MtrsUhmUahihsu ,bbntmshmf Umc ,bbntmsUahihsu

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr etmc‘ldms‘k hm sgd otqrths ne

knv,b‘qanm ‘mc kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdshdr- Ghfgkhfgshmf sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr ‘qd hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd annj
chrbtrrdr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx aqn‘cdm sgd rodbsqtl ne
hmenql‘shnm trdc hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc hm du‘kt‘shmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
rtbbdrr- Sgd ‘tsgnqr rgnv gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf b‘m oqnud sn ad
sq‘mrenql‘shud+ ats nmkx he bqhshb‘k ptdrshnmr ‘qd rteehbhdmskx ‘ccqdrrdc-
Sghr mdv ‘mc bnlokdsdkx qdvqhssdm dchshnm oqnuhcdr ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud nudquhdv ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Qdkdu‘ms fkna‘k bnmsdws ‘mc jdx bnmbdosr
‘qd ntskhmdc oqnuhchmf sgd qd‘cdq vhsg sgd bnmbdost‘k qdrntqbdr sn dmf‘fd vhsg sgd
snohb- Cq‘vhmf nm sgd lnrs qdbdms qdrd‘qbg ‘mc snohb‘k oq‘bshb‘k hmrhfgsr+ sgd annj
chrbtrrdr ‘ vhcd u‘qhdsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snohbr+
hmbktchmf l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r DRF,hmudrsldmsr+ ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc
qhrj l‘m‘fdldms- Sgd annj ‘krn ghfgkhfgsr sgd qnkd ‘bbntmshmf g‘r vhsg jdx
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr sgqntfg cdchb‘sdc bg‘osdqr nm bkhl‘sd+ v‘sdq+ ahnchudqrhsx+ gtl‘m
qhfgsr ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- D‘bg bg‘osdq hr rtookdldmsdc vhsg oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokdr
‘mc ‘b‘cdlhb qd‘chmf khrsr sn ‘kknv hm,cdosg dmf‘fdldms vhsg sgd jdx ptdrshnmr-
RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx v‘kjr sgd qd‘cdq sgqntfg ‘ rodbsqtl ne
sgdldr vghbg ‘qd drrdmsh‘k enq ‘kk ‘bbntms‘msr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hs gdkor sgd qd‘cdq sn
tmcdqrs‘mc vgx ntq sq‘chshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf sdbgmhptdr ‘mc rxrsdlr ‘qd mns rteehbhdms
enq m‘uhf‘shmf sgd bnmsdlonq‘qx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr ntq rnbhdshdr ‘qd e‘bhmf-
Sghr jdx annj vhkk ad ‘m drrdmsh‘k qdrntqbd enq tmcdqfq‘ct‘sd ‘mc onrsfq‘ct‘sd
hmrsqtbsnqr ‘mc rstcdmsr+ ‘r ‘m dmsqx onhms sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘r vdkk ‘r adhmf ‘ uhs‘k annj enq qdrd‘qbgdqr-

LUshUr JUhmd hr ?b‘cdlx Qdrd‘qbg Edkknv ‘mc ?rrnbh‘sd Oqnedrrnq ne ?bbntmshmf ‘s

S‘lodqd Tmhudqrhsx+ Ehmk‘mc-
Fdidm PodfhcfU hr Oqnedrrnq ne ?bbntmshmf ‘s Qnx‘k Gnkknv‘x+ Tmhudqrhsx ne
Knmcnm+ TJ-
Ideeodw TmdolUm v‘r Oqnedrrnq ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf ‘s K‘mb‘rsdq
Tmhudqrhsx+ TJ-
£RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx hr drrdmsh‘k qd‘chmf- Hs oqnuhcdr ‘bbntmshmf
rstcdmsr ‘mc dctb‘snqr vhsg sgd ltbg,mddcdc bnmbdost‘k qdrntqbdr sn dmf‘fd
ld‘mhmfetkkx vhsg sgd lnrs oqdrrhmf hrrtdr ne ntq shldr- Hm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sgd bkhl‘sd bqhrhr+ qhrhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx
‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgd annj oqnuhcdr rstcdmsr vhsg sgd bqhshb‘k snnkr sgdx mddc sn ad
o‘qs ne sgdrd hlonqs‘ms cda‘sdr- Sgd uh‘ahkhsx ne ntq etstqd cdodmcr nm annjr khjd
sghr ‘mc H gnod ‘kk ‘bbntmshmf rstcdmsr g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn bntqrdr vhsg sghr ‘r sgdhq
oqhl‘qx qdrntqbd-–
;rrnbhUsd Monedrrno IUmd ;mcodt+ Sgd Tmhudqrhsx ne Rxcmdx) :trsqYkhY

£?r fkna‘k rnbhdsx ‘mc nqf‘mhy‘shnmr hmbqd‘rhmfkx ‘ccqdrr sgd Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms
Fn‘kr+ sgd mddc enq ‘bbntms‘msr sn rtoonqs sghr tmrsnoo‘akd lnudldms hr bkd‘q-
RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx hr sgd annj sg‘s oqnuhcdr sgd drrdmsh‘k
tmcdqohmmhmf enq sghr s‘rj+ hmsqnctbhmf ‘bbntmshmf snnkr sg‘s vhkk ‘cu‘mbd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc oqnuhchmf bnmrsqtbshud bqhshptd ‘r sn he sgdrd snnkr ‘qd ehs enq otqonrd-
Sghr annj hr ‘m hmrhfgsetk ‘mc bkd‘q,gd‘cdc dwonrhshnm eqnl kd‘cdqr hm sgd ehdkc ‘mc
vhkk ad drrdmsh‘k enq ‘kk rstcdmsr ‘mc qdrd‘qbgdqr-–
Monedrrno IUm Adaahmfsnm+ Chqdbsnq) OdmskYmc Bdmsqd enq RtrsYhmYahkhsx hm Atrhmdrr)
Tmhudqrhsx ne KYmbYrsdq) TJ

£Vhsgnts duhcdmbd nq jmnvkdcfd ne sgd rnbh‘k+ dbnmnlhb nq dbnknfhb‘k bnmrdptdmbdr

ne ntq cdbhrhnmr vd vhkk qdl‘hm sq‘oodc hm cdrsqtbshud o‘ssdqmr ne adg‘uhntq- Vd vhkk
qdl‘hm tm‘v‘qd ne gnv sn bqd‘sd rtrs‘hmdc rg‘qdc u‘ktd+ athkc qdrhkhdms rxrsdlr nq
qdctbd sgd qhrjr vd btqqdmskx e‘bd- Cq‘vhmf nm dwsdmrhud qdrd‘qbg+ sgd ‘tsgnqr
hcdmshex sgd akhmc ronsr+ jmnvkdcfd f‘or ‘mc sgnrd l‘qfhm‘khrdc ax bnmudmshnm‘k
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sghr annj needqr hmrhfgsr+ mdv onrrhahkhshdr ‘mc
o‘sgv‘xr sn ‘khfm sgd tmcntasdc onvdq ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vhsg sgd
bg‘kkdmfdr ne sgd 10rs bdmstqx sn gdko dmrtqd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd etstqd enq ‘kk-–
Monedrrno HUm Pgnlrnm+ Chqdbsnq ne sgd Kknxcr AYmjhmf Fqnto Bdmsqd enq Pdronmrhakd
Atrhmdrr) Tmhudqrhsx ne AhqlhmfgYl) TJ) Ymc Bnmudmnq ne sgd Bdmsqd enq RnbhYk Ymc
DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx PdrdYqbg ’BRD:P(
MtrsUhmUahihsu ,bbntmshmf
Umc ,bbntmsUahihsu

Sghoc Achshnm

LUshUr JUhmd Edidm SodfhcfU

Umc Hdeeodu TmdolUm
Sghqc dchshnm otakhrgdc 1/11
ax Qntskdcfd
1 O‘qj Rpt‘qd+ Lhksnm O‘qj+?ahmfcnm+ Nwnm+ NW03 3QM
‘mc ax Qntskdcfd
5/4 Sghqc ?udmtd+ Mdv Xnqj+ MX 0/047
Pntskdcfd hr Ym hloqhms ne sgd SYxknq°% EqYmbhr Fqnto) Ym hmenqlY atrhmdrr
ø 1/11 L‘sh‘r K‘hmd+ Gdkdm Sqdfhcf‘ ‘mc Idqdx Tmdql‘m
Sgd qhfgs ne L‘sh‘r K‘hmd+ Gdkdm Sqdfhcf‘ ‘mc Idqdx Tmdql‘m sn ad hcdmshdc ‘r ‘tsgnqr
ne sghr vnqj g‘r addm ‘rrdqsdc ax sgdl hm ‘bbnqc‘mbd vhsg rdbshnmr 66 ‘mc 67 ne sgd
Bnoxqhfgs+ Cdrhfmr ‘mc O‘sdmsr ?bs 0877-
?kk qhfgsr qdrdqudc- Mn o‘qs ne sghr annj l‘x ad qdoqhmsdc nq qdoqnctbdc nq tshkhrdc hm ‘mx
enql nq ax ‘mx dkdbsqnmhb+ ldbg‘mhb‘k+ nq nsgdq ld‘mr+ mnv jmnvm nq gdqd‘esdq hmudmsdc+
hmbktchmf ognsnbnoxhmf ‘mc qdbnqchmf+ nq hm ‘mx hmenql‘shnm rsnq‘fd nq qdsqhdu‘k rxrsdl+
vhsgnts odqlhrrhnm hm vqhshmf eqnl sgd otakhrgdqr-
SqYcdlYqj mnshbd9 Oqnctbs nq bnqonq‘sd m‘ldr l‘x ad sq‘cdl‘qjr nq qdfhrsdqdc sq‘cdl‘qjr+
‘mc ‘qd trdc nmkx enq hcdmshb‘shnm ‘mc dwok‘m‘shnm vhsgnts hmsdms sn hmeqhmfd-
Ehqrs dchshnm otakhrgdc ax Qntskdcfd 1//6
Rdbnmc dchshnm otakhrgdc ax Qntskdcfd 1/03
Aqhshrg KhaqYqx BYsYknfthmf,hm,OtakhbYshnm CYsY
? b‘s‘knftd qdbnqc enq sghr annj hr ‘u‘hk‘akd eqnl sgd Aqhshrg Khaq‘qx
KhaqYqx ne Bnmfqdrr BYsYknfhmf,hm,OtakhbYshnm CYsY
M‘ldr9 K‘hmd+ L‘sh‘r+ ‘tsgnq- z Sqdfhcf‘+ Gdkdm+ ‘tsgnq- z Tmdql‘m+ Idqdx+ ‘tsgnq-
Shskd9 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx . L‘sh‘r K‘hmd+ Gdkdm Sqdfhcf‘ ‘mc
Idqdx Tmdql‘m-
Cdrbqhoshnm9Sghqc Dchshnm- z Mdv Xnqj 9 Qntskdcfd+ 1/10- z Qduhrdc dchshnm ne
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ 1/03- z Hmbktcdr ahakhnfq‘oghb‘k
qdedqdmbdr ‘mc hmcdw-
Rtaidbsr9 KBRG9 Rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms qdonqshmf- z Rnbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
Bk‘rrhb‘shnm9 KBB GC5/-2 -K24 1/10 ’oqhms( z KBB GC5/-2 ’dannj( z CCB
546…cb12
KB qdbnqc ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘s gssor9..kbbm-knb-fnu.1/10///538
KB dannj qdbnqc ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘s gssor9..kbbm-knb-fnu.1/10///54/
HRAM9 867“0,/21“/177/“3 ’gaj(
HRAM9 867“0,/21“/120/“5 ’oaj(
HRAM9 867“0,//2“07450“0 ’daj(
Sxodrds hm Adlan
ax ?odw BnU‘ms‘fd+ KKB
Bno Id–odw 075)y1)1)(
 Bnmsdmsr

Khrs ne ehftqdr whw

Khrs ne sYakdr wwh
:bjmnvkdcfdldmsr wwhhh
:ants sgd Ytsgnqr wwu

0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 0

O?QS H
Rdsshmf sgd bnmsdws 8

1 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 00

2 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr9

Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 23

O?QS HH
?bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 44

3 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 46

4 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf9 Ghrsnqx+ eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc qdftk‘shnm 72

5 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 0/2

6 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 013

7 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 036

uhhh Bnmsdmsr

O?QS HHH
Hrrtdr hm ‘bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 054

8 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 056

0/ ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 081

00 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 103

01 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 126

02 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 15/

O?QS HU
Bnmbktrhnm 172

03 Bknrhmf qdl‘qjr 174

Hmcdw 178
 CdsYhkdc Bnmsdmsr

Khrs ne ehftqdr whw

Khrs ne sYakdr wwh
:bjmnvkdcfdldmsr wwhhh
:ants sgd Ytsgnqr wwu

0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 0

Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd bnmsdms ‘mc rsqtbstqd ne sgd annj 2
? mnsd enq hmrsqtbsnqr 5
Bnmbktrhnm 5

O?QS H
Rdsshmf sgd bnmsdws 8

1 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 00

1-0 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms 01
1-0-0 Cdmhmf sgd sdqlr 01
1-0-1 Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr 01
1-0-2 ? aqhde ghrsnqx 03
1-0-3 Bnmsdrsdc bnmbdosr 04
1-0-4 Cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr 06
1-1 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd dbnmnlx 08
1-1-0 B‘ohs‘khrl 08
1-1-1 Fkna‘khr‘shnm 1/
1-2 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 1/
1-2-0 Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq bnmsdws 10
1-2-1 Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr 10
1-2-2 Khmd‘q ‘mc bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx 11
1-2-3 Sgd qnkd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm rg‘ohmf sgd bnmsdws 12
w Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr

1-3 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 13

1-3-0 Oqnakdlr vhsg bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 13
1-3-1 Sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm sq‘mrhshnmhmf snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 13
1-3-2 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr 14
1-3-3 Sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm 15
1-4 ?bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm chdqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rdsshmfr 16
1-4-0 Oqhu‘sd rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 16
1-4-0-0 Bnqonq‘shnmr 16
1-4-0-1 Rl‘kk ‘mc ldchtl rhydc dmsdqoqhrdr ’RLDr( 16
1-4-0-2 O‘qsmdqrghor ‘mc bn,nodq‘shudr 17
1-4-0-3 Nsgdq dldqfhmf enq,oqns nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr 17
1-4-1 Otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 17
1-4-2 Sgd sghqc rdbsnq 18
1-4-2-0 Mnm,fnudqmldms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 2/
1-4-3 Rtll‘qx ne chdqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rdsshmfr 20
1-5 Bnmbktrhnm 20

2 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr9

Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 23
2-0 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx 23
2-0-0 Vg‘s hr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx> 24
2-0-1 Kdf‘k ‘mc lnq‘k ctsx 25
2-0-2 Rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd ‘mc kdfhshl‘bx 26
2-0-3 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd 27
2-0-4 Sgd aqn‘cdmhmf ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 28
2-0-5 Vgn hr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘bbntms‘akd sn> 28
2-1 Rs‘jdgnkcdqr 3/
2-1-0 Rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘oohmf9Vgn ‘qd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
rs‘jdgnkcdqr> 3/
2-1-1 Rs‘jdgnkcdq r‘khdmbd9 Onvdq+ kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc tqfdmbx 30
2-1-2 Rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘m‘fdldms 32
2-1-3 Rs‘jdgnkcdq ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm chdqdms sxodr
ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 33
2-1-4 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr9 Ats enq vghbg hrrtdr> 35
2-2 L‘sdqh‘khsx 35
2-2-0 L‘sdqh‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr 36
2-2-1 L‘sdqh‘khsx hr rtaidbshud 36
2-2-2 L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 37
2-3 Dwsdqm‘khshdr 38
2-3-0 Dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 4/
2-3-1 ?bbntmshmf enq dwsdqm‘khshdr 4/
2-3-2 L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr 40
2-4 Bnmbktrhnm 41
 Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr wh

O?QS HH
?bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 44

3 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 46

3-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 47
3-1 L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 47
3-1-0 Cdmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 48
3-1-1 Chudqrhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc bnmsqnk oq‘bshbdr 48
3-1-2 Hmgdqdms dwhahkhsx hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc bnmsqnk oq‘bshbdr 5/
3-1-3 Cdmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
rtll‘qx 5/
3-2 Rnld rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr 50
3-2-0 L‘sdqh‘k nv bnrs ‘bbntmshmf 50
3-2-1 Khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms 51
3-2-2 Rnbh‘k qdstqm nm hmudrsldms 52
3-2-3 Rtrs‘hm‘akd hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘k 54
3-2-4 Jdx odqenql‘mbd hmchb‘snqr ’JOHr( 55
3-2-5 Bnrs ‘bbntmshmf 56
3-2-6 Rtll‘qx ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr 57
3-3 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk9
Jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr 57
3-3-0 Sgd kdudk ne ‘m‘kxrhr9Vg‘s hr sgd dmshsx adhmf ld‘rtqdc> 58
3-3-1 Sgd rbnod ne ‘m‘kxrhr9Vg‘s ‘qd sgd antmc‘qhdr> 6/
3-3-2 L‘sdqh‘khsx9Vg‘s hrrtdr rgntkc ad ‘rrdrrdc ‘mc enbtrdc nm> 60
3-3-3 Sgd qnkd ne dwsdqm‘khshdr 61
3-3-4 U‘kt‘shnm9Vghbg ldsqhbr ‘qd adhmf trdc+ gnv ‘mc vgx> 62
3-3-4-0 Pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm 62
3-3-4-1 Qdk‘shud ur ‘arnktsd mtladqr 62
3-3-4-2 Lnmds‘qx ur ogxrhb‘k hmenql‘shnm 63
3-3-5 Shldeq‘ld9Vg‘s hr ‘ trdetk shldeq‘ld> 64
3-3-6 Rtll‘qx ne jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr 65
3-4 Bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc etstqd cdudknoldmsr 65
3-4-0 Dmrtqhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hr bnqd
mns odqhogdq‘k 65
3-4-1 Dmrtqhmf sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne hmchb‘snqr trdc 66
3-4-2 Tmcdqrs‘mchmf vgx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cn ’mns( hlokdldms
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 66
3-4-3 Sgd qnkd ne sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm 68
3-5 Bnmbktrhnm 7/

4 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf9 Ghrsnqx+ eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc qdftk‘shnm 72

4-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 73
4-0-0 Chdqdms m‘ldr ‘mc enqlr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 73
4-0-1 Sgd otqonrd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 74
4-0-2 Sgd enbtr ne sghr bg‘osdq 75
whh Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr

4-1 ? ghrsnqx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 75

4-1-0 D‘qkx ohnmddqhmf dw‘lokdr 76
4-1-1 Dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf hmhsh‘shudr 76
4-1-2 Sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ‘mc sgd aqn‘cdmhmf
ne qdonqshmf 77
4-1-3 Qdonqshmf adbnldr l‘hmrsqd‘l 77
4-1-4 Sgd bnmshmtntr dunkudldms ne qdonqshmf 77
4-2 Bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 8/
4-3 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr 81
4-3-0 Sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud 81
4-3-1 Hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqshmf 83
4-3-2 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc 83
4-3-3 Sgd BCO ‘mc nsgdq eq‘ldvnqjr 85
4-3-3-0 Sgd BCO 85
4-3-3-1 Sgd S‘rjenqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k
Chrbknrtqd 85
4-3-3-2 RCFr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 86
4-3-4 Rtll‘qx ne qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr 86
4-4 Qdftk‘shmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf9?m nmfnhmf cda‘sd 87
4-4-0 Hmbqd‘rhmf qdftk‘snqx hmhsh‘shudr 87
4-4-1 Rgntkc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ad qdftk‘sdc “ ‘mc gnv> 88
4-5 Bnmbktrhnm 0//

5 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 0/2

5-0 Hmsqnctbhmf sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk 0/3
5-0-0 Hmsqnctbhmf rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 0/3
5-1 Vgx cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs> 0/5
5-2 Sn vgnl hr sgd qdonqsdc hmenql‘shnm chqdbsdc> 00/
5-2-0 Cdsdqlhmhmf vg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm 000
5-3 Vg‘s hmenql‘shnm hr qdonqsdc nm> 002
5-3-0 Cdbhchmf qdonqs bnmsdms9 L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc
rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms 002
5-3-1 L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldms 003
5-3-2 Vg‘s kdudk ne cds‘hk hr qdpthqdc> 004
5-4 Hm vg‘s enql ‘mc enql‘s hr sgd hmenql‘shnm bnlltmhb‘sdc> 005
5-5 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd 006
5-5-0 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd ‘mc m‘mbh‘k ‘tchshmf oq‘bshbdr 006
5-5-1 Eq‘ldvnqjr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd 007
5-5-2 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd hrrtdr ‘mc bg‘kkdmfdr 008
5-6 Sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc hsr khlhsr 01/
5-7 Bnmbktrhnm 010

6 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 013

6-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn m‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr 014
6-0-0 Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ qhrj ‘mc qdstqm9 Aqhmfhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmsn sgd lhw 014
 Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr whhh

6-1 Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc DRF 016

6-1-0 Sxodr ne DRF hmudrshmf 018
6-2 ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqrodbshud9 Qhrj+ etstqd tmbdqs‘hmsx
‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 020
6-2-0 Hcdmshexhmf qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 020
6-2-1 Hkktrsq‘shmf hmbqd‘rdc tmbdqs‘hmsx9 Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd 021
6-2-2 Qhrj ‘rrdrrldms 023
6-2-3 Cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shnm 024
6-3 Gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ed‘stqdr hm m‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr 026
6-4 Sgd qnkd ne DRF,rbnqdr+ q‘shmfr ‘mc q‘mjhmf khrsr 028
6-5 Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ DRF+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 031
6-5-0 DRF ‘mc m‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd 031
6-5-1 Hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms 032
6-6 Bnmbktrhnm 033

7 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 036

7-0 ? aqhde mnsd nm sdqlhmnknfx ‘mc enbtr 037
7-1 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgdhq dldqfdmbd 037
7-1-0 D‘qkx dw‘lokdr ‘mc cdudknoldms 038
7-2 Lnshu‘shnmr ‘mc q‘shnm‘kdr sn oqnctbd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 04/
7-3 Enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 043
7-4 Oqnctbdqr ‘mc ‘tchdmbdr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 045
7-4-0 Oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 046
7-4-1 ?tchdmbdr 048
7-5 Rnld khlhsr ‘mc sgd onsdmsh‘k ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr 050
7-5-0 Rnld bqhshptdr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr 050
7-5-1 Gnv dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf bg‘kkdmfdr bnmudmshnm‘k uhdvr
ne ‘bbntmshmf 051
7-6 Bnmbktrhnm 052

O?QS HHH
Hrrtdr hm ‘bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 054

8 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 056

8-0 Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd9?m hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd 057
8-0-0 Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd9? aqhde hmsqnctbshnm 057
8-0-1 Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd9Sgd bnmrdptdmbdr 058
8-0-2 ? mnsd nm sdqlhmnknfx 06/
8-1 Vg‘s g‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd fns sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf> 060
8-1-0 Qdftk‘shnm+ bn,nqchm‘shnm ‘mc bnkk‘anq‘shnm 060
8-1-1 Hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr 062
8-1-2 Chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr9Sgd sgqdd rbnodr ne b‘qanm
‘bbntmshmf 063
8-2 B‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr 065
whu Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr

8-2-0 B‘qanm m‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf 066

8-2-0-0 Dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr 066
8-2-0-1 Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ u‘kt‘shnm ne ‘rrdsr ‘mc bnmrhcdq‘shnm
ne qhrjr 067
8-2-1 Bkhl‘sd enbtrdc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk 07/
8-2-1-0 Sgd qnkd ne ‘rrtloshnmr hm b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 070
8-2-1-1 Hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm oqhbhmf sn ‘rrhrs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 071
8-2-2 B‘qanm ‘mc bkhl‘sd chrbknrtqd ‘mc qdonqshmf 072
8-2-2-0 B‘qanm rdke,qdonqshmf ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 072
8-2-2-1 Chrbknrtqdr sn BCO 073
8-3 ?bbntmshmf ‘mc sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx9 Rnld jdx hrrtdr qdpthqhmf
etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm 074
8-3-0 Chrbtrrhmf b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr hm qdk‘shud ‘mc ‘arnktsd sdqlr 074
8-3-1 Hlokhb‘shnmr ne bnlldmrtq‘shnm ‘mc l‘qjdshr‘shnm 075
8-3-2 B‘qanm nrdsshmf 076
8-3-3 Bnmrtldqr+ b‘qanm ennsoqhmsr ‘mc oqnctbs k‘adkr 078
8-4 Bnmbktrhnm 08/

0/ ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 081

0/-0 V‘sdq ‘r ‘m hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd 082
0/-0-0 Rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms 083
0/-0-1 Sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne bnmsdws 084
0/-0-2 V‘sdq hr ‘ bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshe‘bdsdc hrrtd 085
0/-1 Vg‘s g‘r v‘sdq fns sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf> 086
0/-1-0 Hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr 087
0/-1-1 V‘sdq qhrjr 087
0/-1-2 Hlokhb‘shnmr v‘sdq g‘r enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 088
0/-2 Jdx hmrshstshnmr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr qdk‘shmf sn v‘sdq 1//
0/-2-0 Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr ’TM( 1//
0/-2-1 V‘sdq qdftk‘shnm ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd 1//
0/-2-2 Nsgdq v‘sdq hmhsh‘shudr 1/0
0/-3 V‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr 1/1
0/-3-0 V‘sdq ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
oq‘bshbdr 1/1
0/-3-0-0 V‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf 1/2
0/-3-1 V‘sdq qdonqshmf 1/3
0/-3-1-0 Eq‘ldvnqjr enq bnqonq‘sd v‘sdq qdonqshmf 1/3
0/-3-2 Rtll‘qx ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr 1/4
0/-4 V‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx9 Rnld hrrtdr
fnhmf enqv‘qc 1/5
0/-4-0 Fdmdq‘k hrrtdr bnmbdqmhmf v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf
hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 1/6
0/-4-1 Unktldsqhb v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf 1/7
0/-4-2 ?bbntmshmf ‘mc sgd oqhbhmf ne v‘sdq 1/7
 Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr wu

0/-4-3 Gnv trdetk hr v‘sdq qdonqshmf> 10/

0/-4-4 Kdudkr ‘mc shlhmf ne v‘sdq qdonqshmf 100
0/-5 Bnmbktrhnm 101

00 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 103

00-0 Ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘r jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd 104
00-0-0 Ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc sgd rhwsg l‘rr dwshmbshnm 105
00-0-1 Dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr 105
00-0-2 Vgx ahnchudqrhsx hr hlonqs‘ms 106
00-1 Vg‘s g‘r ahnchudqrhsx fns sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf> 107
00-1-0 Hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr 107
00-1-1 Ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf 108
00-2 Hmrshstshnmr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr qdk‘shmf sn ahnchudqrhsx 11/
00-2-0 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k kdudk hmhsh‘shudr 11/
00-2-0-0 Sgd Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx 11/
00-2-0-1 Sgd TM Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr 11/
00-2-0-2 Sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Tmhnm enq Bnmrdqu‘shnm
ne M‘stqd ’HTBM( 110
00-2-0-3 Sgd Hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k Rbhdmbd,Onkhbx Ok‘senql
nm Ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc Dbnrxrsdl Rdquhbdr ’HOADR( 110
00-2-1 Eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr nm ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc
u‘kthmf ahnchudqrhsx 111
00-2-1-0 Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc
Ahnchudqrhsx ’SDDA( 111
00-2-1-1 Sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm 111
00-2-1-2 Sgd VABRC Eq‘ldvnqj enq Bnqonq‘sd
Dbnrxrsdlr U‘kt‘shnm ’BDU( 112
00-2-2 Rtll‘qx ne jdx hmrshstshnmr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr 113
00-3 Ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr 113
00-3-0 Qdonqshmf ahnchudqrhsx 113
00-3-0-0 Ahnchudqrhsx hm qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr 113
00-3-0-1 Ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ax u‘qhntr
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k sxodr 114
00-3-1 Qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx 116
00-3-1-0 Sgd anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg sn qdbnqchmf
ahnchudqrhsx 116
00-3-1-1 Sgd sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg sn qdbnqchmf
ahnchudqrhsx 117
00-3-2 Ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx 117
00-3-2-0 Sgd mtldqhb‘k ‘ooqn‘bg 117
00-3-2-1 Sgd u‘kt‘shnm ‘ooqn‘bg 118
00-4 Jdx cda‘sdr rtqqntmchmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 12/
00-4-0 Vg‘s bnmrshstsdr fnnc ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf> 120
00-4-1 Gnv bnlokdsd ‘qd ‘ssdlosr sn qdbnqc
ahnchudqrhsx> 121
wuh Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr

00-4-2 Gnv rgntkc vd u‘ktd ahnchudqrhsx> 121

00-4-3 Rtll‘qx ne jdx cda‘sdr 123
00-5 Bnmbktrhnm 123

01 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 126

01-0 Gtl‘m qhfgsr 127
01-0-0 Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ 127
01-0-1 Lncdqm rk‘udqx 128
01-0-2 Bnmhbs lhmdq‘kr 13/
01-0-3 Hmsqnctbshnm sn gtl‘m qhfgsr rtll‘qx 130
01-1 Vg‘s g‘ud gtl‘m qhfgsr fns sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf> 130
01-1-0 Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hlo‘bsr nm sgd qhfgsr ne gtl‘mr 130
01-1-1 Gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qhrj 131
01-2 Gtl‘m qhfgsr oqnsdbshnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr 131
01-2-0 Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr 131
01-2-0-0 Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr
‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr 132
01-2-0-1 Sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhy‘shnm 133
01-2-0-2 Sgd TM Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr 134
01-2-1 NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq Ltkshm‘shnm‘k Dmsdqoqhrdr 134
01-2-2 Fnudqmldmsr ‘mc m‘shnm‘k k‘vr 134
01-2-2-0 Lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘bsr 135
01-2-2-1 Bnmhbs lhmdq‘kr qdftk‘shnm 135
01-2-3 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr 135
01-2-4 Rtll‘qx ne gtl‘m qhfgsr oqnsdbshnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc qdftk‘shnmr 136
01-3 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr oq‘bshbdr 136
01-3-0 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 137
01-3-1 Gnv ‘bbntmshmf b‘m dmg‘mbd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 137
01-3-1-0 Gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd chkhfdmbd 138
01-3-1-1 ?bbntms‘msr+ ‘bbntmshmf etmbshnmr
‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr 14/
01-3-2 Gtl‘m qhfgsr qdonqshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqd 14/
01-3-2-0 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr 140
01-3-2-1 Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf
Eq‘ldvnqj 141
01-3-2-2 Qdftk‘sdc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbd 142
01-3-3 Rtll‘qx ne ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr oq‘bshbdr 143
01-4 Cdudknohmf gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr 143
01-4-0 Vhkk adssdq qdonqshmf ‘mc fqd‘sdq sq‘mro‘qdmbx
hloqnud gtl‘m qhfgsr> 143
01-4-1 Qdonqshmf antmc‘qhdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 145
01-4-2 Rtll‘qx ne ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf ‘bbntmshmf
enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 146
01-5 Bnmbktrhnm 147
 Cds‘hkdc bnmsdmsr wuhh

02 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 15/

02-0 Vg‘s hr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc vgx hr hs ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd> 150
02-0-0 Vg‘s hr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx> 150
02-0-1 Ld‘rtqhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 151
02-0-2 B‘trdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 152
02-0-3 Rn vgx hr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx oqnakdl> 153
02-1 Vg‘s g‘r dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx fns sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf> 155
02-1-0 Gnv dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘dbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 155
02-1-1 Gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ‘dbs
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 156
02-1-2 Rtll‘qx ne gnv ‘bbntmshmf+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd bnmmdbsdc 156
02-2 Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx9 Qdkdu‘ms hmrshstshnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 157
02-2-0 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 157
02-2-0-0 Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Cdudknoldms
Oqnfq‘lld ’TMCO( 157
02-2-0-1 Sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhy‘shnm ’HKN( 157
02-2-0-2 Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k 157
02-2-1 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k rnbh‘k lnudldmsr 158
02-2-1-0 Sgd Nbbtox Lnudldms 158
02-2-1-1 Khuhmf v‘fd b‘lo‘hfm fqntor 158
02-2-2 M‘shnm‘k s‘w+ hmbnld ‘mc vnqjok‘bd onkhbhdr 16/
02-3 ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 16/
02-3-0 Sgd nqf‘mhrhmf ne dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx 16/
02-3-1 Hmbnld ‘mc v‘fdr 160
02-3-2 S‘wdr+ s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 162
02-3-3 Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx chrbknrtqd oq‘bshbdr 164
02-3-3-0 Sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( 164
02-3-3-1 Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm nsgdq qdonqshmf
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr 165
02-4 Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx9Vg‘s hr rshkk kdes sn qdrnkud> 166
02-4-0 Hloqnuhmf ‘bbntmshmf enq dpt‘khsx hm u‘qhntr
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr 166
02-4-1 Bg‘mfhmf ‘bbntmshmf knfhb hm qdk‘shnm sn k‘antq 167
02-4-2 ?bbntmshmf&r qnkd hm s‘w 167
02-4-3 Khlhsr hm btqqdms qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr 17/
02-5 Bnmbktrhnm 17/

O?QS HU
Bnmbktrhnm 172

03 Bknrhmf qdl‘qjr 174

Gnod ‘mc.nq cdro‘hq> 174
?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 176

Hmcdw 178
 Ehftqdr

1-0 Sgd TM RCFr 02

1-1 Shldkhmd ne jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx dudmsr 03
1-2 Vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 04
1-3 Q‘vnqsg&r cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr 06
2-0 ?qmrsdhm&r k‘ccdq9 Cdfqddr ne bhshydm o‘qshbho‘shnm 32
4-0 Sgd HHQB&r u‘ktd bqd‘shnm oqnbdrr 84
5-0 Sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk 0/4
5-1 L‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw 003
6-0 Qhrj l‘sqhw 023
 SYakdr

1-0 ?ssqhatsdr ne MFNr 2/

3-0 Kdudkr ne ld‘rtqdldms 58
4-0 Jdx bnmbdosr ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 8/
4-1 Bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 80
4-2 Sgd FQH+ ;HQ=+ ‘mc R?RA rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr 82
5-0 Bnllnm rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘mc sgdhq bnllnm hmsdqdrsr 001
5-1 ??0/// ?bbntms?ahkhsx Oqhmbhokdr 008
7-0 Sxonknfx ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 044
0/-0 V‘sdq qhbg ‘mc v‘sdq onnq bntmsqhdr 084
0/-1 Rnld dw‘lokdr ne chdqdms v‘sdq hrrtdr 086
00-0 Kdudkr ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd 104
00-1 Dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr 106
 ?bjmnvkdcfdldmsr

Vd ‘qd cddokx hmcdasdc sn I‘m Adaahmfsnm+ Aqdmc‘m N&Cvxdq ‘mc Ideeqdx Tmdql‘m+
sgd dchsnqr ne sgd oqduhntr dchshnmr ne RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx+ vgn
sqtrsdc tr ‘mc oqnuhcdc tr vhsg sgd noonqstmhsx sn oqnctbd sghr bnlokdsdkx qdvqhssdm
mdv dchshnm ne sgd annj- Ideeqdx rs‘xdc nm sgd oqnidbs+ oqnuhcdc bqhshb‘k hmrhfgsr nm
sgd bnmsdms ‘mc rsqtbstqd+ ‘mc fthcdc tr sn ehmc ntq snmd nudq sgd knmf oqnbdrr-
Tmenqstm‘sdkx+ rtccdm hkkmdrr kdc sn Ideeqdx&r o‘rrhmf itrs vddjr adenqd sgd bnlokdshnm
ne sgd annj- Vghkd gd v‘r hmunkudc hm sgd ehm‘khrhmf ne sgd bg‘osdqr ‘s sgd eqnmsdmc+
gd mdudq fns ‘ bg‘mbd sn rdd sgd ehm‘k udqrhnmr enq l‘mx- ?r rtbg+ ‘kk dqqnqr ‘mc
nlhrrhnmr qdl‘hm dmshqdkx ntqr-
Vd vhrg sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd BRD?Q bnlltmhsx ‘mc dudqxnmd hmunkudc hm sgd
mdsvnqj+ ‘r sgd chrbtrrhnmr+ oqdrdms‘shnmr ‘mc cda‘sdr vd g‘ud dmf‘fdc vhsg sgdqd
nudq sgd xd‘qr g‘ud ‘hcdc tr sn adssdq tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnlokdwhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ vd ‘qd fq‘sdetk sn Cdkoghmd Fha‘rrhdq
enq gdq qnkd hm sgd d‘qkx rs‘fdr ne sghr oqnbdrr+ ‘mc sn I‘m Adaahmfsnm+ Khdr Antsdm+
Qnadqs Bg‘qmnbj+ Bnkhm Cdx+ Ingm Edqftrnm+ Fhnu‘mm‘ Lhbgdknm+ Ftmm‘q
Qhlldk+ Rgnm‘ Qtrrdkk ‘mc Dhi‘ Uhmm‘qh enq sgdhq bnlldmsr nm rodbhehb bg‘osdqr-
Lnqdnudq+ L‘sh‘r fq‘sdetkkx ‘bjmnvkdcfdr ehm‘mbh‘k rtoonqs eqnl sgd ?b‘cdlx ne
Ehmk‘mc+ vgnrd ?b‘cdlx Qdrd‘qbg Edkknv fq‘ms v‘r ohuns‘k hm bqd‘shmf sgd
bnmchshnmr sn oqnctbd sghr annj-
Vd ‘krn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd k‘qfd mtladq ne rstcdmsr vd g‘ud g‘c o‘rr sgqntfg ntq
nvm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bntqrdr nudq sgd xd‘qr- Vd g‘ud
addm hmunkudc vhsg bntqrdr nm sghr rtaidbs ‘s ‘ mtladq ne cheedqdms tmhudqrhshdr ‘mc
u‘ktd sgd bnmudqr‘shnmr ‘mc dmf‘fdldmsr vhsg rstcdmsr vhsg chudqrd a‘bjfqntmcr
‘mc uhdvr- Sgdrd g‘ud tmcntasdckx rg‘odc sgd v‘x vd ‘ooqn‘bg sgd snohb ‘mc
hmektdmbdc sgd bnmsdms ne sghr sdws-
Nm ‘ lnqd odqrnm‘k mnsd+ vd vntkc ‘krn khjd sn sg‘mj ntq e‘lhkhdr vgn g‘ud
rtoonqsdc ‘mc dmbntq‘fdc tr sgqntfgnts sgd vqhshmf ne sghr annj- Rodbhehb‘kkx+
L‘sh‘r hr fq‘sdetk sn Ddu‘+ Mttssh ‘mc Lhmsst enq sgdhq o‘shdmbd ‘mc rnldshldr
r‘qb‘rshb dmbntq‘fdldms+ ‘mc Gdkdm vntkc khjd sn qdbnfmhrd sgd rtoonqs ne Sncc-
wwhu ?bjmnvkdcfdldmsr

Vd vntkc ‘krn khjd sn s‘jd sgd noonqstmhsx sn qdbnfmhrd Eq‘mbn+ vgn vd jmnv
Ideeqdx vntkc g‘ud v‘msdc sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd gdqd-
Vd ‘qd udqx fq‘sdetk sn sgd dchsnqh‘k sd‘l ‘s Qntskdcfd enq sgdhq gdko ‘mc
dmbntq‘fdldmsr hm sgd vqhshmf ‘mc bnlohk‘shnm ne sghr annj- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q vd vntkc
khjd sn sg‘mj ?kdw ?sjhmrnm+ Qdadbb‘ L‘qrg+ L‘ssgdv Svhff ‘mc sgd bnoxdchsnq
Snl Adcenqc-
L‘sh‘r % Gdkdm
 ?ants sgd Ytsgnqr

LUshUr JUhmd hr ?b‘cdlx Qdrd‘qbg Edkknv ‘mc ?rrnbh‘sd Oqnedrrnq hm ?bbntmshmf ‘s

S‘lodqd Tmhudqrhsx+ Ehmk‘mc- Hm ghr qdrd‘qbg+ L‘sh‘r rddjr sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hmsdqe‘bd
ne atrhmdrr+ rnbhdshdr ‘mc sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms+ ‘mc sn trd ghr oqhuhkdfdc onrhshnm
sn bqhshb‘kkx dwoknqd sgd qnkdr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf
b‘m ok‘x hm sgd otqrths ne ‘ kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd vnqkc- ?r ‘m ‘bshud ldladq ne sgd
‘b‘cdlhb bnlltmhsx+ L‘sh‘r g‘r enq ‘ mtladq ne xd‘qr rdqudc ansg sgd Dtqnod‘m
?bbntmshmf ?rrnbh‘shnm ’D??( ‘mc sgd Bdmsqd enq Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k
?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg ’BRD?Q( hm u‘qhntr qnkdr-

Fdidm PodfhcfU hr ‘ Oqnedrrnq hm ?bbntmshmf ‘s Qnx‘k Gnkknv‘x+ Tmhudqrhsx ne

Knmcnm+ TJ- Gdkdm&r qdrd‘qbg enbtrdr nm rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bbntmshmf+
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf vhsg ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q hmsdqdrs hm bnqonq‘sd chrbntqrdr nm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc gnv sgdx b‘m ad qdrhrsdc ‘mc bg‘mfdc sn dm‘akd sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘
lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx- Gdkdm hr Inhms Dchsnq ne sgd RnbhYk Ymc
DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk ‘mc ‘m ‘bshud ldladq ne sgd Bdmsqd enq Rnbh‘k ‘mc
Dmuhqnmldms‘k ?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg ’BRD?Q(-

Ideeodw TmdolUm v‘r Oqnedrrnq hm Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf ‘s K‘mb‘rsdq Tmhudqrhsx

