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In 2007 the CDM stopped accepting new refrigerant manufacturers into the CDM. The project has
been registered as the first cross-border project activity under the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Transaction
costs associated with the CDM can be incurred at the project level, the national level and the
multilateral level1. The Clean Development Mechanism is based on the idea of emission reduction
“production”. By Ann Gordon Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment 14 th July 2011.
Content. Background National Climate Change Committee Participation in CDM Belize’s
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Mitigation Potential in Belize. There is enough discussion on Climate
Change, Global Warming world over. Such credits cannot be imported to the European Union's
Emission Trading Scheme. According to World Bank (n.d., pp. 16-17), additionality is crucial in
maintaining the environmental integrity of the carbon market. The world's forests, particularly rain
forests, are important carbon sinks, both because of their uptake of CO 2 through photosynthesis and
because of the amount of carbon stored in their woody biomass and the soil. A global coalition of
researchers published a large report on African civil society resistance to CDM projects all over the
continent. The flexibility mechanisms are designed to allow Annex B countries to meet their
emission reduction commitments with reduced impact on their economies (IPCC, 2007).Clean
Development Mechanism is designed to promote projects that reduce emissions. Assessing
Renewable Energy Potential Using the Geospatial Toolkit (GsT): Appl. Senior management in ESPL
has handled more than 150 GHG projects individually in different capacities all over the globe. The
decisions taken under COP26, CMP 16 and CMA 3 at the Glasgow Climate Change Conference.
There is so far no international agreement about whether projects avoiding deforestation or
conserving forests should be initiated through separate policies and measures or stimulated through
the carbon market. The initial years of operation yielded fewer Clean Development Mechanism
credits than supporters had hoped for, as Parties did not provide sufficient funding to the EB. These
may include: Project Design cost, National Approval cost, Validation cost, Registration Cost,
Verification cost, Certification costs and a 2% contribution to adaptation fund for all CERs
generated and sold in a particular year. Type and size of project Location Amount of greenhouse gas
(GHG) reduction Credit life time. Investor Presentation Medirom Healthcare Technologies Inc.
Institutional arrangements for national and community level governance of the. In 2009, the Carbon
Trust estimated that industrial gas projects such as those limiting HFC-23 emissions, would
contribute about 20% of the CERs issued by the CDM in 2012. Cassimon, D., M. Prowse and D.
Essers (2014) 'Financing CDM projects through debt-for-efficiency swaps. While there would always
be some cheap domestic emission reductions available in Europe, the cost of switching from coal to
gas could be in the order of EUR40-50 per tonne CO 2 equivalent. Before the Protocol entered into
force, investors considered this a key risk factor. CDM Projects. total projects today1207 Registered
projects 471 Expected CERs - 239488K by 2012. Industrial gas projects Some CERs are produced
from CDM projects at refrigerant-producing factories in non-Annex I countries that generate the
powerful greenhouse gas HFC 23 as a by-product. A baseline for a CDM project gives the
greenhouse gases emissions that would have occurred in the absence of the proposed CDM project
activity 14. By 14 September 2012, the CDM Board had issued 1 billion CERs, 60% of which
originated from projects in China. At present, the CDM Executive Board deems a project additional
if its proponents can document that realistic alternative scenarios to the proposed project would be
more economically attractive or that the project faces barriers that CDM helps it overcome. This
project has the purpose to selling renewable electricity to the Thailand national power grid.
OECD Environment OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Su. This project has the purpose to selling renewable electricity to the Thailand
national power grid. Local resistance While the C in CDM stands for Clean, most projects might be
better defined with the B from Big, from large hydropower to HFC or waste to energy and clean
coal projects (which all together make the majority of credits generated through CDM). To alleviate
this concern, the CDM requires host countries to confirm that CDM projects contribute to their own
sustainable development. However, there were unofficial reports that the fuel change was going to
take place anyway, although this was later denied by the company's press office. STEP 4:COMMON
PRACTICE ANALYSIS (1) No similar activities can be observed? (2) If similar activities are
observed, are they essential distinctions between the proposed CDM project activity and similar
activities that can reasonably be explained. There might be too much traffic or a configuration error.
