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Aliran pd Saluran

 Open Channel Hydraulics


 Resistance Equations
 Compound Channel
Persamaan Continuitas

3a
Inflow 3 A
Storage
3b

Outflow
1 A 2
Section AA
Inflow – Outflow = Storage
Persamaan Umum Aliran

Q = VA
Luas
Penampang
Kecepatan rerata (m2)
Debit (Flow pd penampang
rate) - (m3/s) (m/s)
Persamaan Resistance
(kecepatan)

 Persamaan Manning’s
 Persamaan Darcy-Weisbach
Distribusi Kecepatan dlm sebuah saluran

Kedalaman rerata kecepatan


adalah di atas dasar 0.4 D
Persamaan Manning
 Thn 1889 Irish Engineer, Robert
Manning menampilkan formula:
1 . 49 2 3 1 2
v R S
n
 v adalah kecepatan (ft/s)
 n adalah angka Manning dan sbg coefficient kekasaran
 R = hydraulic radius (A/P) dgn P = perimeter basah(ft)
 S = kemiringan dasar saluran
 1.49 adalah angka conversi, Pakai 1 untuk SI (metric) unit
1 23 12
v R S
n
Table 7.1 Manning’s n Roughness Coefficient
Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Streams
Streams on plain
Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.03 0.033
Clean, winding, some pools, shoals, weeds & stones 0.033 0.045 0.05
Same as above, lower stages and more stones 0.045 0.05 0.06
Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.05 0.07 0.07
Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways 0.075 0.1 0.15
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks
steep, trees & brush along banks submerged at high
stages

Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.03 0.04 0.05


Bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.04 0.05 0.07
Table 7.2. Values for the computation of the roughness coefficient (Chow, 1959)
Channel Conditions Values
Material Involved Earth n0 0.025
Rock Cut 0.025
Fine Gravel 0.024
Coarse Gravel 0.027
Degree of irregularity Smooth n1 0.000
Minor 0.005
Moderate 0.010
Severe 0.020
Variations of Channel Cross
Gradual n2 0.000
Section
Alternating Occasionally 0.005
Alternating Frequently 0.010-0.015
Relative Effect of Obstructions Negligible n3 0.000
Minor 0.010-0.015
Appreciable 0.020-0.030
Severe 0.040-0.060
Vegetation Low n4 0.005-0.010
Medium 0.010-0.025
High 0.025-0.050
Very High 0.050-0.100
Degree of Meandering Minor m5 1.000
Appreciable 1.150
Severe 1.300

n = (n0 + n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 ) m5
Contoh 1:
geometry saluran diketahui
 kedalaman aliran diketahui
 hitung kecepatan aliran dan debit

20 ft

1.5 ft

 Bed slope 0.002 ft/ft


 Manning’s n = 0.04
Solution
 Q=VA
 V =(1.5/n) R2/3 S1/2
 R= A/P
 A = width x depth = 20 x 1.5 ft = 30 ft2
 P= 20 + 1.5 + 1.5 ft = 23 ft.
 R= 30/23 = 1.3 ft
 S = 0.002 ft/ft (given) and n = 0.04 (given)
 V = (1.5/0.04)(1.3)2/3(0.002)1/2 = 2 ft/s
 Q = V A=2x30= 60 ft3/s or 60 cfs

jawab: kecepatan 2 ft/s dan debit 60 cfs


Contoh 2:
 diketahui debit 200 cfs
 geometri saluran spt pd gbr
 hitung kedalaman aliran?

35 ft

? ft

 Bed slope 0.005 ft/ft


 saluran datar, bersih, winding, pools dan berbatu
Table 7.1 Manning’s n Roughness Coefficient
Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Streams
Streams on plain
Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.03 0.033
Clean, winding, some pools, shoals, weeds & stones 0.033 0.045 0.05
Same as above, lower stages and more stones 0.045 0.05 0.06
Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.05 0.07 0.07
Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways 0.075 0.1 0.15
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks
steep, trees & brush along banks submerged at
high stages
Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.03 0.04 0.05
Bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.04 0.05 0.07
Solusi
 Q = VA
 V =(1.5/n) R2/3 S1/2
 R= A/P
 coba sebuah kedalaman 2 ft
 A = 35 x 2 ft = 70 ft2
 P= 35 + 2 + 2 ft = 39 ft.
 R= 70/39 = 1.8 ft
 S = 0.005 ft/ft (data)
 n = 0.033 - 0.05 (Table 7.1) ambil maksimum
 V = (1.5/0.05)(1.8)2/3(0.005)1/2 = 3.1 ft/s
 Q = VA=3.1 x 70= 217 ft3/s or 217 cfs
 Jika jawaban < 3% , berbeda dari debit yg ada, stop!
Persamaan Darcy-Weisbach
 Persamaan versi Hey’s :

28 gRS
v 
f

 adalah faktor gesekan(resistance)


Darcy-Weisbach, dimensi dlm SI units.
Hitungan Hey (1979) utk “”

