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Chapter 1 of PHP (WBP)

PHP is a programming language used for web development that allows developers to create dynamic content. It is integrated with popular databases like MySQL and supports protocols like POP3 and IMAP. PHP code is written with HTML and executed by the server to display dynamic content to users. Some key advantages of PHP include simplicity, efficiency, security, flexibility, and open source support.

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22 views

Chapter 1 of PHP (WBP)

PHP is a programming language used for web development that allows developers to create dynamic content. It is integrated with popular databases like MySQL and supports protocols like POP3 and IMAP. PHP code is written with HTML and executed by the server to display dynamic content to users. Some key advantages of PHP include simplicity, efficiency, security, flexibility, and open source support.

Uploaded by

ahmedshifa59
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit – 01

Expression and
Control
Statements in
PHP

2
PHP Definition:-
• The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language that allows
web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is
basically used for developing web based software applications
• It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP.
PHP4 added support for Java and distributed object architectures.
• PHP Syntax is C-Like. Server side interpreted, non-compiled and scripting
language
• Written with HTML as code is executed by the server, but the result is displayed
to the user as plain HTML
• It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build
entire e-commerce sites.

3
Science Calculations

System

System

C uses curly
braces { } for
code blocks.
Scripting/
Interpreted
PHP Advantages:-
• Simplicity
• Efficiency
• Security
• Flexibility
• Familiarity
• Open Source
• Database
• Support
• Maintenance
• Scripting Langauge
5
Syntax of PHP :-
• Syntax • Example
A PHP script starts with <html>
<?php and ends with ?> <body>
<?php <h1>My first PHP page</h1>

echo “Welcome to Online class”; <?php


?> echo “Welcome to Online class”;
?>
The default file extension for PHP
files is ".php" </body>
</html>
6
Embedding PHP within HTML :-
• Inside a PHP file you can write • Example
HTML like you do in regular HTML <!DOCTYPE html>
pages as well as embed PHP code <html lang=“en”>
for server side execution. <head>
• When it comes to integrating PHP <meta charset=“UTF-8”>
code with HTML content, you need to <title>How to put PHP in HTML - Simple
enclose the PHP code with the PHP Example</title>
start tag <?php and the PHP end tag </head>
?>. <body>
• The important thing in the above <h1><?php echo " Welcome to Online
example is that the PHP code is class.“; ?></h1>
wrapped by the PHP tags. </body>
</html>
7
PHP Comments:-
• A comment in PHP code is a line that is • Example
not executed as a part of the program. <!DOCTYPE html>
Its only purpose is to be read by <html>
<body>
someone who is looking at the code.
• Purpose of comment is to make code <?php
more readable. It may help other // This is a single-line comment
developer to understand the code. # This is also a single-line comment
• PHP support single line as well as
multiline comments. /* This is multiline comment block that
span across more than.
• To start a single line comment either
*/
start with two slash (//) or hash (#). ?>
• Multiline comments start with /* and </body>
end with */ </html>

8
PHP echo and Print:-
• In PHP, there are 2 way to get output or • Example
print output: echo and print. <?php
• The echo statement is used with or echo "Hello world!<br/>"; // display string
without parentheses: echo or echo(). echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with
• The echo statement can display multiple parameters.<br/>"; // strings as multiple
anything that can be displayed to the
browser: string, number, variable value $a= “Hello, PHP”;
and result of expression . $b= 5; $c=10;
• The PHP print statement is similar to the echo “$a<br/>”;
echo statement and use as a alternative. echo $b.”+”.$c.”=“; //Display variable
• echo has no return value while print has a echo $b+$c;
return value of 1 so it can be used in ?>
expressions </body> </html>

9
PHP Print:-
• In PHP, echo can take multiple • Example
parameters (although such usage is <?php
rare) while print can take one print "Hello world!<br/>";
argument.
$a= “Hello, PHP”;
• echo is marginally faster than print.
$b= 5;
Output :-
$c=10;
Hello world!
print “$a<br/>”;
Hello, PHP
print $b.”+”.$c.”=“; //Display variable
5+10=15
print $b+$c;
?>

10
PHP Variable Scope:-
• Local Variable:- • Example

• The variable declared within a <?php


function called Local variable. $num=10;
• So Local Variable scope is within function local_var()
function only. {
• Local Variable can not accessed $num=50;
outside that function.
echo “local num=$num<br/>”;
• And outside function such a } local_var();
variable treat as different variable.
echo “Variable num outside
local_var()=$num<br/>”;
?>
11
PHP Variable Scope:-
• Global Variable:- • Example

