THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSA ACUMINATA ‘LAKATAN’ MUSA ACUMINATA

BANANA PEEL AND SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM

SUGARCANE BAGASSE MIXTURE AS HYDROPONIC FERTILIZER FOR

LACTUCA SATIVA LETTUCE

A Quantitative Research

presented to the Faculty of Saint Paul’s School of Ormoc Foundation Incorporated

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Arevalo, Titan Undre E.

Cabiling, Francis Troy R.

Gucela, Nino Michael Rey V.

Labrador, Kevin Glenn A.

Vercede, Van Loui P.

Claire Angelica B. Antonio, PNT

Research Adviser
 Table of Contents

Chapter I 3
Rationale 3
Significance of the Study 6
Statement of the Problem 7
Hypothesis 9
Scope and Delimitation 9
Conceptual Framework 10
Definition of Terms 11
Chapter 2 11
Relevant Theories 11
Use of Hydroponics 11
Sugarcane Bagasse as Organic Fertilizer 13
Banana Peels as Organic Fertilizer 13
Related Literature 14
Use of Hydroponics 14
Use of Organic Fertilizer 14
Sugarcane Bagasse as Organic Fertilizer 15
Banana Peels as Organic Fertilizer 16
Chapter 3 17
Research Design 17
The Sample 18
Data Collection Procedure 18
Plan for Data Analysis 19
REFERENCES 21
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting. It includes the background

of the study, the statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation of

the study.

Rationale

Plants are always an essential for living organisms to survive and the growing abundance

of plants and trees should be ensured in order for the ecosystem to function. Since society has

modernized throughout time, newer and larger infrastructures have been built, but demolition of

trees and steady destruction of the environment comes with it. Since then, farmers have been

finding ways aside from the traditional direct-sowing method, as land available for planting

becomes scarce as time passes by. One popular way of growing plants without the use of soil is

Hydroponics.

The country's economy is significantly impacted by agriculture. Through the application

of modern agricultural methods, such as hydroponics, it is now possible to grow plants without the

use of soil. A hydroponics system grows plants without soil to conserve space and avoid soil

contamination with chemicals or contaminants. Instead, it uses water enriched with nutrients. It

refers to a variety of cutting-edge procedures, including the nutritional cinematic techniques,

gradually increasing techniques, the dynamical root floating method, and the like. Additionally,

there are two main categories of soilless cultivation: substrate culture and water culture. The

plant’s totally high nutrient value and can control the output quality. It is fast growing and quicker

to plant than those in the soil.

quality of the plants. According to Bisht (2020), Chemical fertilizer overuse can contribute to soil

acidification and soil crust, thereby reducing the content of organic matter, humus content,

beneficial species, stunting plant growth, altering the pH of the soil, growing pests, and even

leading to the release of greenhouse gasses. This leads to the use of organic fertilizers as a way of

having a better alternative. Organic fertilizers will not reduce the use of chemical fertilizers but

they will improve the soil quality in various ways such as maintaining soil nutrient cycles, soil

microbial communities, etc. (Chauhan, 2020)

Organic fertilizers are readily available mineral sources that have a modest concentration

of vital minerals for plants. They have the ability to reduce issues brought on by synthetic

fertilizers. Moreover, the use of organic fertilizers lessens the requirement for recurrent synthetic

fertilizer applications to maintain soil fertility as organic fertilizers maintain nutrient balance for

the proper growth of agricultural plants and gradually release nutrients into the soil solution. They

also serve as a potent source of energy for soil bacteria, which enhance soil quality and crop

growth. Most people believe that organic fertilizers release slowly and contain a lot of trace

components. In comparison to chemical fertilizers, they are safer. However, using organic

fertilizers incorrectly might result in over fertilization or nutrient deficiencies in the soil.

Consequently, organic fertilizer delivery under controlled conditions is successful. (Silva, 2018)

The researchers opted to use Musa acuminata banana peels as the first part of the

hydroponic fertilizer to be used in the study along with Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse.

According to Islam (2019), Musa acuminata banana peels increase plant productivity and carbon

sequestration, reduced nutrient leaching loss, protection against heavy metal contamination, and

reduction of organic waste-related environmental pollution are all achieved by the addition of
biochar to soil. The K content in Musa acuminata banana peel biochar was discovered to be high.

In his study, he concluded that plants used with Musa acuminata banana peels as organic fertilizer

were seen to be stronger, healthier, and more attractively green. This beneficial effect of BPB on

plant growth presents an alternative to the usage of chemical fertilizers as well as an efficient

approach to recycle agricultural wastes.