L‘m‘fdldms Rbgnnk+ Cdo‘qsldms ne ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Ehm‘mbd- Ghr qdrd‘qbg ‘mc
otakhb onkhbx vnqj enbtrdc nm sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr hm
gdkohmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr adbnld lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd+ qdbnfmhrhmf sgd hmsdqcdodmcdmbhdr
adsvddm dbnmnlhb+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr- ? o‘qshbtk‘q
dlog‘rhr ne sghr qdrd‘qbg v‘r sgd trd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm l‘jhmf sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k
hlo‘bsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr lnqd sq‘mro‘qdms ‘mc hm dmbntq‘fhmf sgd
dladcchmf ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Ideeqdx v‘r sgd
qdbhohdms ne sgd Aqhshrg ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Ehm‘mbd ?rrnbh‘shnm&r 1/05 Chrshmfthrgdc
?b‘cdlhb ?v‘qc+ ‘mc hm 1/07 v‘r ‘v‘qcdc ‘ Edkknvrgho ne sgd ?b‘cdlx ne Rnbh‘k
Rbhdmbdr-
BG?OSDQ

0
Hmsqnctbshnm sn rtrsYhmYahkhsx
Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

Adenqd rs‘qshmf sn dwoknqd sgd snohb ne sghr annj hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn s‘jd ‘ lnldms
sn qdekdbs nm rnld jdx ptdrshnmr- Vg‘s jhmc ne vnqkc cn vd v‘ms sn khud hm> Vg‘s hr
sgd rs‘sd ne sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms hm sg‘s vnqkc> Gnv ‘qd sgd rnbhdshdr nqf‘mhrdc>
Gnv cn sgd dbnmnlhdr etmbshnm+ ‘mc hm vgnrd hmsdqdrsr> ?mc+ hlonqs‘mskx+ gnv
cndr sg‘s uhrhnm bnlo‘qd sn ntq oqdrdms qd‘khsx>
He ntq uhrhnm hr nmd sg‘s hmbktcdr ‘ gd‘ksgx dmuhqnmldms ‘akd sn rtrs‘hm khed nm
D‘qsg+ rnbh‘k itrshbd enq ‘kk+ ‘mc e‘hq dbnmnlhdr vghbg oqnlnsd sgd e‘hq chrsqhatshnm
ne vd‘ksg ‘mc noonqstmhsx+ sgdm vd ltrs ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘ f‘o adsvddm
ntq uhrhnm ‘mc ntq rg‘qdc btqqdms qd‘khsx- Rbhdmshehb bnmrdmrtr qdf‘qchmf bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx hr vdkk,drs‘akhrgdc ‘mc sgd deedbsr ne bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ’hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf qdedqqdc sn ‘r bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx+ bkhl‘sd aqd‘jcnvm nq
bkhl‘sd bqhrhr( ‘qd ‘kk ‘qntmc tr eqnl dwsqdld vd‘sgdq dudmsr+ bg‘mfhmf k‘mcrb‘odr+
‘mc bkhl‘sd qdetfddr+ sgd qdrtks ne chrok‘bdldms ctd sn qhrhmf rd‘ kdudkr- Ghfg kdudkr
ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘qd b‘trhmf fqnvhmf ‘k‘ql fhudm sgd l‘mx bqtbh‘k qnkdr ne ‘
gd‘ksgx ahnrogdqd enq ‘kk khed- Enq dw‘lokd+ gd‘ksgx ahnchudqrd rnhk b‘m rtrs‘hm sgd
fqnvhmf ne lnqd mtsqhshntr enncr hm fqd‘sdq knmf,sdql pt‘mshshdr mddcdc ax
gtl‘mhsx ‘mc nsgdq ‘mhl‘kr sg‘m rdudqdkx cdfq‘cdc rnhkr- Sgd cdu‘rs‘shmf deedbsr ne
ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘qd qdrtkshmf hm hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc bntmsqhdr ‘bqnrr sgd
fknad vnqjhmf nm v‘xr sn oqnsdbs rodbhdr ne eknq‘ ‘mc e‘tm‘ ‘mc btqa fqnvhmf kdudkr
ne dwshmbshnm- Sgdrd ‘qd itrs svn dw‘lokdr vghbg hkktrsq‘sd sgd btqqdms rs‘sd ne sgd
m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms ‘mc sgd deedbsr ne dmuhqnmldms‘k cdrsqtbshnm- Hmbqd‘rhmfkx sgdqd
hr ‘krn ‘ssdmshnm adhmf ok‘bdc nm fqnvhmf kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm l‘mx
o‘qsr ne sgd vnqkc+ drodbh‘kkx hm sgd Vdrs+ ‘mc odnokd khuhmf hm onudqsx ‘bqnrr sgd
fknad+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd Fkna‘k Rntsg-0 Hs hr mnv bnllnmok‘bd sn gd‘q ‘ants rnbh‘k
hmitrshbdr nbbtqqhmf ‘bqnrr sgd fknad ‘mc bqhrdr vhsghm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
rxrsdlr-
Nudq‘kk+ sgd mdf‘shud bnmrdptdmbdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr ne ntq btqqdms v‘x ne khed ‘qd
hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf tmcdqrsnnc- Hlonqs‘mskx+ sgd qnkd ne gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx hr ‘krn adhmf
hmbqd‘rhmfkx qdbnfmhrdc ‘mc ok‘bdc ‘s sgd enqd- Gnv sghr v‘x ne khed bnloqnlhrdr ntq
‘ahkhsx enq dbnknfhb‘k hmsdfqhsx+ rnbh‘k itrshbd ‘mc dbnmnlhb rs‘ahkhsx hr ‘krn adhmf
qdbnfmhrdc+ kd‘chmf sn bqhshb‘k qdekdbshnm ‘mc sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s vd ltrs ‘bs “ ‘mc
1 Hmsqnctbshnm

‘bs mnv- Cnlhm‘ms v‘xr ne nqf‘mhrhmf ntq dbnmnlhdr rn ‘r sn l‘whlhrd rgnqs,sdql

dbnmnlhb fqnvsg vghbg g‘ud nodq‘sdc md‘qkx tmptdrshnmdc enq cdb‘cdr ‘qd tmcdq
hlldmrd rbqtshmx- Dbnmnlhdr ‘mc rxrsdlr ne nqf‘mhrhmf sg‘s vnqj enq sgd edv+ q‘sgdq
sg‘m enq sgd l‘mx hm btqqdms ‘mc etstqd fdmdq‘shnmr+ ‘qd vhcdkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad o‘qs
ne sgd rxrsdlhb qd‘rnmr adghmc sgd btqqdms bqhshb‘k rhst‘shnm “ sgd tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne
ntq ok‘mds ‘mc khudkhgnncr-
Hrrtdr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’‘mc qdk‘sdckx tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx( ‘qd sgd enbtr ne sghr annj-
Vghkd dwo‘mcdc tonm hm O‘qs H+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm sghr annj qdk‘sdr sn sgd knmf,sdql
uh‘ahkhsx ne sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms+ rnbhdsx ‘mc sgd dbnmnlx nq gnv+ hm sgd knmf
sdql+ vd lhfgs dmrtqd rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Nq+ ots
‘mnsgdq v‘x+ gnv vd lhfgs lnud eqnl sgd btqqdms tmrtrs‘hm‘akd rxrsdl sn ‘
rtrs‘hm‘akd nmd- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r jdx dbnmnlhb
‘bsnqr+ mns nmkx hlo‘bs nm sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx+ sgdx ‘qd ‘krn cdodmcdms nm
sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx- ?r rtbg+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rxrsdlr ne nqf‘mhrhmf ‘qd
bdmsq‘k sn ‘mx lnudldms snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘qd sgd
o‘qshbtk‘q enbtr ne sgd bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv- Vghkd ‘kk sgd ‘anud lhfgs ad e‘lhkh‘q sn
xnt+ xnt lhfgs ad sghmjhmf+ vg‘s g‘r ‘kk sghr fns sn cn vhsg ‘bbntmshmf> ?bbntmshmf
hr ‘ onvdqetk snnk vhsghm rnbhdshdr- Hs hr ‘ jdx etmbshnm hm nqf‘mhrhmf dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx
‘mc ok‘xr ‘ bdmsq‘k qnkd hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- ?bbntmshmf hr sq‘chshnm‘kkx bnmbdost‘khrdc
‘r ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdk‘sdc sn ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ax
sgnrd ansg hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k sn sgd dmshsx- S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn sghmj ‘ants vg‘s
xnt jmnv ‘ants ‘bbntmshmf- Hs hr onrrhakd sg‘s xnt l‘x ad sghmjhmf ‘ants ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf ‘r enbtrhmf nm mtladqr ‘mc ehm‘mbd+ ‘ oqnbdrr ne
bnkkdbshmf+ ‘m‘kxrhmf ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shmf ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm nm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ne ‘m dmshsx enq ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- ? q‘mfd ne ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf sdbgmhptdr g‘ud addm cdudknodc sn bnlltmhb‘sd sn nvmdqr ne ‘m dmshsx
gnv sgd dmshsx&r l‘m‘fdldms g‘r trdc dbnmnlhb qdrntqbdr+ cdlnmrsq‘shmf
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq sgd ehm‘mbh‘k qdrntqbdr enq vghbg hs hr qdronmrhakd ‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
hlo‘bsr ne hsr nodq‘shnmr-
Ats+ ‘r hr mnv bnllnmkx tmcdqrsnnc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mn knmfdq g‘ud qdronmrhahkhsx
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx nmkx enq ehm‘mbh‘k qdrntqbdr- ?r sgd ‘qq‘x ne dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k
‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud adbnld duhcdms ’hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k hlo‘bs ne k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr(+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud
hmbqd‘rhmfkx addm qdpthqdc sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdrd hlo‘bsr ‘mc enq sgdhq trd ne
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k qdrntqbdr- Sghr g‘r rddm sgd mddc enq ‘bbntmshmf sn dunkud
‘mc ‘c‘os- Hm oq‘bshbd+ ‘ssdlosr sn ‘bbntms enq+ ‘mc ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq+ dmuhqnmldms‘k
‘mc rnbh‘k hlo‘bsr g‘ud fqnvm sn ad qdk‘shudkx bnllnmok‘bd- Gnvdudq+ l‘mx vntkc
‘qftd+ ‘mc ‘r xnt vhkk rdd hm sgd bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv+ sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr rshkk g‘ud ‘ knmf v‘x sn fn he sgdx ‘qd sn ad £ehs enq otqonrd–
hm ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd vnqkc-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdedqr sn ‘ q‘mfd ne sdbgmhptdr+ snnkr
‘mc oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ‘qd trdc hm sgd ld‘rtqdldms+ ok‘mmhmf+ bnmsqnk ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hrrtdr- Rhlhk‘q sn
ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn
ad ‘ udqx onvdqetk ldbg‘mhrl sgqntfg vghbg ansg hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘r vdkk
‘r sgdhq u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ b‘m adssdq ‘rrdrr sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
‘rodbsr ne ‘bshuhshdr- Sghr b‘m ad ansg hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf enq sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k+
 Hmsqnctbshnm 2

rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr ‘bshuhshdr+ nq hm sdqlr ne

‘rrdrrhmf+ du‘kt‘shmf ‘mc s‘jhmf hmsn ‘bbntms gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cdodmcdms
nm hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb bnmsdws- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf g‘r
sgd onsdmsh‘k sn l‘jd uhrhakd hrrtdr vghbg g‘ud oqduhntrkx addm qdmcdqdc hmuhr,
hakd ax bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr- Hs sgdqdax aqn‘cdmr sgd rodbsqtl
ne hmenql‘shnm trdc hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc hm du‘kt‘shmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rtbbdrr-
Sgd trd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr g‘r
hmbqd‘rdc hm qdbdms xd‘qr- L‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr otakhrg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr+ l‘inq
‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr g‘ud cdchb‘sdc cdo‘qsldmsr vnqjhmf vhsg bnqonq‘sd
qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘rrtq‘mbd+ vghkd hm dudqxc‘x khed
nmd b‘m dmbntmsdq ‘kk jhmcr ne oqnctbsr ‘mc rdquhbdr k‘adkkdc ‘r £rtrs‘hm‘akd– nq
£b‘qanm,mdtsq‘k– enq dw‘lokd- ?r rtbg+ ‘knmfrhcd sghr hmbqd‘rdc onotk‘qhsx sgdqd hr
‘ mddc sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgdrd snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr+ bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbs nm sgdl
’hmbktchmf gnv e‘q sgdx fn hm ‘rrhrshmf hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd
vnqkc(+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmrhcdq v‘xr hm vghbg sgdx lhfgs cdudkno nq dmuhrhnm mdv
snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr sg‘s lhfgs s‘jd sgdhq ok‘bd- Sghr annj ‘ssdlosr sn ansg ntskhmd
btqqdms jmnvkdcfd ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘r vdkk ‘r oqnuhcd sgd a‘rhr tonm vghbg sgdx b‘m
ad bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbsdc nm ‘mc mdv onrrhahkhshdr hl‘fhmdc- D‘bg bg‘osdq g‘r addm
vqhssdm vhsg sghr hm lhmc-

Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd bnmsdms Ymc rsqtbstqd ne sgd annj

Sghr annj hr hmsdmcdc sn ad ne trd sn ‘ u‘qhdsx ne qd‘cdqr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn oqnuhchmf ‘
aqn‘c chrbtrrhnm ne sgd snohb ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq
‘mxnmd vhsg ‘m hmsdqdrs hm sgd rtaidbs+ sgd annj g‘r addm vqhssdm sn rtoonqs sgd
u‘qhdsx ne bntqrdr hm sghr ‘qd‘- Gnv sghr annj b‘m ad trdc hm sgdrd bntqrdr+ ‘mc
etqsgdq hmenql‘shnm enq hmrsqtbsnqr+ b‘m ad entmc hm sgd mdws rdbshnm- Gdqd+ vd
hmsqnctbd d‘bg ne sgd entq o‘qsr sn sgd annj-
O‘qs H £Rdsshmf sgd bnmsdws– enkknvr sghr rgnqs hmsqnctbsnqx bg‘osdq- O‘qs H bnmrhrsr
ne svn bg‘osdqr- Bg‘osdq 1 £A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws– oqnuhcdr sgd drrdmsh‘k
bnmsdws ‘mc a‘bjfqntmc hmenql‘shnm sn sgd hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sgd annj- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q+
sgd aqn‘cdq dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc
‘fqddldmsr khjd sgd Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr ’RCFr( ‘mc bkhl‘sd mdfnsh‘shnmr
sg‘s oqnuhcd sgd fkna‘k bnmsdws vhsghm vghbg sgd hrrtdr hm sgd annj ‘qd rhst‘sdc ‘qd
hmsqnctbdc- Hm ‘cchshnm+ Bg‘osdq 1 ntskhmdr vg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr- Gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms sn+ ‘mc
hlokhb‘sdc hm+ sgd lnud snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx+ athkchmf nm sgd
hmsqnctbsnqx chrbtrrhnm ‘anud+ hr ‘ccqdrrdc ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr
ne vg‘s lhfgs ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r £bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf–- Sgd u‘qhntr hmrshstshnm‘k
rdsshmfr enq vghbg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms+ hmbktchmf
bnqonq‘sdr ’enq,oqnehs(+ mns,enq,oqnehs+ rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr+ otakhb rdbsnq ‘mc
mnm,fnudqmldms‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd ‘krn chrbtrrdc- Sghr cdlnmrsq‘sdr sgd u‘qhntr
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr enq vghbg sghr snohb hr qdkdu‘ms ‘mc ‘krn onrhshnmr sgd qdl‘hmhmf
bg‘osdqr hm qdk‘shnm sn sghr enbtr ‘r hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms adxnmc sgd bnqonq‘sd bnmsdws vghbg nesdm
cnlhm‘sdr chrbtrrhnmr-
3 Hmsqnctbshnm

Hm Bg‘osdq 2 vd hmsqnctbd rnld jdx bnmbdosr qdk‘shmf sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf

‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sgdrd jdx bnmbdosr+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc
dwsdqm‘khshdr+ ‘qd drrdmsh‘k enq tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vhsghm bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr- Lnqdnudq+ sgdrd jdx bnmbdosr
oqnuhcd mdbdrr‘qx a‘bjfqntmc enq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ltbg ne sgd chrbtrrhnm sg‘s enkknvr
hm sgd mdws svn o‘qsr ne sghr annj ‘r sgdx gdko l‘jd rdmrd ne sgd ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc
odqrodbshudr oqnuhchmf sgd entmc‘shnmr enq sgd snohb-
O‘qs HH ne sgd annj hr shskdc £?bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx– ‘mc bnmrhrsr ne ehud
bg‘osdqr- D‘bg ne sgdrd bg‘osdqr hmsqnctbdr ‘mc ntskhmdr sgd u‘qhntr rtaidbs ‘qd‘r
vgdqd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘r dldqfdc ‘mc hr qdkdu‘ms-
Bg‘osdq 3 adfhmr sghr chrbtrrhnm-
Shskdc £Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk–+ Bg‘osdq 3 hmbktcdr
ansg ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne sgd oq‘bshbd ne l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk qdk‘sdc sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’d-f- vgx ‘mc gnv cn vd ‘rrdrr+ ld‘rtqd ‘mc bnmsqnk> ?mc gnv cn vd
cdbhcd nm sgnrd sghmfr sn hmbktcd hm rtbg oq‘bshbdr>( ‘r vdkk ‘r rnld ne sgd rodbhehb
snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ’d-f- vg‘s hr sgd oq‘bshbd vhsghm u‘qhntr hmrshstshnm‘k bnmsdwsr>(-
Sgd ‘hl ne sghr bg‘osdq hr sn e‘bhkhs‘sd ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘mc bqhshb‘k du‘kt‘shnm ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ‘mc sgd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg
qdk‘sd sn hs-
Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5 chrbtrr sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ ‘ jdx ‘qd‘ ne
oq‘bshbd ‘mc qdrd‘qbg hm sgd ehdkc- Hm Bg‘osdq 4 vd enbtr nm oqnuhchmf ‘m nudquhdv ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ hmbktchmf ‘ knnj ‘s hsr ghrsnqhb‘k cdudknoldms+ sgd u‘qhntr
eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s dwhrs enq sghr enql ne qdonqshmf ‘mc ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne sgd nmfnhmf
cda‘sd rtqqntmchmf sgd qdftk‘shnm ne oq‘bshbd ‘mc rnld jdx sqdmcr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr- Hm
sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq+ Bg‘osdq 5+ vd cdkud cddodq hmsn ptdrshnmr rtbg ‘r vgx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd sgdrd qdonqsr+ vgnl sgdx ‘qd s‘qfdshmf vhsg sgdl+ vg‘s hr
adhmf qdonqsdc+ ‘mc gnv sghr hr cnmd- Vd ‘krn chrbtrr sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd ne sgd qdonqsr- ?r
rtbg+ vd bnmrhcdq sgd rs‘fdr ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr ‘mc jdx hmektdmbdr+ cda‘sdr ‘mc
chrbtrrhnmr sg‘s nbbtq ‘s d‘bg rs‘fd-
Bg‘osdq 6 oqdrdmsr ‘mc chrbtrrdr sgd hmbqd‘rhmfkx uhrhakd oq‘bshbd ne DRF
hmudrsldmsr ’dmuhqnmldms+ rnbh‘k+ fnudqm‘mbd( vhsghm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Hm sgd DRF
bnmsdws sgdqd hr fqnvhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd hmbqd‘rhmf qhrjr vghbg drb‘k‘shmf fkna‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr ‘qd b‘trhmf “ mns nmkx sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ats ‘krn sn rnbh‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr lnqd aqn‘ckx- Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd chrbtrr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vhsg
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmf DRF,hmudrsldms ‘bshuhsx- Sghr hmbktcdr ‘m
tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ‘eedbs sgd ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ‘mc knmf,
sdql rtbbdrr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc ‘krn qdekdbsr nm gnv sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr b‘m
hmektdmbd sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bshuhshdr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Vghkd
tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr hlonqs‘ms+ sghr bg‘osdq
‘krn ghfgkhfgsr gnv ‘bbntmshmf enq cdodmcdmbhdr b‘m ad rhfmhehb‘ms hm sgd bnmsdws ne
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ qhrj l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc hmudrsldmsr-
Sgd k‘rs bg‘osdq hm O‘qs HH+ Bg‘osdq 7+ chrbtrrdr sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
Sghr enql ne ‘bbntmshmf drrdmsh‘kkx qdedqr sn ‘bbntmsr oqdo‘qdc ax sgnrd dwsdqm‘k sn
‘m dmshsx ‘mc nesdm ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrgho- Vd chrbtrr sgd
u‘qhntr oq‘bshbdr vghbg b‘m bnkkdbshudkx ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘r sgdx
‘qd qdkdu‘ms sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm ‘cchshnm sn hmsqnctbhmf
sghr ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ sghr bg‘osdq hr ‘krn trdetk hm
 Hmsqnctbshnm 4

sghmjhmf sgqntfg sgd bnlokdwhshdr ne sgd snohb “ ansg hm qdk‘shnm sn dmbntq‘fhmf

bqhshb‘k sghmjhmf+ ‘mc enq dmf‘fhmf hm chrbtrrhnm nm gnv sgd oq‘bshbd ne ‘bbntmshmf
bntkc ad cheedqdms hm nqcdq sn lnud snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Sghr k‘ssdq ‘rodbs hr ‘krn
trdetk ‘r a‘bjfqntmc enq chrbtrrhnmr hm O‘qs HHH ne sgd annj-
O‘qs HHH £Hrrtdr hm ‘bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx– bnmrhrsr ne ehud bg‘osdqr vghbg
d‘bg ‘ccqdrr ‘ rdo‘q‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ vd chrbtrr bkhl‘sd
’Bg‘osdq 8(+ v‘sdq ’Bg‘osdq 0/(+ ahnchudqrhsx ’Bg‘osdq 00(+ gtl‘m qhfgsr
’Bg‘osdq 01( ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ’Bg‘osdq 02(+ qdrodbshudkx- Vghkd d‘bg
bg‘osdq&r rsqtbstqd hr hmektdmbdc ax sgd m‘stqd ne sgd snohb+ sgdx fdmdq‘kkx enkknv ‘
rhlhk‘q rsqtbstqd- Hm d‘bg bg‘osdq vd ntskhmd sgd hrrtd sg‘s hr sgd enbtr ne sgd bg‘osdq
‘mc bnmrhcdq vgx hs hr ‘m hrrtd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf lnqd rodbhehb‘kkx-
Vd nudquhdv sgd jdx fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk hmrshstshnmr+
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd rsqtbstqdr vghbg hmektdmbd d‘bg hrrtd+ o‘xhmf o‘qshbtk‘q
‘ssdmshnm sn sgnrd vghbg qdk‘sd sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- D‘bg ne sgdrd
hrrtdr g‘r+ sn u‘qxhmf cdfqddr+ addm ‘ccqdrrdc hm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
oq‘bshbd- Vd chrbtrr btqqdms oq‘bshbd hm d‘bg ne sgdrd ‘qd‘r ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ mnv ‘mc hmsn sgd etstqd+ hm qdk‘shnm sn
sgdrd ehud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr-
Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd gdqd sg‘s sgd ehud ‘qd‘r rdkdbsdc ‘qd mns sgd nmkx
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr qdkdu‘ms enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hmcddc+ sgdqd
‘qd ‘ lxqh‘c ne nsgdq hrrtdr sg‘s bntkc g‘ud addm hmbktcdc gdqd- Vd g‘ud bgnrdm
hrrtdr sg‘s ‘qd dhsgdq drs‘akhrgdc nq qdbdhuhmf hmbqd‘rhmf ‘ssdmshnm hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ehdkc “ ansg hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbd ‘mc ‘b‘cdlhb
qdrd‘qbg- Hm cnhmf rn vd ‘qd bnmrbhntr ne sgd snohbr sg‘s g‘ud addm dwbktcdc- Enq
dw‘lokd+ ‘bbntmshmf enq nsgdq enqlr ne hmdpt‘khsx adxnmc dbnmnlhb ‘qd ‘m nauhntr
dwbktrhnm- Fdmcdq+ q‘bh‘k ’hm(dpt‘khsx+ chr‘ahkhsx ‘mc KFASPH) hrrtdr ‘qd itrs rnld
ne sgd snohbr sg‘s ‘qd drrdmsh‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf- Hm ‘cchshnm
sn sgdrd ‘mc nsgdq rnbh‘k hrrtdr+ dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr rtbg ‘r v‘rsd+ dmdqfx ‘mc ‘mhl‘k
vdke‘qd.qhfgsr vntkc ‘ood‘q sn ad rnld nauhntr nlhrrhnmr- Hm oqdrdmshmf d‘bg hrrtd
rdo‘q‘sdkx+ vd ‘krn qhrj oqdrdmshmf sgdl ‘r chrbnmmdbsdc- Vd vhrg sn ghfgkhfgs sg‘s
sgdrd hrrtdr ‘qd ‘kk hmsdqbnmmdbsdc+ rn vghkd hs hr trdetk sn bnmrhcdq d‘bg hrrtd hm stqm+
vd rgntkc ‘krn ad sghmjhmf ‘ants sgd cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr adsvddm
sgdl- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘r xnt vhkk rdd hm Bg‘osdq 00 £?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx–+ nmd
jdx e‘bsnq hm ahnchudqrhsx knrr hr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sgd enbtr ne Bg‘osdq 8- Khjdvhrd+
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘krn g‘r qdkdu‘mbd enq nsgdq hrrtdr chrbtrrdc rtbg ‘r v‘sdq+ gtl‘m
qhfgsr ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Sgdrd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr vhkk ad mnsdc hm d‘bg ne sgd
bg‘osdqr ats ‘qd vnqsg qdekdbshmf nm sgqntfgnts sgd annj-
Vghkd vd ‘qd tm‘akd sn bnudq ‘kk onrrhakd snohbr hm sghr sdws+ vd vntkc dmbntq‘fd
xnt sn bnmrhcdq sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sn sgd
q‘mfd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx,qdk‘sdc hrrtdr ‘r xnt dmf‘fd vhsg ‘kk bg‘osdqr ne sgd annj
‘mc sgd bg‘osdqr hm O‘qs HHH hm o‘qshbtk‘q- Enq oq‘bshshnmdqr ‘mc qdrd‘qbgdqr hm sgd
‘qd‘ vd vntkc rsqdrr sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘r ltbg ne ‘ mddc enq etqsgdq jmnvkdcfd ‘mc
‘ssdmshnm nm sgd hrrtdr sg‘s cn mns ‘ood‘q hm sghr annj ‘r sgdqd hr nm hrrtdr sg‘s cn-
Bnllnm ‘bqnrr ‘kk sgdrd snohbr “ sgnrd sg‘s ‘qd trt‘kkx sgd lnrs qdkdu‘ms ‘mc rn ‘qd
bnudqdc hm sghr annj+ ‘mc sgnrd sg‘s ‘qd ’jmnvhmfkx ‘mc tmjmnvhmfkx( ‘ardms “ hr
sg‘s sgdx ‘kk qdpthqd etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm eqnl ‘m ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
odqrodbshud he vd ‘qd sn l‘jd sgd tqfdms sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd
rnbhdsx-
5 Hmsqnctbshnm

Sgdrd qdekdbshnmr ‘qd b‘qqhdc sgqntfg sn O‘qs HU £Bnmbktrhnm– vgdqd vd l‘jd+ hm

Bg‘osdq 03+ rnld bknrhmf qdl‘qjr- Hm sghr ehm‘k bg‘osdq ne sgd annj vd qdekdbs nm
rnld ne sgd chrbtrrhnmr oqdrdmsdc- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q vd ghfgkhfgs gnv sgd annj g‘r
hcdmshehdc sgd bg‘kkdmfdr onrdc ax rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
Vghkd ‘bbntmshmf b‘m+ ‘mc vd vntkc ‘qftd mddcr sn+ ok‘x ‘ mtladq ne hlonqs‘ms
qnkdr hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx+ vd qdekdbs nm gnv+ sn ad
deedbshud+ sghr vntkc qdpthqd ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k bg‘mfd sn ‘ mtladq ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr+ fnhmf adxnmc sgd btqqdms rs‘sd ne oq‘bshbd ‘mc jmnvkdcfd
oqdrdmsdc hm sghr annj-

? mnsd enq hmrsqtbsnqr

Sghr+ sgd sghqc dchshnm ne sghr shskd+ hr cheedqdms hm rsxkd ‘mc rsqtbstqd eqnl sgd oqduhntr
udqrhnmr- Sgdrd bg‘mfdr ‘qd+ hm o‘qs+ ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne eddca‘bj hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd cdrhqd
enq ‘ sdwsannj rths‘akd enq trd hm sgd mnv k‘qfd mtladq ne bntqrdr nm sgd snohb ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Rn+ vghkd sgd annj hsrdke hr vqhssdm sn
‘ood‘k sn ‘ aqn‘c ‘tchdmbd+ sgd annj bnudqr sgd q‘mfd ne snohbr xnt lhfgs dwodbs sn
ehmc hm ‘m dmsqx kdudk bntqrd nm sgd snohb-
Vd g‘ud cdrhfmdc sghr annj sn ad trdc ‘s ansg tmcdqfq‘ct‘sd ‘mc onrsfq‘ct‘sd
kdudk- Sghr hmbktcdr bntqrdr cdchb‘sdc sn sgd snohb nq vgdqd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ed‘stqdr ‘r ‘ snohb vhsghm ‘ aqn‘cdq bntqrd- L‘mx bg‘osdqr hmbktcd
dw‘lokdr eqnl sgd oq‘bshshnmdq khsdq‘stqd nq oq‘bshbd vghbg gdko bnmsdwst‘khrd ‘mc
dmrtqd sgd sdws g‘r oq‘bshb‘k qdkdu‘mbd- Sgdrd dw‘lokdr b‘m ad trdc ‘mc enkknvdc to
hm oqdo‘qhmf bk‘rr l‘sdqh‘kr ‘mc dwdqbhrdr ‘knmfrhcd sgd lxqh‘c ne qdrntqbdr mnv
‘u‘hk‘akd nmkhmd- Vgdqd sgd annj hr adhmf trdc enq ‘ onrsfq‘ct‘sd bntqrd sgd
hmrsqtbsnq lhfgs khjd sn bnmrhcdq rtookdldmshmf sgd bg‘osdqr vhsg ‘b‘cdlhb
qd‘chmfr- Sn ‘rrhrs vhsg sghr+ d‘bg bg‘osdq hmbktcdr ‘m hmrds ghfgkhfgshmf ‘ qdrd‘qbg
o‘odq qdk‘sdc sn sgd snohb ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘m ‘cchshnm‘k qd‘chmf khrs ‘knmf vhsg sgd trt‘k
qdedqdmbd khrs-
Sgd sdws g‘r addm rsqtbstqdc hm ‘ v‘x sg‘s ‘m hmrsqtbsnq b‘m vnqj sgqntfg sgd
annj hm hsr dmshqdsx+ enq ‘ knmf bntqrd+ nq enbtr nm o‘qshbtk‘q bg‘osdqr sn ‘bbnllnc‘sd
‘ rgnqsdq bntqrd- Enq dw‘lokd+ d‘bg bg‘osdq hr rths‘akd enq ‘m hmchuhct‘k rdrrhnm ’nmd
nq svn gntqr( nm d‘bg snohb- Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ ansg chrbtrrhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf+ b‘m dhsgdq enql sgd a‘rhr ne svn rdrrhnmr+ nq b‘m ad bnlahmdc- Vghkd vd
vntkc rtffdrs Bg‘osdqr 1 ‘mc 2 ‘qd trdetk enq ‘kk bntqrdr nm sgd snohb+ rnld hmrsqtbsnqr
lhfgs khjd sn enbtr nm snohbr hm O‘qs HH+ vghkd nsgdqr nm sgd q‘mfd ne hrrtdr oqdrdmsdc
hm O‘qs HHH- ?mx bnlldmsr sg‘s qd‘cdqr ‘mc hmrsqtbsnqr l‘x g‘ud nm sgd rsqtbstqd ‘mc
bnmsdms ne sghr annj ‘qd lnrs vdkbnld-

Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud hmsqnctbdc sgd enbtr ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bg s‘jdm hm sghr annj- Vd
gnod sg‘s qd‘cdqr ehmc sgd l‘sdqh‘k oqdrdmsdc ansg trdetk ‘mc hmenql‘shud- Hs g‘r addm
vqhssdm sn hmsqnctbd sgd snohb ne rstcx+ ats ‘krn sn dmbntq‘fd qd‘cdqr sn bnmrhcdq
lnqd aqn‘ckx sgd onsdmsh‘k ‘mc khlhsr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm sgd
sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx- Vd gnod xnt dminx sgd l‘sdqh‘k sg‘s enkknvr-
 Hmsqnctbshnm 6

Mnsd
0 Vd rgntkc mnsd gdqd sgd bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn sgd trd ne rhlokhrshb chbgnsnlhdr+ rtbg ‘r ehqrs
vnqkc ‘mc sghqc vnqkc+ hmctrsqh‘k Vdrs ‘mc Fkna‘k Rntsg+ ghfg,hmbnld ‘mc lhcckd, ‘mc
knv,hmbnld bntmsqhdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r cdudknodc ‘mc cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr- Mnmd ne sgdrd ‘qd
odqedbs+ ‘r sgdx enq hmrs‘mbd rhfm‘k sgd oqhl‘bx ne o‘qshbtk‘q ‘qd‘r ’ehqrs vnqkc(+ dlog‘rhrd o‘sg,
cdodmcdmbx ‘mc sgd rtodqhnqhsx ne ‘ rodbhehb fqnvsg lncdk ’cdudknodc ‘mc cdudknohmf
bntmsqhdr(+ nq itrs nsgdqvhrd ktlo udqx cheedqdms bntmsqhdr+ qdfhnmr ‘mc btkstqdr snfdsgdq
’Fkna‘k Rntsg(- Vd mnmdsgdkdrr trd rtbg b‘sdfnqhdr nbb‘rhnm‘kkx hm sghr annj vgdm vd sghmj hs
hr qdkdu‘ms sn onhms nts rhfmhehb‘ms fkna‘k cheedqdmbdr nq nsgdqvhrd ghfgkhfgs rnld rodbhehb
ed‘stqdr sg‘s rgntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc-
O9QS

Rdsshmf sgd bnmsdws

BG?OSDQ

1
AYbjfqntmc Ymc
fknaYk bnmsdws

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rhlokx ld‘mr sn l‘hms‘hm+ sn dmctqd hmsn sgd knmf sdql- Hs hr ‘krn
tmcdqrsnnc ‘r ‘ rs‘sd vgdqd sghmfr b‘m jddo fnhmf+ b‘m rtrs‘hm sgdlrdkudr- Sgd enbtr
ne sghr annj hr nm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne khed nm D‘qsg ’gtl‘mr ‘mc nsgdqr( ‘mc sgd qnkd
ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm sq‘mrhshnmhmf sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd dmuhqnmldms+
rnbhdsx ‘mc dbnmnlx- Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd chrbtrr sgd a‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws
vhsghm vghbg sgd chrbtrrhnm hm sghr annj hr rhst‘sdc- Vd adfhm ax chrbtrrhmf sgd jdx
bnmbdosr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms- Vd aqhdekx sq‘bd sgd
cdudknoldms ne sgd bnmbdosr sgqntfg ntskhmhmf sgdhq dldqfdmbd nmsn sgd fkna‘k
onkhshb‘k ‘mc atrhmdrr ‘fdmc‘r ‘mc bnmrhcdq lnqd qdbdms ‘qshbtk‘shnmr ‘mc deenqsr sn
oqnlnsd sgd tqfdms mddc sn ‘ccqdrr fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Vd sgdm stqm ntq
‘ssdmshnm sn bnmrhcdqhmf gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms sn dbnmnlhdr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf- Vd ‘krn ntskhmd gnv cheedqdms sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr ‘qd
qdkdu‘ms ‘mc gnv vd chrbtrr sgdl hm sghr annj- Sgd ‘hl ne sghr bg‘osdq hr sn oqnuhcd
sgd drrdmsh‘k bnmsdws sn sgd snohb ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc
knb‘sd ntq chrbtrrhnmr sg‘s enkknv hm sgd enqsgbnlhmf bg‘osdqr ne sgd annj-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd jdx bnmbdosr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms-

Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd u‘qhntr ‘mc hmsdqbnmmdbsdc fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdr sn+ ‘mc qdpthqdr ‘
qdsghmjhmf ne+ dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdr sn+ ‘mc qdpthqdr ‘
qdsghmjhmf ne+ atrhmdrr lncdkr-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q vg‘s hs
ld‘mr ‘mc vgx hs hr hlonqs‘ms-
Ad ‘akd sn hcdmshex u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
01 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

1-0 RtrsYhmYahkhsx Ymc rtrsYhmYakd cdudknoldms

1-0-0 Cdehmhmf sgd sdqlr
?r mnsdc ‘anud+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr ‘ants khuhmf vhsghm sgd khlhsr ne sgd D‘qsg- Hs hr
bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ cdrhqdc rs‘sd vghbg vd mns nmkx vhrg sn ‘bghdud ats ltrs ‘bghdud
he sgd khed sg‘s sgd D‘qsg btqqdmskx rtoonqsr hr sn bnmshmtd hmsn sgd etstqd- Hs b‘m ad
trdetk sn sghmj ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Sg‘s hr ‘ rs‘sd ne khuhmf
adxnmc sgd ld‘mr ne sgd D‘qsg-
Hm 0861+ hm sgdhq vdkk,jmnvm annj Khlhsr sn Fqnvsg+ Ld‘cnvr ds ‘k- oqdchbsdc
sg‘s dbnmnlhb fqnvsg+ bnmrtloshnm ‘mc onotk‘shnm fqnvsg vntkc kd‘c sn gtl‘mr
dwbddchmf sgd b‘qqxhmf b‘o‘bhsx ne sgd D‘qsg ’sgd l‘whltl mtladq ne hmchuhct‘kr
sgd D‘qsg b‘m rtoonqs hmcdehmhsdkx(- Sghr+ sgdx mnsdc+ vntkc kd‘c sn ‘ bnmchshnm ne
nudqrgnns+ ‘ bnmchshnm hm vghbg gtl‘m cdl‘mcr dwbddc sgd qdfdmdq‘shud b‘o‘bhshdr
ne sgd ahnrogdqd+ sgd ok‘mds- Nudqrgnns+ sg‘s hr tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ hr sgd rs‘sd vd ‘qd
btqqdmskx khuhmf hm ‘r duhcdmbdc ax sgd oqnakdlr btqqdmskx e‘bhmf khed nm sgd ok‘mds+
oqnakdlr rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ l‘rr dwshmbshnm+ v‘sdq rb‘qbhsx ‘mc onudqsx-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd sdql rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms hr ‘krn ‘ jdx sdql-
Vghkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ cdrhqdc rs‘sd+ rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms
b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc ‘r sgd oqnbdrr sn fds sgdqd- Rn+ vghkd sgd svn sdqlr b‘m ad rddm sn
ad cheedqdms+ sgdx ‘qd nesdm trdc hmsdqbg‘mfd‘akx-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
D‘qsg Nudqrgnns C‘x hr l‘qjdc d‘bg xd‘q sn qdoqdrdms sgd c‘x hm vghbg gtl‘mhsx&r cdl‘mc
enq sgd D‘qsg&r qdrntqbdr ‘mc rdquhbdr hm ‘ fhudm xd‘q dwbddcr vg‘s sgd D‘qsg b‘m qdfdmdq‘sd
hm sg‘s xd‘q- Hm 1/08 D‘qsg Nudqrgnns C‘x edkk nm 18sg Itkx ’vvv-nudqrgnnsc‘x-nqf.(- Trt‘kkx
D‘qsg Nudqrgnns C‘x fdsr d‘qkhdq d‘bg xd‘q ld‘mhmf vd ‘qd mns nmkx khuhmf tmrtrs‘hm‘akx+ ats
vd ‘qd adbnlhmf lnqd tmrtrs‘hm‘akd vhsg shld- Gnvdudq+ sgd k‘qfd rb‘kd qdctbshnm hm
dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx fkna‘kkx ctd sn sgd Bnqnm‘uhqtr o‘mcdlhb qdrtksdc hm ‘ rkhfgskx k‘sdq c‘sd
hm 1/1/-

1-0-1 Sgd Tmhsdc MYshnmr RtrsYhmYakd Cdudknoldms FnYkr

Sgd lnrs qdbdms ‘ssdlos sn cdehmd nq bnmbdost‘khrd rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms ‘mc
vg‘s hr mddcdc sn ‘bghdud hs hr oqnuhcdc ax sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr sgqntfg sgdhq
Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr ’gdqd‘esdq sgd RCFr(-
Qdkd‘rdc hm 1/04+ sgd RCFr bnmrhrs ne 06 fn‘kr vghbg qdk‘sd sn u‘qhntr rnbh‘k+
dbnknfhb‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hrrtdr- Sgdx ‘qd bnllnmkx qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd Fkna‘k Fn‘kr
‘r sgdx ntskhmd 06 fn‘kr vghbg sgd fknad mddcr sn ‘ccqdrr hm hsr sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- ?r xnt vhkk rdd eqnl sgd uhrt‘k qdoqdrdms‘shnm ne sgd fn‘kr hm
Ehftqd 1-0+ hm ‘cchshnm sn rnld rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hrrtdr rtbg ‘r
onudqsx+ dctb‘shnm+ bkhl‘sd ‘mc hmdpt‘khshdr+ sgd RCFr ghfgkhfgs hlonqs‘ms bnmbdosr
rtbg ‘r od‘bd+ itrshbd+ sgd qnkd ne hmrshstshnmr ‘mc sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne o‘qsmdqrghor sn
‘bghdud sgd fn‘kr- Sgd fn‘kr ‘qd hmsdmcdc sn ad ‘lahshntr+ ‘mc sgd ‘hl hr sn ‘bghdud
sgdl ax 1/2/-
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 02

