hayatına
Etkileri" (PDF). www.turkishstudies.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016.
Retrieved 1 May 2017.
22. ^ "Sunay Bayar'ı dün affetti". Archived from the original on 21 September 2016.
Retrieved 1 May 2017.
23. ^ Celâl Bayar Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
24. ^ "Celal Bayar". celalbayar.org. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
25. ^ "Celal Bayar Dies at Age 104; a Father of Turkish Republic". The New York Times. 23
August 1986. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
26. ^ "Kenan Evren'in Anıları 2". Archived from the original on 7 February 2021.
27. ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među
odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 638.
28. ^ "Kleine Chronik der FU Berlin: Ehrendoktorwürde für Celal Bayar". userpage.fu-
berlin.de. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
29. ^ "Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey : Celal BAYAR". www.tccb.gov.tr. Retrieved 4
November 2019.
 Political offices

Prime Minister of Turkey Succeeded by

1937–1939 Refik Saydam
Preceded by
İsmet İnönü Succeeded by
President of Turkey
1950–1960 Cemal Gürsel

Party political offices

Leader of the Democratic Succeeded by

New political
Party
party Adnan Menderes
1946–1950

Records

Preceded by Oldest living state leader Succeeded by

Isidro Ayora 1978–1986 Willem Drees

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Leader of the Main Opposition of Turkey

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