The second half of the hydroponic mixture is the bagasse of Saccharum officinarum

Saccharum officinarum sugarcane. It is widespread throughout the planet in tropical and

subtropical regions. It typically measures approximately two inches thick and can reach heights of

eight to twenty feet. There are numerous horticultural variations that differ from one another in

terms of stem color and length. Bagasse contains 25% hemicellulose, 25% lignin, and around 50%

cellulose. Bagasse's chemical composition is roughly 50% cellulose, 30% pentosans, and 2.4%

ash. Bagasse has many benefits when used in microbial culture-based bioconversion processes

because of its low ash concentration and high yield. (Pandey et al. 2000).

The study focuses on the growth of Lactuca sativa Lettuce, which is one of the most

demanded salad crops in both fresh and ready-to-use markets around the globe (Fallovo et al.,

2009). Generally, lettuce is low in calories, fat, and sodium (Work, 1997). It is a good source of

minerals and various health-beneficial (anti-inflammatory, sedative, cholesterol-lowering, and

anti-diabetic) bioactive compounds (Yakoot et al., 2011). Lettuce is fast-growing since leaf

varieties reach maturity in 30 days but can be harvested as soon as they reach the desired size.

Other types of lettuce require 6 to 8 weeks to reach full harvest size.

Chemical Fertilizers have been an enhancer for plants and their growth for many decades now.

Still, their detrimental effects on the environment weigh more than their advantages since they can

reverse plant growth, alter the pH level of the soil, lead the release of greenhouse gasses, promote

pest growth, and more. Organic Fertilizers, on the other hand, enhance soil nutrients, regulate plant

growth, maintain soil quality, and more, all while having little to no effect on the environment.

Due to the lack of availability of land for planting crops, people are finding newer ways to grow

plants such as using hydroponic systems. Hydroponics is a type of plant growth system, utilizing

water-based nutrient solutions in aqueous solvents. Aside from the advantage of growing crops

without the use of land, Hydroponics also requires less labor, increased produced yields, and also

conserves water in the process.

Benefiting the study are the various sectors as follows:

The Farmers

The results of this study will have a tremendous effect on farmers since it provides a new,

efficient, and low-waste process to plant crops. Instead of using the traditional direct-sowing

method, the farmers can use hydroponics as well as organic fertilizer in their planting process,

enabling increased yield of crops without diminishing effects on the environment involved.

The Future Researchers

hydroponics and the use of organic fertilizer for the plantation of crops. Aside from Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane bagasse and Musa acuminata banana peels, future researchers can also use

other unresearched organic waste in hydroponics in order to expand the options of choosing the

organic fertilizer for the general public as well.

The General Population

This study is significant to the general population since it can enable them to have the

opportunity to use hydroponics instead of soil as they have the evidence, knowledge, and studies

provided in this research study. This can have a further effect since the challenge of the lack of

soil in planting crops will be lessened if the process of using hydroponics in planting crops

becomes normalized in the society.

Statement of the Problem

This paper aims to identify the effectiveness of Musa acuminata banana peel and Saccharum

officinarum (Saccharum officinarum sugarcane) bagasse mixture as hydroponic fertilizer for

Lactuca sativa lettuce. Specifically, the paper aims to identify the following:

1. Which setup exhibited positive effects of Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse

mixture as hydroponic fertilizer for the growth of Lactuca sativa lettuce?

a) Setup A – 0 grams: 0 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

b) Setup B – 50 grams: 100 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

d) Setup D – 100 grams: 50 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

2. Which setup exhibited negative effects of Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse

mixture as hydroponic fertilizer for the growth of Lactuca sativa lettuce?

a) Setup A – 0 grams: 0 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

b) Setup B – 50 grams: 100 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

c) Setup C – 75 grams: 75 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

d) Setup D – 100 grams: 50 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

3. What is the overall effect of the different ratios of Saccharum officinarum sugarcane

bagasse mixture as hydroponic fertilizer for the growth of Lactuca sativa lettuce?
 a) Setup B – 50 grams: 100 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

b) Setup C – 75 grams: 75 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

c) Setup D – 100 grams: 50 grams Musa acuminata banana peel to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

Hypothesis

H0: Saccharum officinarum Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse and Musa

acuminata banana peels mixture as hydroponic fertilizer has no effect on the growth of

Lactuca sativa Lettuce.