EHFTQD 1-0 Sgd TM RCFr

Sgd RCFr ‘qd trdetk hm ghfgkhfgshmf fkna‘k bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr-
D‘bg fn‘k oqdrdmsr ‘ jdx fkna‘k bg‘kkdmfd sg‘s vhkk qdpthqd ‘ q‘mfd ne hmchuhct‘kr+
fqntor ‘mc hmrshstshnmr sn ‘bghdud hs- D‘bg fn‘k ‘krn hmbktcdr ‘ rds ne s‘qfdsr ’sgdqd ‘qd
058 s‘qfdsr hm sns‘k( sg‘s gdko tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s lhfgs ad qdpthqdc sn ‘bghdud sghr 1/2/
‘fdmc‘ enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Nmd hlonqs‘ms ‘mc trdetk ‘rodbs ne sgd RCFr hr sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s sgd fn‘kr+ ‘mc
sgtr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc- Sgd oqnakdlr e‘bhmf khed nm D‘qsg+
oqnakdlr rtbg ‘r sgnrd ldmshnmdc ‘anud+ bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ l‘rr dwshmbshnm+ v‘sdq
rb‘qbhsx ‘mc onudqsx+ ‘qd hmsqhmrhb‘kkx khmjdc rxrsdlr oqnakdlr- ?mc rxrsdlr ‘qd
bnlokdw- ?bshuhshdr sn ‘ccqdrr nmd ‘rodbs b‘m ‘krn ‘eedbs+ onrhshudkx nq mdf‘shudkx+
‘mnsgdq- ?mc sgdrd deedbsr nesdm b‘mmns ad oqdchbsdc nq sgdx ‘qd mns vdkk tmcdqrsnnc-
Rn+ vghkd vd l‘x ‘qftd ‘r sn vgdsgdq dmuhqnmldms‘k cdrsqtbshnm b‘trdr onudqsx nq
vgdsgdq onudqsx b‘trdr dmuhqnmldms‘k cdrsqtbshnm+ enq dw‘lokd+ hs hr bkd‘q sg‘s sgd
svn hrrtdr ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc- Vd b‘mmns ‘ccqdrr nmd oqnakdl vhsgnts bnmrhcdqhmf
sgd nsgdq-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn adhmf sgd lnrs qdbdms ‘ssdlos sn rshltk‘sd sgd fkna‘k bnlltmhsx sn
s‘jd ‘bshnm sn ‘cu‘mbd rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms+ sgd RCFr g‘ud ‘krn addm dwsqdldkx
onotk‘q- Vghkd mns vhsgnts sgdhq bqhshbr ‘mc khlhs‘shnmr+ sgd RCFr g‘ud addm udqx
rtbbdrretk hm oqnlnshmf jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘mc g‘ud addm vhcdkx ‘cnosdc ax
fnudqmldmsr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdq bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor- Sgdx ‘krn oqnuhcd ‘ fnnc
ok‘senql enq ntq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr hm sghr annj+ ‘mc ‘
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd qnkdr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm ‘ccqdrrhmf sgdrd jdx
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Vd qdedq sn sgd RCFr sgqntfgnts sghr sdws+ ‘mc xnt vhkk rdd ‘
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne rnld ne sgd rodbhehb fn‘kr hm O‘qs HHH- Vd rgntkc ‘krn onhms nts gdqd
sg‘s vghkd vd ‘s shldr qdedq sn rnld rodbhehb s‘qfdsr hmbktcdc hm sgd RCF&r nudq‘kk rds
ne 058 s‘qfdsr+ vd lnrskx rs‘x nm ‘ lnqd fdmdqhb kdudk ‘mc vhsg sgd 06 fn‘kr- ?r xnt
l‘jd xntq v‘x sgqntfg sgd bg‘osdqr+ vd mnmdsgdkdrr qdbnlldmc xnt sn g‘ud ‘
bknrdq knnj ‘s sgd RCFr ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd jdx s‘qfdsr ‘mc hmchb‘snqr khrsdc enq rnld
jdx fn‘kr xnt ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm-
03 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

1-0-2 ?…aqhde ghrsnqx

Adenqd lnuhmf nm hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn qdbnfmhrd sgd ghrsnqx ne sgd bnmbdosr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms- Sghr dm‘akdr tr sn etqsgdq tmcdqrs‘mc
sgdl+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmrhcdq gnv sgdx g‘ud cdudknodc nudq shld-
Adhmf fqntmcdc hm sgd chrbhokhmdr ne+ enq dw‘lokd+ bnmrdqu‘shnm ‘mc dbnknfx+ sgd
bnmbdos ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’‘mc qdk‘sdckx rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms( g‘r ‘ knmf ‘mc
bnlokdw ghrsnqx- Gnvdudq+ vg‘s vd sghmj ne ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘r ‘ ehdkc ne rstcx
snc‘x+ ‘mc vg‘s vd ‘qd enbtrhmf tonm gdqd hm sghr annj+ g‘r hsr adfhmmhmfr hm sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k lnudldms ne sgd 085/r ‘mc 086/r- Rdudq‘k jdx otakhb‘shnmr l‘qj sgd
adfhmmhmf ne sgd lnudldms+ rtbg ‘r Q‘bgdk B‘qrnm&r Rhkdms Roqhmf ’0851(+ O‘tk
Dgqkhbg&r Sgd OnotkYshnm Anla ’0857(+ D- E- Rbgtl‘bgdq&r RlYkk hr AdYtshetk9 :°Rstcx
ne Dbnmnlhbr Yr he Odnokd LYssdqdc ’0862(+ ‘r vdkk ‘r Khlhsr sn Fqnvsg ldmshnmdc ‘anud-
Rnld jdx dudmsr ‘krn l‘qj sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd enbtr nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘s ‘ fkna‘k
kdudk+ hmbktchmf sgd ehqrs hl‘fd ne D‘qsg eqnl ro‘bd ’rgnvhmf uhrt‘kkx ‘mc onvdqetkkx
sgd D‘qsg ‘r ‘ antmcdc rxrsdl( ‘mc sgd bgdlhb‘k ‘mc mtbkd‘q chr‘rsdqr ne Tmhnm
B‘qahcd hm Agno‘k Hmch‘ hm 0873 ‘mc Bgdqmnaxk hm 0875-
Gnvdudq+ hs hr odqg‘or sgd Vnqkc Bnllhrrhnm enq Dmuhqnmldms ‘mc Cdudknoldms
’VBDC( hm 0876 sg‘s oqnuhcdc ‘ cdehmhshnm ne rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms vghbg k‘tmbgdc
sgd bnmbdos nmsn sgd fkna‘k onkhshb‘k ‘mc atrhmdrr ‘fdmc‘- Sgdx cdehmdc rtrs‘hm‘akd
cdudknoldms ‘r £cdudknoldms sg‘s lddsr sgd mddcr ne sgd oqdrdms vhsgnts bnloqnlhrhmf
sgd ‘ahkhsx ne etstqd fdmdq‘shnmr sn ldds sgdhq nvm mddcr– ’VBDC+ 0876+ o- 32(-
Gnvdudq+ vghkd hs hr nesdm nmkx sghr ehqrs o‘qs ne sgd cdehmhshnm vd rdd ptnsdc+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn mnsd sg‘s sgdx enkknvdc sghr cdehmhshnm vhsg sgd enkknvhmf rs‘sdldms9 £Hs
bnms‘hmr vhsghm hs svn jdx bnmbdosr9 Sgd bnmbdos ne mddcr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd drrdmsh‘k
mddcr ne sgd vnqkc&r onnq+ sn vghbg nudqqhchmf oqhnqhsx rgntkc ad fhudm: ‘mc Sgd hcd‘
ne khlhs‘shnmr hlonrdc ax sgd rs‘sd ne sdbgmnknfx ‘mc rnbh‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nm sgd
dmuhqnmldms&r ‘ahkhsx sn ldds oqdrdms ‘mc etstqd mddcr– ’VBDC+ 0876+ o- 32(- Vghkd hs
bntkc ad ‘qftdc sg‘s sgd bnmsdms ne sghr k‘ssdq o‘qs ne sgd cdehmhshnm v‘r mdfkdbsdc enq
rnld shld+ ‘ knnj ‘s sgd RCFr ‘anud+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s sgd s‘qfdsr tmcdqkxhmf
sgdl+ vhkk cdlnmrsq‘sd sg‘s sgd bnmbdos ne drrdmsh‘k mddcr ne sgd vnqkc&r onnq hm
o‘qshbtk‘q g‘r ‘f‘hm addm ghfgkhfgsdc ‘mc s‘jdr oqnlhmdmbd hm l‘mx btqqdms chrbtrrhnmr-
Hm Ehftqd 1-1 vd oqnuhcd ‘ shldkhmd mnshmf rnld ne sgd rhfmhehb‘ms dudmsr hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sghmjhmf- Fhudm sgd enbtr ne sghr annj+ vd hmbktcd sgd dudmsr lnrs
qdkdu‘ms sn sgd fkna‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bnmsdws-

08509 ;lmdrsw HmsdpmVshnmVk entmcdc 085,

08519 Rhkdms Rophmf otakhrgdc

08609 FpddmodVbd entmcdc 08619 TM Bnmedpdmbd hm Rsnbjgnkl

087,

08769 AptmcskVmc Pdonps: LnmspdVk Opnsnbnk

08819 DVpsg Rtllhs Phn
08869 Ingm Dkjhmfsnm r Sphokd Anssnl Khmd 08869 Jwnsn ;fpddldms
1,,,9 FPH Fthcdkhmdr kVtmbgdc 1,,,

1,0,9 HHPB kVtmbgdc

1,019 Phn )1,
1,029 OVphr bkhlVsd Vfpddldms: TM RCFr kVtmbgdc
1,069 SBEC pdbnlldmcVshnmr nm bkhlVsd phrj
1,1,

EHFTQD 1-1 Shldkhmd ne jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx dudmsr

 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 04

1-0-3 Bnmsdrsdc bnmbdosr

Vghkd vd g‘ud oqnuhcdc cdehmhshnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms+ ‘r
vdkk ‘r hcdmshehdc sgd RCFr ‘r ‘ trdetk v‘x sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnmbdosr ‘mc vg‘s hr
mddcdc sn ‘bghdud sgdrd+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s sq‘mrhshnmhmf snv‘qcr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr bnlokdw ‘mc mns ‘fqddc ax ‘kk- Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd l‘mx ’dudm ‘kk( ne
tr vntkc ‘fqdd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr sgd fn‘k+ sgdqd hr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ‘fqddldms nm
vg‘s hr qdpthqdc sn fds sgdqd+ ‘mc gnv e‘rs bg‘mfd rgntkc nq mddcr sn s‘jd ok‘bd-
Vghkd sgd RCFr qdoqdrdms rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms uh‘ 06 fn‘kr+ oqduhntrkx+
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms vdqd fdmdq‘kkx ‘mc bnllnmkx tmcdqrsnnc
sn bnmrhrs ne sgqdd chldmrhnmr “ dbnknfhb‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb- Sgdrd sgqdd
chldmrhnmr ‘qd rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd sqhokd anssnl khmd ’SAK(+ ‘ sdql bnhmdc
ax Ingm Dkjhmfsnm- Xnt l‘x rshkk rdd sghr sdql adhmf trdc ax rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘tsgnqr- Sgdrd sgqdd chldmrhnmr b‘m ‘krn ad entmc k‘adkkdc ‘r sgd sgqdd ohkk‘qr+ sgd
sgqdd D&r ’dmuhqnmldms+ dbnmnlx ‘mc dpthsx( ‘mc+ drodbh‘kkx vhsghm sgd atrhmdrr
bnmsdws+ ‘r sgd sgqdd O&r ’odnokd+ ok‘mds+ ‘mc oqnehs(- Sghr sgqdd,chldmrhnm‘k
bnmbdost‘khr‘shnm ne sgd sdql g‘r addm udqx onvdqetk “ ‘mc rshkk hmenqlr ‘ kns ne
tmcdqrs‘mchmfr hm oq‘bshbd- Sgd SAK ‘krn g‘r hsr khlhs‘shnmr+ ‘r Dkjhmfsnm ghlrdke
‘bjmnvkdcfdc 14 xd‘qr ‘esdq hmsqnctbhmf sgd bnmbdos ’Dkjhmfsnm+ 1/07(-
Sgd khlhs‘shnmr ne sgd SAK ‘ooqn‘bg sn rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms qdk‘sd sn cheedqdms
tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne gnv sgd sgqdd chldmrhnmr qdk‘sd sn nmd ‘mnsgdq- Cheedqdms
tmcdqrs‘mchmfr kd‘c sn cheedqdms uhdvr nm gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ad ‘bghdudc- Kds&r qdekdbs
nm sgdrd cheedqdms tmcdqrs‘mchmfr+ vghbg b‘m ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc hkktrsq‘sdc hm Ehftqd 1-2- Vghkd xnt oqna‘akx vnm&s rdd sgdrd sdqlr
adhmf trdc ltbg mnv+ sgdx ‘qd trdetk enq hmsqnctbhmf ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd bnqd
bnmbdosr hm trd snc‘x- Sgdx gdko tr bnmrhcdq sgd cheedqdms uhdvr sg‘s dwhrs ‘mc ‘qd ‘krn
khjdkx sn ad trdetk ‘r xnt rs‘qs sn enql xntq nvm odqrodbshud ‘r sn gnv vd lhfgs sq‘mrhshnm
snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc vg‘s hr mddcdc sn fds sgdqd- Sgd vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
lncdkr ‘qd ‘krn trdetk hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf ntq chrbtrrhnmr ne dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx adknv+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hm oqnuhchmf ‘ a‘rhr enq vghbg vd b‘m qdekdbs nm sgd u‘qhntr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sgqntfgnts sgd annj-

Dmuhpnmldms

Dmuhpnmldms Pnbhdsx
Pnbhdsx

Dbnmnlx Dbnmnlx

TdWi rtrsWhmWahkhsx Pspnmf rtrsWhmWahkhsx

EHFTQD 1-2 Vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx

05 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

Sgd jdx cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgdrd svn cheedqdms tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx

qdk‘sdr sn sq‘cd,neer+ sg‘s hr sgd dwsdms sn vghbg nmd nq lnqd ne sgd chldmrhnmr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ad sq‘cdc,nee ‘f‘hmrs d‘bg ‘mnsgdq- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ odqrodbshud
hmenqldc ax ‘ vd‘j bnmbdost‘khr‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd hmsdqkhmjhmf ch‘fq‘l nm
sgd kdes+ ‘kknvr enq rtbg sq‘cd,neer- Vgdm nodq‘shmf tmcdq ‘ vd‘j bnmbdost‘khr‘shnm
ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘ enbtr hr ok‘bdc nm ‘bghduhmf £vhm,vhmr–- ? vhm,vhm hr ‘m ‘bshnm
nq noonqstmhsx vghbg admdehsr svn chldmrhnmr- Gnvdudq+ sghr nesdm nbbtqr vhsgnts
‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd sghqc chldmrhnm ’qdpthqhmf ‘ vhm,vhm,vhm(- ?m dw‘lokd
gdqd bntkc ad rddhmf ‘m hmbqd‘rd hm oqnctbshnm hm ‘ bn‘k lhmd kd‘chmf sn inar ‘r
fnnc ’‘ vhm( enq rnbhdsx ‘mc fnnc ’‘ vhm( enq sgd dbnmnlx- Gnvdudq+ sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k chldmrhnm+ ‘mc rtardptdms mdf‘shud hlo‘bsr nm sgd dmuhqnmldms+ hr
mns bnmrhcdqdc gdqd-
? odqrodbshud hmenqldc ax rsqnmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd mdrsdc ch‘fq‘l nm sgd qhfgs+
rddr sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm sgd chldmrhnmr cheedqdmskx “ ‘mc rn nodq‘shmf tmcdq
rtbg ‘ bnmbdost‘khr‘shnm g‘r udqx cheedqdms ntsbnldr- Gdqd+ xnt b‘m bkd‘qkx rdd sg‘s
sgd rsqnmf uhdv rddr sgd dbnmnlx sn ad qdkh‘ms nm sgd rnbhdsx ‘mc sgd rnbhdsx sn ad
qdkh‘ms nm sgd dmuhqnmldms- Hs gnkcr sg‘s ‘ gd‘ksgx ‘mc rs‘akd dbnmnlx qdkhdr tonm ‘
vdkk,etmbshnmhmf rnbhdsx+ ‘mc rtbg ‘ rnbhdsx qdkhdr nm ‘ gd‘ksgx ‘mc etmbshnmhmf
dmuhqnmldms- Gdqd sgd chldmrhnmr ‘qd rddm ‘r hmsdqcdodmcdms ‘mc sgdqd hr mn qnnl
enq sq‘cd,neer- Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd dmuhqnmldms hr rddm ‘r sgd nudq‘qbghmf rxrsdl vhsghm
vghbg ‘kk nsgdq chldmrhnmr qdkx- Rn+ vghkd sgd rsqnmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lncdk rshkk
hmunkudr sgd sgqdd chldmrhnmr+ sgdx ‘qd bnmbdost‘khrdc udqx cheedqdmskx-
Hm rtll‘qx+ ‘ vd‘j rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud+ rshkk bnllnm hm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
rddr d‘bg ne sgd chldmrhnmr hm rhkn+ q‘sgdq sg‘m ‘r hmsdqcdodmcdms+ ‘r o‘qs ne ‘ rxrsdl-
Sghr hr ‘ jdx khlhs‘shnm ne sgd SAK- Sghr rxrsdlr odqrodbshud ‘mc sgd rsqnmf lncdk ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr ‘krn qdkdu‘ms vgdm knnjhmf ‘s gnv ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘eedbsr sgd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Sgd k‘mft‘fd vd trd hr hlonqs‘ms- Hm sghr annj vd trd sgd sdqlr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms ‘r vd ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm dwoknqhmf ‘bbntmshmf&r qnkd hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm
snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘r bnmbdost‘khrdc hm sgd chrbtrrhnm ‘anud- Ats hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn
o‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs nm nsgdq sdqlr+ hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd SAK hmsqnctbdc ‘anud+ sg‘s xnt l‘x
bnld ‘bqnrr-
BnponpTsd RnbhTi Pdronmrhahihsw ’BRQ( ‘mc Pdronmrhaid Atrhmdrr9 sgd trd ne sgdrd
sdqlr trt‘kkx hmunkudr ‘ enbtr nm sgd atrhmdrr.bnqonq‘shnm ‘mc sgd ‘bshuhshdr sg‘s sgdx dmf‘fd
hm- Tmkhjd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vghbg knnjr lnqd ‘s rxrsdlr+ sgdrd ‘qd nqf‘mhr‘shnm,bdmsqhb snohbr-
BnponpTsd bhshydmrgho+ nq rhlokx bnqonq‘sd bhshydm+ hr ‘ sdql nesdm trdc sn ghfgkhfgs sgd
qnkd bnqonq‘shnmr ok‘x hm rnbhdsx- Sg‘s hr+ itrs khjd ’gtl‘m( bhshydmr+ bnqonq‘shnmr s‘jd o‘qs
hm sgd c‘hkx khed ne rnbhdshdr- Sgd sdql bnqonq‘sd bhshydmrgho ghfgkhfgsr sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dsghb‘k
qdronmrhahkhshdr snv‘qcr sgd bnlltmhsx sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud- ?f‘hm+ sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms
uhdvr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn vg‘s sgd qnkd ne ‘ bnqonq‘shnm hm ‘ rnbhdsx hr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r vg‘s hs
rgntkc ad-
Atrhmdrr dsghbr bnmbdqmr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ nq odqg‘or lnqd bnqqdbskx
sgd cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ax hmchuhct‘kr vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hm drrdmbd+ atrhmdrr dsghbr enbtrdr
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 06

nm ptdrshnmr ne qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf- Atrhmdrr dsghbr cdbhrhnmr q‘mfd eqnl sgnrd vghbg ‘qd
ghfgkx bnmsqnudqrh‘k+ rtbg ‘r dmf‘fhmf hm aqhadqx sn fds ‘bbdrr sn ‘ cd‘k+ sn sgd ltmc‘md+
rtbg ‘r dudqxc‘x onkhbhdr bnmbdqmhmf btrsnldq qdk‘shnmrghor- ?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg oghknrnogx
‘mc dsghbr hm fdmdq‘k+ sgdqd ‘qd udqx edv ‘arnktsd ‘mrvdqr gdqd+ rhmbd ntq uhdv ne qhfgs ‘mc
vqnmf cdodmcr nm rtbg sghmfr ‘r sgd oghknrnoghb‘k odqrodbshud vd ‘ooqn‘bg cdbhrhnmr vhsg-
Vghkd rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘tsgnqr lhfgs trd sgd ‘anud sdqlr hmsdqbg‘mfd‘akx vhsg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ vd vntkc ‘qftd sg‘s hs hr vhrd mns sn cn rn ‘r sgdqd ‘qd hlonqs‘ms cheedqdmbdr-
Bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmf9 BTm Tm npeTmhrTshnm ad pdronmrhaid vhsgnts adhme rtrsThmTaid,
Sghr hr ‘m hmsdqdrshmf ptdrshnm ‘mc nmd vghbg hr khjdkx sn bqd‘sd chrbtrrhnm ‘mc dudm
chr‘fqddldms- S‘jd shld sn qdekdbs nm sghr ptdrshnm ‘mc chrbtrr hs vhsg nsgdqr- Hs hr khjdkx sn
ad trdetk hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm sgd sdqlr9 qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr+ BRQ+
atrhmdrr dsghbr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-

1-0-4 Cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr

Cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr hr ‘ uhrt‘k eq‘ldvnqj cdudknodc ax dbnmnlhrs J‘sd Q‘vnqsg-
Sgd uhrt‘k ’rdd Ehftqd 1-3( cdohbsr ‘ eq‘ldvnqj enq rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms ‘mc gnv

EHFTQD 1-3 Q‘vnqsg&r cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr

07 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

rnbhdshdr ‘rohqhmf sn qd‘bg ‘m hmbktrhud ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlx mddc sn ad rsqtbstqdc-

Sgd eq‘ldvnqj hr a‘rdc nm rnbh‘k sgqdrgnkcr ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k antmc‘qhdr ‘mc ‘r rtbg
rddr sgd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl ‘r hmsdqkhmjdc vhsg sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k rxrsdlr ‘r
chrbtrrdc ‘anud- Sgd eq‘ldvnqj fdsr hsr m‘ld eqnl sgd rg‘od+ ‘ qhmf cntfgmts+
vgdqd sgd ‘hl hr sn khud vhsghm sgd cntfgmts qhmf+ sg‘s hr mns e‘kk hmsn sgd gnkd hm sgd
lhcckd nq ntsrhcd sgd ntsdq bqtrs- Sgd ehqrs hsdq‘shnm ne sgd cntfgmts v‘r oqdrdmsdc
hm ‘m Nwe‘l chrbtrrhnm o‘odq hm 1/01 ‘mc rhmbd sgdm hs g‘r g‘c rtars‘msh‘k sq‘bshnm ‘r
‘ eq‘ldvnqj sgqntfg vghbg vd b‘m rdd sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k
‘mc dbnmnlhb hrrtdr ’d-f- Q‘vnqsg+ 1/06(-
Kds&r dwoknqd Q‘vnqsg&r eq‘ldvnqj etqsgdq ax dw‘lhmhmf lnqd bknrdkx sgd
‘anud cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr ch‘fq‘l- He vd rs‘qs eqnl sgd lhcckd vd rdd sgd uhrt‘k&r
hmmdq antmc‘qx+ sgd rnbh‘k entmc‘shnm- Sghr hmmdq antmc‘qx ghfgkhfgsr sgd jdx
entmc‘shnmr enq ‘ r‘ed ‘mc itrs gtl‘mhsx+ hrrtdr khjd r‘mhs‘shnm+ ennc+ gd‘ksg b‘qd+
dpt‘khsx ‘mc rn enqsg- Sgdrd mddc sn ad ‘bghdudc hm ‘kk bnlltmhshdr nq rnbhdshdr hm
nqcdq enq dudqxnmd khuhmf sgdqd sn g‘ud sgd jdx b‘o‘ahkhshdr sn ekntqhrg- He sgdrd
e‘bsnqr cn mns dwhrs hm ‘ rnbhdsx sgdm sgd rxrsdl e‘kkr rgnqs ne sgd hmmdq qhmf ‘mc
sgdqd hr ‘m hm‘cdpt‘sd entmc‘shnm sn rtoonqs sgd e‘hq ‘mc r‘ed dbnmnlx mddcdc enq
gtl‘mhsx sn khud vhsghm ‘mc sgqhud- Sgd ntsdq antmc‘qx+ sgd dbnknfhb‘k bdhkhmf+
cdrbqhadr sgd ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr ‘anud vghbg gtl‘mhsx b‘mmns fn vhsgnts
qhrjhmf hsr fkna‘k dbnrxrsdl&r b‘qqxhmf b‘o‘bhsx- Sgd ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr cq‘v nm
sgd hmektdmsh‘k vnqj ne Qnbjrsqíl ds ‘k- ’1//8( ‘mc ghfgkhfgs jdx dbnknfhb‘k
oqnbdrrdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr ’rdquhbdr vd qdbdhud eqnl sgd dbnrxrsdl rtbg ‘r
qdftk‘shnm ‘mc rs‘ahkhr‘shnm ne bkhl‘sd+ rdd Bg‘osdq 8(- Sgd bnloqnlhrhmf ne sgdrd
ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr b‘m kd‘c sn dwbddchmf onsdmsh‘k shoohmf onhmsr hm fkna‘k
dbnrxrsdlr- He sghr dbnknfhb‘k bdhkhmf hr dwbddcdc+ ‘f‘hm ld‘mhmf sgd rxrsdl lnudr
ntsrhcd sgd qhmf ne sgd cntfgmts+ sgdm vd g‘ud nudqrgnns+ ‘ bnmbdos vd hmsqnctbdc
‘anud-
Q‘vnqsg&r cntfgmts hr ‘ onvdqetk uhrt‘k+ vghbg trdetkkx rgnvr tr sg‘s vgdm
rddjhmf sn ‘bghdud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hs hr drrdmsh‘k sn tmcdqrs‘mc sg‘s dbnmnlhb+ rnbh‘k ‘mc
dbnknfhb‘k hrrtdr ‘qd hmsdqsvhmdc- S‘jd l‘inq dbnknfhb‘k bg‘kkdmfdr9 rnld rtffdrs sg‘s
sgd nmkx v‘x gtl‘mhsx b‘m ‘unhc ‘m dbnknfhb‘k bnkk‘ord vntkc ad ‘m hmrs‘ms ‘mc
q‘chb‘k bg‘mfd hm bnmrtloshnm ‘mc oqnctbshnm o‘ssdqmr hmbktchmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd
a‘mmhmf ne sghmfr khjd ‘hq sq‘udk+ e‘rs e‘rghnm ‘mc trd ne nhk- Vghkd rtbg ‘bshnmr+ he
rnldgnv ‘fqddc tonm nm ‘ fkna‘k rb‘kd+ vntkc cdehmhsdkx qdctbd sgd dbnknfhb‘k
rsq‘hm+ sgdx vntkc ‘krn g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k hlo‘bsr nm sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
chldmrhnmr+ ‘r dmshqd rdbsnqr ne sgd dbnmnlx bntkc chr‘ood‘q ‘mc odnokd vntkc
‘aqtoskx knrd sgdhq khudkhgnncr- Rtbg hlo‘bsr vntkc ‘krn mns ad roqd‘c nts dudmkx+
rhmbd l‘mx rnbhdshdr+ qdfhnmr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr g‘ud nudq shld rodbh‘khrdc hm o‘qshbtk‘q
hmctrsqhdr ‘mc gdmbd adbnld ghfgkx cdodmcdms nm sgdl+ ‘r hr sgd b‘rd hm A‘mfk‘cdrg
vhsg sgd bknsghmf hmctrsqx+ nq ‘r sgd BNUHC,08 o‘mcdlhb g‘r rgnvm vhsg sntqhrl
hm Ro‘hm+ Hs‘kx ‘mc Fqddbd- ?r rtbg+ vghkd rnld q‘chb‘k ‘bshnmr bntkc gdko vhsg sgd
dbnknfhb‘k antmc‘qhdr+ sgdx lhfgs rhltks‘mdntrkx otrg l‘mx bnlltmhshdr adknv sgd
rnbh‘k entmc‘shnm+ vghbg snfdsgdq vhsg sgd rdmrd ne hmdpt‘khsx bntkc qdrtks hm
rtars‘msh‘k tmqdrs hm rnbhdshdr- Sgd cntfgmts lncdk sgdqdenqd qdpthqdr tr sn sghmj
lnqd gnkhrshb‘kkx ‘ants ntq dbnknfhb‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr ‘mc sgd
bnmmdbshnmr adsvddm sgdl- Fhudm sgdrd bnmmdbshnmr+ adenqd vd oqnbddc sn chrbtrr
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ vd mddc sn knnj lnqd bknrdkx ‘s sgd aqn‘cdq rnbh‘k
rxrsdlr hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd-
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 08

1-1 RtrsYhmYahkhsx Ymc sgd dbnmnlx

Hm nqcdq sn bnmrhcdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hs hr trdetk sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd
aqn‘cdq rnbhn,dbnmnlhb ‘mc onkhshb‘k k‘mcrb‘od vhsghm vghbg sgdx nodq‘sd- Hm
sghmjhmf ‘ants vg‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnm bntkc+ rgntkc+ nq dudm b‘m cn+ vd mddc
sn qdldladq sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cn mns dwhrs rdo‘q‘sdkx eqnl sgdhq bnmsdws- Vghkd hs hr
ntsrhcd sgd rbnod ne sghr annj sn bnudq ‘kk onrrhakd ‘rodbsr ne sghr bnmsdws+ rdudq‘k jdx
nmdr v‘qq‘ms ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf-
Sgd rnbhn,dbnmnlhb ‘mc onkhshb‘k bnmsdws ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘sdr hm mns nmkx rdsr
antmc‘qhdr+ enq hmrs‘mbd hm sgd enql ne qdftk‘shnm+ ats ‘krn rdsr fdmdq‘k dwodbs‘shnmr
vhsg qdf‘qcr sn gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr dwodbsdc sn nodq‘sd- Sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd mnqlr
nodq‘shmf vhsghm ‘mx fhudm rnbhdsx- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘mc hm udqx rhlokhehdc sdqlr+
otakhbkx khrsdc bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd trt‘kkx dwodbsdc sn hmbqd‘rd sgd rg‘qdgnkcdq u‘ktd enq
hmudrsnqr+ rs‘sd,nvmdc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd dwodbsdc sn g‘ud rnld aqn‘cdq ‘lahshnmr+
vghkd mnm,fnudqmldms‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sdmc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r ‘cunb‘sdr enq sgd
admdehsr ne rnld o‘qshbtk‘q fqnto nq ‘s shldr enq rnld aqn‘cdq fnnc-
Vghkd vd mnsd sg‘s d‘bg ne sgdrd odqbdoshnmr b‘m ad oqnakdl‘shb+ ‘mc hmcddc hm
mddc ne bqhshb‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnm+ hm d‘bg b‘rd hs hr vnqsgvghkd qdbnfmhrhmf sgdl- Vghkd
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘m‘fdldms b‘m fn sn fqd‘s kdmfsgr hm cdbhchmf gnv sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm fndr ‘ants hsr atrhmdrr ‘mc ‘bshuhshdr+ sgdx ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr cdodmcdms nm
oqdbnmchshnmr+ rsqtbstqdr ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘khrdc mnqlr ne sgd nodq‘shmf bnmsdws ‘mc sgd
mdsvnqjr sgdx rhs vhsghm- Sgtr+ sn tmcdqrs‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc sn ad ‘akd sn chrbtrr
sgd qnkd ‘mc qdkdu‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vhsghm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm otqrthmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ vd ltrs adfhm eqnl sgd l‘bqn kdudk-

1-1-0 BYohsYkhrl
Sgd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl vhsghm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd+ vghbg hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr hr
b‘ohs‘khrl+ ok‘xr ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd ‘mc ‘eedbsr sgd v‘xr hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm
o‘qshbtk‘q oqnehs rddjhmf bnqonq‘shnmr+ nodq‘sd- B‘ohs‘khrl hr ‘m dbnmnlhb rxrsdl hm
vghbg sgd ld‘mr ne oqnctbshnm ne fnncr ‘mc rdquhbdr ‘qd oqhu‘sdkx nvmdc ‘mc
nodq‘sdc enq ‘ oqnehs- Hs hr ‘ rxrsdl sg‘s g‘r ‘r hsr a‘rhr sgqdd sghmfr “ v‘fd k‘antq+
oqhu‘sd nvmdqrgho ne sgd ld‘mr ne oqnctbshnm+ ‘mc oqnctbshnm enq dwbg‘mfd ‘mc
oqnehs- B‘ohs‘khrl hr chrshmbs eqnl sgd l‘qjds- B‘ohs‘k hr mns ‘ sghmf ats ‘ oqnbdrr hm
vghbg lnmdx ’b‘ohs‘k( hr odqodst‘kkx rdms hm rd‘qbg ne lnqd lnmdx- Sghr cqhud enq
hmbqd‘rhmf b‘ohs‘k g‘r ‘ q‘mfd ne deedbsr+ l‘mx ne sgdl mdf‘shud hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd
m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms-
Sgdqd ‘qd u‘qxhmf uhdvr ‘r sn vgdsgdq nq mns b‘ohs‘khrl b‘m ad qdenqldc sn ‘ccqdrr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Rnld adkhdud b‘ohs‘khrl b‘m ad qd,hmudmsdc+ qdenqldc sn hmbktcd rtbg
sghmfr ‘r dpt‘khsx+ rnkhc‘qhsx+ qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc b‘qhmf sn cdkhudq ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd etstqd-
Rnld dudm l‘hms‘hm sg‘s b‘ohs‘khrl hr sgd nmkx rxrsdl sgqntfg vghbg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bg‘kkdmfdr b‘m ad rnkudc- Rtbg ‘ odqrodbshud kd‘cr sn+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd bqd‘shnm ne
l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr hm qdronmrd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ’d-f- b‘qanm l‘qjdsr sn rtoonqs
dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr(- Hs ‘krn b‘m kd‘c sn ‘ e‘hsg hm+ ‘mc hmbdmshuhr‘shnm ne+
hmmnu‘shnm hm sdbgmnknfx ‘mc chrqtoshud bnlodshshnm ‘r sgdx ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sgd adrs
ldbg‘mhrlr sn oqnctbd sgd rvhes ‘mc vhcdroqd‘c bg‘mfdr qdpthqdc sn lnud ‘v‘x
eqnl tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Sgdqd ‘qd u‘qhdshdr hm sghr v‘x ne sghmjhmf ne bntqrd+ ats hm
fdmdq‘k sdqlr hcd‘r rtbg ‘r fqddm b‘ohs‘khrl ‘mc bnmrbhntr b‘ohs‘khrl e‘kk tmcdq sghr
1/ A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

tlaqdkk‘- Sgdrd hcd‘r tmcdqrbnqd sg‘s vhsghm ‘ b‘ohs‘khrs rxrsdl atrhmdrr b‘m ansg
rddj oqnehsr ‘mc vnqj enq sgd aqn‘cdq rnbh‘k fnnc-
Nsgdqr ‘qftd sg‘s b‘ohs‘khrl hr etmc‘ldms‘kkx hqqdo‘q‘akd- Sgdx adkhdud sg‘s sgd
udqx m‘stqd ne sgd rxrsdl+ hmbktchmf onvdq hla‘k‘mbdr ‘mc qdkxhmf nm bnmshmtntr
fqnvsg+ vhkk bnmshmtd sn cdrsqnx m‘stqd ‘mc odqodst‘sd rnbh‘k hmdpt‘khshdr- Vghkd vd
cnm&s g‘ud sgd rbnod sn dmf‘fd hm rtbg hlonqs‘ms ’‘mc bnlokdw( chrbtrrhnmr gdqd+ sgd
dbnmnlhb rxrsdl vhsghm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdsx nodq‘sdr hr hlonqs‘ms sn
qdbnfmhrd- Hs g‘r ‘ chqdbs hlo‘bs nm sgd v‘x hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc
rnbhdsx lnqd aqn‘ckx+ nodq‘sd-

1-1-1 FknaYkhrYshnm
Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ nesdm nodq‘sd ‘bqnrr ltkshokd bnmsdwsr-
Khjdvhrd+ rtookx bg‘hmr g‘ud adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx fkna‘k vhsg l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
dmf‘fhmf hm sgd ntsrntqbhmf ne oqnctbshnm- ?r rtbg+ fkna‘khr‘shnm hmbqd‘rhmfkx ‘eedbsr
sgd v‘x hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr nodq‘sd ‘mc hr ‘f‘hm qdkdu‘ms sn ‘mx
chrbtrrhnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Sgd fkna‘k m‘stqd ne nodq‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq deedbsr nm sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc knb‘k
bnlltmhshdr g‘ud addm rbqtshmhrdc enq rnld shld- Qdk‘sdckx vd g‘ud rddm ‘ lnud sn
‘ fqd‘sdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd knb‘k “ rtoonqshmf knb‘k atrhmdrr ‘mc knb‘k bnlltmhsx
hmhsh‘shudr- Gnvdudq+ cdrohsd sgd hmbqd‘rdc ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmf sqdmc snv‘qcr ‘
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd knb‘k+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s ltbg ne ntq dbnmnlhb
rxrsdl hr rshkk nqf‘mhrdc fkna‘kkx-
Snfdsgdq vhsg gdhfgsdmdc fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr+ chrbtrrdc ‘anud+
fkna‘khr‘shnm hr rdsshmf bg‘kkdmfdr enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm sgd fkna‘k
l‘qjdsr b‘ohs‘k hr lnuhmf hmbqd‘rhmfkx e‘rs ‘mc qdk‘shudkx eqddkx hm hsr rd‘qbg enq adssdq
qdstqmr- Rtookx bg‘hmr hm sgd oqnctbshnm ne fnncr+ enq dw‘lokd+ g‘ud adbnld
hmbqd‘rhmfkx bnlokdw ‘mc ekthc- Fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr ld‘m sg‘s rnbh‘k ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr b‘m s‘jd ok‘bd ‘bqnrr sgd fknad ‘s ‘ udqx chrs‘ms knb‘shnm eqnl ‘
bnlo‘mx&r gd‘cpt‘qsdqr- Bnlo‘mhdr b‘m g‘ud sgdhq rtabnmsq‘bsnqr qdftk‘qkx bnlodsd
‘f‘hmrs nmd ‘mnsgdq hm rddjhmf sn qdbdhud adrs needqr- Rn gnv cndr sghr qdk‘sd sn
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx> S‘jd e‘rs e‘rghnm enq dw‘lokd- Oqnctbsr rnkc nm sgd
ghfg rsqdds nq sn hmsdqmds btrsnldqr hm Dtqnod ‘qd nesdm oqnctbdc hm A‘mfk‘cdrg+
vgdqd vnqjdqr b‘m dwodqhdmbd knv o‘x ‘mc g‘qrg gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx bnmchshnmr- Gnv
cn vd ‘bbntms enq sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc ptdrshnmr ne gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc hmdpt‘khsx> ?mc vgn
rgntkc ad gdkc ‘bbntms‘akd ‘bqnrr rtbg ‘ rtookx bg‘hm bnmrhrshmf ne rdudq‘k
rtabnmsq‘bsnqr ‘mc ltkshokd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr> Rtbg l‘ssdqr ‘qd ‘s sgd gd‘qs ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc vd vhkk qdstqm sn chrbtrr sgdrd ptdrshnmr etqsgdq-

1-2 RtrsYhmYahkhsx Ymc nqfYmhrYshnmr

Hm ‘ annj ‘ants rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn
bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd ne gtl‘mr ‘mc sgdhq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsghm sghr aqn‘cdq bnmsdws ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Enq dw‘lokd+ vg‘s hr sgd qnkd ne gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx vghbg g‘r
kdc sn RCF 02 nm Bkhl‘sd ?bshnm+ sgd mddc sn ‘bs nm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc hsr deedbsr>
Vg‘s hr sgd qnkd ne gtl‘mr ‘mc sgdhq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc vg‘s hr
sgdhq qnkd hm ‘ccqdrrhmf RCFr 03 Khed adknv V‘sdq ‘mc 04 Khed nm K‘mc>
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 10

Vd ‘qd rshkk kd‘qmhmf ‘ants sgd qnkd ne gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn
u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc v‘xr hm vghbg gtl‘mhsx sq‘mrenqlr sgd ok‘mds
‘mc ok‘mds‘qx oqnbdrrdr- Gnvdudq+ rbhdmshehb jmnvkdcfd g‘r fnmd ‘ knmf v‘x hm
tmcdqrs‘mchmf rnld ne sgd qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm+ enq dw‘lokd+ gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx ‘mc
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr- Sgd deedbs ne gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx nm
sgd D‘qsg hr qdbnfmhrdc ax sgd hmbqd‘rhmf qdedqdmbd sn sgd e‘bs sg‘s vd ‘qd khuhmf hm
vg‘s g‘r adbnld jmnvm ‘r sgd ?msgqnonbdmd-0 Sgd ?msgqnonbdmd qdbnfmhrdr ‘
mdv fdnknfhb‘k donbg hm vghbg gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx g‘r adbnld sgd l‘inq cqhudq adghmc
ok‘mds‘qx bg‘mfd- Drrdmsh‘kkx sgd ?msgqnonbdmd qdbnfmhrdr sg‘s gtl‘mr g‘ud
adbnld ‘ fdnknfhb‘k enqbd nm ‘ ok‘mds‘qx rb‘kd- Nmd v‘x hm vghbg gtl‘mr ‘eedbs sgd
ok‘mds hr sgqntfg sgdhq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl vhsghm vghbg sgdx
‘qd ‘ o‘qs ‘mc+ hlonqs‘ms enq ntq otqonrdr gdqd+ sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf vhsghm sgnrd
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