 Persamaan versi Hey:

 0.5  aR 
f  2.03 

 3.5 D84 

a adalah sebuah fungsi penampang,


dimensi dlm SI units.
Bathurst (1982) menghitung “a”

0.314
 R 
a  11.1 
dm 

dm adalah kedalaman maksimum pd penampang yg


menyajikan rasio lebar dan kedalaman > 2.
Metoda Empiris
 Strickler (1923) : n = 0,047.d1/6
d = diameter pasir (mm) pada dasar saluran
 Henderson (1966) : n = 0,034 d1/6
d = median size dari material dasar dan satuannya tidak spesifik
 Raudkivi (1976), menetapkan bahwa persamaan Strickler adalah:
n = 0,042 d1/6
1

dengan d diukur dalam “meter” atau : n = 0,013 d 656


1

 Garde and Raju (1978): n = 0,039 d50


6

d50 = diameter material dasar dalam “feet” yang 50% dari material
dengan berat adalah lebih kecil
1
 Subramaya (1982): n = 0,047 d506
d50 = diameter material dasar dalam “meter”
 Meyer – Peter and Muller (1948) memberikan persamaan untuk
1

material dasar campuran,: n = 0,038 d 90 6

d90 = diameter material dasar dalam “feet” sedemikian 90% berat


material adalah lebih kecil
1
 Lane dan Carlson (1953): n = 0,026 d 75
6

d75 = diameter material dasar dalam “inchi” sedemikian 75% berat


material adalah lebih kecil.
Aliran dalam Saluran Komposit
(Flow in Compound Channels)

 Aliran seringnya terjadi pada saluran utama


(main channel); selama banjir sering terjadi
aliran pd bantaran (overbank flows).
 Dlm kasus ini, saluran dipecah kedalam
beberapa bagian penampang, dan jumlah aliran
terdiri dari bagian yg bervariasi.
Aliran dalam Saluran Komposit
(Flow in Compound Channels)

 Saluran alam sering memiliki saluran


utama (main channel) dan bagian bantaran
(overbank/floodplain).

Overbank Section

Main Channel
Aliran dalam Saluran Komposit
(Flow in Compound Channels)
23
1 1/ 2  Ai 
Vi  S  
ni  Pi 
n
Q   Vi A i
i 1

Dalam perhitungan R hanya bagian riil yg kontak dgn


batas saluran yg digunakan.
Pembagian saluran dan Floodplain
Variasi Manning “n” pd kedalaman
Section Plan
Shallow Overbank Flow
Deep Overbank Flow
Kekasaran Komposit

 Kekasaran dasar ≠ kekasaran dinding

sf1 sf3
A1 sf2 A3
n1 u1 A2 u3
u2 n3

n2

 R = A/P
 U = 1/n .R2/3.sf1/2
 R = U3/2. n3/2.sf-3/4
Jumlah luasan
n n

 Ai   ( Ri  Pi )
i 1 i 1
n
( ni 3 / 2 .ui 3 / 2 .Pi )
Aco  3/4
i 1 sf i
3/2
uco n
Aco 
sf co 3/ 4  n
i 1
i
3/ 2
.Pi

Jika dipandang satu kesatuan luasan


Aco = Rco .Pco
= (nco3/2.uco3/2. Pco).Sfco-3/4
Aco dipersamakan:
3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2 n
nco .uco .Pco uco
3/ 4
 3/4
. (ni .Pi )
3/2

Sfco Sfco i 1

2/3
 
  n i . Pi 
m
3/2

n co   i 1 
 Pco 
 

Dikenal dgn persamaan Horton and Einstein


Persamaan Pavlovskij:  
1/ 2

  n i . Pi 
m
2

n co   i 1 
 Pco 
 

Persamaan Lotter:

Pco R co5 / 3
n co 
m  P R 5/3 

 
i i

 n i 
i 1 
Contoh:

M
1 1
1 h 1,5
n1 n3
n2
B
n1= 0,015
n2 = 0,02
n3 = 0,025
B = 4,0 m
h = 2,5 m
So = 0,00015
Hitung : nco dan Q sal?
Solusi:
M = B + (1+1,5) h = 4 + 2,5. 2,5 = 10,25 m
Keliling basah
P1 = h√12+12 = 2,5.√2 = 3,53 m
P2 = B = 4,0 m
P3 = h√l2+m2 2 = 2,5. √12+1,52 = 4,51 m
Pco = P1 + P2 + P3 = 12,04 m
Manning Komposit:
2/3
 m 
  n 3/2
i . P 
i 
n co  i 1