Carbon finance for beginners (Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms; Current stat. The mechanism
stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries
some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. Alignment Assessment
of industry programmes against the OECD Due Diligence Gu. Climate change mitigation and
adaptation actions for the water sector interna. Case study evidence from a Uruguayan wind farm
project' European Journal of Development Research 26. Alignment Assessment of industry
programmes against the OECD Due Diligence Gu. In October 2012, CER prices fell to a new low of
1.36 euros a metric tonne on the London ICE Futures Europe exchange. From 2005 to June 2012, 19
manufacturers of refrigerants (11 in China, 5 in India, and one each in Argentina, Mexico and South
Korea), were issued with 46% of all the certified emissions reduction units from the CDM. For
example, in developing countries, environmental regulation is generally weaker than it is in developed
countries. Sinks NGOs, as well as several governments, have consistently been sceptical towards the
inclusion of sinks as CDM projects. Certified Emission Reductions from CDM projects were in 2006
traded on a forward basis for between EUR5 and EUR20 per tonne CO 2 equivalent. Carbon finance
for beginners (Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms; Current stat. Muller (2009) argued that
compromise was necessary between having additionality and not having it. CDM Projects. total
projects today1207 Registered projects 471 Expected CERs - 239488K by 2012. Learning outcomes.
In this presentation you will learn, in detail, about the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the
project development cycle, and forestry projects within the CDM. Climate Change, Global Warming
are well known terms world over. Have a Question? Ask our expert Speak your question Please enter
your question. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website,
anonymously. The initial years of operation yielded fewer Clean Development Mechanism credits
than supporters had hoped for, as Parties did not provide sufficient funding to the EB. Barbara Haye
calculated that more than a third of all hydro-projects recognized as a CDM-project 'were already
completed at the time of registration and almost all were already under construction', which means
that CERs are issued for projects that aren't additional, which again indirectly leads to higher
emissions. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. One major
concern is the enormous monitoring effort needed in order to make sure projects are indeed leading
to increased carbon storage.
The Kyoto Protocol set the CDM on a firm legal footing. OECD Environment OECD Global Forum
on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. A number of terms for different kinds
of additionality have been discussed, leading to some confusion, particularly over the terms
'financial additionality' and 'investment additionality' which are sometimes used as synonyms.
'Investment additionality', however, was a concept discussed and ultimately rejected during
negotiation of the Marrakech Accords. Thus, it is, in effect, a restriction on their right to emit
without a cap. This brief also highlights the synergy between the ADB's loan objectives and the
CDM objectives for sustainable development and promotion of clean energy projects. The most
common practices are covering up the fact that the projects are financially viable by themselves and
that the emission reductions acquired through the CDM-project aren't additional. OECD Global
Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. A CDM spokesperson
dismissed these claims. According to information provided to Reuters, there are total of five coal-
fired electricity plants registered with the CDM, four in India with a capacity of 10,640 MW and
one 2,000 MW plant in China. PFS likes to provide its experience in Project Advisory Services
including. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. The average
energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product lies eight times above the Japanese average,
representing significant reduction opportunities in the industrial, residential, and transportation
sectors. However, in all continents the mainly Big Development it stands for is resisted by local
people in those countries. In this way, the verifiers have serious incentives to deliver a positive report
to the EB. Learning outcomes. In this presentation you will learn, in detail, about the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM), the project development cycle, and forestry projects within the
CDM. The Fund is to be financed with a share of proceeds from clean development mechanism
(CDM) project activities and receive funds from other sources. Project Idea Note (PIN) Preparation
by Kofi Asante. Baseline The determination of additionality and the calculation of emission
reductions depends on the emissions that would have occurred without the project minus the
emissions of the project. The partners involved in the project could have an interest in establishing a
baseline with high emissions, which would yield a risk of awarding spurious credits. National
Adaptation Plans Thailand - Examples of MCA application in various c. In this economic model,
non-Annex I countries enjoy a slight income gain from exploiting low cost emission reductions. With
a core team of in-house power sector professionals, PFS strives to help its clients to become more
competitive, effective and successful. The Carbon Trust expressed the concern that projects for
destroying HFC-23 were so profitable that coolant manufacturers could be building new factories to
produce the coolant gas. (Carbon Trust, 2009, p. 60). In September 2010, Sandbag estimated that in
2009 59% of the CERs used as offsets in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme originated
from HFC-23 projects. The CDM allows industrialized countries to buy CERs and to invest in
emission reductions where it is cheapest globally (Grubb, 2003, p. 159). Between 2001, which was
the first year CDM projects could be registered and 7 September 2012, the CDM issued 1 billion
Certified Emission Reduction units. Project Idea Note (PIN) Preparation by Kofi Asante. According
to Burniaux et al. (2009, p. 37), the cost-saving potential of a well-functioning crediting mechanism
appears to be very large. The IPCC has projected GDP losses for OECD Europe with full use of
CDM and Joint Implementation to between 0.13% and 0.81% of GDP versus 0.31% to 1.50% with
only domestic action. Scope of services includes: - Initial project feasibility assessment (CDM
perspective), - Evaluation of compliance with additionality and other project eligibility criteria, -
Baseline study, - Project documentation (Preparation of PIN, PCN, and PDD, - formulation of
monitoring methodology read more. Additional Information: Pay Mode Terms: Other Port of
Dispatch: india View Complete Details. Investor Presentation Clean Development Mechanism 1.