1-2-0 NqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc sgdhq bnmsdws

Knnjhmf ‘s sgd nodq‘shnm‘k kdudk+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ mn l‘ssdq vg‘s sgdhq enql nq rhyd+ ‘qd
qdkh‘ms nm qdrntqbdr “ ansg m‘stq‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k qdrntqbdr- Rnld ne sghr qdrntqbd trd b‘m
ad rtaidbs sn otakhb rbqtshmx+ ‘mc vd ‘qd rddhmf ‘m hmbqd‘rd hm otakhb ‘ssdmshnm ‘mc
bnmbdqm hm qdk‘shnm sn rnld ‘rodbsr ne sghr- Enq dw‘lokd+ rbqtshmx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm
qdk‘shnm sn bkhl‘sd ‘mc lnqd qdbdmskx ok‘rshb hr fqnvhmf- Hs hr odqg‘or hlonqs‘ms sn
qdbnfmhrd gnvdudq sg‘s sgdrd hrrtdr ‘qd mns mdv- L‘mx g‘ud jmnvm ‘ants ‘mc
rgnvm bnmbdqm enq hrrtdr rtbg ‘r sgdrd enq ‘ knmf shld- Vd ltrs ‘krn ad ‘v‘qd sg‘s
sgdqd ‘qd nsgdq deedbsr+ rnld ne sgdl knmf,sdql ‘mc dpt‘kkx hlonqs‘ms hm qdk‘shnm sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sg‘s vd cn mns jmnv nq gd‘q rn ltbg ‘ants+ nq ‘s kd‘rs cn mns gd‘q
ltbg ‘ants hm qdk‘shnm sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Enq dw‘lokd+ xnt l‘x mns g‘ud gd‘qc ltbg
‘ants hlonqs‘ms hrrtdr rtbg ‘r sgd mhsqnfdm bxbkd nq rnhk qdsqnfqdrrhnm ‘mc cdfq‘c‘shnm-
Fqnvhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr+ bnmbdqm ‘mc rbqtshmx vhsghm bhuhk rnbhdsx hr hlonqs‘ms- Hs g‘r
deedbsr nm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd ‘mc bqd‘sdr ‘ rdmrd ne tqfdmbx hm qdk‘shnm sn
sgdrd bqhshb‘k bnmsdlonq‘qx hrrtdr- Sgd qnkd ne sgd ldch‘ hm ghfgkhfgshmf rtbg hrrtdr+
‘mc sgd qnkd ne rnbh‘k ldch‘ hm oqnuhchmf ‘cchshnm‘k bg‘mmdkr vhsghm vghbg
hmenql‘shnm b‘m ad roqd‘c+ ‘qd ‘krn bdmsq‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm sghr bnmsdws-

1-2-1 NqfYmhrYshnmYk hloYbsr Ymc cdodmcdmbhdr

Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vghbg s‘jd l‘mx enqlr ‘r vd chrbtrr adknv+ ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms
hmrshstshnm vhsghm ‘mx rnbhdsx- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ g‘ud
onvdq vhsghm sgnrd rnbhdshdr ‘mc ‘qd bnmmdbsdc vhsg sgd rnbhdsx ‘mc dmuhqnmldms hm
mtldqntr v‘xr- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ‘ q‘mfd ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
hlo‘bsr- Enq dw‘lokd+ hs hr g‘qc+ hlonrrhakd dudm+ sn sghmj ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vghbg
cndr mns hmunkud odnokd nq trd qdrntqbdr hm v‘xr sg‘s dlhs b‘qanm- Sgd hlo‘bs sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud b‘m ad ansg onrhshud ‘mc mdf‘shud-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn hlo‘bshmf rnbhdsx+ sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc sgd dbnmnlx+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘qd ‘krn cdodmcdms nm sgdl- Sghr cdodmcdmbd hr adhmf hmbqd‘rhmfkx qdbnfmhrdc- Mns
nmkx cn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdpthqd dloknxddr sn vnqj enq sgdl ‘mc btrsnldqr sn atx
eqnl sgdl+ ats sgdx ‘qd cdodmcdms nm+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd dbnmnlhb dpt‘khsx ne sgd
rnbhdsx.hdr vhsghm vghbg sgdx nodq‘sd ’rdd Bg‘osdq 02 enq etqsgdq chrbtrrhnm(-
Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn g‘ud ‘ q‘mfd ne cdodmcdmbhdr vgdm hs bnldr sn sgd dmuhqnmldms-
11 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

Enq dw‘lokd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd qdkh‘ms nm ‘ q‘mfd ne dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr ’rtbg ‘r

bkhl‘sd qdftk‘shnm(- Sgdrd ‘qd chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm ‘ k‘ssdq bg‘osdq ne sgd annj
’Bg‘osdq 00(-
Sgd hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ne d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘qd cheedqdms+ ‘mc rnld
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bkd‘qkx g‘ud lnqd hlo‘bsr ‘mc ghfgdq cdodmcdmbhdr sg‘m nsgdqr- Enq
dw‘lokd+ sgd qnkdr ne bnqonq‘shnmr hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’hm o‘qshbtk‘q
bnqonq‘shnmr hm sgd hmctrsqh‘k Vdrs+ nq oqnuhchmf fnncr enq sgd hmctrsqh‘k Vdrs( ‘qd
jdx fhudm sgdx chroqnonqshnm‘sdkx cqhud dmuhqnmldms‘k c‘l‘fd ‘mc g‘ud hlldmrd
rnbh‘k hlo‘bsr-

1-2-2 KhmdYq Ymc bhqbtkYq dbnmnlx

Fhudm sghr bnmsdws vd g‘ud ntskhmdc hs hr odqg‘or mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s vd ‘qd rddhmf
hmbqd‘rdc ‘ssdmshnm hm sgd v‘x hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd ‘mc ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne
atrhmdrr lncdkr-
L‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud nodq‘sdc+ ‘mc hmcddc rshkk nodq‘sd+ nm ‘ £s‘jd,l‘jd,trd,
v‘rsd.chronrd– lncdk- Sghr hr qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd khmd‘q dbnmnlx lncdk- Gdqd
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmrtldqr+ s‘jd qdrntqbdr eqnl sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms+ trd
sgnrd qdrntqbdr hm sgd oqnctbshnm ne fnncr ‘mc rdquhbdr+ ‘mc chronrd sgd ax,oqnctbs ne
sg‘s oqnbdrr ‘r v‘rsd- Sghr atrhmdrr lncdk hr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd- Sghr tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr mns
nmkx ctd sn sgd e‘bs sg‘s l‘mx ne sgd qdrntqbdr trdc ‘qd mnm,qdmdv‘akd+ ats ‘krn sgd
k‘qfd ‘lntms ne v‘rsd oqnctbdc sg‘s sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms hr mns ‘akd sn ‘rrhlhk‘sd+ nq
mns ‘akd sn ‘rrhlhk‘sd e‘rs dmntfg- Vghkd sgd ‘cudqrd qdrtksr ne sghr sxod ne oqnctbshnm
‘qd udqx uhrhakd+ s‘jd u‘rs k‘mcehkkr ‘mc sgd Fqd‘s O‘bhehb f‘qa‘fd o‘sbg enq dw‘lokd+ sgd
bg‘kkdmfd hr sg‘s l‘mx oqnehs,rddjhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm bnmrtldqr
dmf‘fhmf hm rvhes sgqnv,‘v‘x bnmrtloshnm+ rtbg ‘r bg‘mfhmf sgdhq rl‘qsognmd d‘bg
shld ‘ mdv lncdk hr qdkd‘rdc nq fdsshmf ‘ mdv ntsehs enq d‘bg o‘qsx sgdx ‘ssdmc-
?ssdlosr ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr adhmf l‘cd sn bg‘mfd sgdrd atrhmdrr lncdkr- Sgd mnshnm
ne sgd bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx+ enq dw‘lokd+ hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms lnud sn sqx ‘mc ‘ksdq sgd v‘xr
hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd- Hm ‘ bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx hmmnu‘shud v‘xr ne qdtrd+
qdo‘hq+ qdcdrhfm ‘mc qdl‘mte‘bstqd ne oqnctbsr ‘qd rntfgs ‘mc dlog‘rhrdc+ ‘r sghr
qdctbdr sgd mddc ne mdv q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr ‘mc sgd bqd‘shnm ne v‘rsd- Lnqdnudq+ sgd
bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx mns nmkx ‘ssdlosr sn qdctbd v‘rsd hm sgd oqnbdrr ats ‘krn bnmrhcdqr
gnv ‘mx v‘rsd sg‘s b‘mmns ad ‘unhcdc bntkc ad qdtrdc- Sghr qdtrd b‘m ad ax sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke nq ax ‘mnsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq fqnto ’rdd sgd adknv £Enbtr nm
oq‘bshbd– enq ‘m dw‘lokd(- ? bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx ghfgkhfgsr sgd mddc sn vnqj
bn,nodq‘shudkx ‘mc bnkk‘anq‘shudkx hm sq‘mrhshnmhmf sn ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd rs‘sd- Sgdrd
bnmbdosr vhkk ad qdstqmdc sn sgqntfgnts sgd bntqrd ne sghr annj-
Sq‘mrhshnmhmf ‘v‘x eqnl ‘ khmd‘q dbnmnlx lncdk sn ‘ bhqbtk‘q nmd qdpthqdr ‘
etmc‘ldms‘k rghes hm atrhmdrr ‘ooqn‘bgdr- ? rghes sg‘s qdpthqdr mdv enqlr ne
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc+ fhudm sgd mddc enq o‘qsmdqrghor ‘mc
bnkk‘anq‘shnm+ mdv+ nq ‘s kd‘rs hmbqd‘rdc ‘ssdmshnm sn dwhrshmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor- Kds&r bnmrhcdq itrs nmd dw‘lokd gdqd- Vhsghm ‘ khmd‘q lncdk v‘rsd hr
bnmrhcdqdc ‘ bnrskx nq mnm,u‘kt‘akd hsdl- Gnvdudq+ vhsghm ‘ bhqbtk‘q lncdk v‘rsd
mddcr sn ad cdrhfmdc nts ne sgd rxrsdl+ sq‘mrk‘shmf hs hmsn ‘ rntqbd ne u‘ktd- Vg‘s
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd mddcdc+ nq dwhrshmf oq‘bshbdr hm mddc ne bg‘mfd+ sn e‘bhkhs‘sd
sghr> Xnt ‘qd oqna‘akx rs‘qshmf sn rdd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
hr bnlokdw ‘mc onrdr l‘mx e‘rbhm‘shmf bg‘kkdmfdr-
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 12

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 BhqbtkYq dbnmnlx sghmjhmf

Ennc v‘rsd hr ‘m nes s‘kjdc ‘ants dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtd- Vhsghm sgd TJ hs hr vhcdkx qdonqsdc
sg‘s ‘ooqnwhl‘sdkx ‘ sghqc ne ‘kk ennc dmsdqr sgd v‘rsd rsqd‘l- ?mc hs ‘ood‘qr aqd‘c hr nmd
enncrstee vhcdkx chrb‘qcdc- ?r ‘ qdk‘shudkx knv,bnrs ennc hsdl vhsg ‘ rgnqs rgdke khed hs hr
qdonqsdc ax sgd Dkkdm L‘b?qsgtq Entmc‘shnm sg‘s ‘ rs‘ffdqhmf 33! ne aqd‘c oqnctbdc hm sgd
TJ hr sgqnvm ‘v‘x
Gnvdudq+ hm ‘ qdstqm sn ‘ oqduhntr oq‘bshbd+ rnld aqdvdqr ‘qd stqmhmf v‘rsd aqd‘c hmsn
addq- Hmbnqonq‘shmf v‘rsd aqd‘c bnkkdbsdc eqnl+ enq dw‘lokd+ a‘jdqhdr ‘mc rtodql‘qjdsr+
hmsn sgd aqdvhmf oqnbdrr b‘m qdok‘bd ‘ooqnwhl‘sdkx ‘ sghqc ne sgd l‘ksdc a‘qkdx trt‘kkx
qdpthqdc- ?”rhlokd ‘bshnm+ ats ‘ fnnc dw‘lokd ne gnv v‘rsd b‘m ad qdsgntfgs ne hm sgd
bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx-
Eqnl ‘m ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud sgdqd ‘qd bkd‘qkx hlokhb‘shnmr-
Dmrtqhmf bnrs ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr mns nmkx rtoonqs ats ‘krn oqnlnsd sgd trd ne v‘rsd
oqnctbsr nudq uhqfhm q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr hm sgd oqnctbshnm oqnbdrr hr nmd rtbg bnmrhcdq‘shnm- ?r hr
l‘m‘fhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sg‘s ‘qhrd eqnl vnqjhmf hm o‘qsmdqrgho vhsg nsgdqr sn
dmrtqd rtbg ‘qq‘mfdldmsr hm ‘ bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx ‘qd rtoonqsdc-
Aqdvhmf addq eqnl rtqoktr aqd‘c hr itrs nmd dw‘lokd ne bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx sghmjhmf hm
‘bshnm- Onrrhahkhshdr ‘qd dudqxvgdqd- Rnld ne vghbg ‘qd nauhntr+ vghkd nsgdqr vhkk qdpthqd
lnqd bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc hmmnu‘shnm”“ ‘mc sgd cdudknoldms ‘mc qdehmhmf ne qdk‘sdc ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr-

Rntqbdr9 Dkkdm L‘b?qsgtq Entmc‘shnm ’1/1/(: Rlhsgdqr ’1/07(-

1-2-3 Sgd qnkd ne nqfYmhrYshnmr hm rgYohmf sgd bnmsdws

Vghkd ltbg ne sgd ‘anud chrbtrrhnm bnmrhcdqr sgd v‘x hm vghbg bnmsdws ‘eedbsr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vd ltrs ‘krn qdbnfmhrd sgd qnkd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ok‘x hm rg‘ohmf bnmsdws-
Mns nmkx cn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmmnu‘sd ‘mc rds dw‘lokdr+ ‘mc vd vhkk ghfgkhfgs dw‘lokdr
ne sghr sgqntfgnts sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdqr+ ats sgdx ‘krn rg‘od sgd bnmsdws sgqntfg
nsgdq ‘bshuhshdr-
?m dw‘lokd gdqd b‘m ad rddm sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne knaaxhmf ‘mc ‘cudqshrhmf-
Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd dw‘lokdr vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr knaax enq dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms hm v‘xr sg‘s oqnlnsd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’enq hmbqd‘rdc qdftk‘shnm
enq dw‘lokd(+ tmenqstm‘sdkx+ ltbg knaaxhmf+ drodbh‘kkx ax hmctrsqx fqntor ‘mc k‘qfd
onvdqetk bnqonq‘shnmr+ nesdm vnqjr ‘f‘hmrs rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsdqdrsr- Sghr l‘x rddl
bntmsdq,hmsthshud ‘s ehqrs+ ‘mc nmd lhfgs ‘rj vgx ‘mxnmd vntkc v‘ms sn noonrd ‘
gd‘ksgx dmuhqnmldms ‘mc ekntqhrghmf bnlltmhshdr- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ mtladq ne qd‘rnmr
gdqd+ hmbktchmf sgd cheedqdms uhdvr nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vd ghfgkhfgsdc ‘anud- Enq
dw‘lokd+ rgnqs,sdqlhrl ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k hmsdqdrsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r otqd hfmnq‘mbd ne rbhdmshehb
e‘bsr+ nq odqg‘or odqrnm‘k hmsdqdrsr ‘mc adkhder- ?f‘hm+ vd b‘m rdd gdqd vgx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rn hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud ‘mc vgx sgdx qdpthqd
sq‘mrenqlhmf he vd ‘qd sn sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx- Gnvdudq+ vd b‘m
‘krn rs‘qs sn rdd vgx cnhmf rn hr ‘ bg‘kkdmfd-
Sgdqd hr ‘mnsgdq rhfmhehb‘ms qd‘rnm vgx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr rddl ‘s shldr
sn vnqj ‘f‘hmrs rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Sghr hr ‘ lnqd rxrsdlhb nmd ‘mc bnmbdqmr sgd v‘x
13 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

rnbhdshdr g‘ud nudq shld bnld sn odqbdhud dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr ‘mc ‘rrdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bshuhshdr hm qdk‘shnm sn sg‘s odqbdoshnm- Sghr qd‘rnm qdk‘sdr sn gnv vd ‘bbntms enq sgd
qdrntqbdr sg‘s ‘qd trdc+ sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k rxrsdlr sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
cdodmcdms nm+ ‘mc sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr sg‘s sgd ‘bshuhsx b‘trdr- Nq+
odqg‘or he vd bnmrhcdq sghr etqsgdq+ hs hr nesdm mns itrs gnv vd ‘bbntms enq sgdl
oqdrdmskx+ ats q‘sgdq vgdsgdq vd ‘bbntms enq sgdl ‘s ‘kk- L‘mx ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
dwsdqm‘k sn sgd dbnmnlhb hmchb‘snqr bnmudmshnm‘kkx trdc sn itcfd sgd odqenql‘mbd ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Vd sgdqdenqd cn mns s‘jd l‘mx ne sgdrd £dwsdqm‘khsx– hlo‘bsr ‘mc
cdodmcdmbhdr hmsn ‘bbntms ‘s ‘kk hm ‘rrdrrhmf+ enq dw‘lokd+ vghbg sxodr ne ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd
k‘tc‘akd+ vghbg lncdr ne oqnctbshnm ‘qd adssdq+ ‘mc vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd sgd lnrs
rtbbdrretk- Sghr hr vgdqd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnldr hmsn ok‘x-

1-3 RtrsYhmYahkhsx Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

?r vd hcdmshehdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdedqr sn ‘ q‘mfd ne sdbgmhptdr+ snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ‘qd trdc hm sgd ld‘rtqdldms+
ok‘mmhmf+ bnmsqnk ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn dmuhqnmldms‘k+
rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hrrtdr- ?bbntmshmf hr ‘ onvdqetk ldbg‘mhrl trdc sn ‘rrdrr+ ld‘rtqd+
bnmsqnk ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr- ?bbntmshmf ‘r vd sq‘chshnm‘kkx uhdv hs+
odqg‘or sgd sxod ne ‘bbntmshmf sg‘s xnt g‘ud rodms shld rstcxhmf+ cndr mns vnqj vgdm hs
bnldr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Vghkd sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf l‘x ad deedbshud ‘s ld‘rtqhmf+ ok‘mmhmf
‘mc bnmsqnkkhmf hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘rodbsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hs hr mns ehs enq
otqonrd vgdm hs bnldr sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd vnqkc-

1-3-0 Oqnakdlr vhsg bnmudmshnmYk Ybbntmshmf

Rn+ vg‘s ‘qd sgd oqnakdlr vhsg bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf> Vdkk+ enq nmd+ bnmudmshnm‘k
‘bbntmshmf sdmcr sn enbtr nm sgd hmenql‘shnm mddcr ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’hmsdqm‘k ‘mc
dwsdqm‘k sn sgd dmshsx( vhsg ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k hmsdqdrs- Hm sg‘s rdmrd hs hr khlhsdc hm hsr ‘hlr
‘mc rbnod- ?bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc hsr bnmbdqm vhsg aqn‘cdq ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr
g‘r hmgdqdms vhsghm hs ‘ enbtr nm ‘ aqn‘cdq q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Hmcddc+
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd jdx bnmbdosr vhsghm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc ‘qd sgdqdenqd chrbtrrdc hm cdosg hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq-
Bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘krn gnkcr vhsghm hs bnllnmkx ‘bbdosdc oqhmbhokdr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr sg‘s l‘jd hs tmrths‘akd enq ‘bbntmshmf vhsghm ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx- Enq
dw‘lokd+ sgd dmshsx ‘rrtloshnm+ dmbntq‘fdldms ne rtarshstshnm ‘mc dwsdqm‘khr‘shnm+
sgd qdbnfmhshnm bqhsdqh‘ ne ld‘rtq‘ahkhsx ‘mc oqnehs‘ahkhsx ‘kk qdpthqd qdsghmjhmf vgdm
‘bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘krn dwbktcdr eqnl dwodmrdr
sgd hlo‘bsr nm qdrntqbdr mns bnmsqnkkdc ax sgd dmshsx+ nq bnrsr ne sgdhq oq‘bshbdr anqmd
ax nsgdqr- Vd bntkc fn nm+ ats xnt rgntkc ad rs‘qshmf sn rdd sgd khlhs‘shnmr ne ntq
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr enq ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmsdws-

1-3-1 Sgd qnkd ne Ybbntmshmf hm sqYmrhshnmhmf snvYqcr rtrsYhmYahkhsx

?r vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhkk ad drrdmsh‘k hm ‘mx sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- ?bbntmshmf rtoonqsr bg‘mfd vhsghm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc sgdqdenqd b‘m
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 14

ok‘x ‘ qnkd hm hcdmshexhmf ‘mc rsnoohmf tmrtrs‘hm‘akd ‘bshnmr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr- ?bbntmshmf
hr ‘krn bdmsq‘k sn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrrdr ‘mc sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc hr hlonqs‘ms
mns nmkx sn dmrtqd cdbhrhnmr s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms lnqd sg‘m ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr+ ats
‘krn oqnuhcd ‘ooqnoqh‘sd hmenql‘shnm nm sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgd cdbhrhnmr l‘cd-
?bbntmshmf hr ‘krn bdmsq‘k sn ‘kknvhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn bnmrsqtbs ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Rn+ hs hr pthsd bkd‘q sg‘s vd mddc mdv sxodr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm
nqcdq sn ‘ccqdrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr- Sghr sxod ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
hr cdudknodc ‘mc chrbtrrdc sgqntfgnts sghr annj- Hs hr odqg‘or hlonqs‘ms sn
‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s sghr enql ne ‘bbntmshmf+ vghkd g‘uhmf ‘ qd‘rnm‘akx knmf ghrsnqx
‘mc adhmf pthsd vdkk,drs‘akhrgdc+ hr rshkk dunkuhmf ‘mc cdudknohmf- Sgd bg‘mfhmf
m‘stqd ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd+ hmbktchmf hsr hmbqd‘rhmf tqfdmbx+ hr ‘ bdmsq‘k
bnmrhcdq‘shnm- ?r sgd fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc bg‘kkdmfdr dldqfd ‘mc dunkud+ ‘mc
adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx tqfdms+ rn snn ltrs mdv ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ad cdudknodc ‘mc
dunkud-

1-3-2 RtrsYhmYahkhsx Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx oqYbshbdr

Sgd dldqfdmbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf hr trt‘kkx hcdmshehdc ‘r nbbtqqhmf hm sgd
086/r- Hs hr fdmdq‘kkx ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd dldqfdmbd ne bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf nm sgd
dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx- ?r xnt vhkk rdd hm Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ sghr oq‘bshbd hr ‘m
hlonqs‘ms nmd hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx cnl‘hm+ ‘mc
‘ kns ne ‘ssdmshnm g‘r addm fhudm sn qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ lnshu‘shnmr
enq bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc ‘ssdlosr sn ‘cu‘mbd ‘mc hloqnud
qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud addm vdkk,qdrd‘qbgdc ‘mc ‘qd mnv pthsd vdkk,tmcdqrsnnc-
Vghkd hmhsh‘kkx cdudknohmf ‘r rdo‘q‘sd chrbhokhmdr+ sg‘s hr dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc rnbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sgdhq qdk‘sdc qdonqshmf+ ‘mc v‘whmf ‘mc v‘mhmf hm
onotk‘qhsx enq ‘ mtladq ne xd‘qr+ rhmbd sgd 088/r sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf g‘r adbnld bnllnmok‘bd ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘khrdc “ ‘s kd‘rs vhsghm k‘qfd
bnqonq‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Eq‘ldvnqjr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ enq dw‘lokd sgd
Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( ‘mc+ odqg‘or sn ‘ kdrrdq dwsdms+ Hmsdfq‘sdc
Qdonqshmf ’;HQ=(+ g‘ud dldqfdc hm sghr ro‘bd ‘mc ‘qd jdx eq‘ldvnqjr hm sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ehdkc- Vd chrbtrr sgdrd etqsgdq hm k‘ssdq bg‘osdqr-
?mnsgdq dw‘lokd ne vgdqd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd lnrs bnllnm
nq uhrhakd hr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd hrrtd ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- ? q‘mfd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr g‘ud dldqfdc hm qdk‘shnm sn bkhl‘sd ‘mc b‘qanm
dlhrrhnmr- B‘qanm ennsoqhmshmf+ ‘ snnk sn ‘rrhrs ‘m dmshsx sn tmcdqrs‘mc+ ld‘rtqd ‘mc
qdbnqc sgdhq b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr+ hr nmd rtbg dw‘lokd- G‘ud xnt dudq sgntfgs ne sgd
‘bbntmshmf hlokhb‘shnmr ne b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr> Xnt vhkk ehmc sgdrd
rbgdldr g‘ud l‘mx hlokhb‘shnmr enq ‘bbntmshmf- Sghr hr itrs nmd ne l‘mx ‘qd‘r vghbg
ghfgkhfgs sgd m‘stqd ne £mdv ‘bbntmshmfr–-
?r xnt vhkk rdd sgqntfgnts sghr annj sgd dw‘lokdr ‘qd mtldqntr- Vghkd vd
‘ssdlos sn bnudq sgd l‘hm nmdr vd ‘qd vdkk,‘v‘qd sg‘s hs hr mns onrrhakd sn bnmrhcdq
sgdl ‘kk- Vd dmbntq‘fd xnt+ ‘r xnt qd‘c sghr annj ‘mc dmf‘fd vhsg sgd sdws+ sn
bnmrhcdq nsgdq ‘qd‘r vgdqd ‘bbntmshmf enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr duhcdms- Odqg‘or lnqd
hlonqs‘mskx+ vd vntkc ‘krn dmbntq‘fd xnt sn bnmrhcdq ‘qd‘r vgdqd rtbg ‘bbntmshmf
hr mddcdc-
15 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 ?BBNTMSHMF ?MC SGD RCFr

Hm sgdhq 1/07 ‘b‘cdlhb o‘odq I‘m Adaahmfsnm ‘mc Ideeqdx Tmdql‘m dwoknqd sgd qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdrd‘qbg hm ‘bghduhmf sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnm Rtrs‘hm‘akd
Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr ’RCFr(- Onrhshnmhmf sgd RCFr ‘r ‘m hlonqs‘ms onhms ne cdo‘qstqd enq
ztmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘mc ‘bghduhmf dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc gtl‘m cdudknoldms ‘lahshnmr to sn ’‘mc
mn cntas adxnmc( sgd xd‘q 1/2/– ’o-”0( sgdx ‘qftd sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf ‘b‘cdlhbr+ vnqjhmf vhsg
‘ q‘mfd ne nsgdqr+ b‘m bnmsqhatsd rtars‘mshudkx sn sgd bg‘kkdmfd ne sgd RCFr-
Adaahmfsnm ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/07( hcdmshex gnv sgd RCFr g‘ud f‘hmdc sq‘bshnm hm sgd
atrhmdrr vnqkc+ hm bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf+ ‘mc ax sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm- Hmcddc+ hm qdk‘shnm
sn sgd k‘ssdq+ sgdx qdonqs nm sgd ntsbnld ne vnqjrgnor gdkc ax HE?B ’sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
Edcdq‘shnm ne ?bbntmshmf”“ sgd fkna‘k qdoqdrdms‘shud ancx ne oqnedrrhnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf anchdr(
vghbg hcdmshex dhfgs ne sgd 06 RCFr ‘r sgd jdx fn‘kr nm vghbg sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm
bntkc g‘ud sgd fqd‘sdrs hlo‘bs+ ‘mc dwoknqdc gnv sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm bntkc
bnmsqhatsd sgd lnrs snv‘qcr sgd ‘bghdudldms ne sgd fn‘kr- Sgd dhfgs fn‘kr hcdmshehdc sgqntfg
sgd HE?B oqnbdrrdr ‘qd9 3”“ pt‘khsx dctb‘shnm+ 4”“ fdmcdq dpt‘khsx+ 7”“ cdbdms vnqj ‘mc
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg+ 8”“ hmctrsqx+ hmmnu‘shnm ‘mc hmeq‘rsqtbstqd+ 01”“ qdronmrhakd bnmrtloshnm
‘mc oqnctbshnm+ 02”“ bkhl‘sd ‘bshnm+ 05”“ od‘bd ‘mc itrshbd ‘mc rsqnmf hmrshstshnmr+ 06”“
o‘qsmdqrghor enq sgd fn‘kr-
Nudq‘kk+ Adaahmfsnm ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/07( oqdrdms ‘ rdqhdr ne nardqu‘shnmr ‘r sn btqqdms
‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg ‘mc ‘m ‘m‘kxrhr ne sgd noonqstmhshdr ghfgkhfgsdc ax sgd RCFr enq gnv
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdrd‘qbg ‘mc qdrd‘qbgdqr b‘m ok‘x ‘ qnkd hm bnmsqhatshmf
snv‘qcr sgd ‘bghdudldms ne sgd zFkna‘k Fn‘kr–-
Adaahmfsnm) I- Ymc TmdqlYm) I- ’1/07(- ?bghduhmf sgd Tmhsdc MYshnmr RtrsYhmYakd
Cdudknoldms FnYkr9 ?m DmYakhmf Qnkd enq ?bbntmshmf QdrdYqbg- ?bbntmshme ?tchshme
Tmc ?bbntmsTahihsw HntpmTi) 20’0() 1z13-

1-3-3 Sgd Ybbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm

Sgd hmektdmbd ne sgd fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmsdws nm ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ‘krn ad rddm
vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd bg‘mfhmf m‘stqd ne sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm ‘mc sgd q‘mfd ne
oqnedrrhnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf anchdr sg‘s rtoonqs hs- L‘mx ‘bbntms‘mbx oq‘bshbdr+ drodbh‘kkx
sgd fkna‘k Ahf3 ehqlr+ ‘qd ‘bshud hm cdudknohmf ‘mc oqnuhchmf hmmnu‘shud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf rnktshnmr sn sgdhq bkhdmsr- Sghr hr o‘qskx hm qdronmrd sn qdbnfmhshnm ne sgd
hlonqs‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sn ‘ fqnvhmf mtladq ne sgdhq bkhdmsr+ vhsg cdl‘mcr enq
snnkr sn dladc tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr
hmsn bkhdmsr& rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Sgdqd b‘m ‘krn ad ‘ oqn,‘bshud
cqhudq hm oqnuhchmf sgdrd rdquhbdr+ vhsg ehqlr qdbnfmhrhmf ‘m dsghb‘k mddc sn rtoonqs ‘
sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx-
Rnld ne sgd oqnedrrhnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf anchdr ‘krn oqnlnsd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf sn sgdhq ldladqr ‘r ‘ jdx dkdldms ne sgdhq ctsx sn ‘bs hm sgd otakhb
hmsdqdrs- Enq dw‘lokd+ Sgd Hmrshstsd ne Bg‘qsdqdc ?bbntms‘msr hm Dmfk‘mc ‘mc
V‘kdr ’HB?DV( g‘r ‘cnosdc sgd RCFr ‘r ‘ cdehmhshnm ne sgd otakhb hmsdqdrs ’‘r
‘fqddc ‘mc ‘qshbtk‘sdc ax rnbhdsx ‘s ‘ fkna‘k kdudk(- ?r ‘ qdrtks+ hs ‘mbgnqr hsr otakhb
hmsdqdrs rsq‘sdfhdr hm sgd RCFr-
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 16

1-4 ?bbntmshmf enq rtrsYhmYahkhsx hm cheedqdms nqfYmhrYshnmYk rdsshmfr

Vgdm vd sghmj ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vd nesdm sghmj ne
k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Sghr l‘jdr rdmrd- Vd mnsdc ‘anud sg‘s k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr ‘qd
ghfgkx uhrhakd hm rnbhdsx- Sgdx trd ‘ kns ne qdrntqbdr ‘mc g‘ud rhfmhehb‘ms hlo‘bsr-
Gnvdudq+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr mns itrs qdkdu‘ms enq k‘qfd
bnqonq‘shnmr+ nq dudm itrs atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- ?kk sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ mns,enq,
oqnehsr+ mnm,fnudqmldms‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’MFNr(+ rl‘kk ‘mc ldchtl rhydc dmsdqoqhrdr
’RLDR(+ otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘qd qdkdu‘ms-
Gdqd+ hm sghr annj+ vd ‘qd bnmbdqmdc vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm ‘kk sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Vghkd ltbg ne ntq chrbtrrhnm hm sgd
enkknvhmf bg‘osdqr qdk‘sdr sn k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr fhudm sgdhq chroqnonqshnm‘sd hlo‘bsr
‘mc hmektdmbd ‘mc ‘krn sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s ‘ k‘qfd ‘lntms ne oq‘bshbd g‘r cdudknodc hm
sghr sxod ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ vd ‘krn bnmrhcdq ‘ vhcdq u‘qhdsx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr- Hm
sghr rdbshnm vd tmo‘bj rnld bnllnm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr- ?r xnt vhkk rdd+ sghr
ghfgkhfgsr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms enq ‘kk
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc ‘krn gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr mddcdc enq
‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr he vd ‘qd sn sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Enq d‘rd+ vd chuhcd
ntq chrbtrrhnm hmsn sgqdd o‘qsr9 sgd oqhu‘sd rdbsnq+ sgd otakhb rdbsnq+ ‘mc sgd sghqc
rdbsnq- Sgdrd b‘sdfnqhdr ‘qd rnldvg‘s ekthc+ gnvdudq+ ‘r mns dudqx nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k sxod ehsr mhbdkx hmsn ‘ rhmfkd b‘sdfnqx- Lnqdnudq+ qdftk‘snqx cheedqdmbdr
‘mc fdnfq‘oghb‘kkx nq btkstq‘kkx rodbhehb ed‘stqdr ‘mc bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr b‘m dwhrs ‘eedbshmf
ansg gnv sgdx ‘qd rsqtbstqdc ‘mc gnv sgdx ‘qd odqbdhudc hm cheedqdms rnbhdshdr-

1-4-0 OqhuYsd rdbsnq nqfYmhrYshnmr

1-4-0-0 BnqonqWshnmr
Bnqonq‘shnmr ‘qd ‘ cnlhm‘ms enql ne atrhmdrr dmshsx hm sgd lncdqm dbnmnlx-
Bnqonq‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr+ g‘ud rhfmhehb‘ms hlo‘bsr
‘mc hmektdmbd- ? bnqonq‘shnm hr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql sg‘s hr k‘qfdkx cdehmdc ax hsr
kdf‘k rs‘str ‘mc ‘krn hm qdk‘shnm sn nvmdqrgho ne ‘rrdsr- ? bnqonq‘shnm hr cdehmdc ax sgd
k‘v ‘r ‘ rdo‘q‘sd dmshsx ‘mc hr nesdm qdedqqdc sn ‘r ‘m £‘qshehbh‘k odqrnm+– fhudm sg‘s sghr
kdf‘k rs‘str fhudr sgdl bdqs‘hm qhfgsr ‘mc qdronmrhahkhshdr+ itrs ‘r hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr
g‘ud- Sghr kdf‘k rs‘str ‘mc rsqtbstqd ne oqhu‘sdkx nvmdc bnqonq‘shnmr g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr
enq bnqonq‘sd qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hmsdqdrshmf chrbtrrhnmr ne sghr b‘m ad
entmc hm Bq‘md ds ‘k- ’1/08( ‘mc A‘j‘m ’1//4(-1

1-4-0-1 RlWkk Wmc ldchtl rhydc dmsdqoqhrdr RLDr(

Vghkd cdehmdc cheedqdmskx hm cheedqdms bnmsdwsr+ sgd l‘hm enql ne enq,oqnehs atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc cqhudq ne l‘mx dbnmnlhdr hr sgd RLD rdbsnq- Vghkd hs vntkc ad
d‘rx sn sghmj sg‘s RLDr g‘ud qdk‘shudkx rl‘kk nq lhmnq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr+ s‘jdm
snfdsgdq sgd hlo‘bs ne RLDr hr rhfmhehb‘ms- Khlhsdc qdrntqbdr vhsghm RLDr nesdm
ld‘m sgdx knnj enq hmmnu‘shud v‘xr hm vghbg sn ‘cnos rtrs‘hm‘akd oq‘bshbdr- Vghkd
RLDr ‘qd odqg‘or tmcdqqdoqdrdmsdc hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdrd‘qbg khsdq‘stqd ’‘ksgntfg vdkk,bnudqdc hm sgd l‘m‘fdldms qdrd‘qbg khsdq‘stqd(
sgdx ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql ‘mc ‘r rtbg vd vntkc dmbntq‘fd xnt sn
17 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

sghmj ‘ants gnv sgd q‘mfd ne snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr sg‘s ed‘stqd hm sgd annj bntkc ad
‘ookhdc ‘mc ‘c‘osdc sn sgd RLD bnmsdws-

1-4-0-2 OWqsmdqrghor Wmc bn,nodqWshudr

Nsgdq enqlr ne enq,oqnehs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmbktcd o‘qsmdqrghor ‘mc bn,nodq‘shudr-
O‘qsmdqrghor ‘mc bn,nodq‘shudr bnld hm u‘qhntr enqlr- Enq dw‘lokd+ bn,nodq‘shudr
hmbktcd bnmrtldq bn,nodq‘shudr+ rtbg ‘r sgnrd nodq‘shmf hm qds‘hk+ a‘mjhmf ‘mc gntrhmf+
vnqjdq bn,nodq‘shudr+ entmc ‘bqnrr cheedqdms hmctrsqhdr+ ‘mc oqnctbdq bn,nodq‘shudr+
nesdm entmc hm ‘fqhbtkstqd- ?mc vghkd sgd kdf‘k enql enq bn,nodq‘shudr b‘m cheedq+ sgd
bnllnm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb ne lnrs hr sg‘s sgdx ‘qd nvmdc inhmskx ax sgd ldladqr ‘mc
fnudqmdc cdlnbq‘shb‘kkx+ ld‘mhmf d‘bg ldladq g‘r nmd unsd- Bn,nodq‘shudr ‘krn
nesdm rsqhud sn rdqud sgdhq ldladqrgho+ hlokxhmf sg‘s sgd otqrths ne dbnmnlhb oqnehs hr
mns fhudm oqhnqhsx ‘r sgd cqhuhmf enqbd ne nodq‘shnmr- Sghr cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s ‘kk
bn,nodq‘shudr vntkc ax cdehmhshnm dmg‘mbd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Khjd ‘mx dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx+
bn,nodq‘shudr ‘krn g‘ud rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr+ ‘mc sgdhq
‘bshuhshdr g‘ud cdodmcdmbhdr itrs khjd ‘mx nsgdq enqlr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

1-4-0-3 Nsgdq dldqfhmf enq,oqnehs nqfWmhrWshnmWk enqlr

Hm qdbdms xd‘qr sgdqd g‘r addm ‘ lxqh‘c ne mdv enq,oqnehs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr sg‘s
g‘ud cdudknodc+ l‘mx hm chqdbs qdronmrd sn sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd- Sgdrd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr g‘ud ‘ q‘mfd ne m‘ldr+ enq dw‘lokd+ gxaqhc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr nq A,Bnqor- Vghkd sgd dw‘bs kdf‘k enql ‘mc sgdqdax rnld
bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr cheedq ‘bqnrr bnmsdwsr+ ‘ bnllnm ed‘stqd ‘bqnrr sgdrd sxodr ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr sgdhq otqrths ne ‘ ct‘k lhrrhnm- Sg‘s hr+ sgdx otqrtd ehm‘mbh‘k rtbbdrr
ats ‘s sgd r‘ld shld dwokhbhskx rddj sn bqd‘sd onrhshud rnbh‘k ‘mc.nq dmuhqnmldms‘k
hlo‘bs- Sgd qdk‘shud hlonqs‘mbd ne sgdrd svn otqonrdr l‘x u‘qx nudq shld+ ‘bqnrr
bnmsdwsr ‘mc adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘r cndr gnv sgd ‘bghdudldms ne rtbg fn‘kr hr
‘rrdrrdc- Vghkd l‘mx rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr qdl‘hm rl‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nodq‘sd
knb‘kkx+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn rdudq‘k k‘qfdq ‘mc oqnlhmdms dw‘lokdr- O‘s‘fnmh‘+ ‘ TR,a‘rdc
bknsghmf ‘mc ntscnnq fd‘q bnlo‘mx+ enq dw‘lokd+ hr ‘ bdqshehdc A,bnqonq‘shnm
o‘xhmf rtars‘msh‘k ‘ssdmshnm sn hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k ennsoqhms ‘mc okdcfhmf sn cnm‘sd
0 odqbdms ne hsr ‘mmt‘k r‘kdr sn sgd oqdrdqu‘shnm ‘mc qdrsnq‘shnm ne sgd m‘stq‘k
dmuhqnmldms- Hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtbg gxaqhc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ kd‘qmhmf gnv sn ‘rrdrr+
ld‘rtqd ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sd sgd otqrtdc dmuhqnmldms‘k nq rnbh‘k ntsbnldr hr ghfgkx
bqhshb‘k+ rhmbd vhsgnts sghr hs vntkc ad g‘qc sn chrshmfthrg ‘bst‘k onrhshud qdrtksr
eqnl ldqd m‘qq‘shudr nq eddk,fnnc rsnqhdr- Sghr ‘f‘hm tmcdqrbnqdr sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