• The variable declared outside a <?php


function called Local variable. $num=10;
• So Global Variable scope is all function local_var()
function. {
• Global Variable can accessed global $num;
outside that function. echo “Access global variable within
• To get access within a function we function=$num<br/>”;
need to use “global” keyword } local_var();
before the variable . echo “Global Variable num outside of
local_var()=$num<br/>”;
?>
12
PHP $ and $$ Variable:-
• The $var is normal variable that • Example
store any value. <?php
• The $$var is reference variable that
store the value of $variable inside it. $a=“Hi”;
• $a represent variable but $$a $$a=“GPG”;
represent a variable with the echo $a.“<br/>”;
content of $a.
echo $$a.“<br/>”; // echo “$$a<br/>;”
$$a=$($a)
echo $Hi;
Output:-
Hi ?>
GPG
GPG
13
PHP Operators:-
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Increment/Decrement operators
• Logical operators
• String operators
• Array operators
• Conditional assignment operators

14
PHP Arithmetic Operators:-

15
PHP Assignment Operators:-

16
PHP Comparison Operators:-

17
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators:-

18
PHP Logical Operators:-

19
PHP String Operators:-

20
PHP Array Operators:-

21
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators:-

22
PHP Data Types:-
• Variables can store data of different • PHP String
types, and different data types can do
different things. • A string is a sequence of characters, like
• PHP supports the following data types: "Hello world!".
1) String • A string can be any text inside quotes. You
2) Integer can use single or double quotes:
3) Float (floating point numbers - also <?php
called double) $x = "Hello world!";
4) Boolean $y = 'Hello GPG!';
5) Array
6) Object echo $x;
7) NULL echo "<br>";
8) Resource echo $y;
?>
23
PHP Integer:-
• An integer data type is a non-decimal • In the following example $x is an integer. The
number between -2,147,483,648 and PHP var_dump() function returns the data
2,147,483,647 type and value:
• Rules for integers: <html>
1) An integer must have at least one <body>
digit
<?php
2) An integer must not have a decimal
point $x = 5985;
3) An integer can be either positive or var_dump($x);
negative ?>
4) Integers can be specified in: decimal </body>
(base 10), hexadecimal (base 16),
octal (base 8), or binary (base 2) </html>
notation
24
PHP Float:-
• A float (floating point number) is a • In the following example $x is an integer. The
number with a decimal point or a PHP var_dump() function returns the data
number in exponential form. type and value:
<html>
<body>
• Output:-
<?php
float(10.68) $x = 10.68;
var_dump($x);
?>
</body>
</html>

25
PHP Boolean:-
• A Boolean represents two possible • Example:-
states: TRUE or FALSE. <?php
• Booleans are often used in $a = 11;
conditional testing. You will learn $b = 11.22;
more about conditional testing in a $c=“Hello”;
later chapter of this tutorial. $d= True;
• Output:- var_dump($a);
int(11) var_dump($b);
float(11.22) var_dump($c);
string(5) “Hello” var_dump($d);
bool(true) ?>

26
PHP Array:-
• An array stores multiple values in • Example:-
one single variable. • In the following example $cars is an array.
The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:
• Output:- <html>
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo" <body>
[1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6) <?php
"Toyota" }
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
27
PHP Object:-
• Classes and objects are the two • Example:-
main aspects of object-oriented • <?php
class Car {
programming. public $color;
public $model;
• A class is a template for objects, public function __construct($color, $model) {
and an object is an instance of a $this->color = $color;
$this->model = $model;
class. }
public function message() {
• When the individual objects are return "My car is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";
}
created, they inherit all the }
properties and behaviors from the
class, but each object will have $myCar = new Car("black", "Volvo");
echo $myCar -> message();
different values for the properties. echo "<br>";
$myCar = new Car("red", "Toyota");
echo $myCar -> message();
?>

28
PHP NULL Value:-
• Null is a special data type which can • Example:-
have only one value: NULL.
• A variable of data type NULL is a <html>
variable that has no value assigned <body>
to it. <?php
• If a variable is created without a $x = "Hello world!";
value, it is automatically assigned a $x = null;
value of NULL.
var_dump($x);
• If a variable is created without a ?>
value, it is automatically assigned a
</body>
value of NULL.
</html>