DNA project approval is just one of the steps required of CDM projects in the project cycle. ADB
encourages websites and blogs to link to its web pages. The flexibility mechanisms were designed to
allow Annex B countries to meet their emission reduction commitments with reduced impact on their
economies (IPCC, 2007). Provide insight into: -The “over all” Dutch climate change policy.
Sometimes a company even produces more to receive more CERs. These cookies help provide
information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Transaction costs
associated with the CDM can be incurred at the project level, the national level and the multilateral
level1. Best practicespresentationmmf2007 Best practicespresentationmmf2007 Best
practicespresentationmmf2007 Best practicespresentationmmf2007 Best
practicespresentationmmf2007 Best practicespresentationmmf2007 Alignment Assessment of
industry programmes against the OECD Due Diligence Gu. Local resistance While the C in CDM
stands for Clean, most projects might be better defined with the B from Big, from large hydropower
to HFC or waste to energy and clean coal projects (which all together make the majority of credits
generated through CDM). Provide insight into: -The “over all” Dutch climate change policy.
UNDERSTANDING-THE-SELF.pptx UNDERSTANDING-THE-SELF.pptx OECD Global Forum
on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. The scale of profits generated by
HFC-23 projects threatened distortions in competitiveness with plants in industrialized countries that
had already cleaned up their emissions (p. 60). In an attempt to address concerns over HFC-23
projects, the CDM Executive Board made changes in how these projects are credited. The Clean
Development Mechanism is designed to start off developing countries on a path towards less
pollution, with industrialised (Annex B) countries paying for these reductions. Before the Protocol
entered into force, investors considered this a key risk factor. This indicates that implementation is
the place where the shoe pinches, as usually happens in environmental issues (mostly due to a lack of
funds). Credits from forestry projects are penalized under the CDM, leading to depressed demand
and price. The partners involved in the project could have an interest in establishing a baseline with
high emissions, which would yield a risk of awarding spurious credits. However, a number of
weaknesses of the CDM have been identified (World Bank, 2010, p. 265-267). Several of these
issues were addressed by the new Program of Activities (PoA), which moves to approving 'bundles'
of projects instead of accrediting each project individually. Out of these, the cookies that are
categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic
functionalities of the website. Cassimon, D., M. Prowse and D. Essers (2014) 'Financing CDM
projects through debt-for-efficiency swaps. Coal thermal power generation in India and China In
July 2011, Reuters reported that a 4,000 MW coal thermal electricity generation plant in
Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh had been registered with the CDM. OECD Global Forum on the
Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. OECD Global Forum on the Environment
dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. EIA Process EIA Process PCM - Project Cycle
Management, Training on Evaluation PCM - Project Cycle Management, Training on Evaluation G4
vs G3 final presentation Second Comment Period G4 vs G3 final presentation Second Comment
Period PMP-Scope Management area PMP-Scope Management area IRJET- Decision Making in
Construction Management using AHP and Expert Choice. To maintain this integrity, it was
suggested that projects meeting or exceeding ambitious policy objectives or technical standards
could be deemed additional. Our operational documents are also available in this section. As the
new CDM projects are now predominantly renewables and energy efficiency projects, this is now
less of an issue. Assessing additionality has created delays (bottlenecks) in approving CDM projects.
Tim Cadman Similar to Ensuring Sustainability of Clean Development Mechanism Projects for
Global Sustainable Development ( 20 ) EIA Methodologies EIA Methodologies Multi criteria
decision analysis in climate policy - Dr Brett Cohen Multi criteria decision analysis in climate policy -
Dr Brett Cohen Cp gp day04 session 14 - concept and assessment methodology of gp and compari.
Compared to baseline costs (i.e., costs where emission reductions only take place in Annex I
countries), if the cap on offset use was set at 20%, one estimate suggests mitigation costs could be
halved.