1-4-1 Otakhb rdbsnq nqfYmhrYshnmr

Sgd otakhb rdbsnq g‘r addm trdetkkx cdehmdc ax Aqn‘cadms ‘mc Ftsgqhd ’0881+ o- 2( ‘r
£sg‘s o‘qs ne ‘ m‘shnm&r dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx vghbg hr sq‘chshnm‘kkx nvmdc ‘mc bnmsqnkkdc
ax fnudqmldms”sgd otakhb rdbsnq hr bnlonrdc ne sgnrd otakhb nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vghbg
oqnuhcd tshkhshdr ‘mc rdquhbdr sn sgd bnlltmhsx ‘mc vghbg g‘ud sq‘chshnm‘kkx addm
rddm ‘r drrdmsh‘k sn sgd e‘aqhb ne ntq rnbhdsx–- ?r rtbg+ sgd otakhb rdbsnq bnmrhrsr ne ‘
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 18

udqx vhcd q‘mfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgdqd ‘qd+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ bhshdr+ knb‘k bntmbhkr ‘mc
qdfhnm‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr- Sgdrd nesdm bnmrhrs ne ‘ mtladq ne rl‘kkdq rtardbshnmr ‘mc tmhsr-
Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ bhsx nesdm nvmr ‘mc qtmr otakhbkx nvmdc bnlo‘mhdr+ vghbg odqenql
rodbhehb s‘rjr nq ‘qd fhudm qdronmrhahkhsx enq o‘qshbtk‘q nodq‘shnmr- Hm l‘mx rnbhdshdr
tmhudqrhshdr ‘qd otakhb ‘mc gdmbd o‘qs ne sghr fqnto-
Fhudm sgd rb‘kd ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k hlo‘bs ne sgd otakhb rdbsnq nm sgd dbnmnlx+
dmuhqnmldms ‘mc bnlltmhsx+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc sgtr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- M‘shnm‘k fnudqmldmsr snn ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms enbtr enq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgtr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Bntmsqhdr g‘ud
enq ‘ knmf shld oqnctbdc dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqsr ’rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r £Rs‘sd ne
sgd dmuhqnmldms– qdonqsr( ntskhmhmf d‘bg bntmsqx&r odqenql‘mbd+ oqnfqdrr ‘mc
rsq‘sdfx hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘ q‘mfd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr khjd ahnchudqrhsx- Hm
rhlhk‘q sdqlr+ l‘mx dkdldmsr ne sgd rnbh‘k+ rtbg ‘r kdudk ne dctb‘shnm+ gd‘ksg ‘mc
gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd nesdm ‘rrdrrdc ‘mc chrbtrrdc nm sgd m‘shnm‘k kdudk- Sgd RCFr
hmsqnctbdc ‘anud+ vghkd adhmf bnmrhcdqdc ax atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘qd drrdmsh‘kkx
vqhssdm enq m‘shnm‘k fnudqmldmsr- Hs hr sgdqdenqd mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s vd ‘qd mnv
rddhmf qdonqshmf ‘s bntmsqx kdudk ‘f‘hmrs RCF odqenql‘mbd-
Sgd qhrhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr qdpthqd ‘bshnm eqnl ‘kk rdbsnqr ne sgd dbnmnlx-
Otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm fdmdq‘k+ ‘mc m‘shnm rs‘sdr hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ g‘ud knmf
dmf‘fdc hm hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldmsr qdf‘qchmf u‘qhntr rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k
ptdrshnmr- Rtbg ‘fqddldmsr+ vgdsgdq cd‘khmf vhsg gtl‘m qhfgsr+ v‘sdq nq
ahnchudqrhsx+ qdpthqd ldbg‘mhrlr sgqntfg vghbg sgd rhst‘shnm ‘mc onsdmsh‘k oqnfqdrr
b‘m ad ‘rrdrrdc+ ld‘rtqdc ‘mc qdonqsdc- ?f‘hm+ vd ‘qd onsdmsh‘kkx vhsghm sgd qd‘kl ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vghkd ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr nq
b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf b‘m knnj ‘s sgd r‘ld dkdldmsr hm ‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql+ nmd
o‘qshbtk‘q ptdrshnm hm sgd qd‘kl ne otakhb rdbsnq qdk‘sdr sn ‘kknb‘shnm ‘mc sgd hcd‘ ne
‘m dmshsx9 cndr ‘ bhsx hmbktcd hm hsr b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘kk sgd dlhrrhnmr sg‘s nbbtq
vhsghm hsr qdfhnm‘k antmc‘qhdr “ h-d- ‘krn sgnrd ne ‘mx oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nq bhshydmr
qdrhchmf sgdqd+ dudm he sgd bhsx g‘r mn chqdbs bnmsqnk nudq sgnrd> Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ gnv
rgntkc sgd ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx rxrsdlr ad rsqtbstqdc rn sg‘s ‘kk mdbdrr‘qx
hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ‘qd hmbktcdc+ ats ‘krn sg‘s sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd hcdmshehdc-

1-4-2 Sgd sghqc rdbsnq

Sgd sghqc rdbsnq hr ‘ bnllnm sdql sn cdrbqhad sgd u‘qhdsx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vghbg e‘kk
ntsrhcd ansg oqhu‘sd ‘mc otakhb rdbsnqr- Vghkd ktlohmf dudqxsghmf snfdsgdq tmcdq
sghr aqn‘c k‘adk qhrjr lhrrhmf sgd chudqrhsx ‘mc qdrtksr hm nudqrhlokhehb‘shnm+ sghr
fdmdqhb b‘sdfnqhr‘shnm hr odqg‘or qdpthqdc ctd sn sgd q‘mfd ne onrrhakd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
enqlr-
Sgd sghqc rdbsnq k‘adk bnudqr ‘ chudqrhsx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr eqnl bg‘qhshdr ‘mc
bgtqbgdr sn ronqsr bktar ‘mc bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor- Hs hr rnldshldr b‘kkdc sgd
mnm,oqnehs nq unktms‘qx rdbsnq- ?f‘hm+ ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr vhsghm sghr rdbsnq ‘qd
qdkdu‘ms ‘mc hlonqs‘ms sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hmcddc+ he
vd s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn qdekdbs nm sgd hlo‘bsr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sgdrd
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnkkdbshudkx g‘ud+ vd b‘m rdd hs hr uhs‘kkx hlonqs‘ms- Vd b‘mmns
ed‘rhakx hmbktcd ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne ‘kk ne sgdrd gdqd+ ‘ksgntfg xnt vhkk rdd tr qdedq sn
2/ A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

rnld sgqntfgnts sgd annj- Vd vhkk+ gnvdudq+ q‘hrd ‘ssdmshnm sn nmd enql9
mnm,fnudqmldms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

1-4-2-0 Mnm,fnudqmldms nqfWmhrWshnmr

Mnm,fnudqmldms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’MFNr( ‘qd chudqrd- Hs hr enq sghr qd‘rnm sg‘s sgdx
‘qd pthsd g‘qc sn cdehmd- MFNr b‘m+ enq dw‘lokd+ s‘jd sgd enql ne unktms‘qx
‘rrnbh‘shnmr+ tmhnmr+ qdkhfhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc bnmrtldq fqntor- S‘akd 1-0
oqnuhcdr ‘ trdetk bk‘rrhehb‘shnm- Rnld ne sgd lnqd vdkk,jmnvm MFNr nodq‘shmf
hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qdm‘ sg‘s xnt l‘x jmnv ‘qd ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ Eqhdmcr
ne sgd D‘qsg+ Fqddmod‘bd+ sgd Vnqkc Vhkckhed Etmc ’VVE( ‘mc Nwe‘l
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k-
Sgd mtladq ne MFNr g‘r addm nm sgd qhrd nudq sgd k‘rs 1/ nq rn xd‘qr- Sgdqd ‘qd
odqg‘or ‘ mtladq ne qd‘rnmr enq sghr- Enq dw‘lokd sgd odqbdhudc e‘hktqd ne sgd rs‘sd hm
l‘mx qdfhnmr sn rtoonqs bhuhk rnbhdsx ‘mc sgdqdenqd sgd mddc enq nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
sn ehkk sgd unhc+ nq sgd hmbqd‘rdc ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc bnmbdqm enq ansg knb‘k ‘mc fkna‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr rtbg ‘r dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr-
Bnmbdqmr vhsg cdlnbq‘shb oqnbdrrdr ‘mc sgd mddc enq MFNr sn qdoqdrdms cheedqdms
bhuhk rnbhdsx ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k unhbdr ‘qd ‘mnsgdq onsdmsh‘k qd‘rnm- Vhsg sghr qhrd g‘r
bnld ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf hmektdmbd ne MFNr- Tmenqstm‘sdkx+ sghr fqnvsg ‘mc sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc
kdudk ne etmchmf qdbdhudc ax MFNr g‘r ‘krn addm ‘bbnlo‘mhdc ax ‘ mtladq ne
rb‘mc‘kr dldqfhmf eqnl sgd rdbsnq+ ‘mc nudq‘kk ‘ fqd‘sdq bnmbdqm vhsg MFN
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
MFNr cdl‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ne nsgdqr+ ats sgdqd hr ‘krn sgd mddc enq MFNr sn ad
‘bbntms‘akd- MFN ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘r addm ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdrd‘qbg ‘mc oq‘bshbd- Vd cn mns enbtr dwsdmrhudkx nm
MFNr gdqd hm sghr annj- Vghkd vd cn bnmrhcdq gnv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
ldbg‘mhrlr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms sn MFNr+ hmbktchmf gnv MFNr cdl‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
‘mc gnv sgdx b‘m trd ‘bbntmshmf hm sgdhq oq‘bshbdr ’rdd+ enq dw‘lokd+ Bg‘osdq 7(+ vd
vntkc dmbntq‘fd xnt sn bnmrhcdq gnv sgd snohbr+ snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ntskhmdc hm sghr
annj ‘qd qdkdu‘ms sn sgd MFN bnmsdws lnqd aqn‘ckx-
Hm rtl+ MFNr ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+
mns nmkx adb‘trd sgdx g‘ud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr+ ats sgdx b‘m ‘krn ‘bs ‘r ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql vghbg oqnlnsdr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hcd‘kr-

S?AKD 1-0 ?ssqhatsdr ne MFNr ’?c‘osdc eqnl U‘jhk+ 0886: Annlrl‘ ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ 1/03(
MFN nqhdmsWshnm©“ sxod ne Wbshuhshdr sgdx dmfWfd hm ?cunbWbx
Cdudknoldms
Cdudknoldms dctbWshnm
Cdudknoldms,nqhdmsWsdc
QdrdWqbg
VdkeWqd
MFN kdudk ne nodqWshnm HmsdqmWshnmWk
MWshnmWk
Bnlltmhsx
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 20

1-4-3 RtllYqx ne cheedqdms nqfYmhrYshnmYk rdsshmfr

Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ad sgdx ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr+ otakhb rdbsnq dmshshdr+ MFNr nq
nsgdqr+ rhs vhsghm rnbhdshdr ‘mc dmf‘fd hm ‘ mdsvnqj ne qdk‘shnmr sn nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘r vdkk ‘r hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr- Sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘kv‘xr g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr
nm nsgdq ldladqr ne sgd rnbhdsx ‘mc sgd rnbhdsx ‘s k‘qfd- ?s sgd bnqd ne sgd qdk‘shnmrghor
‘qd ansg hlokhbhs ‘mc dwokhbhs dwodbs‘shnmr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc
adg‘ud hm ‘ fhudm rnbhdsx nq ‘mx nsgdq bnmsdws- Vghkd hs l‘x ad d‘rx sn ‘rrtld sg‘s
bdqs‘hm sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r l‘inq ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr+ g‘ud k‘qfdq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc gdmbd rgntkc ad sgd enbtr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ vd g‘ud ‘qftdc sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘r
qdkdu‘mbd ‘bqnrr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr chrbtrrdc ‘anud-
Ad‘qhmf sghr chudqrhsx hm lhmc+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc sg‘s nmd vhkk mns ad ‘akd
sn ehmc ‘ rhmfkd lncdk ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vghbg bntkc ad
‘ookhdc hm ‘kk bnmsdwsr ‘mc enq ‘kk rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Hmrsd‘c+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hmbktcdr ‘ chudqrd ‘mc dunkuhmf ehdkc ne oq‘bshbdr+ vghbg ‘qd a‘rdc
nm qdbnfmhrhmf sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ne rnbh‘k+ dbnmnlhb ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k chldmrhnmr-
Vghkd rnld snnkr hm sgd ehdkc lhfgs ‘ood‘q qdk‘shudkx rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc+ nsgdq
‘ooqn‘bgdr b‘m rddl ghfgkx bnlokdw ‘mc nodm,dmcdc-

1-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vhkk cdodmc nm g‘uhmf hmenqldc+ dbnknfhb‘kkx khsdq‘sd bhshydmr vnqjhmf
snv‘qc gd‘ksgx dbnrxrsdlr+ fdmthmd rnbh‘k hmbktrhnm+ ‘mc dpths‘akd chrsqhatshnm ne
qdrntqbdr- Vd vhkk mddc rsqnmf ‘mc itrs hmrshstshnmr sn rtoonqs sghr- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
sgdhq rxrsdlr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘qd hmrshstshnmr sg‘s vhkk ad bdmsq‘k sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc sgd a‘bjfqntmc ‘mc bnmsdws sn sgd snohb ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd adf‘m ax chrbtrrhmf sgd bnmbdos ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hsrdke- Vghkd vd g‘ud hcdmshehdc sgd RCFr ‘r ‘ trdetk eq‘ldvnqj enq
tmcdqrs‘mchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ vd g‘ud ‘krn chrbtrrdc gnv vd mddc sn bnmrhcdq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘r ‘ rxrsdlr,kdudk bnmbdos ‘mc hmsqnctbdc sgd cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr
lncdk ‘r ‘ trdetk uhrt‘k qdoqdrdms‘shnm sn bnmrhcdq sghr- Vd g‘ud ‘krn mnsdc gnv ‘
sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd dmuhqnmldms+ rnbhdsx ‘mc dbnmnlx vhkk qdpthqd
‘ qdbnmrhcdq‘shnm ne atrhmdrr lncdkr- Gdqd vd g‘ud hmsqnctbdc sgd bnmbdos ne sgd
bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx sn adfhm sn qdekdbs nm gnv ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdpthqdr
‘ sq‘mrenql‘shnm ne btqqdms cnlhm‘ms lncdkr- K‘rskx+ vd g‘ud rodms rnld shld
cdehmhmf ‘mc dw‘lhmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sg‘s hr+ sgd qnkd
ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr hm sghr sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc
‘bghdudldms ne sgd RCFr- Vd hmbktcdc ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr
sn hmchb‘sd gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr qdkdu‘ms hm l‘mx
cheedqdms bnmsdwsr-
Sghr bg‘osdq g‘r oqnuhcdc sgd a‘bjfqntmc ‘mc bnmsdws sn sgd bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv-
Gnvdudq+ adenqd cdkuhmf hmsn ‘ lnqd rodbhehb chrbtrrhnm ne sgd u‘qhntr oq‘bshbdr ‘mc
hrrtdr+ vd vhkk hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq dwoknqd rnld ne sgd jdx bnmbdosr sg‘s oqnuhcd
etqsgdq bk‘qhsx ‘r sn sgd snohb ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
21 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws

Mnsdr
0 Vghkd xds sn ad l‘cd neehbh‘k+ sgd ?msgqnonbdmd ’‘msgqnon “ gtl‘m+ bdmd “ _mdv&+ _qdbdms&( hr
‘m donbg vghbg enkknvr eqnl sgd Gnknbdmd- Sgd Gnknbdmd v‘r £‘ odqhnc ne v‘ql ‘mc
dwsq‘nqchm‘qx rs‘akd bkhl‘sd bnmchshnmr adsvddm hbd ‘fdr sg‘s v‘r hcd‘k enq sgd cdudknoldms ne
gtl‘m bhuhkhy‘shnm– ’Qnadqsrnm+ 1/06+ o- 12(- Sgd ?msgqnonbdmd ghfgkhfgsr bg‘mfdr+ ‘mc sgd
qnkd ne gtl‘mr hm aqhmfhmf ‘ants sgnrd bg‘mfdr- Sgd ?msgqnonbdmd ‘mc hsr qdkdu‘mbd enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf g‘ud ‘krn addm chrbtrrdc ’rdd Vqhfgs ds ‘k-+ 1/07 ‘mc Adaahmfsnm
ds ‘k-+ 1/1/(-
1 Qdedqdmbd gdqd hr sn A‘j‘m&r annj ’1//4( Sgd BnqonqYshnm- Hs hr ‘krn ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘r ‘ cnbtldms‘qx-

Qdedqdmbdr
A‘j‘m+ I- ’1//4(- Sgd BnqonqYshnm9 Sgd OYsgnknfhbYk Otqrths ne Oqnehs Ymc Onvdq- Eqdd Oqdrr-
Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- ’1/07(- ?bghduhmf sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms
Fn‘kr9 ?m Dm‘akhmf Qnkd enq ?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx
IntqmYk+ 20’0(+ 1“13
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Årsdqaknl+ G-+ Bqnm‘+ A-+ Inteeq‘x+ I-,A-+ K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ Qtrrdkk+ R- ‘mc Rbgnksdmr+
A- ’1/1/(- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm sgd ?msgqnonbdmd- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc
:bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 22’0(+ 041“066-
Annlrl‘+ Q- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1/03(- Sgd M‘stqd ne MFN ?bbntms‘ahkhsx9 Bnmbdoshnmr+
Lnshudr+ Enqlr ‘mc Ldbg‘mhrlr- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’dcr(+
RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx ’1mc dcm(- Qntskdcfd-
Aqn‘cadms+ I- ‘mc Ftsgqhd+ I- ’0881(- Bg‘mfdr hm sgd Otakhb Rdbsnq9 ? Qduhdv ne Qdbdms
£?ksdqm‘shud– ?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 4’1(+
2“20-
B‘qrnm+ Q- ’0851(- Rhkdms Roqhmf- Gntfgsnm Lheekhm-
Bq‘md+ ?- L‘ssdm+ C-+ Fknydq+ R- ‘mc Rodmbd+ K- ’1/08(- Atrhmdrr Dsghbr9 LYmYfhmf BnqonqYsd
Bhshydmrgho Ymc RtrsYhmYahkhsx hm sgd :fd ne FknaYkhyYshnm ’4sg dcm(- Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-
Dgqkhbg+ O- ’0857(- Sgd OnotkYshnm Anla- Rhdqq‘ Bkta.A‘kk‘mshmd Annjr-
Dkjhmfsnm+ I- ’1/07(- 14 Xd‘qr ?fn H Bnhmdc sgd Ogq‘rd £Sqhokd Anssnl Khmd9– Gdqd&r Vgx Hs&r
Shld sn Qdsghmj Hs- GYquYqc Atrhmdrr Pduhdv- 14 Itmd 1/07-
Dkkdm L‘b?qsgtq Entmc‘shnm- ’1/1/(- Aqdvhmf Addq eqnl Rtqoktr Aqd‘c- vvv-dkkdml‘
b‘qsgtqentmc‘shnm-nqf.b‘rd,rstchdr.aqdvhmf,addq,eqnl,rtqoktr,aqd‘c ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Itmd
1/1/(-
Ld‘cnvr+ C-+ Ld‘cnvr- C-+ Q‘mcdqr+ I- ‘mc Adgqdmr+ V- ’0861( Khlhsr sn Fqnvsg9 :°Pdonqs enq sgd
Bkta ne Pnld&r Oqnidbs nm sgd OqdchbYldms ne LYmjhmc- D‘qsg Hrk‘mc-
Q‘vnqsg+ J- ’1/06(- Cntfgmts Dbnmnlhbr9 Rdudm VYxr sn Sghmj Khjd Y 10rs,Bdmstqx Dbnmnlhrs-
Q‘mcnl Gntrd-
Qnadqsrnm+ L- ’1/06(- RtrsYhmYahkhsx9 Oqhmbhokdr Ymc OqYbshbd- Qntskdcfd-
Qnbjrsqíl+ I-+ Rsdeedm+ V-+ Mnnmd+ J-+ Odqrrnm+ ©-+ Bg‘ohm HHH+ E- R-+ K‘lahm+ D-+ Kdmsnm+ S- L-+
Rbgdeedq+ L-+ Enkjd+ B-+ Rbgdkkmgtadq+ G-+ Mxjuhrs+ A-+ Cd Vhs+ B- ?-+ Gtfgdr+ S-+ u‘m cdq
Kddtv+ R-+ Qncgd+ G-+ Ríqkhm+ R-+ Rmxcdq+ O- J-+ Bnrs‘my‘+ Q-+ Rudchm+ T-+ E‘kjdml‘qj+ L-+
J‘qkadqf+ K-+ Bnqdkk+ Q- V-+ E‘aqx+ U- I-+ G‘mrdm+ I-+ V‘kjdq+ A-+ Khudql‘m+ C-+ Qhbg‘qcrnm+
J-+ Bqtsydm+ O- ‘mc Enkdx+ I- ’1//8(- Ok‘mds‘qx Antmc‘qhdr9 Dwoknqhmf sgd R‘ed Nodq‘shmf
Ro‘bd enq Gtl‘mhsx- Dbnknfx Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 03’1(+ 21-
Rbgtl‘bgdq+ D- E- ’0862(- RlYkk hr AdYtshetk9 :°Rstcx ne Dbnmnlhbr Yr he Odnokd LYssdqdc- Aknmc ‘mc
Aqhffr-
Rlhsgdqr+ Q- ’1/07(- Q‘hrd ‘ Sn‘rs Mdv Addqr L‘cd eqnl Kdesnudq Aqd‘c Gdko sn Bts Ennc
V‘rsd- Sgd FtYqchYm- vvv-sgdft‘qch‘m-bnl.khed‘mcrsxkd.1/07.‘oq.17.mdv,addqr,l‘cd,
eqnl,kdesnudq,aqd‘c,l‘qjr,‘mc,rodmbdq,‘cm‘lr ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Itmd 1/1/(-
 A‘bjfqntmc ‘mc fkna‘k bnmsdws 22

U‘jhk+ ?- B- ’0886(- Bnmeqnmshmf sgd Bk‘rrhehb‘shnm Oqnakdl9 ? S‘wnmnlx ne MFNr- Vnqkc

Cdudknoldms+ 14’01(+ 1/46“1/6/-
VBDC ’Sgd Vnqkc Bnllhrrhnm nm Dmuhqnmldms ‘mc Cdudknoldms(- ’0876(- Ntq Bnllnm
Etstqd- Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-
Vqhfgs+ B-+ Mxadqf+ C-+ Qhbj‘qcr+ K- ‘mc Eqdtmc+ I- ’1/07(- Nqf‘mhyhmf hm sgd ?msgqnonbdmd-
NqfYmhyYshnm+ 14’3(+ 344“360-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B- ’1/03(- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms9 ?m
Dwoknq‘shnm- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 28’5(+ 284“302-
Dkkdm L‘b?qsgtq Entmc‘shnm- vvv-dkkdml‘b‘qsgtqentmc‘shnm-nqf. ’Bhqbtk‘q Dbnmnlx(
Fq‘x+ Q- ’088/(- Sgd Fqddmhmf ne :bbntmsYmbx9 Sgd Oqnedrrhnm Yesdq OdYqbd- Bg‘qsdqdc ?rrnbh‘shnm ne
Bdqshehdc ?bbntms‘msr-
Fq‘x+ Q- ’1/0/(- Hr ?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bst‘kkx ?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx”‘mc
Gnv Vntkc Vd Jmnv> ?m Dwoknq‘shnm ne M‘qq‘shudr ne Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd Ok‘mds-
:bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 24’0(+ 36“51-
I‘bjrnm+ S- ’1/06(- Oqnrodqhsx vhsgnts Fqnvsg9 EntmcYshnmr enq sgd Dbnmnlx ne Snlnqqnv ’1mc dcm(-
Qntskdcfd-
K‘cd+ R- I-+ Rsdeedm+ V-+ cd Uqhdr+ V-+ B‘qodmsdq+ R- Q-+ Cnmfdr+ I- E-+ Fdqsdm+ C-+ Gnee+ G-+
Mdvankc+ S-+ Qhbg‘qcrnm+ J- ‘mc Qnbjrsqíl+ I- ’1/1/(- Gtl‘m hlo‘bsr nm ok‘mds‘qx
antmc‘qhdr ‘lokhehdc ax D‘qsg rxrsdl hmsdq‘bshnmr- MYstqd RtrsYhmYahkhsx+ 2’1(+ 008“017-
BG?OSDQ

2
?bbntmsYahkhsx) rsYjdgnkcdqr)
lYsdqhYkhsx Ymc dwsdqmYkhshdr
Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd hmsqnctbd ‘mc chrbtrr rnld ne sgd jdx bnmbdosr sg‘s ‘qd drrdmsh‘k
enq tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd qnkd ‘mc onrhshnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
hm rnbhdshdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgdrd jdx bnmbdosr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf
ltbg ne sgd chrbtrrhnm sg‘s enkknvr hm sgd mdws svn o‘qsr ne sghr annj ‘r sgdx gdko tr
l‘jd rdmrd ne sgd ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc odqrodbshudr sg‘s oqnuhcd sgd entmc‘shnmr enq sgd
snohb- Vhsg sghr hm lhmc+ hm sghr bg‘osdq vd hmsqnctbd ‘mc dw‘lhmd entq qdk‘sdc
bnmbdosr9 ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr- Vd adfhm ax
chrbtrrhmf sgd mnshnm ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- ?bbntms‘ahkhsx hr oqna‘akx sgd aqn‘cdrs ‘mc
lnrs bnlokdw ne sgd entq bnmbdosr- Vd adfhm ntq chrbtrrhnm gdqd gnvdudq adb‘trd
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr ‘qft‘akx sgd nudq‘qbghmf bnmbdos vghbg hmenqlr sgd oq‘bshbd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ nq ‘s kd‘rs gnv sgd oq‘bshbd hr tmcdqrsnnc hm sghr annj- Vd
sgdm chrbtrr sgd bnmbdosr ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr hm stqm qdk‘shmf
sgdrd sn sgd bnmbdos ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnmbdos ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc vgx hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx

‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘akd sn cdehmd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc hcdmshex u‘qhntr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor
adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdqr-
Ad ‘akd sn cdehmd ‘mc hcdmshex qdkdu‘ms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc
tmcdqrs‘mc sgd u‘qhntr v‘xr ‘mc qd‘rnmr vgx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dmf‘fd vhsg sgdl-
Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnmbdos ne l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc vgx l‘sdqh‘khsx hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms
bnmbdos enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnmbdos ne dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

2-0 ?bbntmsYahkhsx
Hm lnrs bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr+ sgdqd ‘qd k‘vr ‘mc nsgdq qdftk‘shnmr sg‘s ntskhmd sgd
a‘rhb qtkdr enq gnv ansg hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd ‘kknvdc sn nodq‘sd- Rtbg
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 24

k‘vr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr bnudq ansg gnv hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc nodq‘sd hm
fdmdq‘k ‘mc hm qdk‘shnm sn nmd ‘mnsgdq- ? u‘qhdsx ne fnudqm‘mbd rxrsdlr rshotk‘sd gnv
nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m nodq‘sd+ gnv sgdx b‘m l‘jd trd ne u‘qhntr qdrntqbdr ‘mc vg‘s jhmc
ne qdpthqdldmsr sgdx mddc sn etkehk hm nqcdq sn cn rn- Gnvdudq+ sgdrd dwokhbhs ‘mc
neehbh‘k fnudqm‘mbd qdftk‘shnmr ‘qd nmkx o‘qs ne sgd bnlokdw rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr enqlhmf
sgd qtkdr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr ne rnbhdsx- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ okdsgnq‘ ne nsgdq+ rnldshldr hmenql‘k
‘mc hlokhbhs+ dwodbs‘shnmr vghbg ‘eedbs hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bshuhshdr-
Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘mmns a‘rd ‘bshnmr ‘mc nodq‘shnmr
nmkx nm sgd hcd‘ ne enkknvhmf sgd kdf‘k qtkdr ‘mc enql‘k qdftk‘shnmr hm ok‘bd hm ‘ fhudm
rnbhdsx- Rnld ‘qd‘r ‘mc ‘rodbsr ne rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb khed ‘qd mns fnudqmdc ax ‘mx
enql‘k qdftk‘shnm- Sgdqd nauhntrkx b‘mmns ad ‘ qtkd enq dudqx rhmfkd ‘rodbs- Lnqdnudq+
rnldshldr qtkdr nmkx rds rnld lhmhltl sgqdrgnkcr+ vghbg ‘qd sgdm mns+ enq nmd
qd‘rnm nq ‘mnsgdq+ bnmrhcdqdc rteehbhdms ax sgd otakhb ‘s k‘qfd- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s
hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn fds ax vhsgnts sgdl- Sn cn rn+ mnqlr
‘qd drs‘akhrgdc vghbg fthcd adg‘uhntq ‘mc rds hmenql‘k ‘mc hlokhbhs dwodbs‘shnmr-
?r vd mnsdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ bnqonq‘sd qdronmrhahkhsx hr ‘ bnllnm sdql
trdc vgdm chrbtrrhmf sgd mddc enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ad qdronmrhakd hm sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr hm
rnbhdshdr- Vghkd sgd bnmbdos hr u‘ftd ‘mc rtaidbs sn u‘qhntr hmsdqoqds‘shnmr+ ‘s sgd
gd‘qs ne hs hr sgd hcd‘ sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx snv‘qcr nsgdqr hm rnbhdsx-
Sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘qd u‘qhntr- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr qdronmrhakd sn hsr
ehm‘mbhdqr sn trd sgd b‘ohs‘k hs g‘r addm oqnuhcdc vhsg hm ‘m deehbhdms v‘x sn oqnctbd
ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr sn nvmdqr ‘mc bqdchsnqr- Sgdqd hr ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx sn dloknxddr vhsg
qdf‘qcr sn+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ rths‘akd vnqj bnmchshnmr ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k bnlodmr‘shnm-
Snv‘qcr btrsnldqr+ sgdqd hr ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx sn cdkhudq r‘ed ‘mc qdkh‘akd oqnctbsr ‘mc
rdquhbdr+ hmbktchmf dmrtqhmf sgdx l‘sbg vg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r oqnlhrdc hm
qdk‘shnm sn sgdl- Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx snv‘qcr rnbhdsx- ?kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
qdbdhud u‘qhntr sxodr ne qdrntqbdr ‘mc rdquhbdr+ rtbg ‘r ‘m dctb‘sdc vnqj enqbd ‘mc
hmeq‘rsqtbstqd+ ‘mc sgdqd hr gdmbd ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv sgd trd ne sgnrd
qdrntqbdr rdqudr sgd aqn‘cdq fnnc- Khjdvhrd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm trdr dmuhqnmldms‘k
qdrntqbdr+ ‘mc b‘trdr dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr- Sghr kd‘cr sn ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx snv‘qcr
sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc nsgdqr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn gnv sgnrd qdrntqbdr ‘qd adhmf trdc-
Vghkd sgdqd b‘m ad qdftk‘shnmr hm ok‘bd qdf‘qchmf rnld ne sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr+
enq sgd lnrs o‘qs sgdqd hr mn kdf‘k fnudqm‘mbd- Vgdqd qdftk‘shnmr ‘qd ots hm ok‘bd+
nesdm sgdx ‘qd cdudknodc vhsg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘akd shld k‘f adghmc bg‘mfdr hm rnbh‘k u‘ktdr
sg‘s g‘ud lnshu‘sdc mdv nq ‘ldmcdc qdftk‘shnmr- Sgdqdenqd+ qdronmrhahkhsx hr
nesdmshldr a‘rdc nm sgd hlokhbhs rnbh‘k ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘k mnqlr ldmshnmdc ‘anud+
q‘sgdq sg‘m adhmf lnrskx bnchehdc hm btqqdms qdftk‘shnmr- Hs hr sghr bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne
qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc sgd onsdmsh‘kkx bnlokdw qdronmrhahkhshdr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud sg‘s
kd‘cr tr sn sgd bnmbdos ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

2-0-0 VgYs hr YbbntmsYahkhsx>

Rn+ gnv cn vd jmnv vg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘qd ’h-d- sgd dwsdms ne
sgdhq qdronmrhahkhshdr(+ ‘mc vgdsgdq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr etkehkkhmf sgnrd qdronmrhahkhshdr>
Sghr hr bkd‘qkx ‘ bnlokdw ptdrshnm- Hm ‘ccqdrrhmf sghr ptdrshnm hmenql‘shnm hr nesdm
bnmrhcdqdc jdx- ?m drrdmsh‘k dkdldms ne sgd dwodbs‘shnmr rtqqntmchmf qdronmrhahkhsx
’‘s kd‘rs hm sgd Vdrs( qdk‘sdr sn sgd oqnuhrhnm ne hmenql‘shnm nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
25 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

‘bshuhshdr- Rhlokx ots+ sgd ‘bs ne fhuhmf ‘m ‘bbntms- ?r nqf‘mhr‘shnmr onotk‘sd sgd
rg‘qdc rnbh‘k ro‘bd+ l‘jd trd ne dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb qdrntqbdr+ ‘mc
g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm gtl‘m ‘mc mnm,gtl‘m adhmfr ‘r vdkk ‘r nm nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
hs hr qd‘rnm‘akd sn dwodbs sgdl sn oqnuhcd ‘bbntmsr ne+ ‘mc enq+ sgdhq ‘bshnmr- Sghr
fndr chqdbskx sn sgd hcd‘ ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ vghbg enq sgd otqonrdr ne sghr annj+ vd
vhkk cdehmd ‘r sgd ctsx sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms ne sgd ‘bshnmr nudq vghbg nmd hr
bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud qdronmrhahkhsx ’rdd Fq‘x ds ‘k-+ 0885(-
Sn dwoknqd sghr bnmbdos etqsgdq hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn sghmj ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm
qdk‘shnm sn ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vghbg l‘x ad lnqd e‘lhkh‘q sn
xnt- Vgdm vd sghmj ‘ants ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sgd ‘bs ne oqnuhchmf ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmsr+ vd nesdm sghmj ne sghr hm qdk‘shnm sn cdbhrhnm,trdetkmdrr- Sg‘s hr+ vd
bnmrhcdq sg‘s sgd ‘bs ne fhuhmf ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntms dm‘akdr sgd trdqr ne sghr hmenql‘shnm
sn l‘jd ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnmr- Nesdmshldr hm sgd b‘rd ne ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf sgdrd trdqr
vntkc ad btqqdms ‘mc onsdmsh‘k hmudrsnqr+ ‘mc hm sgd b‘rd ne l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
sgdx vntkc nesdm ad hmsdqm‘k trdqr rtbg ‘r l‘m‘fdqr- Eqnl sghr odqrodbshud+
‘bbntmshmf hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg oqnuhchmf ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr trdetk enq sgd
trdq enq ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf-
Gnvdudq+ ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ‘krn ad rddm sgqntfg ‘m ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx kdmr-
Sg‘s hr+ vd b‘m bnmrhcdq sgd ‘bs ne oqnuhchmf ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘r ‘m ‘bs ne chrbg‘qfhmf
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ adhmf ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgd ehm‘mbh‘k qdrntqbdr sg‘s sgd dmshsx hr
qdronmrhakd enq-
Vghkd cdbhrhnm,trdetkmdrr hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ enq
dw‘lokd+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hmenql‘shnm b‘m ‘rrhrs hm l‘jhmf ‘ u‘qhdsx ne cdbhrhnmr
rtbg ‘r vgn vd atx eqnl+ vgn vd vnqj enq+ ‘mc+ ‘r vhkk ad chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 6+
vgn vd lhfgs hmudrs hm+ hs hr sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx kdmr sg‘s hr ‘ jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnm-
Ltbg ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdronmrhahkhsx
qdk‘shmf sn dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb qdrntqbd trd ‘mc hlo‘bsr+ ‘mc sgd
‘rrnbh‘sdc ‘bs ne fhuhmf ‘m ‘bbntms sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx dwodbsdc ‘mc mddcdc
hm sgdrd qdk‘shnmrghor- ?m ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enbtr hr ‘krn s‘jdm hm sghr annj- ?r rtbg+ kds
tr dwoknqd u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne sghr bnmbdos etqsgdq-

2-0-1 KdfYk Ymc lnqYk ctsx

Hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm sgd kdf‘k ctshdr sn oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm ’sn fhud
‘m ‘bbntms( ‘mc ‘ lnq‘k ctsx sn cn rn- Vghkd hm sghr annj ansg ‘qd bnudqdc+ vd ‘qd
lnqd hmsdqdrsdc vhsg sgd k‘ssdq ‘mc bnmrhcdq hs sn ad ‘s sgd bqtw ne chrbtrrhnmr
qdf‘qchmf vg‘s jhmc ne qnkdr ‘mc qdronmrhahkhshdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud hm rnbhdshdr-
? bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd lnq‘k ‘r vdkk ‘r kdf‘k ctsx sn chrbg‘qfd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘krn
rhst‘sdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsghm sgdhq dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k bnmsdws ‘mc bkd‘qkx
onrhshnmr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘r qdk‘shnm‘k- Sg‘s hr+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr mns rhlokx ‘ants
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ats ‘ants nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgnrd sn vgnl sgdx ‘qd qdronmrhakd ‘mc
sgdqdenqd ‘bbntms‘akd- Vd b‘m qdedq sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr gdqd- ? sdql vd dwoknqd etqsgdq
adknv-
Adhmf rtaidbs sn ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hlokhdr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn oqnuhcd
hmenql‘shnm ‘ants vg‘s sgdx g‘ud addm cnhmf ‘mc vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr sgdrd
‘bshnmr l‘x g‘ud g‘c- Enq ldladqr ne rnbhdsx+ g‘uhmf ‘bbdrr sn rtbg hmenql‘shnm hr
drrdmsh‘k+ ‘r nsgdqvhrd hs bntkc ad ghfgkx cheehbtks sn l‘jd rdmrd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bshuhshdr ‘mc du‘kt‘sd vgdsgdq sgdrd g‘ud onrhshud hlokhb‘shnmr enq nmdrdke nq enq sgd
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 26

dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx lnqd aqn‘ckx- ?f‘hm+ vd b‘m rdd vgx sgd ‘bs ne fhuhmf ‘m
‘bbntms hr hlonqs‘ms-
?r vd mnsdc ‘anud+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r ‘ q‘mfd ne qdronmrhahkhshdr snv‘qcr ansg
u‘qhntr rnbh‘k fqntor ‘mc sgd rnbhdsx ‘r ‘ vgnkd- Sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘krn aqhmf vhsg
sgdl ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor+ vghbg ‘r vd g‘ud mnsdc+ ‘qd rhlhk‘qkx chudqrd ‘mc
u‘qhdc- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgdrd qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd ‘qft‘akx dwo‘mchmf nudq shld- Vghkd hm
sgd o‘rs hs lnrskx rteehbdc he ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnctbdc ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr ‘mc sgdqdax
etkehkkdc hsr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snv‘qcr nvmdqr+ hmudrsnqr ‘mc bqdchsnqr+ sgdqd hr mnv ‘m
hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne hrrtdr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq
‘mc gdmbd ‘qd adhmf gdkc sn ‘bbntms enq- Nmd qd‘rnm enq sghr hr ntq hmbqd‘rdc
bnkkdbshud tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc sgd ghfgdq ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd hlonqs‘mbd
ne gnv vd l‘jd trd ne sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k qdrntqbdr ‘mc rdquhbdr nm sgd fknad-
Gdmbd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rddm sn g‘ud ‘ vhcdq q‘mfd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc
qdronmrhahkhshdr- Bnmrhcdq sgd RCFr chrbtrrdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq- Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr qdk‘sd sn l‘mx+ he mns ‘kk+ ne sgdrd 06 fn‘kr ’FQH
‘mc TM Fkna‘k Bnlo‘bs+ 1/06(-