H1: Saccharum officinarum Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse and Musa

acuminata banana peels mixture as hydroponic fertilizer has a significant effect on the

growth of Lactuca sativa Lettuce.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the effectiveness of Musa acuminata banana peels and Saccharum

officinarum Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse Mixture as Hydroponic Fertilizer for

Lactuca sativa Lettuce. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the said hydroponic

fertilizer on the growth of lettuce, within the time frame of 1 month. The hydroponic system will

be a WICK Hydroponic System done at Saint Paul’s School of Ormoc Foundation Incorporated.
 The study will consist of one control group and three experimental groups, each with different

ratios of Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse and Musa acuminata banana peels. The data

for their growth will be collected through measurement tools that will assist in determining the

mean growth and growth percentage.

Conceptual Framework

WICK SYSTEM

Hydroponic Fertilizer
(Saccharum Officinarum
Sugarcane bagasse &
Musa acuminata banana
peels)

SET-UP A SET-UP B SET-UP C SET-UP D

0 grams: 0 grams Musa 500 grams: 250 grams 375 grams: 375 grams 250 grams: 500 grams

acuminata banana peel to Musa acuminata banana Musa acuminata banana Musa acuminata banana

Saccharum Officinarum peel to Saccharum peels and Saccharum peels and Saccharum

Sugarcane Bagasse Ratio Officinarum Sugarcane Officinarum to Sugarcane Officinarum to Sugarcane

Bagasse Ratio Bagasse Ratio Bagasse Ratio

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Hydroponics- is a subtype of hydroculture that involves growing plants, typically agricultural,

without soil by employing water-based mineral fertilizer solutions in organic solutions.

Wick System- it utilizes water's capillary force to draw water and nutrients to plants from a

reservoir. Plants, rather than soil, will be used as a growing media in hydroponics.

Microbial mineralization- is the method through which organic matter's chemical constituents

are broken down or oxidized into forms that plants can readily use.

Organic Fertilizer- are readily available mineral sources with a reasonable level of vital

nutrients for plants. They are capable of minimizing the issues caused by artificial fertilizers.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, the conceptual

framework, the research hypotheses, and the definition of terms.

Relevant Theories

Use of Hydroponics

According to a report on hydroponics by Falivene (2005), hydroponics enabled growers to

have a reported increase in productivity by 20%, according to early indicators. Growers using
intensive fertigation and traditional drip irrigation have observed similar increases in productivity.

Growers that employ hydroponic principles frequently notice an improvement in tree

development, especially for young trees.

A research report by Jensen (1997) entitled, “Hydroponics,” states that technology of

hydroponic systems is changing rapidly with newer systems producing higher yields. It is highly

productive, conservative of water, and protective of the environment as it is soilless, while

maximizing mineral nutrition, pH, aeration, and root diseases, and has promising pest control

without the application of chemicals.

Use of Organic Fertilizer

A research report by Greg (1996), states that organic fertilizers are a nutrient-saving

technology made from plant and animal byproducts and natural minerals that can come from the

farm itself (crop residue, livestock manure), or they can be obtained from other industries or from

goods made elsewhere, making them a nutrient-adding technology. According to the statement,

the improvement in overall soil quality caused by the use of organic soil amendments may reduce

the possibility of nutrient contamination of ground and surface water while also producing more

vigorously growing and high yielding crops. Organic fertilizers have been shown to increase crop

yield by improving soil fertility, biological status, and physical properties.

According to a research about the use of organic fertilizer by Makalesi (2010), states that

it is a fact that fertilizers have an important effect on vegetable cultivation. Today, many chemical

and organic fertilizers obtained from many different sources on the market are used for this

purpose. However, it is well known that chemicals especially used in agriculture as the cause of

increasing environmental pollution and some diseases in recent years. Therefore, fertilizers used
in agricultural production are also desired to be effective and most importantly reliable. In addition,

instead of unconscious fertilizing, fertilization applications should be provided according to the

plant need. It is aimed to give sufficient amount of mineral substances needed by the plant and to

prevent excessive use of mineral substances and fertilizers.

Sugarcane Bagasse as Organic Fertilizer

In a literature review by Loh et al. (2013), it was determined that sugarcane bagasse is one

of the largest agricultural residues in the world and that there is a versatility of uses from this

product. An analysis of the sugarcane bagasse revealed that the main constituents of the product

are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash, and wax (Walford, 2008).

In a recent study by Firmansayah et al. (2020), it was determined that using bagasse

compost significantly affected the leaf area of the cocoa seedlings, showing the highest fresh and

dry weight of the seedlings compared to other interactions employed in their study.

