Linear Algebra for Undergraduates

Dr. Krishnendra Shekhawat

BITS PILANI
Department of Mathematics
lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Chapter 1

1 Introduction to System of Linear Equations

2 Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)
3 Solving System of Linear Equations using RREF
4 Rank of a Matrix
5 Inverse of a Matrix using RREF

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Inverse of a Matrix using
RREF

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Inverse of a Matrix

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Inverse of a Matrix

Let A be an n × n matrix. Then an n × n matrix B is a

(multiplicative) inverse of A if and only if
AB = BA = In,
where In is the n × n identity matrix.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Inverse of a Matrix

Let A be an n × n matrix. Then an n × n matrix B is a

(multiplicative) inverse of A if and only if
AB = BA = In,
where In is the n × n identity matrix.
1 If such a matrix B exists then A is called invertible
(or nonsingular) and B is called inverse of A.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Inverse of a Matrix

Let A be an n × n matrix. Then an n × n matrix B is a

(multiplicative) inverse of A if and only if
AB = BA = In,
where In is the n × n identity matrix.
1 If such a matrix B exists then A is called invertible
(or nonsingular) and B is called inverse of A.
2 If no such matrix B can be found, then A is called
singular.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Result. Inverse of a matrix is unique if it exists.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Result. Inverse of a matrix is unique if it exists.
As the inverse of a matrix A is unique, we denote it by
A−1. That is, AA−1 = A−1 A = I.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Result. Inverse of a matrix is unique if it exists.
As the inverse of a matrix A is unique, we denote it by
A−1. That is, AA−1 = A−1 A = I.
Theorem. Let A and B be an n × n nonsingular
matrices. Then
1 (A−1)−1 = A.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Result. Inverse of a matrix is unique if it exists.
As the inverse of a matrix A is unique, we denote it by
A−1. That is, AA−1 = A−1 A = I.
Theorem. Let A and B be an n × n nonsingular
matrices. Then
1 (A−1)−1 = A.
2 (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Result. Inverse of a matrix is unique if it exists.
As the inverse of a matrix A is unique, we denote it by
A−1. That is, AA−1 = A−1 A = I.
Theorem. Let A and B be an n × n nonsingular
matrices. Then
1 (A−1)−1 = A.
2 (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1.
3 (AT )−1 = (A−1)T .

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A and B be n × n matrices.
1 If BA = In then B = A−1.
2 If AB = In then B = A−1.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A and B be n × n matrices.
1 If BA = In then B = A−1.
2 If AB = In then B = A−1.
Q: When a matrix has an inverse?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A and B be n × n matrices.
1 If BA = In then B = A−1.
2 If AB = In then B = A−1.
Q: When a matrix has an inverse?
Q: If a matrix has an inverse, how we can find it

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A and B be n × n matrices.
1 If BA = In then B = A−1.
2 If AB = In then B = A−1.
Q: When a matrix has an inverse?
Q: If a matrix has an inverse, how we can find it (can
RREF be helpful in finding Inverse) ?

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A be an n × n matrix. The following
statements are equivalent:
1 A is invertible.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A be an n × n matrix. The following
statements are equivalent:
1 A is invertible.
2 Ax = b has a unique solution for every b ∈ Rn.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A be an n × n matrix. The following
statements are equivalent:
1 A is invertible.
2 Ax = b has a unique solution for every b ∈ Rn.
3 The homogenous system Ax = 0 has only the trivial
solution.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A be an n × n matrix. The following
statements are equivalent:
1 A is invertible.
2 Ax = b has a unique solution for every b ∈ Rn.
3 The homogenous system Ax = 0 has only the trivial
solution.
4 The reduced row echelon form of A is In.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Theorem. Let A be an n × n matrix. The following
statements are equivalent:
1 A is invertible.
2 Ax = b has a unique solution for every b ∈ Rn.
3 The homogenous system Ax = 0 has only the trivial
solution.
4 The reduced row echelon form of A is In.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Let A be a given n × n matrix.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Let A be a given n × n matrix.

Step 1: Write the augmented matrix [A | In].

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Let A be a given n × n matrix.

Step 1: Write the augmented matrix [A | In].
Step 2: Transform the augmented matrix [A | In] to the
matrix [C | D] in reduced row echelon form via
elementary row operations.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Let A be a given n × n matrix.

Step 1: Write the augmented matrix [A | In].
Step 2: Transform the augmented matrix [A | In] to the
matrix [C | D] in reduced row echelon form via
elementary row operations.
Step 3: If
1 C = In then D = A−1.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Finding the Inverse of a matrix (if it exists)

Let A be a given n × n matrix.

Step 1: Write the augmented matrix [A | In].
Step 2: Transform the augmented matrix [A | In] to the
matrix [C | D] in reduced row echelon form via
elementary row operations.
Step 3: If
1 C = In then D = A−1.
2 C , In then A is singular and A−1 does not exist.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example.  Using row  reduction method, find the inverse
 1 −1 −2
of A =  2 −3 −5, if it exists.
 
−1 3 5
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example.  Using row  reduction method, find the inverse
 1 −1 −2
of A =  2 −3 −5, if it exists.
 
−1 3 5
 

Sol. Step 1: The augmented matrix [A | I3] is

 
 1 −1 −2 1 0 0 
 2 −3 −5 0 1 0 
 
−1 3 5 0 0 1

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Step 2: The RREF of the matrix [A|I3] is
 
 1 0 0 0 1 1 
 0 1 0 5 −3 −1 
 
0 0 1 −3 2 1

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Step 2: The RREF of the matrix [A|I3] is
 
 1 0 0 0 1 1 
 0 1 0 5 −3 −1 
 
0 0 1 −3 2 1
 
 0 1 1 
Step 3: Thus, A−1 =  5 −3 −1
 
−3 2 1
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example.

Using row reduction method, determine if the given

matrix  A is invertible.
 If yes, then find its inverse.
 1 6 4 
A =  2 4 −1
 
−1 2 5
 

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Example.

Using row reduction method, determine if the given

matrix  A is invertible.
 If yes, then find its inverse.
 1 6 4 
A =  2 4 −1
 
−1 2 5
 

Sol. Step 1: The augmented matrix [A | I3] is

 
 1 6 4 1 0 0 
 2 4 −1 0 1 0 
 
−1 2 5 0 0 1
Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra
Step 2: The matrix [A|I3] gets reduced into
 
 1 6 4 1 0 0 
 0 −8 −9 −2 1 0 
 
0 0 0 −1 1 1

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Step 2: The matrix [A|I3] gets reduced into
 
 1 6 4 1 0 0 
 0 −8 −9 −2 1 0 
 
0 0 0 −1 1 1
Step 3: Thus, A is not invertible.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

Exercise.

Using row reduction method, determine if the given

matrix  A is invertible.
 If yes, then find its inverse.
 1 0 0
A =  k 1 0 , k ∈ R.
 
 2
k k 1


Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

About Next Class

In the next class, we will start a new chapter and discuss

the concept of vector spaces.

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra

 Thank You
Write me at lecturesks@gmail.com

Krishnendra Shekhawat BITS PILANI Linear Algebra