29
PHP Resource:-
• The special resource type is not an • Example:-
actual data type. It is the storing of <html>
a reference to functions and <body>
resources external to PHP.
<?php
• A common example of using the $f1 = fopen(“note.txt“,”r”);
resource data type is a database
var_dump($f1);
call.
echo”<br>”;
$link=mysql_connect(“localhost”,”root”,””);
var_dump($link);
?>
</body>
</html>
30
PHP Type Juggling:-
• Means dealing with variable type. • Example:-
• In PHP a variable type is determined <html>
by the context in which it is used. <body>
• If an Integer value is assign to a <?php
variable, it become a integer. $var1= 1;
• If an String value is assign to a $var2=“20”;
variable, it become a String. $var3=$var1+$var2;
• PHP does not required explicit type $var1=$var1+1.3
definition in a variable declaration. $var1=5*”10 small birds”;
• The conversion process whether ?>
explicit or implicit known as…….. </body>
</html>
31
PHP Type Casting:-
• Typecasting is a way to convert one • Example:-
data type variable into different <html>
data type. <body>
• A type can be cast by inserting one <?php
of the cast in front of variable. $count=“5”;
• Output:- echo gettype($count);
string $count is a string
integer settype($count,’int’);
echo gettype($count);
$count is a integer
?>
</body> </html>
32
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:-
• If Statement:- • Example:-
• The if statement is used to execute <html>
block of code only if the specified <body>
condition is true. <?php
• Syntax:- $a=10;
if(condition) if($a>0)
{
{
echo “The number $a is Positive”;
// code to be execute
}
}
?>
</body> </html>

33
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:-
• If-else Statement:- • Example:-
• The if...else statement executes some <?php
code if a condition is true and another $t = date("H");
code if that condition is false.
• Syntax:- if ($t < "10") {
echo "Have a good morning!";
if (condition) }
{
else
// code to be executed if condition is true;
{
} else
echo "Have a good day!";
{ }
// code to be executed if condition is false;
?>
}

34
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:-
• Nested-If Statement:- • Example:-
• Means an if block inside another if block. <?php
We use it when we have more than 2 $t = date("H");
condition and also called as if-else-if
statement if ($t < "10") {
• Syntax:- echo "Have a good morning!";
if (condition) }
{ // code to be executed1 if condition is true; elseif ($t < "20") {
} elseif (condition) echo "Have a good day!";
{ // code to be executed2 if condition is true; }
} else else {
{ // code to be executed1 if both condition1 and echo "Have a good night!";
condition2 are false }
} ?>

35
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:-
• Switch Statement:- • Example:-
• The switch statement is used to perform different actions
based on different conditions. <?php
• Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be $favcolor = "red";
executed.
• Syntax:-
switch ($favcolor) {
switch (n) {
case "red":
case label1:
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
break;
case "blue":
case label2: echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
code to be executed if n=label2; break;
break; case "green":
case label3: echo "Your favorite color is green!";
code to be executed if n=label3; break;
break; default:
... echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor
default: green!";
code to be executed if n is different from all labels; }
} ?>

36
PHP Break and Continue Statements:-
• Break Statement:- • Example:-
• The keyword break ends execution <?php
of the current for, for each, while, for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
do while or switch structure. {
• When break executed inside loop echo”$i<br/>”;
the control automatically passes to if($i==3)
the first statement outside loop.
{
• Output:- break;
1 }
2 }
3 ?>

37
PHP Break and Continue Statements:-
• Continue Statement:- • Example:-
• It is used to stop processing the <?php
current block of code in the loop for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
and goes to the next iteration. {
• It is used to skip a part of the body if($i==3)
of loop under certain condition. {
• Output:- continue;
1 }
2 echo”$i<br/>”;
4 }
?>
5
38
PHP Loop Control Statements:-
• while Statement:- • Example:-

• It is execute block of code if and as <?php


long as a test condition is true. $i=0;
• While is an entry controlled loop while($i<=10)
statement.
{
• Syntax:-
echo”$i<br/>”;
while(if the condition is true)
$i+=2;
{
}
// code is executed
?>
}
39
PHP Loop Control Statements:-
• Do- while Statement:- • Example:-
• It is exit control loop which means <?php
that it first enter the loop, execute $i=1;
the statements and then check
condition. do
• Statements is executed at least once .
{
• Syntax:-
echo”$i<br/>”;
do
{ $i+=2;
// code is executed } while($i<10);
} while(if the condition is true); ?>

40
PHP Loop Control Statements:-
• For Statement:- • Example:-
• It is used when you know how many <?php
time you want to execute a $sum=0;
statement or a block of statement.
• Also known as entry controlled loops. for($i=0;$i<=10;$i+=2)
• Syntax:- {
for(initialization expression; echo”$i<br/>”;
test condition; update exp.)
{ $sum+=$i;
// code is executed }
} echo “Sum=$sum”;
?>
41
PHP Loop Control Statements:-
• foreach Statement:- • Example:-
• It is used for array and object. <?php
• For every counter of loop, an array $arr= array (10,20,30,40,50);
element and the next counter is
shifted to next element. foreach($arr as $i)
• Syntax:- {
foreach (array_element as echo”$i<br/>”;
value) }
{ ?>
// code is executed
}
42

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