CDM Projects. total projects today1207 Registered projects 471 Expected CERs - 239488K by
2012. Does the method provide for a This is essential in providing information to. In economics
theory, the price of a commodity is at an equilibrium when it equals the marginal cost of. CDM
overview: trends and analysis Jaisel Vadagam, CSE. Certified Emissions Reductions ( CERs ) A
CER is given by the CDM Executive Board to projects in developing countries to certify they have
reduced green house gas emissions by one tonne of carbon dioxide per year 7. UNDERSTANDING-
THE-SELF.pptx UNDERSTANDING-THE-SELF.pptx OECD Global Forum on the Environment
dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. In this way, the verifiers have serious incentives to deliver
a positive report to the EB. Alignment Assessment of industry programmes against the OECD Due
Diligence Gu. Carbon Market 2.1? Networks and the riddle of fair and ambitious climate coop.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Consequently,
two separate carbon currencies (temporary CERs and long-term CERs) were created for such
projects. Water Footprinting Presentation for IEMA Wales Water Footprinting Presentation for
IEMA Wales Calculation And Sensitivity Analysis Of The Infrastructure Leakage Index Calculation
And Sensitivity Analysis Of The Infrastructure Leakage Index Ensuring Sustainability of Clean
Development Mechanism Projects for Global Sustainable Development 1. Senior management in
ESPL has handled more than 150 GHG projects individually in different capacities all over the
globe. As of 1 June 2013, the CDM had issued 505,125 CERs, or 38% of all CERs issued, to 23
HFC-23 destruction projects. ESPL is accredited 'Designated Operational Entity' (DOE) under the
CDM. These can be bought either from financial exchanges or from projects in developing countries
which reduce read more. With our wide industrial experience, we are able to full fill the requirement
of our customers. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl
Su. The purpose of CDM is to assist to accomplish the GHG reduction targets of developed countries
under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as to contribute to sustainable development of non-Annex I Parties
(host countries). The lack of demand for such projects have resulted in very limited supply: Currently
(21 July 2008), only one sinks project has been registered under CDM. In economics theory, the
price of a commodity is at an equilibrium when it equals the marginal cost of. It treats Dutch
companies' purchases of European Union Emission Trading Scheme allowances from companies in
other countries as part of its domestic actions. The Carbon Trust expressed the concern that projects
for destroying HFC-23 were so profitable that coolant manufacturers could be building new
factories to produce the coolant gas. (Carbon Trust, 2009, p. 60). In September 2010, Sandbag
estimated that in 2009 59% of the CERs used as offsets in the European Union Emissions Trading
Scheme originated from HFC-23 projects. Muller (2009) argued that compromise was necessary
between having additionality and not having it. REDD has gained support through recent meetings
of the COP, and will be examined at Copenhagen. As the website administrator, Shahzad Faisal
Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a welcoming and engaging
community for readers. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. A
CDM spokesperson dismissed these claims. According to information provided to Reuters, there are
total of five coal-fired electricity plants registered with the CDM, four in India with a capacity of
10,640 MW and one 2,000 MW plant in China. To work effectively, it requires detailed rules upon
which to base emission reduction calculations so that there is consistency and comparability in the
results achieved for different project types. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) was included in the CDM carbon offsetting scheme in December
2011. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Study
area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila 2. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as
necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of
the website. The initial years of operation yielded fewer CDM credits than supporters had hoped for,
as parties did not provide sufficient funding to the EB, which left it understaffed. This cost saving,
however, should be viewed as an upper bound: it assumes no transaction costs and no uncertainty on
the delivery of emission savings. Bloomberg reported that Certified Emission Reduction prices had
declined by 92 percent to 39 each cents in the 2012 year. src: us.123rf.com Financial issues With
costs of emission reduction typically much lower in developing countries than in industrialised
countries, industrialised countries can comply with their emission reduction targets at much lower
cost by receiving credits for emissions reduced in developing countries as long as administration
costs are low. Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Verified Supplier. In this economic model, non-
Annex I countries enjoy a slight income gain from exploiting low cost emission reductions. One
reason was that many of these projects had started well before applying for CDM status. With a core
team of in-house power sector professionals, PFS strives to help its clients to become more
competitive, effective and successful. Thus, it is widely thought that there is greater potential for
developing countries to reduce their emissions than developed countries. Certified Emission
Reductions from CDM projects were in 2006 traded on a forward basis for between EUR5 and
EUR20 per tonne CO 2 equivalent. The recent crash in prices of CDM credits or CERs due to
reduce demand and oversupply has led to the reduction of lost of incentive in long-terms for climate
change mitigation. It is never possible to establish with certainty what would have happened without
the CDM or in absence of a particular project, which is one common objection to the CDM. The
Environment Agency is the UK’s DNA for the CDM, and issues the letters of approval for voluntary
participation in the scheme. In his free time, Shahzad Faisal Malik enjoys watching Cricket, writing
blogs for different websites and is always on the lookout for new and interesting content to share
with the readers of this website. In 2007 the CDM stopped accepting new refrigerant manufacturers
into the CDM. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su.