2-0-2 RnbhYk khbdmbd sn nodqYsd Ymc kdfhshlYbx

?r drs‘akhrgdc ‘anud+ sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’nq odqg‘or lnqd bnqqdbskx
hmchuhct‘kr vhsghm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm( b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud ‘qd nesdm aqn‘cdq sg‘m
sgnrd rds ax enql‘k qdftk‘shnm- Hm ‘ rhlhk‘q udhm+ vd b‘m cq‘v ‘ chrshmbshnm adsvddm ‘
kdf‘k nq qdftk‘snqx khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd ‘mc vg‘s vd b‘kk ‘ rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd ’rdd
Fq‘x ds ‘k-+ 0885(-
? kdf‘k nq qdftk‘snqx khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd hr qdk‘shudkx rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc ‘mc khjdkx sn
ad e‘lhkh‘q sn xnt- Sg‘s hr+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘sdr vhsghm sgd qdftk‘shnmr sg‘s dwhrs
vhsghm ‘ bnmsdws- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x enkknv sgd qdpthqdc qdftk‘shnm nq
g‘ud addm fq‘msdc rodbhehb odqlhrrhnm sn nodq‘sd-
? rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd gnvdudq hr odqg‘or kdrr rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc+ ats dpt‘kkx ‘r
hlonqs‘ms- ? rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd hr drrdmsh‘kkx sgd ‘ooqnu‘k fq‘msdc ax sgd
u‘qhntr rnbh‘k fqntor nq sgd rnbhdsx hm fdmdq‘k- Sghr khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd hr mns rds nts
hm sgd kdf‘k qdftk‘snqx bnmsdws+ ats q‘sgdq sgd mnql‘shud ‘mc lnq‘k bnmsdws- Bkd‘qkx+
sgdqd hr mn rnbh‘k khbdmbd nq ‘ rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs hm ‘mx s‘mfhakd enql+ hmrsd‘c hs hr
hms‘mfhakd+ qdk‘shmf sn sgd qdk‘shnmrgho ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r vhsg sgnrd sg‘s rtqqntmc hs-
He ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq rnld qd‘rnm hr mns odqbdhudc sn etkehk hsr qdronmrhahkhshdr hm
rnbhdsx+ hs qhrjr knrhmf hsr rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd- Sghr hr nauhntrkx ‘ bqtcd
rhlokhehb‘shnm+ ‘r sgd rhst‘shnm hr ax mn ld‘mr bkd‘q hm ‘kk b‘rdr-
Hm oq‘bshbd+ knrhmf sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd b‘m l‘sdqh‘khrd sgqntfg mdf‘shud
otakhbhsx+ chlhmhrgdc btrsnldq hmsdqdrs+ ‘bshud bnmrtldq anxbnssr+ mdf‘shud qd‘bshnmr
ax rtookhdqr nq bnqonq‘sd btrsnldqr+ uhrhakd rnbh‘k oqnsdrsr ntsrhcd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
e‘bhkhshdr nq nm rnbh‘k ldch‘+ ‘mc rn enqsg- Sghmj ne Tmhodq+ ‘ Fdql‘m dmdqfx
bnlo‘mx+ vghbg hm 1/1/ nodmdc ‘ l‘inq mdv bn‘k,ehqdc onvdq ok‘ms b‘kkdc C‘ssdkm
3- Sghr v‘r bkd‘qkx kdf‘k+ ‘mc sgd bnlo‘mx chc mns aqd‘j ‘mx kdf‘k qtkdr ‘r hs rs‘qsdc
nodq‘shmf sgd ok‘ms- Hmcddc+ sgd onvdq ok‘ms q‘mjr ‘lnmfrs sgd lnrs lncdqm ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘kkx deehbhdms bn‘k,ehqdc onvdq ok‘msr hm sgd vnqkc- Gnvdudq+ hm sgd
btqqdms rnbh‘k bnmsdws ‘mc rnbhdshdr& ‘sshstcdr snv‘qcr bn‘k ‘mc bn‘k trd sghr cdbhrhnm
g‘r mns addm uhdvdc e‘untq‘akx- Sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r e‘bdc bnmrs‘ms oqnsdrsr nm,rhsd
‘mc nmkhmd+ ‘r rnbh‘k fqntor g‘ud bhsdc tqfdms bkhl‘sd bnmbdqmr ‘mc cdl‘mcdc ‘m dmc
27 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

sn bn‘k- Khjdvhrd+ Tmhodq&r o‘qdms bnlo‘mx Enqstl+ ‘ Ehmmhrg dmdqfx bnlo‘mx+ g‘r
adbnld ‘ s‘qfds ne dmuhqnmldms‘k MFNr ‘mc rg‘qdgnkcdq ‘bshuhrs b‘lo‘hfmr+ vghbg
k‘adk sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r bk‘hlr ne adhmf ‘ kd‘cdq hm bkd‘m dmdqfx ‘r adhmf gxonbqhshb‘k-
?r rtbg+ vghkd Tmhodq bntkc ad rddm sn g‘ud ‘ kdf‘k nq qdftk‘snqx khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd+
hsr rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd hr kdrr bkd‘q- Hmcddc+ vghkd sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd g‘r
mns addm knrs+ hs hr bkd‘qkx ‘s qhrj- Sghr dw‘lokd cdlnmrsq‘sdr sgd mddc enq ansg kdf‘k
‘mc rnbh‘k e‘bsnqr sn ad bnmrhcdqdc hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bnmsdws-
Hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd+ vd b‘m ‘krn rod‘j ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdfhshl‘bx-
Sghr hr ‘ trdetk sdql enq chrbtrrhmf gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr onrhshnmdc hm rnbhdsx- ?r hr
sgd b‘rd vhsg rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs ‘mc rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd+ kdfhshl‘bx hr khjdvhrd ‘m
hms‘mfhakd ‘rodbs- Sg‘s hr+ vd b‘m bnmrhcdq sgd ‘anud dw‘lokdr hm qdk‘shnm sn vgdsgdq
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nodq‘shnmr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad kdfhshl‘sd vhsghm sgd rnbh‘k bnmsdws-
Khjd sgd rnbh‘k khbdmrd sn nodq‘sd+ he ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm knrdr kdfhshl‘bx hs b‘m g‘ud
s‘mfhakd bnmrdptdmbdr-

2-0-3 ?bbntmsYahkhsx Ymc sgd rnbhYk khbdmbd sn nodqYsd

?kk sgdrd hcd‘r ’rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs+ rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
kdfhshl‘bx( qdk‘sd bknrdkx sn qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sgdx hlokx sg‘s ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddcr sn etkehk rnld a‘rhb qdpthqdldmsr ‘mc qdronmrhahkhshdr sn l‘hms‘hm
hsr rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd vhsghm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rnbhdsx- Sn rgnv sghr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
chrbg‘qfd sgdhq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ax oqnuhchmf ‘bbntmsr ne sgdhq ‘bshnmr- Nq sg‘s hr ‘s
kd‘rs vg‘s hr dwodbsdc ne sgdl+ rhmbd hm l‘mx b‘rdr sgdqd hr mn kdf‘k ctsx enq sgdl sn
cn rn- Sgdrd ‘bbntmsr ‘qd ‘krn hlonqs‘ms hm gnv nsgdqr odqbdhud ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
‘mc hsr ‘bshnmr-
? jdx bg‘kkdmfd gnvdudq hr cdsdqlhmhmf vg‘s jhmc ne ‘bbntmsr ‘mc hmenql‘shnm
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m ‘mc rgntkc fhud- Vg‘s sxod ne ‘bbntms hr mddcdc sn chrbg‘qfd
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx> ?r sgd rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs ‘mc kdfhshl‘bx qdk‘sd lnqd sn gnv nsgdq rnbh‘k
fqntor odqbdhud sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sg‘m sn gnv hs ‘bst‘kkx nodq‘sdr+ hs g‘r nesdm addm
rtffdrsdc sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m rddj sn dmg‘mbd sgdhq qdots‘shnm ‘mc l‘hms‘hm sgdhq
kdfhshl‘bx hm rnbhdsx sgqntfg otakhrghmf onrhshud hmenql‘shnm+ rtbg ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqsr ghfgkhfgshmf sgdhq ‘bghdudldmsr ‘mc fnnc hmsdmshnmr- Nsgdq rnbh‘k fqntor
rdkcnl g‘ud ‘mx chqdbs ‘bbdrr sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s sgdx
‘qd enq sgd lnrs o‘qs cdodmcdms nm sgd hmenql‘shnm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr oqnuhchmf
sgdl- Gdmbd+ bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr rtbg ‘r a‘k‘mbd+ bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ‘mc sqtrsvnqsghmdrr ‘qd
odqshmdms ptdrshnmr hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc vd vhkk
qdstqm sn sghr sgdld sgqntfgnts sghr annj-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 ChdrdkfYsd Ymc sgd rnbhYk khbdmbd sn nodqYsd

Hm 1/04 ‘m dlhrrhnmr rb‘mc‘k v‘r dwonrdc ‘s Unkjrv‘fdm ’UV(- Sgd bnlo‘mx v‘r entmc sn
g‘ud hmsdmshnm‘kkx oqnfq‘lldc rnld ne sgdhq chdrdk dmfhmdr rn sg‘s etkk dlhrrhnm bnmsqnk v‘r
nmkx dmf‘fdc ctqhmf sdrshmf- Sghr v‘r qdedqqdc sn ‘r ‘ zcded‘s cduhbd–- Sghr ld‘ms sg‘s vgdm
sgd udghbkdr vdqd adhmf sdrsdc sgdhq dlhrrhnmr vdqd vhsghm sgd kdf‘k qdpthqdldmsr ‘mc vdqd
vhsghm khlhsr vghbg dm‘akdc sgd bnlo‘mx sn oqnlnsd sgdl ‘r zBkd‘m Chdrdkr– “ kd‘chmf sn
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 28

rdudq‘k dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘v‘qcr+ s‘w aqd‘jr ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmf r‘kdr ‘lnmfrs dmuhqnmldms‘kkx
bnmbdqmdc b‘q trdqr- Gnvdudq+ vgdm hm c‘hkx nodq‘shnm nm sgd qn‘c dlhrrhnmr vdqd+ hm e‘bs+
ltbg ghfgdq-
Vgdm dwonrdc+ sghr rb‘mc‘k+ nesdm jmnvm ‘r Chdrdkf‘sd+ g‘c hlldch‘sd hlo‘bsr- Sgnrd
hlo‘bsr gnvdudq fn vdkk adxnmc sgd kdf‘k ‘mc qdftk‘snqx ‘rodbsr ‘mc sgd enql‘k kdf‘k
bg‘qfdr q‘hrdc ‘f‘hmrs sgd bnlo‘mx- Enq dw‘lokd+ bnmrtldqr”“ hmbktchmf l‘mx oqduhntrkx
knx‘k sn sgd aq‘mc”“ hmchb‘sdc ‘ knrr ne sqtrs vhsg rnld cdl‘mchmf sn qdstqm sgdhq udghbkd-
Sgd hlo‘bs v‘r ‘krn duhcdms ‘lnmfrs rg‘qdgnkcdqr vhsg rg‘qdr hm sgd bnlo‘mx e‘kkhmf
hlldch‘sdkx ‘esdq sgd ‘mmntmbdldms-
Vd b‘m trd sgd bnmbdosr hmsqnctbdc ‘anud sn bnmrhcdq sgdrd dudmsr- Enq dw‘lokd+ vd
b‘m rdd sg‘s hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd bnlo‘mx aqd‘bghmf sgd kdf‘k nq qdftk‘snqx khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd
hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd rodbhehb udghbkdr hmbktcdc hm sgd rb‘mc‘k+ sgd bnlo‘mx b‘m ‘krn ad rddm sn
g‘ud knrs kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc aqd‘bgdc sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd- Sghr knrr ne kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc
deedbsr ne sgd aqd‘bg sn sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd ‘qd aqn‘cdq sg‘m sgd o‘qshbtk‘q udghbkdr ‘mc ‘ookx
sn sgd bnlo‘mx lnqd aqn‘ckx- Unkjrv‘fdm&r m‘ld vhkk ad ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg Chdrdkf‘sd enq ‘
knmf shld- Sghr vhkk g‘ud nmfnhmf deedbsr rn sgdx mddc sn ad oqdo‘qdc enq a‘bjk‘rg ‘mc
hmbqd‘rdc rbqtshmx ‘mxshld sgdx oqnlnsd rnldsghmf hm dmuhqnmldms‘k sdqlr-

2-0-4 Sgd aqnYcdmhmf ne YbbntmsYahkhsx

Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr ‘ bnmsdrsdc hcd‘- Sghr ld‘mr
cheedqdms hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc fqntor gnkc cheedqdms uhdvr nm sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud- Enq ‘ knmf shld+ oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vdqd l‘hmkx dwodbsdc sn
oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sgdhq ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbnlokhrgldmsr- Dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr
vdqd mns bnmrhcdqdc sn ad qdkdu‘ms+ ‘mc rnbh‘k l‘ssdqr vdqd rddm ‘r lnqd sgd
qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd otakhb rdbsnq sg‘m sg‘s ne oqhu‘sd bnqonq‘shnmr- Gnvdudq+ sghr g‘r
bkd‘qkx bg‘mfdc- Dwodbs‘shnmr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘ud hmbqd‘rdc ‘mc+
hlonqs‘mskx+ bnmshmtd sn hmbqd‘rd-
Gnvdudq+ ‘r vd drs‘akhrgdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ sgdqd hr fqnvhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr
mns nmkx ne sgd u‘qhntr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ats ‘krn gnv sgnrd hrrtdr ‘qd
hmsdqbnmmdbsdc- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s hm rddjhmf sn ‘bbntms enq sgd u‘qhntr rnbh‘k+
dbnmnlhb ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r+
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm e‘bdr hmbqd‘rdc bnlokdwhsx- Sghr bnlokdwhsx qdk‘sdr mns nmkx sn sgd
mtladq ‘mc hmsdqbnmmdbshuhsx ne sgd hrrtdr ats ‘krn sn sgd ‘bbntmshmf trdc sn oqnctbd
sgd ‘bbntmsr- Sg‘s hr+ sgd sxohb‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ptdrshnmr qdk‘shmf sn YbbntmsYakd enq
vgYs ‘mc YbbntmsYakd sn vgnl ‘qd dwo‘mchmf ’Chkk‘qc ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ 1/08(- Sghr hr
kd‘chmf mns nmkx sn lnqd bnlokdwhsx enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ats ‘krn sn fqd‘sdq bnlokdwhsx
enq ‘bbntmshmf vghbg hr bdmsq‘k sn sgdrd qdk‘shnmr- Ats sghr odqg‘or l‘jdr
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘ood‘q ltbg rhlokdq sg‘m hs hr-

2-0-5 Vgn hr Ym nqfYmhrYshnm YbbntmsYakd sn>

Sgtr e‘q+ vd g‘ud mnsdc sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm lhfgs ad ‘bbntms‘akd sn u‘qhntr rnbh‘k
fqntor+ nq odqg‘or sn sgd rnbhdsx ‘r ‘ vgnkd- Vghkd sgd rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs ‘mc sgd hcd‘ ne
kdfhshl‘bx hm rnbhdsx g‘ud oqnuhcdc hmsdqdrshmf hmrhfgsr enq ntq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd
3/ Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

qdk‘shnmrgho ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdsx+ hs mddcr sn ad ‘bjmnvkdcfdc sg‘s rod‘jhmf

ne ‘ tmhs‘qx rnbhdsx vhsg bnllnm uhdvr ‘mc u‘ktdr hr snn rhlokhrshb- Rnbhdshdr bnmrhrs
ne cheedqdms jhmcr ne hmchuhct‘kr+ fqntor ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ d‘bg vhsg sgdhq nvm
u‘ktdr+ oqhnqhshr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘rrtloshnmr- ?r rtbg+ ‘ lnqd ehmd,fq‘hmdc ‘m‘kxrhr ne
rnbhdsx ‘mc rnbh‘k ‘bsnqr hr mddcdc- Hm nqcdq sn adssdq tmcdqrs‘mc sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc gnv sgnrd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd enqldc+ vd mddc sn
s‘jd ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s sgd bnmbdos ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr-

2-1 RsYjdgnkcdqr
?r hr ghfgkhfgsdc sgqntfg sgd mnshnm ne sgd rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd+ mn nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m nodq‘sd vhsgnts g‘uhmf qdk‘shnmrghor vhsg nsgdq hmrshstshnmr+ hmchuhct‘kr nq
fqntor hm rnbhdsx- Rnld ne sgd lnrs nauhntr nmdr hmbktcd ehm‘mbh‘k rdquhbdr+
dloknxddr+ rtabnmsq‘bsnqr+ btrsnldqr ‘mc nvmdqr- Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r odqrodbshud
sgdrd hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc fqntor ‘qd bnkkdbshudkx jmnvm ‘r rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Sgdqd ‘qd mtldqntr cdehmhshnmr ‘r sn vgn ‘mc vg‘s bntmsr ‘r ‘ rs‘jdgnkcdq+ ats
‘bbnqchmf sn sgd bk‘rrhb cdehmhshnm ne Eqddl‘m ’0873(+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr hmbktcd ‘mx fqntor
nq hmchuhct‘kr vgn b‘m ‘eedbs nq ‘qd ‘eedbsdc ax sgd ‘bghdudldms ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
naidbshudr- Vghkd rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ khjd sgd dloknxddr nq sgd bnlltmhsx ‘qntmc ‘
oqnctbshnm rhsd+ ‘qd odqg‘or e‘hqkx nauhntr+ d‘rx sn hcdmshex ‘mc ‘krn tmbnmsdrsdc+
sgdqd ‘qd nsgdq odqg‘or kdrr nauhntr ‘mc lnqd bnmsdmshntr nmdr- Enq dw‘lokd+ m‘stqd
‘mc etstqd fdmdq‘shnmr- Cdrohsd g‘uhmf lnqd rtaskd qdk‘shnmrghor sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
ansg m‘stqd ‘mc etstqd fdmdq‘shnmr ‘qd bkd‘qkx ‘eedbsdc ax ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr-
Rs‘jdgnkcdq hcdmshehb‘shnm hr sgtr ‘krn onkhshb‘kkx bnmsdmshntr9 sgd qdrtksr ‘qd cheedqdms
a‘rdc nm vgn fdsr sn l‘jd sgd cdbhrhnmr-

2-1-0 RsYjdgnkcdq lYoohmf9 Vgn Yqd Ym nqfYmhrYshnm r rsYjdgnkcdqr>

Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd rnld duhcdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm sdmcr sn g‘ud+
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd ‘kv‘xr bnmsdws,rodbhehb ‘mc gdmbd tmhptd sn d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm- ?r
rtbg+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn dwdbtsd rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘oohmf sn hcdmshex
hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sghr b‘m ad cnmd hm qdf‘qc sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm fdmdq‘k+ nq
‘ksdqm‘shudkx nm ‘ lnqd cds‘hkdc kdudk bnmbdqmhmf ‘ mdv oqnctbshnm rhsd+ ‘ rodbhehb
oqnidbs nq oqnctbs-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn hcdmshexhmf sgd u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r+ rs‘jdgnkcdq
l‘oohmf rgntkc ‘krn hmbktcd knnjhmf hmsn sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sgnrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
‘mc sgd qdk‘shnmrgho sgdx g‘ud vhsg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’Qhm‘kch ds ‘k-+ 1/03(- Sghr gdkor
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd nudq‘kk rdsshmf9 vgn ‘qd sgd jdx rs‘jdgnkcdqr+
vghbg fqntor b‘m g‘ud lnrs hmektdmbd nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ vghbg fqntor vntkc ad
lnrs hlo‘bsdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr+ vghbg fqntor lhfgs ad sgd kntcdrs
vgdm rod‘jhmf nts ‘mc rn enqsg- G‘uhmf rtbg ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf hr drrdmsh‘k vgdm
bnmrhcdqhmf sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r- Enq dw‘lokd+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sn vgnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr qdronmrhakd ‘mc mddcr sn ad
‘bbntms‘akd sn- ?r d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cheedqdms+ vhsg ‘ cheedqdms ghrsnqx ‘mc btqqdmskx
nodq‘shmf vhsg cheedqdms sxodr ne ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc onkhbhdr+ sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq qdk‘shnmrghor
‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr ‘qd ‘krn cheedqdms-
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 30

2-1-1 RsYjdgnkcdq rYkhdmbd9 Onvdq) kdfhshlYbx Ymc tqfdmbx

Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm rs‘jdgnkcdqr vgdm sgdx rddj sn ‘bghdud sgdhq
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k fn‘kr- Hmudrsnqr oqnuhcd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhsg ehm‘mbh‘k b‘ohs‘k- Rjhkkdc
dloknxddr ‘qd mddcdc sn b‘qqx nts vnqj ‘mc ctshdr- Btrsnldqr ‘qd qdkhdc tonm sn
otqbg‘rd oqnctbsr ‘mc rdquhbdr needqdc- ?mc rn enqsg- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd ‘qd
nsgdq fqntor vghbg lhfgs ad kdrr qdkdu‘ms eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r onhms ne uhdv hm
sgd rgnqs sdql- Bnmrhcdq bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor+ vgn bg‘kkdmfd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
dmuhqnmldms‘k onkhbx- Nq sgd ‘enqdldmshnmdc etstqd fdmdq‘shnmr+ vgn g‘ud mn unhbd
hm sgd oqdrdms sn rs‘sd sgdhq uhdvr- ?bbnqchmfkx+ u‘qhntr bk‘rrhehb‘shnmr g‘ud addm
oqdrdmsdc sn b‘sdfnqhrd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ rtbg ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘mc hmsdqm‘k+
oqhl‘qx ‘mc rdbnmc‘qx+ nq oqnwhl‘sd ‘mc chrs‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Hs hr duhcdms sg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd mns dpt‘k “ drodbh‘kkx hm sgd dxdr ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm vghbg hr khjdkx sn bnmrhcdq rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘r lnqd hlonqs‘ms-
Lhsbgdkk ds ‘k- ’0886( qdedq sn sghr ‘r rs‘jdgnkcdq r‘khdmbd+ hcdmshexhmf sg‘s+ eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r odqrodbshud+ rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr g‘ud lnqd r‘khdmbd sg‘m nsgdqr- Sgdx
rtffdrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ nq lnqd bnqqdbskx sgd l‘m‘fdqr vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ trd sgd
sgqdd bnmbdosr ne onvdq+ kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc tqfdmbx sn cdsdqlhmd vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdq
fqntor ‘qd sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms- Cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr u‘qx hm sdqlr ne sgd onvdq
sgdx gnkc nudq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc sghr a‘k‘mbd ‘krn cheedqr eqnl nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgd onrhshnm ne rnld fqntor+ r‘x bqdchsnqr oqnuhchmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
vhsg rgnqs,sdql b‘ohs‘k+ b‘m ad rtbg sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r mn noshnm ats sn
‘mrvdq sgd cdl‘mcr- Rnld nsgdq fqntor lhfgs oqdrdms unb‘k bqhshbhrl ‘mc onrs
cdl‘mcr+ ats vhsgnts g‘uhmf ‘mx kdudq‘fd nq onvdq nudq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Gdmbd
sgdx lhfgs fds nudqknnjdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx sgd qdptdrsr lhfgs
ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad kdrr tqfdms+ ‘mc gdmbd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm lhfgs nos sn kd‘ud
‘mrvdqhmf sn ‘ k‘sdq onhms- Hm sgd Lhsbgdkk ds ‘k- lncdk+ sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr bnmrhcdqdc
sn onrrdrr ‘kk sgqdd ‘ssqhatsdr+ onvdq+ kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc tqfdmbx+ ‘qd b‘kkdc cdehmhshud
rs‘jdgnkcdqr-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Kds&r s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn bnmrhcdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgdhq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
cdl‘mcr ‘ khsskd etqsgdq- Vd b‘m cn sghr sgqntfg ‘ rdqhdr ne rsdor-

0( Bgnnrd ‘ rodbhehb nqf‘mhr‘shnm e‘lhkh‘q sn xnt ‘mc sgdm vqhsd cnvm ‘r l‘mx
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘r xnt b‘m sghmj ne- Wnt l‘x rs‘qs ax khrshmf rnld ne sgd lnqd nauhntr
nmdr ats ‘krn sqx sn sghmj ne sgnrd sg‘s ‘qd mns rn nauhntr- ?unhc knnjhmf to sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq knnjhmf nmkhmd enq sghr hmenql‘shnm- Wnt b‘m cn sg‘s k‘sdq-
1( Bnmrhcdq sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq bk‘hlr nq cdl‘mcr nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq rnld ne sgd
rs‘jdgnkcdqr xnt g‘ud hcdmshehdc- Vg‘s ‘qd sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr.‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sg‘s dwhrs
adsvddm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq>
2( Bnmrhcdq ‘mx bnmekhbsr adsvddm sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor- Cn ‘mx ne sgd bk‘hlr nq
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx cdl‘mcr bnlodsd ‘f‘hmrs d‘bg nsgdq> Bnmrhcdq vg‘s bg‘kkdmfdr sghr
vntkc aqhmf hm qdk‘shnm sn rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms-
31 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

3( Wnt l‘x mnv vhrg sn fn nmkhmd ‘mc bnmrhcdq gnv xntq rdkdbsdc nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r
chrbtrrdc rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vgn g‘ud sgdx qdbnfmhrdc ‘mc mns qdbnfmhrdc> Hm vg‘s v‘x> Hs
lhfgs ad trdetk sn qdekdbs nm sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq r‘khdmbd lncdk chrbtrrdc ‘anud gdqd-

Vghkd d‘bg ne sgd rs‘fdr ‘anud lhfgs ‘ood‘q pthsd rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc+ xnt rgntkc ad rddhmf
gnv sgdx kd‘c sn pthsd bnlokdw ntsbnldr- Sgdrd qdk‘shnmrghor ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr ‘krn fn
sn sgd gd‘qs ne ltbg ne sgd chrbtrrhnmr hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdqr-

Rnldsghmf sg‘s ltrs ad jdos hm lhmc+ gnvdudq+ hr sg‘s ‘ rs‘jdgnkcdq&r qdk‘shnmrgho

vhsg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m bg‘mfd- Rtbg onrhshnmhmfr ‘qd mns rs‘shb nq rs‘akd- Sghr hr
o‘qshbtk‘qkx rn hm snc‘x&r rnbhdsx vgdqd bhuhk rnbhdsx lnudldmsr ‘qd adbnlhmf lnqd
vhcdroqd‘c ‘mc rnbh‘k ldch‘+ enq dw‘lokd+ b‘m g‘ud ‘ ahf deedbs nm vgn fdsr gd‘qc
‘mc vg‘s hmenql‘shnm adbnldr ‘u‘hk‘akd- Lnqdnudq+ sgd ‘ssqhatsdr cdehmhmf ‘
rs‘jdgnkcdq&r rs‘str+ onvdq+ kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc tqfdmbx+ ‘qd mns ‘mxsghmf sg‘s bntkc ad
naidbshudkx ld‘rtqdc- Hmrsd‘c+ sgd ptdrshnm hr gnv sgd l‘m‘fdqr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
odqbdhud sgd u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgdhq qdrodbshud qdk‘shnmrghor vhsg sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc sgdqdax ‘rrdrr gnv hlonqs‘ms d‘bg fqnto hr eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
uhdvonhms-
Vhsghm l‘m‘fdldms rstchdr+ rs‘jdgnkcdq sghmjhmf ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdq sgdnqx ‘qd
vdkk,jmnvm rbgnnkr ne sgntfgs ’Eqddl‘m ds ‘k-+ 1/0/(- Sgd l‘hm hmsdqdrs gdqd hr sgd
qdk‘shnmrghor nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud vhsg sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Trhmf rs‘jdgnkcdq sgdnqx+
rbgnk‘qr g‘ud onhmsdc nts gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dlog‘rhrd sgd mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr ne
sgd lnqd onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr hm rg‘ohmf sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr nudq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Hm
vnqjhmf vhsg sgd u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘m‘fdldms rddjr sn s‘jd
hmsn ‘bbntms sgd cheedqdms cdl‘mcr rds ax sgdl- Sghr mns nmkx hmbktcdr ‘citrshmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr sn adssdq ehs sgd dwodbs‘shnmr+ ats l‘x ‘krn hmbktcd oqnuhchmf
sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr vhsg hmenql‘shnm sgdx ‘qd dwodbshmf- Sg‘s hr+ vgn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
qdbnfmhrdr ‘r sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’vgdsgdq sgqntfg bgnhbd nq ctd sn rs‘jdgnkcdq
cdl‘mc(+ ‘eedbsr sgdhq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sgd chrbg‘qfhmf ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr-
Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘m hmgdqdms bg‘kkdmfd gdqd- Ansg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc sgd
rs‘jdgnkcdq r‘khdmbd eq‘ldvnqj oqdrdmsdc ‘anud enbtr nm knnjhmf ‘s sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq
qdk‘shnmrghor eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r uhdvonhms- He vd snnj ‘ cheedqdms odqrodbshud+
rdsshmf ntqrdkudr hm sgd onrhshnm ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rs‘jdgnkcdq fqnto nq ‘ooqn‘bghmf sgd
rdsshmf eqnl ‘ aqn‘cdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx onhms ne uhdv+ sgd qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd khjdkx sn knnj
udqx cheedqdms- Vghkd ‘ knb‘k rnbh‘k fqnto b‘kkhmf enq sgd oqnsdbshnm ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
dbnknfhb‘k g‘ahs‘s mdws sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r oqnctbshnm rhsd lhfgs mns ad bnmrhcdqdc
udqx hlonqs‘ms ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ sgd qdk‘shnmrgho lhfgs ad udqx bqtbh‘k enq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lnqd aqn‘ckx- Khjdvhrd+ cheedqdms fqntor bntkc g‘ud udqx cheedqdms
uhdvr hm cheedqdms rdsshmfr- Bnmrhcdq+ enq dw‘lokd+ vgdqd sgd khudkhgnncr ne o‘qshbtk‘q
hmchfdmntr odnokd ‘qd cdodmcdms nm ‘ l‘inq ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnlo‘mx ‘a‘mcnmhmf hsr
ok‘mr sn dwo‘mc otko ‘mc o‘odq oqnctbshnm hm sgd ?l‘ynm a‘rhm- ?r rtbg+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdq hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc rtardptdms qdk‘shnmrghor
‘qd mns fhudm- Hmrsd‘c+ sgdx ‘qd a‘rdc nm rtaidbshud ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc itcfldmsr+ vghbg
b‘m ‘krn hmunkud onkhshb‘k bgnhbdr qdf‘qchmf vgn ‘mc vg‘s bntmsr hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
rhst‘shnm- Bnmrhcdqhmf sgd odqrodbshud eqnl vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdq cdbhrhnmr ‘qd l‘cd hr
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 32

‘krn hlonqs‘ms- Vd rgntkc mns+ enq dw‘lokd+ s‘jd enq fq‘msdc sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
hcdmshehdc ‘mc rdkdbsdc ax ‘mx nmd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘r rnld hlonqs‘ms nmdr l‘x ad
‘ardms-

2-1-2 RsYjdgnkcdq dmfYfdldms Ymc rsYjdgnkcdq lYmYfdldms

Nmbd rs‘jdgnkcdqr g‘ud addm hcdmshehdc+ vd mddc sn bnmrhcdq gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
l‘m‘fdqr sgdm jmnv vg‘s sgd u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr sghmj ‘ants ‘mc dwodbs ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq rnld ne hsr rodbhehb ‘bshuhshdr- Enq sghr otqonrd+ rs‘jdgnkcdq
dmf‘fdldms b‘m ad l‘cd trd ne- Hm aqn‘c sdqlr+ rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms qdedqr sn ‘
oqnbdrr hm vghbg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm dmf‘fdr vhsg hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn kd‘qm ‘ants sgdhq
dwodbs‘shnmr+ ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc uhdvonhmsr- Sgdqd hr mn rodbhehb enql sg‘s ‘ rs‘jdgnkcdq
dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrr mddcr sn s‘jd- Rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sqx sn cn sgdrd nmkhmd+ rnld
nqf‘mhrd hmchuhct‘k dudmsr ‘mc rdd vgn ‘ssdmcr+ vghkd nsgdqr oqdedq qtmmhmf qdftk‘q
lddshmfr vhsg sgd rodbhehb rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn l‘hms‘hm fnnc bnlltmhb‘shnm ‘mc
dmg‘mbd sgd qdk‘shnmrgho- Rnld ‘krn trd c‘s‘ ‘m‘kxshbr hm rddjhmf sn hcdmshex jdx
rs‘jdgnkcdq hmsdqdrsr eqnl Ahf C‘s‘ rntqbdr rtbg ‘r sqdmcr hm rnbh‘k ldch‘ onrshmfr-
Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s rhlokx g‘uhmf ‘ nmd,nee dudms vhsg sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘m‘fdqr fhuhmf OnvdqOnhms oqdrdms‘shnmr nm rs‘fd cndr mns s‘jd ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm udqx e‘q gdqd- Hmrsd‘c+ hmsdq‘bshnm ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shnm rgntkc ad ‘s sgd
bnqd ne ‘mx rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrr- Rshkk+ hs hr mns dmshqdkx rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s
nqf‘mhrhmf rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr b‘m ad bg‘kkdmfhmf- ?kqd‘cx hm sgd
085/r+ ?qmrsdhm ’0858( hkktrsq‘sdc sghr sgqntfg vg‘s hr jmnvm ‘r ?qmrsdhm&r k‘ccdq ne
o‘qshbho‘shnm ’rdd Ehftqd 2-0(- Ax chrbtrrhmf bhshydmr& o‘qshbho‘shnm hm otakhb ok‘mmhmf
oqnbdrrdr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr+ ?qmrsdhm chrshmfthrgdr adsvddm dhfgs cheedqdms cdfqddr

7 Bhshydm bnmspnk
Bhshydm onvdp

6 CdkdfWsdc onvdp

5 NWpsmdprgho

4 NkWbWshnm
Snidmhrl

3 BnmrtksWshnm

2 Emenplhmf
Mnm oWpshbhoWshnm

1 SgdpWox

LWmhotkWshnm

EHFTQD 2-0 ?qmrsdhm&r k‘ccdq9 Cdfqddr ne bhshydm o‘qshbho‘shnm

33 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

nq sxodr ne o‘qshbho‘shnm- ?s sgd knvdq dmc ne sgd k‘ccdq sgdqd ‘qd cdfqddr vghbg
?qmrsdhm b‘kkr mnm o‘qshbho‘shnm- Sgdrd mnm o‘qshbho‘shnm onrhshnmr nm sgd k‘ccdq ‘qd+
hm oq‘bshbd+ ‘ants sqxhmf sn vhm otakhb rtoonqs enq rnldsghmf- Hm sgd lhcckd sgdqd ‘qd
cdfqddr rtbg ‘r hmenqlhmf+ bnmrtks‘shnm ‘mc ok‘b‘shnm- ?qmrsdhm k‘adkr sgdrd ‘r
snjdmhrl ‘r sgdx ‘ood‘q sn needq sgd otakhb ‘m noonqstmhsx sn oqnuhcd uhdvr ‘mc
hmektdmbd+ ats hm oq‘bshbd needq sgd o‘qshbho‘msr mn qd‘k onvdq- ?s sgd sno ne sgd
k‘ccdq ldbg‘mhrlr rtbg ‘r o‘qsmdqrgho ‘mc cdkdf‘shnm qdedq sn rdsshmfr hm vghbg sgd
o‘qshbho‘shmf otakhb ‘bst‘kkx onrrdrr rnld onvdq sn ‘eedbs sgd ntsbnldr- ?qmrsdhm&r
ghfgdrs onrhshnmr nm sgd k‘ccdq sgdqdenqd qdoqdrdms bhshydm onvdq-
Rhlhk‘q hcd‘r b‘m ad rddm sn s‘jd ok‘bd hm l‘mx rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr-
Snn nesdm+ rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr qdl‘hm ‘s sgd knvdq dmc ne o‘qshbho‘shnm-
Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd kdes hm ‘ o‘rrhud qnkd- Hm l‘mx v‘xr sgdx ‘qd rhlokx
hmenqldc ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr- Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r onhms ne uhdv+ sgd
fn‘k ne rtbg dmf‘fdldms b‘m ‘krn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘m‘fdldms-
Rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘m‘fdldms qdedqr sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddjhmf sn hmektdmbd hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr
‘mc sn ‘eedbs sgdhq uhdvr rn sg‘s sgdx vntkc ad lnqd e‘untq‘akd snv‘qcr sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Rnldshldr+ gnvdudq+ rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr stqm nts sn
hmbktcd ghfgdq kdudkr ne o‘qshbho‘shnm+ qdrtkshmf enq hmrs‘mbd hm ‘bst‘k rs‘jdgnkcdq
ch‘knftd s‘jhmf ok‘bd- Hm rtbg rhst‘shnmr+ sgd oqnbdrr b‘m bnmrhrs ne ‘ knmfdq,sdql
hmsdq‘bshnm+ hm vghbg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd ‘akd sn kd‘qm ‘ants sgd
fn‘kr+ cntasr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr d‘bg ne sgdl g‘ud+ ‘mc odqg‘or b‘qud nts rnld ltst‘k
rnktshnmr aqhmfhmf onrhshud ntsbnldr sn ‘kk sgnrd hmunkudc-
Sgd jdx onhms gdqd hr sg‘s vghkd rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr+ ‘r noonrdc sn
rs‘jdgnkcdq l‘m‘fdldms+ b‘m rddl atqcdmrnld enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ sgdqd hr ltbg sn
ad f‘hmdc sgqntfg sgdl- Rtbg oqnbdrrdr gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm kd‘qm ne ‘mc ‘ants
sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ oqnuhcd noonqstmhshdr sn dmg‘mbd sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq qdk‘shnmrghor+
‘hc hm hcdmshexhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdronmrhahkhshdr hm rnbhdsx+ ‘mc dudmst‘kkx gdko nts hm
chrbg‘qfhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snv‘qcr hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr-

2-1-3 RsYjdgnkcdq Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx hm cheedqdms sxodr ne nqfYmhrYshnmr

?r hr nesdm sgd b‘rd hm ‘bbntmshmf+ chrbtrrhnm ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sdmcr
sn enbtr nm sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne l‘inq bnlldqbh‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vghbg+ ‘r vd g‘ud
onhmsdc nts+ ‘qd uhrhakd ‘mc onvdqetk ok‘xdqr hm rnbhdshdr- Sghr cndr mns ld‘m+ ‘r
chrbtrrdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ sg‘s sgd ptdrshnmr ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdq
qdk‘shnmrghor cn mns ‘ookx sn nsgdq sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr+ rtbg ‘r otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
nq MFNr+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgd qdk‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd ‘krn u‘qhdc-
Sghmj ‘ants nmd sxohb‘k otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘ otakhb tmhudqrhsx- Hs hr qdk‘shudkx
rhlokd sn khrs rnld jdx rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ rtbg ‘r dloknxddr+ rstcdmsr+ nsgdq
tmhudqrhshdr+ sgd knb‘k bnlltmhsx+ knb‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr ‘mc sgd rs‘sd- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn
okdmsx ne qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘ tmhudqrhsx b‘m ad r‘hc sn g‘ud- Gnvdudq+ vgdm vd chrbtrr
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ sgd rdsshmf b‘m fds lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc- Vgn hr sgd tmhudqrhsx
‘bbntms‘akd sn> Rstcdmsr> Dloknxddr> Lhmhrsqx ne Dctb‘shnm> Lhmhrsqx ne
Bnlldqbd> Rnbhdsx lnqd fdmdq‘kkx> Lnqdnudq+ ‘qd rnld ne sgdrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr lnqd
hlonqs‘ms hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s sgd tmhudqrhsx vntkc g‘ud ‘ ghfgdq qdronmrhahkhsx hm
qdrodbs ne hsr ‘bshnmr snv‘qcr sgdl> Vntkc sghr hlokx sg‘s sgdqd vntkc ad ‘ rsqnmfdq
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 34

‘bbntms‘ahkhsx cdl‘mc snv‘qcr o‘qshbtk‘q fqntor sg‘m snv‘qcr rnld nsgdqr> Bnmrhcdq
I‘o‘m+ vgdqd hm 1/04 sgd fnudqmldms nqcdqdc m‘shnm‘k tmhudqrhshdr sn rb‘kd a‘bj
sgdhq hmunkudldms hm rnbh‘k rbhdmbdr ‘mc gtl‘mhshdr+ ‘mc sn enbtr hm ‘qd‘r vghbg sgd
fnudqmldms bnmrhcdqdc vntkc adssdq rdqud sgd rnbhdsx&r mddcr- Nudq‘kk+ sgdqd ‘qd
bnlokdwhshdr sg‘s ‘qd hmgdqdms vgdm vd adfhm sn dwoknqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& rs‘jdgnkcdq
qdk‘shnmrghor ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr-
Rhlhk‘q ptdrshnmr ‘qd ‘krn oqdrdms hm sgd sghqc rdbsnq- Bnmrhcdq ‘ l‘inq MFN rtbg
‘r ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k- Sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq mdsvnqjr ‘qd ‘f‘hm chudqrd ‘mc bnmsdws,
rodbhehb+ ‘mc xnt b‘m ehmc l‘mx ne sgd trt‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn ad qdkdu‘ms ‘krn hm sghr
rdsshmf- Lnrs MFNr+ rtbg ‘r ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ ‘qd fdmdq‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
vnqjhmf enq sgd bnllnm fnnc- Sgdqd ‘qd gnvdudq rnld rodbhehb dkdldmsr sg‘s ‘qd
vnqsg bnmrhcdqhmf gdqd- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgdqd hr rtars‘msh‘k bnlokdwhsx sg‘s ‘qhrdr hm
qdk‘shnm sn ansg tov‘qc ’sn etmcdqr( ‘mc cnvmv‘qc ’sn admdehbh‘qhdr( ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr
sgdrd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ’rdd sgd £Hmrhfgsr eqnl qdrd‘qbg– adknv(-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 MFN ?BBNTMS?AHKHSX

Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k cdudknoldms MFNr g‘ud enq rdudq‘k cdb‘cdr addm hmektdmsh‘k hm rg‘ohmf sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm sgd ehqrs vnqkc ‘mc kdrr cdudknodc bntmsqhdr+ ‘krn jmnvm ‘r sgd
cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr nq sgd sghqc vnqkc- Fnudqmldmsr ‘r vdkk ‘r hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr hm u‘qhntr
bntmsqhdr g‘ud etmcdc MFNr& vnqj sn dmg‘mbd sgd khuhmf bnmchshnmr ‘mc khudkhgnncr ne sgd
odnokd khuhmf hm onudqsx- Vghkd hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr MFNr g‘ud addm bnmrhcdqdc sn vnqj nm
hlonqs‘ms hrrtdr+ ltbg dlog‘rhr g‘r mns ‘kv‘xr addm ots nm du‘kt‘shmf sgdhq vnqj nq hsr
hlo‘bsr-
Sghr o‘odq ax Qndk Annlrl‘ ‘mc Aqdmc‘m N&Cvxdq enbtrdr nm ‘ k‘qfd Ctsbg MFN
‘mc dw‘lhmdr gnv ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx v‘r rg‘odc nudq shld hm sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm sghr
MFN ‘mc hsr l‘hm etmcdq+ sgd rs‘sd- Sgd rstcx chrbtrrdr gnv sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ne sgd
MFN cdudknodc hm ‘m hmsdqok‘x adsvddm fnudqmldms oqnfq‘lldr enbtrhmf nm ‘rrdrrhmf
‘mc hloqnuhmf sgd pt‘khsx ne sgd vnqj+ ‘mc sgd MFN&r bntmsdq,bnmctbs vghbg rsdlldc
eqnl ‘m hmsdqdrs sn ad fnudqmdc cheedqdmskx- Annlrl‘ ‘mc N&Cvxdq hkktrsq‘sd gnv sghr
oqnbdrr ‘eedbsdc sgd lnud snv‘qcr dlog‘rhrhmf bnrs bnmrbhntrmdrr+ hmbqd‘rdc
oqnedrrhnm‘khr‘shnm+ ‘mc dmg‘mbdc MFN bnnodq‘shnm- ?r ‘m hmsdqdrshmf nardqu‘shnm+ sgdx
‘krn mnsd gnv bnlodshshnm enq etmchmf ‘lnmf MFNr b‘ld sn g‘ud ‘ bdmsq‘k qnkd hm sgdhq
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Nm ‘ lnqd fdmdq‘k kdudk+ sghr o‘odq hkktrsq‘sdr gnv sgd qnkd ne l‘inq MFNr rs‘qsdc sn ad
rddm cheedqdmskx+ ‘mc gnv ‘ fnudqmldms etmcdq b‘m ‘hl ‘s trhmf sgd hcd‘ ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sn
hmektdmbd gnv ‘m MFN nodq‘sdr- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vdqd rhfmhehb‘ms hm ‘ oqnbdrr
vgdqd rnld dkdldmsr ne MFN ‘bshuhshdr vdqd l‘cd uhrhakd ‘mc sghmj‘akd+ ‘mc sgdqdax ‘krn
rtaidbs sn hmsdqudmshnm- ?r rtbg+ sgd o‘odq ‘krn ghfgkhfgsr gnv onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr b‘m
rddj sn hmektdmbd MFNr+ vghkd ‘krn rgnvhmf gnv ‘m MFN b‘m ‘bshudkx sqx sn ‘eedbs gnv hs vhkk
ad fnudqmdc-
AnnlrlY) Q- Ymc N Cvxdq) A- ’1/08(- Bnmrshstshmf sgd FnudqmYakd MFN9 Sgd
BnqqdkYshnm adsvddm Bnmctbs Ymc Bntmsdq,Bnmctbs hm sgd Dunktshnm ne Etmcdq,MFN
?bbntmsYahkhsx QdkYshnmr- ?bbntmshme MpeTmhyTshnmr Tmc Rnbhdsw) 61) 0z1/-
35 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

2-1-4 ?bbntmsYahkhsx sn rsYjdgnkcdqr9 Ats enq vghbg hrrtdr>

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf tmcdqrbnqdr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc dmf‘fd vhsg sgdhq jdx
rs‘jdgnkcdqr vgdm cdudknohmf sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf rxrsdlr-
Sgd hmsdq‘bshnm oqnuhcdr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhsg noonqstmhshdr mns nmkx sn kd‘qm ‘ants
sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgdhq mddcr+ ats ‘krn sn dmg‘mbd sgdhq ‘ahkhsx sn qdronmc sn sgnrd
mddcr ‘mc sn bnkk‘anq‘sd hm ‘ssdlosr ‘s bqd‘shmf lnqd qdkdu‘ms oq‘bshbdr- Hs hr duhcdms
sg‘s mns ‘kk rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm rhlhk‘q hrrtdr- Khjdvhrd+ ‘r vd g‘ud mnsdc+
sgd mddcr ‘mc v‘msr ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd ‘krn bnmsdws,rodbhehb+ hlokxhmf sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘mmns mdbdrr‘qhkx qdkx rnkdkx nm rnld anhkdqok‘sd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc
fthc‘mbd hm rddjhmf sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sghr ‘ookhdr mns nmkx sn
cdudknohmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ats ‘krn+ hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf+ sn sgd oqnuhrhnm ne hmenql‘shnm-
Hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn ad‘q hm lhmc sg‘s oqnuhchmf hmenql‘shnm sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr hr mns sgd
nmkx dkdldms ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn mddc sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgdhq nvm
‘bshuhshdr+ ad ‘akd sn ‘rrdrr sgdhq hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ ‘mc sgdqdax bnmrhcdq gnv
sgdx etkehk sgdhq qdronmrhahkhshdr hm rnbhdsx- Sn ad ‘akd sn cn rn+ l‘m‘fdqr mddc sn g‘ud
‘bbdrr sn rths‘akd ‘mc qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm+ vghbg ‘kknvr sgdl sn du‘kt‘sd sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc l‘jd cdbhrhnmr- ?r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx
oqnlhmdms hm rnbhdshdr+ sgdqd hr lnqd ‘mc lnqd mddc enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+
vghbg fhudr qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm enq rtbg bnmrhcdq‘shnmr- Rn+ gnv hr sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne
hmenql‘shnm cdsdqlhmdc “ ansg hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘r
chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn hmenql‘shnm trdc enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ax l‘m‘fdqr>
Gdqd+ sgd bnmbdos ne l‘sdqh‘khsx hr ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms+ ‘mc vd lnud nm sn chrbtrr hs mdws-

2-2 LYsdqhYkhsx
L‘sdqh‘khsx hr ‘ bnqd ‘bbntmshmf bnmbdos- Hs hr ‘ qdftk‘q ed‘stqd hm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr- Hm drrdmbd+ l‘sdqh‘khsx qdedqr sn sgd mddc sn
hcdmshex vgdsgdq o‘qshbtk‘q sgdldr+ hrrtdr nq hmbhcdmsr ‘qd rhfmhehb‘ms enq sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vghkd sghr l‘x rntmc q‘sgdq
rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc hm sgd ehqrs hmrs‘mbd+ hcdmshexhmf sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr
eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ansg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr hr ‘ bg‘kkdmfhmf s‘rj-
Eqnl sgd ntsrds vd mnsd sg‘s sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf cheedq eqnl gnv sgd bnmbdos hr trdc hm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc qdonqshmf- Hm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf hmenql‘shnm ‘mc hsdlr ‘qd
bnmrhcdqdc l‘sdqh‘k he sgdx bntkc onsdmsh‘kkx hmektdmbd sgd dbnmnlhb cdbhrhnmr ne
sgnrd trhmf sgd hmenql‘shnm- Hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+ sgdqd hr mns
‘mx rhmfkd v‘x ne odqenqlhmf sgd ‘rrdrrldms+ ‘mc sgd cdehmhshnmr ne l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘krn
cheedq ‘bqnrr eq‘ldvnqjr+ bnmsdwsr ‘mc rs‘mc‘qcr-
?r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 1+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf cd‘kr vhsg ‘ udqx aqn‘c q‘mfd
ne hrrtdr- Lnqdnudq+ vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc gnv sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgnrd hrrtdr u‘qhdr
fqd‘skx ‘bqnrr qdfhnmr ‘mc hmctrsqhdr ‘mc ‘bqnrr cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor- Enq
hmrs‘mbd+ vghkd v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ‘mc bnmrtloshnm vntkc ad ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms enq ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnctbhmf ‘fqhbtkstq‘k oqnctbsr ‘mc rnes cqhmjr hm v‘sdq rb‘qbd ‘mc
ghfgkx onotk‘sdc qdfhnmr ne+ enq dw‘lokd+ ?trsq‘kh‘+ Dfxos nq O‘jhrs‘m+ hs hr mns khjdkx
sn ad qdkdu‘ms enq ‘ bnlo‘mx needqhmf HS,rdquhbdr hm Mnqv‘x- Nq+ s‘jd ‘ lhmhmf
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 36

bnlo‘mx cd‘khmf vhsg rtars‘msh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr hm ok‘bdr
khjd Bnmfn nq Rntsg ?eqhb‘+ ‘mc bnlo‘qd hs sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm needqhmf c‘x b‘qd hm
I‘o‘m- Vghkd vd ltrs ad b‘qdetk mns sn s‘jd rtbg sghmfr enq fq‘msdc ’enq dw‘lokd+ rdd
sgd chrbtrrhnm ne lncdqm rk‘udqx hm Bg‘osdq 01(+ bkd‘qkx sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms ‘mc
odqshmdms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd udqx cheedqdms hm cheedqdms ok‘bdr ‘mc bnmsdwsr- ?r
rtbg+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd ‘m drrdmsh‘k dkdldms ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf
oqnbdrrdr+ mn l‘ssdq vgdsgdq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr rddjhmf sn trd sgd hmenql‘shnm
l‘hmkx enq hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf otqonrdr nq enq qdonqshmf sn dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Lnqdnudq+ l‘sdqh‘khsx hr mns nmkx ‘ants vghbg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd sgd lnrs
qdkdu‘ms enq ‘ fhudm nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne cheedqdms dkdldmsr u‘qhdr nudq
shld+ ‘r enq hmrs‘mbd rnbh‘k hmsdqdrs b‘m lnud sgd otakhb hmsdqdrs pthbjkx eqnl nmd
‘rodbs sn ‘mnsgdq-

2-2-0 LYsdqhYk hloYbsr Ymc cdodmcdmbhdr

Hs hr vnqsg ghfgkhfgshmf sg‘s dudm he rnld ‘rodbs ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx
tqfdms nq rdudqd nm sgd fkna‘k rb‘kd+ hs cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ld‘m sg‘s sgd r‘ld
‘rodbs vntkc ad l‘sdqh‘k enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sghr ‘f‘hm qdk‘sdr sn sgd e‘bs
sg‘s l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd ghfgkx bnmsdws,cdodmcdms ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm,rodbhehb-
Lnqdnudq+ ‘mnsgdq k‘xdq ne l‘sdqh‘khsx bnldr hmsn ok‘x vgdm vd mnsd sgd cheedqdmbd
adsvddm ‘bbntmshmf enq hlo‘bsr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf enq cdodmcdmbhdr- Vghkd sgd
enqldq enbtrdr nm vg‘s jhmc ne bnmrdptdmbdr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshnmr l‘x g‘ud
nm rnbhdsx+ cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc.nq sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms+ sgd k‘ssdq otsr
dlog‘rhr nm hcdmshexhmf ‘mc ‘rrdrrhmf sgnrd ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sg‘s sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr sgd lnrs cdodmcdms nm- ? bg‘mfd hm sgdrd ‘rodbsr lhfgs kd‘c sn
rtars‘msh‘k bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nodq‘shnmr nudq rnld shld odqhnc-
Enq hmrs‘mbd+ he sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddcr ‘ k‘qfd ‘lntms ne bkd‘m v‘sdq hm hsr
oqnctbshnm+ hrrtdr ne v‘sdq onkktshnm ‘mc v‘sdq rdbtqhsx hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q qdfhnm
rgntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc ghfgkx l‘sdqh‘k- Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc sgdhq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr lhfgs mns ‘kv‘xr ad qdk‘sdc sn sgd r‘ld rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+
nq lhfgs adbnld rtars‘msh‘k nudq ‘ udqx cheedqdms shldeq‘ld- Gdmbd+ ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf
sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm ‘bbntmshmf enq hlo‘bsr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf enq cdodmcdmbhdr hr
‘m hlonqs‘ms o‘qs ne tmcdqrs‘mchmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

2-2-1 LYsdqhYkhsx hr rtaidbshud

?mnsgdq jdx e‘bsnq hr sg‘s mns dudqxancx rddr l‘sdqh‘khsx ne sgd cheedqdms hrrtdr hm sgd
r‘ld v‘x- Hmchuhct‘kr lhfgs+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ odqbdhud sgd u‘ktd ‘mc qdkdu‘mbd ne rnld
dkdldmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx cheedqdmskx9 enq rnld+ dkdldmsr ne ahnchudqrhsx lhfgs ad
ltbg lnqd hlonqs‘ms sg‘m ptdrshnmr ne rnbh‘k hmdpt‘khsx+ vgdqd‘r rnldnmd dkrd
lhfgs odqbdhud rnbh‘k hrrtdr ‘r sgd etmc‘ldms‘k oqhnqhsx hm ‘mx rdsshmf-
L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘krn cdodmcr nm vgnrd odqrodbshud vd ‘qd s‘jhmf- Eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onhms ne uhdv+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdldladq gnv sgnrd ‘rodbsr sg‘s ‘qd
bnmrhcdqdc sn ad l‘sdqh‘k enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf lhfgs mns ‘kv‘xr ad
sgd r‘ld ‘r sgd nmdr sg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdqr qdf‘qc ‘r bqtbh‘k- Nq sg‘s itrs rnld ne sgd
rs‘jdgnkcdqr bnmrhcdq bqtbh‘k+ enq sg‘s l‘ssdq+ rhmbd sgd q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd
khjdkx sn g‘ud cheedqdms uhdvr qdf‘qchmf vghbg hrrtdr ‘qd lnqd l‘sdqh‘k enq sgdl-
37 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

Tmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘mc cd‘khmf vhsg rtbg chudqrd uhdvonhmsr hr qdkdu‘ms enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
‘mc hs qdk‘sdr bknrdkx sn sgd rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms oqnbdrrdr chrbtrrdc ‘anud-

2-2-2 LYsdqhYkhsx Ymc rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr odqg‘or sgd ‘qd‘ hm vghbg sgd onsdmsh‘k cheedqdmbdr hm uhdvr
gdkc ax ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr adbnld lnrs duhcdms- ?r vd g‘ud mnsdc
‘anud+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr trt‘kkx g‘ud cheedqdms uhdvr ‘ants sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdronmrhahkhshdr- Sgd r‘ld ‘ookhdr sgdm vgdm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddjr sn
chrbg‘qfd hsr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ax qdonqshmf nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- ?r hs hr mns qd‘rnm‘akd sn
dwodbs sn g‘ud ‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs dudqxsghmf nm ‘kk ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg
qdonqshmf qdpthqdr bgnhbdr sn ad l‘cd- Nmd fthchmf oqhmbhokd gdqd hr sg‘s qdonqshmf
rgntkc enbtr nm l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr- Gnvdudq+ ‘m nauhntr ptdrshnm enkknvr9 gnv hr sghr
cdbhcdc nm> Vghkd vd qdstqm sn l‘sdqh‘khsx hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
hm lnqd cds‘hk hm Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ ‘ aqhde hmsqnctbshnm hr mnmdsgdkdrr v‘qq‘msdc gdqd
ctd sn sgd oqnlhmdmbd ‘mc uhrhahkhsx ne qdonqshmf-
Ansg sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm‘k anchdr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr
‘qd hmektdmsh‘k rntqbdr enq l‘sdqh‘khsx oqnbdrrdr- Enq dw‘lokd+ fthc‘mbd ‘mc ‘ uhrt‘k
qdoqdrdms‘shnm ne sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx oqnbdrr ‘qd oqnuhcdc ax JOLF ’1/03( hm sgdhq
qdonqs shskdc Sgd DrrdmshYkr ne LYsdqhYkhsx :rrdrrldms-
Hm sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr+ sgd lnrs vhcdkx trdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj+
l‘sdqh‘khsx hr cdehmdc ‘mc ‘rrdrrdc sgqntfg svn chldmrhnmr- Sgd ehqrs enbtrdr nm
hcdmshexhmf sgd hrrtdr vghbg qdekdbs sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr- Gdqd+ sgd uhdvr ne ‘ q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr+
mns itrs hmudrsnqr+ ‘qd s‘jdm hmsn bnmrhcdq‘shnm- Sgd rdbnmc chldmrhnm b‘kkr enq
hcdmshexhmf sgd hrrtdr vghbg b‘m rtars‘mshudkx hmektdmbd sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc cdbhrhnmr
l‘cd ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rs‘jdgnkcdqr- ?r mnsdc ‘anud+ sgd uhdvr ne sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
‘qd rdkcnl tmhehdc- Gdmbd+ hm ‘rrdrrhmf sgd qdk‘shud l‘sdqh‘khsx ne d‘bg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hrrtd+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘krn g‘r sn l‘jd bgnhbdr hm qdf‘qc sn vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdqr hs
bnmrhcdqr sn g‘ud uhdvr sg‘s hs bnmrhcdqr lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms- Enq sghr otqonrd+ sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr dwodbsdc sn trd rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms sn tmcdqs‘jd ‘ l‘sdqh‘khsx
‘rrdrrldms oqnbdrr+ vghbg vntkc sgdm gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr l‘jd
sgd mdbdrr‘qx bgnhbdr hm qdf‘qc sn vghbg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd sgd lnrs l‘sdqh‘k-
Sgd oqnbdrr dlog‘rhrdc ax FQH gdmbd ‘bjmnvkdcfdr sg‘s l‘sdqh‘khsx hr ansg
bnmsdws,rodbhehb ‘mc khjdkx sn rddm cheedqdmskx ax cheedqdms fqntor- ?m ‘ksdqm‘shud
‘ooqn‘bg hr oqnlnsdc ax sgd TR,a‘rdc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc
’R?RA(- Hm hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf fthcdkhmdr+ rtbg rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms hr mns
bnmrhcdqdc mdbdrr‘qx+ ‘r sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx hrrtdr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad e‘hqkx rs‘mc‘qc hm
d‘bg hmctrsqx- Gdmbd+ R?RA oqnuhcdr ‘ khrs ne l‘sdqh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ vghbg ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm enkknvhmf sgdhq fthc‘mbd b‘m sgdm ‘cnos- Gdqd+ nmd rgntkc mnsd sg‘s
R?RA ok‘bdr dlog‘rhr nm sgd onrrhakd dbnmnlhb rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hrrtdr+ vghkd sgd ‘ooqn‘bg s‘jdm ax FQH hmbktcdr ‘ lnqd chudqrd rbnod- Sgd
bnmsq‘rshmf uhdvr nm l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘qd ‘krn duhcdms hm sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm&r
Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k Qdonqshmf Chqdbshud+ vghbg hm oq‘bshbd g‘r ‘ cntakd l‘sdqh‘khsx
odqrodbshud ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf gnv ehm‘mbh‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx b‘m cheedq eqnl rnbh‘k ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx- Sghr ‘f‘hm ghfgkhfgsr gnv l‘sdqh‘khsx+ ‘ jdx hcd‘ hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc hm chudqrd v‘xr- Vd
vhkk qdstqm sn chrbtrr l‘sdqh‘khsx hm qdonqshmf hm Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5-
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 38

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Svn cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
‘qd ntskhmdc ‘anud”“ sgd ‘ooqn‘bg oqnlnsdc ax R?RA vghbg hr hmudrsnq enbtr ‘mc l‘sdqh‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr oqnuhcdc+ ‘mc sg‘s oqnlnsdc ax JOLF ‘mc FQH vghbg hmbktcdr ‘
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ‘ aqn‘cdq mtladq ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn qdekdbs nm sgdrd
cheedqdmbdr hm khfgs ne sgd chrbtrrhnm hm sghr bg‘osdq- Sgd enkknvhmf ptdrshnmr lhfgs gdko9
Vg‘s ‘qd sgd ‘cu‘ms‘fdr ‘mc chr‘cu‘ms‘fdr sn sgd qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm ne d‘bg
‘ooqn‘bg>
Vg‘s ‘qd sgd ‘cu‘ms‘fdr ‘mc chr‘cu‘ms‘fdr ne d‘bg ‘ooqn‘bg sn sgd ‘bghdudldms ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx>
B‘m xnt sghmj ne hrrtdr vghbg vntkc rhltks‘mdntrkx ad bnmrhcdqdc hll‘sdqh‘k enq ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm ehm‘mbh‘k sdqlr ats ghfgkx l‘sdqh‘k eqnl ‘ rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k
odqrodbshud> Nq sgd nsgdq v‘x ‘qntmc> Vg‘s jhmc ne bnmrdptdmbdr bntkc rtbg
rhst‘shnmr g‘ud>

2-3 DwsdqmYkhshdr
Hm ‘cchshnm sn bg‘mfhmf rnbh‘k hmsdqdrsr+ sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx ne cheedqdms hrrtdr b‘m bg‘mfd
ctd sn mdv nq dmg‘mbdc jmnvkdcfd- Sghr hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx odqshmdms hm sgd qd‘kl ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- ?r ntq bnkkdbshud jmnvkdcfd ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘r
vdkk ‘r sgdhq qdk‘shnmrgho sn dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx g‘r cdudknodc+ hs g‘r adbnld
hmbqd‘rhmfkx duhcdms sg‘s vd rgntkc dmrtqd ‘kk mdbdrr‘qx hlo‘bsr ‘qd s‘jdm hmsn
‘bbntms- Sghr aqhmfr tr sn ntq entqsg ‘mc ehm‘k jdx bnmbdos chrbtrrdc hm sghr bg‘osdq+
dwsdqm‘khshdr-
Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘qd sgd hlo‘bsr ne ‘bshuhshdr vghbg ‘eedbs rnld nsgdqr+
ats vghbg ‘qd mns s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms vgdm ‘rrdrrhmf sgd ‘bshuhsx ’Tmdql‘m ds ‘k-+
1/07(- Hm dbnmnlhbr+ dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘qd nesdm cdrbqhadc ‘r adhmf bnrsr nq admdehsr
‘eedbshmf ‘ sghqc o‘qsx+ vghkd mns adhmf qdekdbsdc hm sgd l‘qjds oqhbdr- ?hq onkktshnm
vntkc ad ‘ bnllnm dw‘lokd gdqd-
Kds&r knnj ‘s rnld dw‘lokdr sn bnmrhcdq sgd bnmbdos ne dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc hsr
hlonqs‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sghmj ‘ants ‘m hmchuhct‘k
vgn v‘msr sn fds qhc ne ‘m nkc bntbg- Hmrsd‘c ne s‘jhmf hs sn ‘ k‘mcehkk+ sgd odqrnm
cdbhcdr sn kd‘ud hs nm sgd qn‘crhcd o‘qjhmf kns+ rhmbd sghr hr ‘m d‘rx noshnm ‘mc cndr
mns bnrs ‘mxsghmf- Dudmst‘kkx+ sgd ltmhbho‘khsx cdbhcdr sn bkd‘m sgd ‘qd‘ ‘mc s‘jd sgd
bntbg sn sgd k‘mcehkk- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s sgd hmchuhct‘k&r cdbhrhnm sn kd‘ud sgd bntbg hm
sgd o‘qjhmf kns hmunkudc ‘m dwsdqm‘khsx+ hm sghr b‘rd ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k bnrs enq sgd ltmhbho‘khsx-
Nq gnv ‘ants ‘ l‘mte‘bstqhmf bnlo‘mx vghbg v‘msr sn bts bnrsr ax l‘jhmf sgd
dloknxddr vnqj hm onnq vnqjhmf bnmchshnmr- Adhmf dwonrdc sn mnhrd ‘mc ctrs nudq
‘m dwsdmcdc odqhnc hr khjdkx sn g‘ud bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd dloknxddr+ ‘r g‘uhmf gd‘ksg
oqnakdlr knvdqr sgdhq pt‘khsx ne khed+ ats ‘krn enq sgd rnbhdsx sgqntfg hmbqd‘rdc bnrsr
enq sgd oqnuhrhnm ne gd‘ksg b‘qd enq sgnrd odnokd hm bntmsqhdr vgdqd sghr dwhrsr+ nq sn
sgdhq e‘lhkhdr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr sgqntfg b‘qhmf enq rhbj qdk‘shudr vgdqd sgdx cn mns-
?f‘hm+ sgdqd v‘r mn chqdbs bnrs enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ats vd b‘m rs‘qs sn rdd gnv sgd
cdbhrhnmr qdrtksdc hm dwsdqm‘khshdr anqmd ax nsgdq o‘qshdr-
4/ Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

Eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ vd b‘m bnmrhcdq dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘r sgd bnrsr

‘mc admdehsr vghbg ‘qd mns anqmd ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Dwsdqm‘khshdr dwhrs nm cheedqdms
kdudkr ‘mc rb‘kdr+ ‘mc sgd hlo‘bs ne sgdhq ’mnm,(bnmrhcdq‘shnm u‘qhdr rhfmhehb‘mskx-
Bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr cn mns qdbnfmhrd sgdrd dwsdqm‘khshdr-

2-3-0 DwsdqmYkhshdr Ymc sgdhq qdkduYmbd sn rtrsYhmYahkhsx Ybbntmshmf

Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx
?f‘hm+ hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn bnmrhcdq ‘mnsgdq dw‘lokd sn hkktrsq‘sd vgx dwsdqm‘khshdr
‘qd o‘qshbtk‘qkx hlonqs‘ms enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Enq ‘ knmf
shld+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr chc mns mddc sn b‘qd ‘ants sgd BN1 ‘mc nsgdq fqddmgntrd f‘r
dlhrrhnmr eqnl sgdhq l‘mte‘bstqhmf oqnbdrrdr- Dlhrrhnmr chc mns ed‘stqd ‘r o‘qs ne
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr- Aqn‘c rdbsnqr ne rnbhdsx vdqd mns ‘v‘qd ne
sgd onrrhakd knmf,sdql hlokhb‘shnmr ne sgd hmbqd‘rhmf fqddmgntrd f‘r dlhrrhnmr ‘mc
BN1 bnmbdmsq‘shnm hm sgd D‘qsg&r ‘slnrogdqd+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr chc mns mddc
sn bnmrhcdq sgdl dhsgdq-0 Ats+ sgd sghmf vhsg dwsdqm‘khshdr hr sg‘s sgd admdehsr ‘mc
bnrsr+ vghkd mns anqmd ax sgd dmshsx+ ‘qd anqmd ax nsgdqr ’lnrs bnllnmkx+ hm ‘
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rdmrd+ ax rnbhdshdr ‘mc m‘stqd(- Rn+ sn bnmshmtd vhsg ntq dw‘lokd+ ‘r
sgd bnrsr ne fqddmgntrd f‘r dlhrrhnmr g‘ud adbnld jmnvm+ ‘r sgd rbhdmbd adghmc
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd g‘r adbnld vdkk,drs‘akhrgdc+ ‘mc ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx
g‘r hmbqd‘rdc vhsghm rnbhdshdr+ sgd rhst‘shnm g‘r adbnld rtars‘msh‘kkx cheedqdms-
Fnudqmldmsr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr ‘qd knnjhmf enq v‘xr sn qdctbd BN1 kdudkr+ ‘mc
ldbg‘mhrlr rtbg ‘r b‘qanm sq‘chmf ‘mc b‘qanm s‘w g‘ud addm drs‘akhrgdc nq
bnmrhcdqdc hm cheedqdms enqlr-
Eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ‘bbntmshmf+ sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd onrrhahkhsx ne hmsdqm‘khrhmf
‘m dwsdqm‘khsx- ?r knmf ‘r BN1 v‘r mns bnmrhcdqdc qdkdu‘ms ax ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hs v‘r
mns bnmrhcdqdc hm ‘mx ‘bbntmshmf b‘kbtk‘shnmr- ?r rtbg+ sghr bntkc rgnv sg‘s hs v‘r
admdehbh‘k enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn oqnbddc vhsg ghfg BN1 dlhrrhnmr+ ‘r s‘bjkhmf sgdl
vntkc nmkx g‘ud b‘trdc ‘cchshnm‘k bnrsr- Hm sghr rdsshmf+ BN1 hr ‘m dwsdqm‘khsx anqmd
ax sgd aqn‘cdq rnbhdsx- Gnvdudq+ he BN1 dlhrrhnmr ‘qd fhudm ‘ oqhbd+ sgqntfg enq
hmrs‘mbd ‘ b‘qanm l‘qjds+ b‘qanm s‘w nq ‘m hmsq‘,nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oqhbhmf ldbg‘mhrl+
sgd rhst‘shnm bg‘mfdr rhfmhehb‘mskx- Sgd noshnm ne bnmshmthmf vhsg ghfg BN1
dlhrrhnmr adbnldr lnqd bnrskx+ ‘r sgd oqduhntrkx hmuhrhakd BN1 dlhrrhnmr ‘qd
rtccdmkx fhudm ‘ oqhbd ‘mc rtardptdmskx hmbktcdc hm sgd ‘bbntmshmf b‘kbtk‘shnm- ?mc+
bnmrhcdq sghr etqsgdq hm qdk‘shnm sn ntq chrbtrrhnm ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘anud- Sghmfr fds
lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc vgdm vd lnud adxnmc bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd ehm‘mbh‘k bnrs ‘mc
l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr sn bnmrhcdq qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr- Hm qdk‘shnm sn
ntq dw‘lokd ne BN1 dlhrrhnmr+ vd vhkk chrbtrr sghr lnqd hm Bg‘osdq 8-

2-3-1 ?bbntmshmf enq dwsdqmYkhshdr

Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr vgx dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘qd etmc‘ldms‘k sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ’rdd Tmdql‘m ds ‘k-+ 1/07(- ? jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnm hr
ctd sn sgd deedbsr ne dwsdqm‘khshdr nm rnbhdshdr ‘mc sgd dmuhqnmldms- Gnvdudq+
‘mnsgdq qd‘rnm hr adb‘trd ntq rnbhdshdr ‘qd qtm a‘rdc nm ehm‘mbh‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr-
Bnmrtldqr+ atrhmdrrdr ‘mc otakhb rdbsnq dmshshdr ‘kk bnmrhcdq sgd oqhbd ne ‘ksdqm‘shud
bgnhbdr adenqd cdbhchmf nm atxhmf ‘ ohdbd ne bknsghmf+ hmudrshmf hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 40

dmdqfx rntqbd+ nq cdbhchmf vgdsgdq sn bnmrsqtbs mdv q‘hkqn‘cr nq vhcdq ghfgv‘xr-

Hmbktchmf dwsdqm‘khshdr+ ‘mc sgdqdenqd sgd £sqtd– bnrs ne dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k
qdrntqbdr+ hm sgd oqhbhmf cdbhrhnmr vntkc bg‘mfd sgd k‘mcrb‘od rtars‘msh‘kkx- S‘jhmf
dwsdqm‘khshdr hmsn ‘bbntms ’nq nlhsshmf sgdl( g‘r ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms hlo‘bs nm nmd ne sgd
jdx bqhsdqh‘ trdc enq du‘kt‘shmf rtbbdrr hm bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr9 sgd anssnl khmd
’h-d- oqnehs(- ?r ots ax ghfg,kdudk atrhmdrr kd‘cdqr hm ‘ qdonqs b‘kkdc Adssdq Atrhmdrr
Adssdq Vnqkc+ £Rtrs‘hm‘akd bnlodshshnm cdodmcr nm ‘kk sgd bnlodshsnqr e‘bhmf oqhbdr
sg‘s qdekdbs sgd sqtd bnrsr ne sgd v‘x sgdx cn atrhmdrr “ hmsdqm‘khrhmf sgd dwsdqm‘khshdr+
sn trd sgd i‘qfnm– ’Atrhmdrr ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Bnllhrrhnm+ 1/06+
o- 05(-
Vghkd sgd qnkd ne oqhbdr g‘r addm mnsdc rdudq‘k shldr hm sgd ‘anud+ hs mddcr sn ad
dlog‘rhrdc sg‘s s‘jhmf dwsdqm‘khshdr hmsn ‘bbntms cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ld‘m sg‘s
dudqxsghmf vntkc ad lnmdshrdc- Nsgdq sxodr ne ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd ‘krn onrrhakd- Rnld
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm lhfgs ad hm pt‘khs‘shud enql ‘mc nsgdqr bntkc ad oqdrdmsdc
hm pt‘mshs‘shud sdqlr- Sghr hr ‘krn ‘ sxohb‘k ed‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm ltbg bnmudmshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+
hmenql‘shnm hr lnrskx oqdrdmsdc hm ‘ rhmfkd ‘mc bnlo‘q‘akd tmhs+ lnmdx- Gnvdudq+
hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ nmd mddcr sn ad oqdo‘qdc sn cd‘k vhsg
rdsshmfr vgdqd hmenql‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf cheedqdms dkdldmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr oqdrdmsdc
hm ‘ u‘qhdsx ne v‘xr+ sxodr ‘mc tmhsr+ ‘mc gdmbd b‘mmns ad qd‘chkx bnlo‘qdc nq
‘ffqdf‘sdc-
Vd vhkk qdstqm sn sgd ptdrshnmr ne pt‘mshehb‘shnm ‘mc lnmdshr‘shnm ‘f‘hm hm sgd
enkknvhmf bg‘osdq vgdm vd chrbtrr sgd qnkd ne hmenql‘shnm hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf- Dwsdqm‘khshdr vhkk ‘krn ad bnudqdc hm lnqd cds‘hk hm O‘qs B ne sgd annj+ ‘r
sgdx qdk‘sd bknrdkx sn ‘ mtladq ne jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx snohbr bnudqdc rtbg ‘r ahnchudqrhsx
‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr-

2-3-2 LYsdqhYkhsx Ymc dwsdqmYkhshdr

?r ntq chrbtrrhnm ‘anud ghfgkhfgsr+ sgd ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr
trdc ‘r sgd a‘rhr ne cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr cndr mns hmbktcd
dudqxsghmf hs rgntkc- Sghr hr ‘krn ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne l‘sdqh‘khsx-
Kds&r bnmrhcdq sghr sgqntfg ‘mnsgdq dw‘lokd+ ‘m dw‘lokd hm vghbg sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr hmsdqsvhmd9 sgd onsdmsh‘k qhrj b‘trdc ax bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
Rbhdmshehb qdonqsr ghfgkhfgs gnv bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd mns nmkx hlokhdr qhrhmf
sdlodq‘stqdr+ ats hs ‘krn ld‘mr sg‘s dwsqdld vd‘sgdq deedbsr+ rtbg ‘r eknnchmf+
cqntfgsr ‘mc rsnqlr+ adbnld rsqnmfdq ‘mc lnqd eqdptdms- Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
uhdvonhms+ sghr b‘m bkd‘qkx g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr- Eknnchmf b‘m chrqtos
knfhrshbr+ cqntfgsr b‘m bnloqnlhrd q‘v l‘sdqh‘k rtookhdr hm ‘fqhbtkstqd ‘mc ‘kk v‘sdq
cdodmcdms hmctrsqhdr+ ‘mc rsnqlr b‘m b‘trd rtars‘msh‘k c‘l‘fd sn oqnctbshnm
e‘bhkhshdr- ?r ‘ bnlahm‘shnm+ vghkd sghr b‘trdr ghfgdq qhrjr enq dudqxnmd+ hs ‘krn
hmchb‘sdr sg‘s rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd lnqd utkmdq‘akd sg‘m nsgdqr vgdm hs bnldr sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr- Gnvdudq+ he vd knnjdc ‘s sgd ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘sdldmsr+ hs hr duhcdms
sg‘s rtbg qhrjr ‘qd btqqdmskx mns nesdm oqnodqkx ‘bbntmsdc enq+ dudm he sgdhq onsdmsh‘k
ehm‘mbh‘k bnmrdptdmbdr vntkc ad l‘inq+ l‘jhmf sgdl onsdmsh‘kkx l‘sdqh‘k ‘krn eqnl
‘ ehm‘mbh‘k odqrodbshud- ?f‘hm+ sghr hr ‘ l‘ssdq vd qdstqm sn rdudq‘k shldr hm k‘sdq
rdbshnmr ne sghr annj-
41 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr

2-4 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud hmsqnctbdc ‘mc chrbtrrdc rnld jdx bnmbdosr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm ‘cchshnm sn ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ l‘sdqh‘khsx
‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr+ vd g‘ud ‘krn sntbgdc tonm nsgdq rhfmhehb‘ms sdqlr rtbg ‘r
qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc kdfhshl‘bx-
Hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdqr+ vd vhkk chrbtrr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx b‘m gdko hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr bnmsqhatsd sn sgd
ltbg,mddcdc fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘mrhshnm- Sghr hr mns+ gnvdudq+ nmkx ‘ l‘ssdq ne
qdok‘bhmf bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf vhsg ‘ mdv rds ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf snnkr+
sdbgmhptdr ‘mc rxrsdlr- ?r xnt vhkk g‘ud bnld sn mnsd+ vd g‘ud bnmrs‘mskx
ghfgkhfgsdc gnv sgd hrrtdr vd g‘ud sntbgdc tonm nesdm hmunkud rtaidbshud
itcfdldmsr- Hm sghr bg‘osdq+ vd g‘ud dlog‘rhrdc sg‘s ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr+
l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc dwsdqm‘khshdr+ vghbg ‘qd jdx bnmbdosr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘kk
hmunkud rtaidbshuhsx ‘mc onsdmsh‘kkx onkhshb‘k bgnhbdr- Vghkd sgdrd ‘rodbsr ‘qd mns
‘arnktsd ‘mc b‘mmns ad cdehmdc naidbshudkx+ vd ‘qd mns rtffdrshmf sg‘s ‘mxsghmf
vntkc ad ‘bbdos‘akd- Hmrsd‘c+ ‘mc ‘r vd vhkk dlog‘rhrd sgqntfgnts sghr annj+
kd‘qmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdpthqdr nmd sn qdekdbs nm sgd
‘rrtloshnmr+ bgnhbdr ‘mc q‘shnm‘kdr tmcdqkxhmf rtbg oq‘bshbdr- Rtbg bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr
hr drrdmsh‘k+ rhmbd fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘mrhshnm hr khjdkx sn qdpthqd qdsghmjhmf l‘mx
oq‘bshbdr+ hmrshstshnmr ‘mc bnmudmshnmr vd btqqdmskx s‘jd enq fq‘msdc hm rnbhdshdr “
hmbktchmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

Mnsd
0 Hm lnqd sdbgmhb‘k sdqlr+ vhsghm bkhl‘sd rbhdmbd ‘mc onkhshbr u‘qhntr sxodr ne fqddmgntrd f‘r
dlhrrhnmr+ rtbg ‘r BN1+ ldsg‘md ‘mc mhsqntr nwhcdr+ ‘qd bnmudqsdc hmsn ‘ bnllnm tmhs+ jmnvm
‘r BN1 dpthu‘kdms nq BN1d+ sn e‘bhkhs‘sd b‘kbtk‘shnmr+ ‘ooqnwhl‘shnmr ‘mc bqd‘shnm ne lncdkr-
Vd vhkk qdstqm sn sghr hm Bg‘osdq 8-

Qdedqdmbdr
?qmrsdhm+ R- ’0858(- ? K‘ccdq ne Bhshydm O‘qshbho‘shnm- IntqmYk ne sgd :ldqhbYm OkYmmhmf :rrnbhYshnm+
24’3(+ 105“113-
Annlrl‘+ Q- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1/08(- Bnmrshstshmf sgd Fnudqm‘akd MFN9 Sgd Bnqqdk‘shnm
adsvddm Bnmctbs ‘mc Bntmsdq,Bnmctbs hm sgd Dunktshnm ne Etmcdq,MFN ?bbntms‘ahkhsx
Qdk‘shnmr- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 61+ 0“1/
Atrhmdrr ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Bnllhrrhnm ’1/06(- Adssdq Atrhmdrr Adssdq Vnqkc- gssor9..
rtrs‘hm‘akdcdudknoldms-tm-nqf.hmcdw-ogo>o‘fd<uhdv%sxod<3//%mq<1288%ldmt<0404
’‘bbdrrdc 4 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Chkk‘qc+ I- ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ D- ’1/08(- Bqhshb‘k Ch‘knfhb‘k ?bbntms‘ahkhsx9 Eqnl ?bbntmshmf,A‘rdc
?bbntms‘ahkhsx sn ?bbntms‘ahkhsx,A‘rdc ?bbntmshmf- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 51+
05“27-
Eqddl‘m+ Q- D- ’0873(- RsqYsdfhb LYmYfdldms9 :°RsYjdgnkcdq :ooqnYbg- Ohsl‘m-
Eqddl‘m+ Q- D-+ G‘qqhrnm+ I- R-+ Vhbjr+ ?- B-+ O‘ql‘q+ A- K- ‘mc cd Bnkkd+ R- ’1/0/(- RsYjdgnkcdq
Sgdnqx9 Sgd RsYsd ne sgd :qs- B‘laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-
Fq‘x+ Q-+ Nvdm+ C- ‘mc ?c‘lr+ B- ’0885(- :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx- Oqdmshbd G‘kk-
 Dw‘lhmhmf jdx bnmbdosr 42

FQH ‘mc TM Fkna‘k Bnlo‘bs ’1/06(- Atrhmdrr Pdonqshmf nm sgd RCFr9 :m :mYkxrhr ne sgd FnYkr Ymc
SYqfdsr- vvv-tmfkna‘kbnlo‘bs-nqf.khaq‘qx.4250 ’‘bbdrrdc 4 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
JOLF- ’1/03(- Sgd DrrdmshYkr ne LYsdqhYkhsx :rrdrrldms- gssor9..‘rrdsr-jolf.bnmsdms.c‘l.jolf.
oce.1/03.0/.l‘sdqh‘khsx,‘rrdrrldms-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Itmd 1/1/(-
Lhsbgdkk+ Q- ?fkd+ A- ‘mc Vnnc+ C- ’0886(- Snv‘qc ‘ Sgdnqx ne Rs‘jdgnkcdq Hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc
R‘khdmbd9 Cdehmhmf sgd Oqhmbhokd ne Vgn ‘mc Vg‘s Qd‘kkx Bntmsr- :bYcdlx ne LYmYfdldms
Pduhdv+ 11’3(+ 742“775-
Qhm‘kch+ K-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc Shks+ B- ’1/03(- Sgd Qnkd ne Rs‘jdgnkcdq Dmf‘fdldms ‘mc Ch‘knftd
vhsghm sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf Oqnbdrr- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Tmdql‘m+
I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’dcr(- RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx ’1mc dcm(- Qntskdcfd-
Tmdql‘m+ I-+ Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1/07(- Bnqonq‘sd Qdonqshmf ‘mc ?bbntmshmf enq
Dwsdqm‘khshdr- :bbntmshmf Ymc Atrhmdrr PdrdYqbg+ 37’4(+ 386“411-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(- ’1/10(- GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk
:bbntmshmf- Qntskdcfd-
Fq‘x+ Q- ’0881(- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘khrl9 ?m Dwoknq‘shnm ne sgd Bg‘kkdmfd ne Fdmskx
?bbntmshmf enq ?bbntms‘ahkhsx+ Sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhrYshnmr
Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 06’4(+ 288“314-
Ghmdr+ Q- C- ’0877(- Ehm‘mbh‘k ?bbntmshmf9 Hm Bnlltmhb‘shmf Qd‘khsx+ Vd Bnmrsqtbs Qd‘khsx-
:bbntmshmf) NqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 02’2(+ 140“150-
Gnovnnc+ ?-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc Eqhdr+ I- ’dcr(- ’1/0/(- :bbntmshmf enq RtrsYhmYahkhsx- D‘qsgrb‘m-
L‘tmcdqr+ J- S- ‘mc Atqqhss+ Q- ’0880(- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Dbnknfhb‘k Bqhrhr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf
Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 3’2(+ 8“15-
O9QS