Banana Peels as Organic Fertilizer

According to a research report by Paul Barbano (2009), banana peels are good fertilizer
because of what they do not contain. They contain absolutely no nitrogen. While plants need
nitrogen (remember the NPK on fertilizers), too much nitrogen will create lots of green leaves
but few berries or fruits. This means potassium-rich banana peels are excellent for plants like
tomatoes, peppers or flowers. Banana peels also contain calcium, which prevents blossom end
rot in tomatoes. The manganese in banana peels aids photosynthesis, while the sodium in banana
peels helps water flow between cells. They even have traces of magnesium and sulfur, elements
that help make chlorophyll.

According to a research report by Rhoades (2005), Putting banana peel in your compost
pile will help add calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphates, potassium and sodium, all of which
are important to the healthy growth of both flowering and fruiting plants. Bananas in compost
also help add healthy organic material, which help the compost retain water and make soil lighter
when added to your garden.
Related Literature

Use of Hydroponics

According to a research report by Camille Boylan (2020), hydroponics gives you more

control over your root system and plant growth, controlling the quantity of nutrition and water that

the roots of the plants receive. In order to increase food production as future land availability for

food production declines, we will need to embrace intensive growth techniques like hydroponics.

The fruit or flowers can be harvested effectively thanks to these production methods. Crops grown

hydroponically may be able to provide fresh, local food in areas with severe droughts and low soil

quality.

According to a research report by Ines Hadju (2019), farmers may grow crops more

effectively and productively due to hydroponics. To ensure they receive the precise nutrition they

require, plants may control pH and nutrients. Water that is not used by plants is recycled through

closed systems. Farmers can increase plant production by controlling temperature and lighting

cycles when growing plants inside. Systems could be created to maximize vertical space and

enhance planting density. We can also build farms using hydroponics in places where the soil is

unsuitable for farming or when there isn't enough space to do so.

Use of Organic Fertilizer

According to a research report by Hitha Shaji (2021), the necessary minerals for plants are

present in reasonable amounts in natural mineral sources, such as organic fertilizers. They have

the power to reduce problems caused by synthetic fertilizers. They reduce the need for repeated

synthetic fertilizer applications to maintain the soil's fertility. They continuously add nutrients to

the root system and maintain the right balance of nutrients for the growth of agricultural plants.
Additionally, they provide soil microbes with a powerful source of energy, improving the soil's

quality and crop growth.

According to a research report by Rishi Mahajan (2018), in several agricultural fields,

artificial pesticides and fertilizers contaminate groundwater, forcing farmers to use more organic

fertilizers, enhancing soil health and increasing water infiltration. Organic systems with better

nutrient retention capabilities and good management reduce groundwater pollution dramatically.

When compared to the usage of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer inputs in agricultural areas

today have major environmental advantages, and their importance has increased significantly

because of organic fertilizers' capacity to hold carbon in the soil and thereby lessen global warming

and greenhouse effects. There are many management strategies used in organic farming that

increase soil carbon uptake, thus increasing production and favoring carbon storage.

Sugarcane Bagasse as Organic Fertilizer

In a study by Kenawy et al. (2020), it was determined that sugarcane bagasse have

promising application as controlled urea release fertilizer. In their study, sugarcane bagasse

superabsorbent composites were prepared through the graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto

SCBin presence of attapulgite using N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide as the crosslinker and

potassium persulfate as initiator in the aqueous solution. The results showed that the urea release

rate decreased by increasing the ATP amount as different sugarcane bagasses were loaded with

urea.

Another study by Yusuf et al. (2018) revealed that the mixture of 75% sugarcane bagasse

compost and 25% fertilizer N from urea is the most appropriate composition for the 8.76 ton/ha

soybean field. The study aimed to determine the appropriate mixture of sugarcane bagasse compost
fertilizer N of the growth and yield of soybean in an attempt to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizer

N and instead optimize the use of organic fertilizers such as sugarcane bagasse.

According to a study by Inyang et al. (2018), sugarcane bagasse-based organic fertilizers

are recommended for maximum growth and returns of crops. Their study aimed to determine the

growth and performance analysis of A. hybridus enriched with organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Significant differences in the plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem girth, and mean number of

leaves were noted.

Banana Peels as Organic Fertilizer

According to a research about the use of banana peels as fertilizer by Mary Rose Olid

(2022) entitled “ Eco-friendly development: Exploring the effectiveness of using banana peel

fertilizer”, in this study, the effects of fertilizing with banana peels on the leaves of radish and

onion were evaluated. Data from the study indicated that the effectiveness of the banana peel

fertilizer was a success. The height and color of the radish and onion leaf plants are good

indicators of how well the banana peel fertilizer worked. It was discovered that using banana

peels as fertilizer can promote organic plant growth. Compared to plants planted with chemical

fertilizer or without fertilizer, plants nourished with banana peels grew taller. As a result, radish

and onion leaf plants treated with banana peels look better in terms of stem height.