 Pco 
 
2/3
 0 , 015 1, 5 * 3,53  0 , 02 1, 5 * 4 , 0 0 , 025 1, 5 * 4 ,51 
n co    0 , 0206
 12 , 04 
Luas tampang basah
Aco = (B + M) h/2 = (4 + 10,25).2,5/2 = 17,8125 m2
Rco = Aco/Pco = 17,8125/12,04 =1,479 m
Kecepatan  Manning
U = 1/nco .Rco2/3.So1/2
= 1/0,0206 .(1,479)2/3. (0,00015)1/2
= 0,77 m/s
Q = Aco.U = 17,8125 .0,77 = 13,74 m3/s (debit total di saluran)
Kerjakan:

1
h2
1 h1
n1 n3
n2
B1 B2

n1= 0,025 B1 = 4,0 m h2 = 0,5 m


n2 = 0,035 B2 = 2 m So = 0,00015
n3 = 0,03 h1 = 2,5 m
Hitung : nco dan debit di saluran?
Saluran dengan tampang sebagai berikut:

1
n3
1
1 A2 h
1
n1 A1 2m n2 1 n3
n2 2

2+h B1 4m B2
n1= 0,027 B1 = 5,0 m So = 10-4
n2 = 0,022 B2 = 3,0 m Q = 52 m3/det
n3 = 0,03
Hitung:
a. nco dan kedalaman air di bantaran (h)
b. Pada bantaran dibersihkan/diperbaiki debit menjadi 125% dari semula,
berapa n3 yang baru ?
Solusi:
Menghitung nco dan h
Perimeter Composit
P1 = √(2+h)2 + (2+h)2 = √2. 2+h)2 = 1,414 h + 2,83
P2 = 5 m
P3 = √42 + 22 = 4,472 m
P4 = 3,0 m
P5 = √h2 + h2 = h√2 = 1,414 h
Pco = 2,828 h + 15.302
A1 = ((5+11)/2).2 = 16 m2
A2 = [(2 + 5 + 4 + 3) + mh]h = (14 + h).h = h2 + 14 h
Aco = h2 +14h + 16
Rco = (Aco/Pco) = (h2 +14h + 16)/ 2,828 h + 15.302
Q = 1/nco.Rco2/3.So1/2.Aco
2 /3

 
m


3/2
n i . Pi
n co   i 1 
 P co 
 
nco=[(0.0271,5(1,414h+2,828)+0,0221,5.5+0,0271,5.4,472+ 0,031,5.3+0,031,5.1,414h)/2,828h+15,3]2/3
nco = [(0,0642+0,01362 h)/ 2,828h+15,3)]2/3
substitusi ke persamaan debit:
52 =(1/[(0,0642+13,62.10-3h)/ 2,828h+15,3)]2/3)*[(h2 +14h + 16)/ (2,828 h + 15.302)]2/3 *(10-
4)0,5*(h2 +14h + 16)

𝟐/𝟑
𝟓𝟐 𝟏 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
= 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝒉 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐)𝟐/𝟑 𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐
(𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐)𝟐/𝟑
𝟐/𝟑 𝟐/𝟑
𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝒉 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐

𝟑/𝟐
𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟑/𝟐
𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝒉 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟖𝒉 + 𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟎𝟐

𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟑/𝟐
𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕, 𝟑 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝒉 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐

(𝒉𝟐 +𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔)𝟐,𝟓


𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕, 𝟑 =
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝒉 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐

𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟕, 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝒉 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑, 𝟓𝟒 = (𝒉𝟐 +𝟏𝟒𝒉 + 𝟏𝟔)𝟐,𝟓


Trial, h = 3,114 meter
Substitusi ke pers nco diperoleh nco = 0,02696
2 2 2
P1 = √(2+h) + (2+h) = √2. (2+h) = 1,414 h + 2,83 = 7.233685
P2 = 5 m
2 2
P3 = √4 + 2 = 4,472 m
P4 = 3,0 m
2 2
P5 = √h + h = h√2 = 1,414 h = 4.403685
2
Aco = h +14h + 16
Aco = 69.300 m2
Pco = 2,828 h + 15.302
Pco = 24.109 m2
Rco = (Aco/Pco)
Rco = 2.874 m
b. Kekasaran yg baru
Q’ = 1,25 * 52 = 65 m3/det
nco’ =1/Q’ * Rco2/3*So1/2*Aco  karena h tetap
nco’ =1/65 * 2,8742/3*10-4*(0.5) *69,3 = 0,021554
nco’ = [(0.0271,5 *7,233 + 0,0221,5.5 + 0,0271,5*4,472 +
n31,5.3,0 + n31,5. 4,404)/24,109]2/3
(nco’)3/2 = (0.0271,5 *7,233 + 0,0221,5.5 + 0,0271,5*4,472 +
n31,5.3,0 + n31,5. 4,404)/24,109
0,003164 = (0.0321 + 0,0163 + 0,0198 + n31,5.3,0 + n31,5. 4,404)/24,109
0,076288 = (0.0321 + 0,0163 + 0,0198 + n31,5.3,0 + n31,5. 4,404)
0,076288 = 0.0682 + n31,5. 7,404
0,008088 = n31,5. 7,404
0,001092 = n31,5

n3’ = 0,0106

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