There is enough discussion on Climate Change, Global Warming world over. These projects are
expected to result in the issue of 648,232,798 certified emissions reductions. With such low CER
prices, potential projects were not commercially viable. OECD Global Forum on the Environment
dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. PFS’s through Corporate Advisory would like to focus on
the Corporate Sector in enhancing competitiveness of the client organization across different
constituents of its value chain. As the new CDM projects are now predominantly renewables and
energy efficiency projects, this is now less of an issue. The coal-fired plant would supply the least-
cost power production. Xishu poster 1 (empirical) Xishu poster 1 (empirical) Strategy and Policy of
Technology Transfer to Support the Improvement of Indu. The briefs also introduce successful CDM
projects which are financially and technically supported by ADB. CDM Projects. total projects
today1207 Registered projects 471 Expected CERs - 239488K by 2012. As the website
administrator, Shahzad Faisal Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a
welcoming and engaging community for readers.
Any rescue options create to maintain the prices of CER to restore the confidence of private sector
and ensure that it can play an important role in mitigating climate change in the long run. OECD
Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. By Ann Gordon
Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment 14 th July 2011. Content. Background National
Climate Change Committee Participation in CDM Belize’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory Mitigation
Potential in Belize. Try again later, or contact the app or website owner. OECD Global Forum on the
Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Some low-carbon electricity supply projects
were also thought to have displaced coal-powered generation. The case is then validated by a third
party agency, called a Designated Operational Entity (DOE), to ensure the project results in real,
measurable, and long-term emission reductions. OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated
to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Civil society groups and researchers in both North and South have
complained for years that most CDM projects benefit big industries, while doing harm to excluded
people. Those approved methodologies are all coded: AM - Approved Methodology ACM -
Approved Consolidated Methodology AMS - Approved Methodology for Small Scale Projects
ARAM - Aforestation and Reforestation Approved Methodologies All baseline methodologies
approved by Executive Board are publicly available along with relevant guidance on the UNFCCC
CDM website. Even though only 1.7% of all CDM-projects can be qualified as such, extraordinarily
they account for half to 69% of all CERs that have been issued, contributing to a collapse in the
global market for all CERs. The emissions baseline are the emissions that are predicted to occur in
the absence of a particular Clean Development Mechanism project. The brief also summarizes the
Workshop on Improving the Regional Distribution of CDM Projects in Asia and the Pacific,
organized by ADB and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in partnership with the
UNFCCC Secretariat, in Manila, Philippines on 8-9 September 2010. Coal bed methane is an
untraditional natural gas of high-heat value stored in coal reserves and released in mining activities.
Project Idea Note (PIN) Preparation by Kofi Asante. Concerns about these issues have fueled a
strong debate among U.S. policy analysts about the ability of the CDM to deliver emission
reductions of sufficient quality and quantity, and the role for international offsets in any future U.S.
policy framework. Carbon Trust (2009) reviewed some approved projects. To work effectively, it
requires detailed rules upon which to base emission reduction calculations so that there is consistency
and comparability in the results achieved for different project types. HFC-23 is a potent greenhouse
gas (GHG) and is a byproduct from the production of the refrigerant gas chlorodifluoromethane
(HCFC-22). Environment, Sustainability and Libraries Section IFLA UNDERSTANDING-THE-
SELF.pptx UNDERSTANDING-THE-SELF.pptx BenedickBuendia1 OECD Global Forum on the
Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su. Climate change mitigation and adaptation
actions for the water sector interna. The other was whether it would allow rich, northern countries,
and in particular, companies, to impose projects that were contrary to the development interests of
host countries. Ask Price Type Of Service Provider: Consulting Firm Methods Of Cash Equivalent:
Commodities Requirement Frequency: Multiple time, 10 to 100 Year Type Of Company: All
Duration: 10 to 100 Years Types Of Services: Consulting, Advisory, Monitoring, Trading, Brokering
Services read more. Brochure. The Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project is claimed to be the
world's largest CDM. Climate Change, Global Warming are well known terms world over. For
example, a South African brick kiln was faced with a business decision; replace its depleted energy
supply with coal from a new mine, or build a difficult but cleaner natural gas pipeline to another
country. In economics theory, the price of a commodity is at an equilibrium when it equals the
marginal cost of. Carbon finance for beginners (Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms; Current stat.
The decisions taken under COP26, CMP 16 and CMA 3 at the Glasgow Climate Change
Conference. From 23 December 2011, CERs from HFC-23 and N2O destruction projects were
banned from use in the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, unless they had been purchased
under future delivery contracts entered into prior to 23 December 2011.