A study by Aisha Wazir (2018) entitled “ Comparative Study of Various Organic

Fertilizers Effect on Growth and Yield of Two Economically Important Crops, Potato and Pea”

shows that demonstrated various household organic fertilizers improved crop output and growth

for both potato and pea crops. It is advised that the use of these organic fertilizers in kitchen
gardens is economically significant where it not only replenishes soil organic matter but also

provides the sustainable production. The treatments (Eggshell), (Banana peel), and (Used Tea

Waste) not only increased plants' growth but also had a positive impact on yield in terms of the

number of tubers and pods per plant.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, the sample, the instruments, the intervention (if

research is experimental), the data collection procedure, and the plan for data analysis.

Research Design

This quantitative research study utilizes the Quasi-Experimental Research Design as it

focuses on the effects of Musa acuminata banana peels to Saccharum officinarum sugarcane

bagasse as Hydroponic Fertilizer on the growth of Lactuca sativa lettuce. The researchers make

use of a control group containing 0:0 ratio of Musa acuminata banana peels to Saccharum

officinarum sugarcane bagasse, and three experimental groups ranging from a 100:50, 75:75, and

50:100 Musa acuminata banana peels to Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse mixture used.

The researchers make use of a descriptive analysis since it helps describe, show or summarize data

points in a constructive way such that patterns might emerge that fulfill every condition of the data.

(Rawat, 2021)
The Sample

The researchers use two Lactuca sativa lettuce seedlings per WICK System, which is six

seedlings in total. The control group also utilizes two seedlings that will remain unfertilized

throughout the duration of the research study. Lactuca sativa lettuce fully grows around thirty

days, weighs about 300 grams, and reaches an average of 4 to 5 inches long.

The Instrument(s)

The researchers used two parameters in determining the mean height and growth

percentage of Lactuca sativa lettuce during the study. Observation through measurement is the

data collection instrument used in this research to determine the mean height and growth

percentage. With this, a descriptive analysis was utilized in order to summarize the recorded data

points and show the positives and negatives exhibited by each of the setups during the research

study.

Data Collection Procedure

This research makes use of 4 groups: a control group, and three sets of experimental groups which

are characterized by the ratio of Musa acuminata banana peels and Saccharum officinarum

sugarcane bagasse. These experimental groups were:

· Experimental Group A – 50 grams : 100 grams Musa acuminata banana peel

to Saccharum officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

· Experimental Group B – 75 grams : 75 grams Musa acuminata banana peel

to Saccharum officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

to Saccharum officinarum sugarcane Bagasse Ratio

The researchers used the weekly height in order to determine the effectiveness of the Musa

acuminata banana peel and Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse Mixture as hydroponic

fertilizer for the growth of lettuce. Moreover, the researchers recorded their observations for each

setup since they utilized the descriptive analysis. Summarization and description of gathered data

was shown in the research analysis.

Plan for Data Analysis

For this part of the research, the researcher began to descriptively analyze the weekly growth of

the four groups and compared it with each other, while noting which group’s health deteriorates

and strives. The researchers will analyze the data through using the mean and growth percentage

as Descriptive Statistics. The researchers will record the height of the plants per group each week,

followed by a computation of the mean and growth percentage.

For its procedure, the researchers will perform the data analysis in 5 steps:

1. Obtain the recorded heights for each group and compute for its mean height

per week and overall mean height throughout the experimental procedure.

The mean will be calculated using the formula: Total Growth of Plant 1 +

Total Growth of Plant 2 divided by the number of plants per setup (2)
2. Obtain the recorded heights for each group and compute for its growth

percentage per week and overall growth percentage throughout the experimental

procedure

The weekly growth percentage will be calculated using the formula: Height

of Plant in the preceding week divided by Height of Plant in the prior week

multiplied by 100. (h₂-h₁*100)

The overall growth percentage will be calculated using the formula: Height

of Plant in the last week divided by Height of Plant in the first week multiplied by

100. (Σh-h₁*100)

3. Rank the three experimental groups and the control group based on their

overall mean height and growth percentage results.

4. Determine which mixture and ratio of Musa acuminata banana peels to

Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse was best for the growth of the lettuce.

5. Determine which mixture and ratio of Musa acuminata banana peels to

Saccharum officinarum sugarcane bagasse was worst for the growth of the lettuce.
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