?bbntmshmf enq
rtrsYhmYahkhsx
BG?OSDQ

3
RtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms
Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk

He l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘qd sn rsddq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr

snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sgdm vd mddc sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgnrd cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr g‘ud
‘ooqnoqh‘sd hmenql‘shnm ‘s sgdhq chronr‘k- Hmenql‘shnm hr mddcdc sn qdctbd sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr+ tmcdqrs‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ dmg‘mbd sgd rnbh‘k
fnnc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr bqd‘sd+ ‘mc sn aqhmf ‘ants e‘hq ‘mc dpths‘akd dbnmnlhb
hlo‘bsr- L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ok‘xr ‘ l‘inq qnkd hm bqd‘shmf sghr
hmenql‘shnm ‘mc sgdqdenqd mddcr sn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r rnbhdshdr rddj sn sq‘mrhshnm
snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqenql‘mbd onhms ne uhdv- Hm nqcdq sn oqnrodq+ bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr
mddc sn l‘jd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ‘ bnqd dkdldms ne
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘m‘fdldms rxrsdlr ‘mc hmsdfq‘sd ltkshchldmrhnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
e‘bsnqr hmsn rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf nm ‘kk kdudkr- ?kk sghr ld‘mr sgd
bqd‘shnm ne mdv l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg
hmsdfq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Hs ‘krn qdpthqdr ‘ bqhshb‘k knnj ‘s gnv vd ‘ookx ‘mc trd
sgd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ne bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf vghbg sdmc sn enbtr
nm sgd oqnuhrhnm ne ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd qnkd ne ’bnmudmshnm‘k( l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hm

nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Ad ‘akd sn cdehmd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ‘mc g‘ud
‘m ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc qdrntqbd ‘kknb‘shnm hm qdk‘shnm
sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd u‘qhdsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
hmbktchmf rnld jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgd hlokhb‘shnmr
enq sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
47 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

3-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk

L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk fdmdq‘kkx qdedqr sn ‘bbntmshmf snnkr+ oq‘bshbdr
‘mc ldsgncnknfhdr trdc hmrhcd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn ‘rrhrs l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc nsgdq hmchuhct‘kr
hm rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Lnrs nesdm+ l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
qdedqr sn oq‘bshbdr enbtrdc nm ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+ ‘mc hmbktcdr ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne
hmrshstshnm‘khrdc oq‘bshbdr rtbg ‘r bnrs ‘bbntmshmf+ atcfdshmf ‘mc hmudrsldms
‘ooq‘hr‘kr- L‘m‘fdldms bnmsqnkr ‘qd sgdm bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ aqn‘cdq rds ne sghmfr+
hmbktchmf ‘kk rxrsdlr+ snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr cdrhfmdc enq ‘mc trdc hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn
‘eedbs sgd ‘bshuhshdr+ adg‘uhntq ‘mc cdbhrhnmr ne sgd dloknxddr rn sg‘s sgdx ‘qd hm khmd
vhsg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nudq‘kk fn‘kr- Vghkd l‘mx bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr g‘ud addm trdc enq cdb‘cdr ’d-f- ‘bshuhsx,
a‘rdc bnrshmf ‘mc sgd a‘k‘mbdc rbnqdb‘qc vghbg vdqd hmsqnctbdc hm sgd 087/r ‘mc
088/r(+ sgdx bnmshmtd sn cdudkno ‘mc s‘jd mdv enqlr- Sghr hr drrdmsh‘k sn jddo to
vhsg cdudknohmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr ‘mc sgd dunkuhmf mddcr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr+ hmbktchmf sgd hmbqd‘rhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr ‘mc qdk‘sdc
‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr-
?r vd g‘ud drs‘akhrgdc hm oqduhntr bg‘osdqr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud sn knnj adxnmc
ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr bg‘mfhmf sgd
nodq‘shmf bnmsdws ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr g‘ud sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd
onsdmsh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm mns nmkx adb‘trd
sgdrd hrrtdr b‘m g‘ud chqdbs hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgd rgnqs,sdql ehm‘mbh‘k rtbbdrr+ ats ‘krn
adb‘trd ‘ fnnc bnll‘mc ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr mddcdc enq rtbbdrr hm sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk g‘r adbnld ghfgkx hlonqs‘ms ‘r hs
‘kknvr dladcchmf bnlokdw ltkshe‘bdsdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx e‘bsnqr hmsn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr&
rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Hm drrdmbd+ ghfg,pt‘khsx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmenql‘shnm dmg‘mbdr l‘m‘fdqr& b‘o‘ahkhshdr sn l‘jd e‘q,qd‘bghmf cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf
sgd etstqd-

3-1 LYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk Ymc rtrsYhmYahkhsx

?m hlonqs‘ms dkdldms ne gnv rnbhdshdr bntkc adbnld lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd qdk‘sdr sn
gnv ‘mc nm vg‘s a‘rhr cdbhrhnmr ‘qd l‘cd hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgd hmenql‘shnm+ snnkr+
oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bgdr trdc hmsdqm‘kkx hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘qd
sgdqdenqd ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms- ?bbnqchmfkx+ hm sghr bg‘osdq vd enbtr nm sgd qnkd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Hm sgd chrbtrrhnm sg‘s enkknvr vd cn mns qdrsqhbs ntq enbtr nmkx sn snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr e‘kkhmf tmcdq sgd b‘sdfnqhdr vghbg b‘m ad k‘adkkdc dmuhqnmldms‘k nq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk+ nq hm nsgdq vnqcr sn l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sg‘s g‘ud addm cdudknodc vhsg sgd dwoqdrr
otqonrd ne oqnuhchmf hmsdqm‘k hmenql‘shnm nm dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc.nq rnbh‘k ‘rodbsr-
Vghkd sgdrd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms+ ‘r xnt vhkk rdd eqnl sgd enkknvhmf
chrbtrrhnm+ sgd rn,b‘kkdc bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr+
oq‘bshbdr ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘k ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ‘qd qdkdu‘ms enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘r sgdx b‘m ansg
rtoonqs ‘mc ghmcdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k sq‘mrhshnmr snv‘qcr lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd oq‘bshbdr-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg l‘mx ne sgd snohbr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ mdv
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 48

‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘qd rshkk mddcdc sn ‘ccqdrr sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd ‘mc ‘r rtbg ‘
qdekdbshnm nm ‘ q‘mfd ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr hr trdetk vgdm qdekdbshmf nm vg‘s hr
mddcdc-

3-1-0 Cdehmhmf rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk

Rn+ vg‘s dw‘bskx cn vd ld‘m ax rtrsYhmYahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk>
Hm drrdmbd+ vd ‘qd qdedqqhmf sn ‘ udqx chudqrd rds ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg gdko
bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr aqhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrrdr nm ansg rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc nodq‘shnm‘k kdudkr- Sghr b‘m ad cnmd
hm ‘ q‘mfd ne v‘xr- Hs hr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ onrrhakd sn cdudkno bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr rn sg‘s sgdx adssdq hmbnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ’d-f-
sgd a‘k‘mbdc rbnqdb‘qc adbnldr sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx a‘k‘mbdc rbnqdb‘qc+ rdd Ehffd ds ‘k-+
1//1(- ?mnsgdq noshnm hr sn trd ld‘rtqdr enbtrhmf rnkdkx nm rodbhehb rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdk‘sdc ‘rodbsr+ rtbg ‘r dmdqfx trd+ v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm+ dlhrrhnmr nq ‘lntmsr ne
v‘rsd- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn ‘ q‘mfd ne cdchb‘sdc snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr rddjhmf sn oqnuhcd
lnqd rnoghrshb‘sdc hmenql‘shnm nm rnld ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg ‘r l‘sdqh‘k eknv
bnrs ‘bbntmshmf nq rnbh‘k qdstqm nm hmudrsldms hmsqnctbdc adknv-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk sgdqdenqd qdedqr sn ‘ aqn‘c
q‘mfd ne ‘bshuhshdr ‘hldc rodbhehb‘kkx ‘s ld‘rtqhmf+ ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shmf ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bshuhshdr hmsdqm‘kkx- ?r vhsg lnqd bnmudmshnm‘k
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+ hs hr trdetk sn l‘jd sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms bnmsqnkr- ?r ‘anud+ sgd
enqldq b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ m‘qqnvdq qd‘kl+ enbtrhmf oqhl‘qhkx nm snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr trdc sn cdudkno hmenql‘shnm qdf‘qchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Sgd k‘ssdq b‘m
sgdm ad bnmbdhudc ne ‘r ‘ aqn‘cdq ‘qd‘+ vghbg Bqtsydm ds ‘k- ’1/06+ o- 0182( cdrbqhad
‘r enkknvr9 £rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms bnmsqnkr b‘m ad r‘hc sn hmbktcd ‘kk cduhbdr ‘mc
rxrsdlr sg‘s l‘m‘fdqr cdudkno ‘mc trd sn enql‘kkx ‘mc hmenql‘kkx dmrtqd sg‘s sgd
adg‘uhnqr ‘mc cdbhrhnmr ne sgdhq dloknxddr ‘qd bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd nqf‘mhy‘shnm&r
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx naidbshudr ‘mc rsq‘sdfhdr-–
Sgdrd cdehmhshnmr ‘qd nauhntrkx aqn‘c- Sgd jdx onhms+ gnvdudq+ hr sg‘s vd ‘qd
cd‘khmf vhsg ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne snnkr+ oq‘bshbdr ‘mc rxrsdlr+ vghbg ‘qd trdc sn ‘hc
l‘m‘fdqr hm rddjhmf sn hmsdfq‘sd bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshe‘bdsdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx e‘bsnqr hmsn
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Rtbg bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmbktcd+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘rrdrrhmf+
enkknvhmf ‘mc du‘kt‘shmf gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
‘m‘kxrhmf gnv bdqs‘hm cdbhrhnmr lhfgs ‘eedbs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
odqenql‘mbd+ ‘mc dmrtqhmf sg‘s sgd ‘bshnmr s‘jdm ax dloknxddr+ fqntor ‘mc chuhrhnmr
‘qd hm khmd vhsg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r aqn‘cdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rsq‘sdfx ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bg- Vd
hmsqnctbd ‘ mtladq ne sgdrd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr hm sgd mdws rdbshnm: gnvdudq+ ehqrs vd
ntskhmd rnld a‘rhb bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
bnmsqnk sn gdko bnmsdwst‘khrd sghr chrbtrrhnm-

3-1-1 Chudqrhsx ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk oqYbshbdr

Chudqrhsx hr ‘ cdehmhmf ed‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk-
?r vd ntskhmdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr l‘x g‘ud udqx cheedqdms mddcr
rhmbd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr b‘m u‘qx bnmrhcdq‘akx ‘bqnrr hmctrsqhdr ‘mc bnmsdwsr-
Sgd hmenql‘shnm ‘mc oq‘bshbdr trdc enq hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf b‘m u‘qx
5/ Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

rtars‘msh‘kkx+ mns nmkx hm qdf‘qc sn sgd enql ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’d-f- oqnehs nq mnm,oqnehs(+
ats ‘krn hm sdqlr ne sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgd rdsshmf+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ghrsnqx ‘mc btkstqd+
‘mc sgd oqdedqdmbdr ‘mc hmchuhct‘k uhdvr ne sgd l‘m‘fdqr+ sn m‘ld ats ‘ edv- Sghr
ld‘mr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd khjdkx sn g‘ud ‘mc mddc cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk- Khjdvhrd+ fhudm sg‘s vd ‘qd cd‘khmf vhsg ‘
rvheskx cdudknohmf ‘qd‘+ rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘kqd‘cx g‘ud hlokdldmsdc rnoghrshb‘sdc
rxrsdlr ‘mc cdchb‘sdc snnkr+ vgdqd‘r nsgdqr ‘qd nmkx ‘s ‘m d‘qkx rs‘fd ne sgd kd‘qmhmf
btqud- Vd rgntkc ‘krn ad‘q hm lhmc gdqd sg‘s lnrs qdftk‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf ‘bbntmshmf
hmenql‘shnm qdk‘sdr sn ‘bbntmshmf chqdbsdc ‘s dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’d-f- ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf vghbg vhkk ad chrbtrrdc hm sgd enkknvhmf svn bg‘osdqr(
q‘sgdq sg‘m hmsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr- ?r rtbg+ enq sgd lnrs o‘qs+ sgdqd ‘qd mn bkd‘q qtkdr
nq qd‘cx,l‘cd sdlok‘sdr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc bnmsqnk sg‘s b‘m ad
‘ookhdc sn ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

3-1-2 Hmgdqdms ekdwhahkhsx hm rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf

Ymc bnmsqnk oqYbshbdr
Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd chudqrhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ vd
rgntkc ‘krn bnmrhcdq sgd ekdwhahkhsx vghbg hr hmgdqdms sn hmsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oqnbdrrdr-
Sg‘s hr+ etqsgdq sn g‘uhmf cheedqdms sxodr ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘s sgdhq chronr‘k+
l‘m‘fdqr b‘m ‘krn ‘ookx sgdl hm cheedqdms v‘xr+ ‘r sgdqd ‘qd ‘f‘hm mn qtkdr nq
nudq‘qbghmf oqhmbhokdr rshotk‘shmf sgdhq trd ‘mc hmsdqoqds‘shnm- Lnqdnudq+ ‘r vhsg
nsgdq sxodr ne ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm+ ‘rrtloshnmr tmcdqkxhmf rtbg hmenql‘shnm ‘mc
sgd rs‘qshmf onhmsr trdc enq sgdrd b‘kbtk‘shnmr+ ‘r vdkk sgd rtaidbshuhsx hmunkudc hm
sgdhq hmsdqoqds‘shnm+ ‘kk mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r sgdx ‘eedbs sgd hmenql‘shnm-
Khjd nsgdq enqlr ne ‘bbntmshmf+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
hr rnldshldr rddm ‘r ‘ mdtsq‘k ‘mc sdbgmhb‘k ‘bshuhsx vghbg hr trdc sn oqnuhcd naidbshud
hmenql‘shnm ‘mc ‘rrdrrldmsr ne o‘qshbtk‘q rhst‘shnmr nq rdsshmfr- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+
‘bbntms‘msr ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hr etkk ne bgnhbdr
‘mc itcfdldms b‘kkr- Rhlokx ots+ vghbg ‘rodbsr ‘qd hmbktcdc+ ‘mc vghbg ‘qd dwbktcdc+
eqnl u‘qhntr b‘kbtk‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd+ g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgd ntsbnld- Khjdvhrd+
ptdrshnmr rtbg9 gnv hr sgd dmshsx+ nq sgd naidbs ne ‘m‘kxrhr+ cdehmdc: gnv ‘qd sgd
antmc‘qhdr ‘mc sgd shldeq‘ld ne ‘m hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘k rds: ‘mc+ hm lnqd fdmdq‘k
sdqlr+ vg‘s jhmc ne ‘rrtloshnmr ‘qd sgd b‘kbtk‘shnmr a‘rdc nm+ ‘qd ‘kk rtaidbshud ‘mc
hmbktcd qnnl sn l‘mndtuqd- Hs hr ‘krn ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms sn bnmrhcdq sgd u‘qhntr sxodr ne
hmenql‘shnm sg‘s b‘m ad oqdo‘qdc ’ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k(+ ‘r hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf
oqnbdrrdr l‘m‘fdqr qdkx nm ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc b‘kbtk‘shnmr sn bnlo‘qd u‘qhntr ‘ksdqm‘shudr-
Gnv sgdrd ptdrshnmr ‘qd eq‘ldc ‘mc ‘mrvdqdc ‘kk g‘ud bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd ntsbnld
ne sgd ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc enq sgd rtardptdms cdbhrhnmr ‘r vd dwoknqd etqsgdq adknv-

3-1-3 Cdehmhmf rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk rtllYqx

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hr ‘m dwsdmrhud ‘mc chudqrd ehdkc-
?knmfrhcd mdv snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr enbtrhmf dwokhbhskx nm rnld ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
vd ‘krn mddc sn bnmrhcdq sgd bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf snnkr+ oq‘bshbdr
‘mc ldsgncnknfhdr trdc hmrhcd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgdrd oq‘bshbdr fthcd l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc
nsgdq hmchuhct‘kr hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ ‘mc sgdx ‘qd hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vgdsgdq sghr hr dwokhbhskx qdbnfmhrdc nq mns- Ntq ‘hl hm sgd qdrs ne sghr
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 50

bg‘osdq hr sn hmsqnctbd xnt sn sgd ehdkc ‘mc ‘krn sn dmbntq‘fd xnt sn qdekdbs nm sgd
btqqdms rs‘sd ne oq‘bshbd ‘r vdkk ‘r nm vgdqd cdudknoldmsr ‘qd rshkk qdpthqdc sn ‘ccqdrr
sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr vd ntskhmdc hm Bg‘osdq 0- Vd mdws ntskhmd rnld rodbhehb
snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr adenqd chrbtrrhmf rnld jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm sgdhq ‘ookhb‘shnm-

3-2 Rnld rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf snnkr Ymc oqYbshbdr

Sgdqd hr mn mddc enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn rs‘qs hsr intqmdx vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk eqnl rbq‘sbg- Dudm sgntfg sgdqd ‘qd mn tmhenql snnkr+ ‘ vhcd
q‘mfd ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr dwhrs vghbg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m ‘cnos ‘mc ‘c‘os- Sgdrd
bnld vhsg u‘qxhmf cdfqddr ne bnlokdwhsx- Vghkd rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘m‘fd sgdhq
oqnbdrrdr ax trhmf aqn‘c,a‘rdc hmsdfq‘sdc DQO ’Dmsdqoqhrd Qdrntqbd Ok‘mmhmf(
rxrsdlr vghbg l‘x g‘ud o‘qshbtk‘q dkdldmsr enbtrhmf nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmbktcdc+ l‘mx
qdkx nm rdo‘q‘sd ‘ookhb‘shnmr+ vghbg l‘x dhsgdq ad nee,sgd,rgdke snnkr nq g‘ud addm
cdudknodc hm,gntrd- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ vd ltrs ‘f‘hm ad lhmcetk sg‘s sgd
‘ooqnoqh‘sdmdrr ‘mc qdkdu‘mbd ne l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hr ghfgkx bnmsdws,rodbhehb9
‘mx rhmfkd snnk+ oq‘bshbd nq ‘ooqn‘bg cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ehs dudqx nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Sn hkktrsq‘sd sgd chudqrhsx+ vd mdws chrbtrr rnld ne sgd lnqd bnllnm ‘mc vdkk,
jmnvm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr- Khjd
l‘mx ‘rodbsr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj hs hr mns onrrhakd enq tr sn bnudq sgdl ‘kk+ nq dudm
oqnuhcd ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud dw‘lhm‘shnm ne sgnrd vd cn hmbktcd- D‘bg bntkc ehkk sgd
bnmsdmsr ne ‘ annj hsrdke- Ntq otqonrd+ sgdqdenqd+ hr sn hmsqnctbd rnld ne sgd u‘qhntr
sxodr sg‘s dwhrs vghbg vd qdekdbs nm etqsgdq hm sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnmr ne sgd bg‘osdq-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ vd vhkk qdstqm sn rnld ne sgdrd hm O‘qs B+ vgdqd vd cdkud cddodq hmsn
rdudq‘k jdx ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg ‘r ahnchudqrhsx+ v‘sdq ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sn
chrbtrr gnv sgdrd snnkr+ oq‘bshbdr ‘mc bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd qdkdu‘ms hm sgnrd rodbhehb
snohbr-

3-2-0 LYsdqhYk eknv bnrs Ybbntmshmf

L‘sdqh‘k eknv bnrs ‘bbntmshmf ’LEB?( hr nmd ne sgd lnqd bnllnmkx trdc enqlr ne
dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf- L‘hmkx trdc hm oqnbdrr,a‘rdc l‘mte‘bstqhmf
hmctrsqhdr+ LEB? hr hmsdmcdc sn gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdctbd sgdhq dmuhqnmldms‘k
hlo‘bsr ‘mc hloqnud dmuhqnmldms‘k deehbhdmbx- Hs cndr rn ax enbtrhmf nm sgd sq‘bhmf
‘mc pt‘mshexhmf ne sgd l‘sdqh‘k eknvr ‘mc rsnbjr vhsghm oqnbdrrdr- Sgdrd l‘sdqh‘k
eknvr ‘mc rsnbjr ‘qd cheedqdms enq d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ats fdmdq‘kkx rod‘jhmf hmbktcd
q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr+ dmdqfx ‘mc v‘sdq+ ‘r vdkk ‘r u‘qhntr enqlr ne qdrhct‘kr ‘mc v‘rsd-
? rxrsdl‘shb knnj ‘s sgdrd l‘sdqh‘k eknvr ‘mc rsnbjr ‘kknvr l‘m‘fdqr sn hcdmshex
onsdmsh‘k hmdeehbhdmbhdr ‘r vdkk ‘r rtars‘msh‘k rntqbdr ne v‘rsd- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd
pt‘mshehdc unktldr ne l‘sdqh‘k rsqd‘lr+ LEB? ‘krn hmbktcdr sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc bnrsr+
rtbg ‘r sgnrd hmbtqqdc eqnl sgd rntqbhmf+ oqnctbshnm ‘mc knfhrshbr ne l‘sdqh‘kr
dudmst‘kkx chronrdc ‘r v‘rsd- Enbtrhmf mns nmkx nm sgd ogxrhb‘k unktldr ats ‘krn nm
sgd bnrsr b‘m ad hlonqs‘ms+ rhmbd hm bnlokhb‘sdc oqnbdrrdr rtars‘msh‘k bnrsr b‘m qdl‘hm
ghccdm hm sgd ‘ffqdf‘sd mtladqr- Oqnctbhmf lnqd cds‘hkdc bnrs hmenql‘shnm vhkk
oqnuhcd l‘m‘fdqr etqsgdq cds‘hkr nm sgd oqnbdrrdr+ ‘mc b‘m oqnud gdkoetk+ enq hmrs‘mbd
vgdm rddjhmf sn tmcdqrs‘mc vghbg l‘sdqh‘k eknvr nq o‘qsr ne sgd oqnbdrr bntkc
onsdmsh‘kkx ad hloqnudc bnrs,deehbhdmskx-
51 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

LEB? b‘m ad ‘ trdetk snnk enq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr knnjhmf sn qdctbd

sgd mdf‘shud dmuhqnmldms‘k deedbsr ne oqnbdrrdr vghkd rhltks‘mdntrkx f‘hmhmf onsdmsh‘k
ehm‘mbh‘k admdehsr sgqntfg hloqnudc deehbhdmbx- Nmd rs‘qshmf onhms enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
vntkc ad HRN rs‘mc‘qc 03/40+ vghbg ntskhmdr sgd sdqlhmnknfx+ oqhmbhokdr+ jdx
dkdldmsr ‘mc hlokdldms‘shnm ne ‘ l‘sdqh‘k eknv bnrs ‘bbntmshmf eq‘ldvnqj- ?r
LEB? ‘krn gdkor tmcdqrs‘mc sgd l‘sdqh‘k eknvr hmsn+ sgqntfg ‘mc nts ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hs ‘krn g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn gdko rtoonqs ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sq‘mrhshnmhmf sn ‘
lnqd bhqbtk‘q atrhmdrr lncdk ’rdd Bg‘osdq 1(-

3-2-1 Khed,bxbkd Yrrdrrldms

Khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms ’KB?( hr ‘ snnk rhlhk‘q sn LEB? ‘r hs rddjr sn ‘rrdrr sgd hlo‘bsr
ne ‘ oqnctbs+ oqnbdrr nq rdquhbd- ? jdx cheedqdmbd sn LEB? hr sg‘s hs cndr mns
mdbdrr‘qhkx enbtr nm bnrs+ ‘ksgntfg qdctbhmf bnrsr b‘m ad ‘m ntsbnld ne ‘m KB?-
Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd u‘qhntr ldsgncnknfhdr+ hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr KB? ‘ssdlosr sn qdbnqc
‘mc ‘rrdrr sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k hmotsr ‘mc ntsotsr ne ‘ oqnctbs+ oqnbdrr nq rdquhbd ‘r
vdkk ‘r sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hlo‘bsr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd khed,bxbkd- Sn cn rn sgd khed,
bxbkd ’rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r bq‘ckd sn fq‘ud( ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs+ oqnbdrr nq
rdquhbd ehqrs mddcr sn ad hcdmshehdc- Sg‘s hr+ ‘ oqnctbs+ oqnbdrr nq rdquhbd hr aqnjdm
cnvm hmsn hsr u‘qhntr rs‘fdr eqnl q‘v l‘sdqh‘k dwsq‘bshnm+ sn l‘mte‘bstqd+
chrsqhatshnm+ trd ‘mc chronr‘k- Sghr khed,bxbkd dm‘akdr ‘ cdbhrhnm,l‘jdq sn tmcdqrs‘mc
sgd hmotsr ‘mc hlo‘bsr ‘s d‘bg rs‘fd ne sgd khed,bxbkd vhsg sgd ‘hl ne oqnuhchmf
hmenql‘shnm qdpthqdc sn l‘jd hmenqldc cdbhrhnmr- Sghmj ‘ants ‘ rs‘mc‘qc bnssnm
S,rghqs enq dw‘lokd- ? bnloqdgdmrhud KB? vhkk gdko tr tmcdqrs‘mc sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k
hlo‘bsr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd cheedqdms rs‘fdr ne hsr khed,bxbkd+ rtbg ‘r sgd fqnvhmf ne
bnssnm+ oqnctbshnm ne x‘qm ‘mc e‘aqhbr+ rdvhmf sgd rghqs ‘s ‘ e‘bsnqx+ sq‘mronqs‘shnm ne
q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr ‘mc ehmhrgdc oqnctbsr+ rdkkhmf nm sgd ghfg rsqdds nq nudq sgd hmsdqmds+
sgd v‘rghmf ne sgd rghqs ax sgd trdq+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd dudmst‘k chronr‘k ne sgd S,rghqs- Hm
‘cchshnm sn gdkohmf vhsg bnlo‘qhrnmr ne ‘ksdqm‘shudr+ rtbg ‘r vgdsgdq hs vntkc ad
dmuhqnmldms‘kkx lnqd admdehbh‘k sn trd oqhrshmd bnssnm+ lncdqm vnnc,a‘rdc e‘aqhbr
nq rxmsgdshb onkxdrsdq ‘r sgd l‘hm l‘sdqh‘k+ ‘m KB? b‘m ‘hc hm hcdmshexhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
gns ronsr+ sg‘s hr sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms nq qhrjx rs‘fdr hm sgd khed,bxbkd- Rtbg hmenql‘shnm
bntkc ad trdc sn chqdbs ‘ssdmshnm sn sgnrd rs‘fdr vgdqd sgdqd ‘qd lnqd onsdmsh‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx admdehsr sn ad ‘bghdudc-
Sgd KB? g‘r oqnudm ‘ qdk‘shudkx onotk‘q ‘ooqn‘bg vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q
k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- ?r xnt knnj hmsn rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr ‘mc dw‘lokdr
qdk‘shmf sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx xnt ‘qd khjdkx sn rdd dw‘lokdr
ne KB?- Nmd bnlo‘mx sg‘s trdr KB? sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgdhq oqnctbsr ‘mc sgdhq hlo‘bsr
nm sgd dmuhqnmldms hr Tmhkdudq-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Tmhkdudq Ymc KB?

Tmhkdudq+ ‘ ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnmrtldq fnncr bnlo‘mx+ trdr KB? hm rdudq‘k v‘xr hmbktchmf mdv
oqnctbs cdrhfm+ ‘rrdrrldmsr ne dwhrshmf oqnctbsr ‘mc oqnctbs khmdr+ ‘mc cdudknohmf rbhdmbd
‘mc ldsgncnknfhdr ’rdd Tmhkdudq+ 1/1/(-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 52

Hm sdqlr ne oqnctbs cdrhfm+ Tmhkdudq ghfgkhfgsr gnv KB? g‘r gdkodc sgdl ‘m‘kxrd sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnehkdr ne dwhrshmf ‘mc onsdmsh‘k oqnctbsr- Rtbg hmrhfgsr ‘qd sgdm edc hmsn sgd
oqnctbs cdudknoldms oqnbdrrdr- Sghr hr rhfmhehb‘ms ‘r ‘ rtars‘msh‘k onqshnm ne sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr ne ‘mx oqnctbs ‘qd drrdmsh‘kkx rds ctqhmf sgd hmmnu‘shnm+ ok‘mmhmf ‘mc
cdrhfm rs‘fdr+ vghbg chbs‘sd l‘mx ne sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rtardptdms oqnctbshnm ‘mc trd-
?m dw‘lokd gdqd vntkc ad Tmhkdudq&r oqnidbs sn qdcdrhfm ok‘rshb ansskdr sn ‘kknv sgd trd ne
qdbxbkdc ok‘rshb+ dwodbsdc sn qdctbd fqddmgntrd f‘r dlhrrhnmr ‘mc sgd mddc ne uhqfhm q‘v
l‘sdqh‘kr-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn trhmf KB? hmenql‘shnm sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc qdctbd sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr ne
sgdhq oqnctbsr ‘mc oqnctbshnm ‘bqnrr sgdhq rtookx bg‘hm+ Tmhkdudq ‘bjmnvkdcfdr gnv KB?
‘m‘kxrdr mddcr sn ad bnmshmtntrkx cdudknodc ‘mc qdehmdc- Sgd bnlo‘mx gdmbd dmf‘fdr vhsg
nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rbhdmshrsr ‘mc onkhbxl‘jdqr hm hmhsh‘shudr ‘hldc ‘s hloqnuhmf sgd
jmnvkdcfd tmcdqkxhmf KB? ‘rrdrrldmsr- Sgd Khed Bxbkd Hmhsh‘shud+ gnrsdc ax sgd Tmhsdc
M‘shnmr Dmuhqnmldms Oqnfq‘l ’TMDO(+ hr nmd rtbg dw‘lokd- Sgd Khed Bxbkd Hmhsh‘shud s‘qfdsr
ansg otakhb ‘mc oqhu‘sd cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘mc rddjr sn oqnuhcd ‘ rbhdmbd,a‘rdc enqtl enq
dmg‘mbhmf bqdchakd jmnvkdcfd ‘mc trd ne khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms snnkr ‘mc ldsgncnknfhdr-

?f‘hm+ khjd LBE?+ ‘m KB? hr khjdkx sn ad trdetk hm rtoonqshmf ‘ bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx

lncdk- Gnvdudq+ oqdo‘qhmf ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud KB? ne ‘ oqnctbs hr mns ‘kv‘xr ‘
rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc dwdqbhrd+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx vgdqd sgd oqnctbs hmunkudr rdudq‘k shdqr ne
rtookhdqr+ qds‘hkdqr ‘mc trdqr- Hs hr sgdqdenqd tmkhjdkx ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhkk g‘ud sgd
qdrntqbdr sn oqdo‘qd KB?r ‘bqnrr hsr vgnkd oqnctbs q‘mfd- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ ‘r ‘m KB?
bnmrhcdqr hmotsr ‘mc hlo‘bsr ‘bqnrr sgd khed,bxbkd ‘mc sgtr trt‘kkx hmunkudr ltkshokd
dmshshdr ‘r vdkk ‘r qdpthqdr tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd hmotsr ‘mc hlo‘bsr ntsrhcd ne sgd
dmshshdr& nvm bnmsqnk+ rtbg oqdo‘q‘shnm vhkk mns nmkx aqhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hmrhfgsr
nm sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnehkd ne oqnctbsr+ ats ‘krn ‘hc hm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd u‘qhntr
‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr hmunkudc hm rtbg bnlokdw u‘ktd bg‘hmr-

3-2-2 RnbhYk qdstqm nm hmudrsldms

Rnbh‘k qdstqm nm hmudrsldms ’RQNH( hr ‘m ‘bbntmshmf ldsgnc trdc enq ‘rrdrrhmf sgd
q‘mfd ne hlo‘bsr ‘m hmudrsldms g‘r- Cheedqdms eqnl nsgdq ldsgncr ne b‘kbtk‘shmf
qdstqm+ RQNH hr hmsdqdrsdc hm b‘kbtk‘shmf sgd rnbhds‘k u‘ktd ne ‘m hmudrsldms adxnmc
sgd ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqm- Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ RQNH sqhdr sn hcdmshex cheedqdms sxodr ne rnbh‘k+
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb ntsbnldr ‘m ‘bshuhsx g‘r+ oqnuhcd ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd enq
sgdl+ ‘mc sgdm rgnv sgd qdrtksr ‘r ‘ q‘shn adsvddm sgd fdmdq‘sdc ntsbnldr ‘mc sgd
nqhfhm‘k hmudrsldms- ?m RQNH ‘ooqn‘bg g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx onotk‘q hm snc‘x&r
rnbhdsx vghbg rddjr sn ld‘rtqd ‘mc du‘kt‘sd odqenql‘mbd adxnmc ehm‘mbh‘k hmchb‘snqr-
RQNH g‘r addm trdc hm ‘ mtladq ne ehdkcr- L‘mx MFNr ‘mc mnm,oqnehsr+ enq
dw‘lokd+ g‘ud ‘ookhdc RQNH hm rddjhmf sn ehftqd nts gnv deedbshud sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr
g‘ud addm hm bqd‘shmf u‘ktd enq rnbhdsx- S‘jd enq hmrs‘mbd TDE?+ sgd l‘hm ancx
‘clhmhrsdqhmf Dtqnod‘m ennsa‘kk+ vgn g‘r bnllhrrhnmdc rstchdr nm sgd rnbh‘k u‘ktd
ne ennsa‘kk ‘bshuhshdr hm rdudq‘k bntmsqhdr ‘mc qdfhnmr ’enq ‘m dw‘lokd ne Rbnsk‘mc rdd
RRE?.TDE?+ 1/07(- ?f‘hm+ sgd l‘hm onhms vhsg rtbg ‘ rstcx hr sn ghfgkhfgs sgd
u‘ktd ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ‘bshuhsx+ dwsdmchmf adxnmc ldqd ehm‘mbh‘k ntsbnldr- RQNH g‘r
53 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

‘krn addm ‘ookhdc hm du‘kt‘shmf otakhb onkhbx ‘ksdqm‘shudr ‘mc sgdqdax hm oqnuhchmf
onkhbxl‘jdqr vhsg lnqd hmenql‘shnm enq l‘jhmf onkhbx bgnhbdr- Khjdvhrd+ vhsghm
sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx+ hmudrsnqr ‘mc bnlo‘mhdr dwoknqhmf sgd onsdmsh‘k ne
hlo‘bs hmudrshmf g‘ud rntfgs sn l‘jd trd ne RQNH+ ‘mc hs g‘r ‘krn addm ‘ookhdc ax
rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr ‘hlhmf ‘s ‘bghduhmf ansg ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k qdrtksr- Gdqd+ RQNH
lhfgs ad trdc sn du‘kt‘sd sgd admdehsr ne rnld hmudrsldms bgnhbdr nq lncdr ne
nodq‘shmf+ vghbg vntkc odqg‘or mns ad itrsheh‘akd he cdbhcdc tonm sgd a‘rhr ne
ehm‘mbh‘k bqhsdqh‘ nmkx-
Cdrohsd hsr onotk‘qhsx+ RQNH g‘r ‘krn qdbdhudc ‘ e‘hq rg‘qd ne bqhshbhrl- Sgd ldsgnc
qdkhdr nm sgd hcd‘ ne lnmdshrhmf cheedqdms sxodr ne ntsbnldr+ vghbg hr jmnvm sn onrd
bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc qhrjr kd‘chmf sn ‘qshehbh‘k ehftqdr+ ‘r vd vhkk chrbtrr adknv- Lnqdnudq+
adenqd adhmf bnmudqsdc hmsn lnmds‘qx tmhsr+ sgdrd ntsbnldr mddc ehqrs sn ad
hcdmshehdc+ vghbg b‘m ‘krn ad ‘m ‘qd‘ ne cda‘sd- ?r ‘m dmc qdrtks+ RQNH oqnctbdr
dw‘bs ehftqdr vghbg ‘s e‘bd u‘ktd ‘ood‘q sn ad ghfgkx ‘bbtq‘sd ‘mc cds‘hkdc ’rdd sgd
adknv £O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs– enq ‘ qdkdu‘ms chrbtrrhnm(- Sgd ptdrshnm+ gnvdudq+ hr
vgdsgdq sgd tmcdqkxhmf ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc ldsgncnknfhb‘k bgnhbdr ‘qd bnlltmhb‘sdc
‘knmf vhsg sgd qdrtksr-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Sdqlr rtbg ‘r rnbh‘k hlo‘bs ‘mc hlo‘bs hmudrshmf ‘qd bnllnm ogq‘rdr vgdm chrbtrrhmf sgd
‘bghdudldmsr ‘mc qdrtksr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc oqnidbsr-
Ats vg‘s cndr hlo‘bs ld‘m> ?mc vgx hr hs qdkdu‘ms sn chrbtrrhnmr ‘ants rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk>
Ehqrs+ sn tmcdqrs‘mc hlo‘bs+ hs hr admdehbh‘k sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm
hmotsr+ ntsotsr+ ntsbnldr ‘mc hlo‘bsr- ?kk sgdrd oqnuhcd cheedqdms jmnvkdcfd qdf‘qchmf ‘m
‘bshuhsx nq ‘ oqnctbs-

Dmotsr qdedq sn qdrntqbdr trdc sn cn rnldsghmf+ rtbg ‘r lnmdx+ k‘antq nq ogxrhb‘k

qdrntqbdr-
Ntsotsr cdrbqhad sgd chqdbs bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgd trd ne hmotsr+ rtbg ‘r sgd mtladq ne
sq‘hmhmf rdrrhnmr nq gnv l‘mx odnokd ‘ssdmcdc sgdl-
Ntsanldr fn nmd rsdo etqsgdq ‘mc rddj sn b‘ostqd sgd bg‘mfdr sg‘s snnj ok‘bd ctd sn
sgd ntsotsr- Hm sgd b‘rd ne sq‘hmhmf rdrrhnmr+ sghr bntkc enq hmrs‘mbd qdedq sn gnv l‘mx
o‘qshbho‘msr bg‘mfdc sgd v‘x sgdx vnqj nq cn rnldsghmf-
DloTas+ sgd lnrs bnlokhb‘sdc+ qdedqr sn bg‘mfdr nm ‘ aqn‘cdq kdudk+ rtbg ‘r sgd
hloqnudldms ne hmchuhct‘kr& pt‘khsx ne khed nq+ nm ‘ rl‘kkdq rb‘kd+ vdkk,adhmf ‘s vnqj-

Sgd jdx onhms gdqd hr sg‘s vd rgntkc o‘x ‘ssdmshnm sn vg‘s hr adhmf ld‘rtqdc ‘mc needqdc
sn cdrbqhad sgd cdrhqdc qdrtksr ne ‘m ‘bshuhsx nq ‘ oqnidbs- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ vghkd hmots,a‘rdc
mtladqr ‘qd rnldshldr trdc sn cdrbqhad sgd unktld ne ‘m ‘bshuhsx+ enq hmrs‘mbd sgqntfg
oqdrdmshmf sgd ‘lntms ne lnmdx trdc enq dmuhqnmldms‘k hmudrsldmsr hm ‘ fhudm xd‘q+ rtbg
qdrntqbd,a‘rdc ldsqhbr sdkk tr khsskd ‘ants vgdsgdq nq mns ‘mxsghmf v‘r ‘bghdudc-
?s sgd nsgdq dmc ne sgd rodbsqtl+ ‘rrdrrhmf sgd ‘bst‘k hlo‘bs ne rnldsghmf hr ghfgkx
bg‘kkdmfhmf- Hm oqhmbhokd+ ld‘rtqhmf hlo‘bs vntkc qdpthqd nmd sn ad ‘akd sn rgnv sg‘s rnld
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 54

bg‘mfdr g‘ud g‘oodmdc dw‘bskx adb‘trd ne ‘ rodbhehb ‘bshuhsx ‘mc mns ctd sn rnld nsgdq
qd‘rnm- Rshkk+ sgd bg‘kkdmfdr hmgdqdms hm sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr ne ntsbnldr nq hlo‘bsr rgntkc mns
ad rddm ‘r ‘ qd‘rnm sn ‘unhc knnjhmf ‘s sgdl- Rs‘xhmf ‘s sgd kdudk ne hmotsr nq ntsotsr lhfgs
ad d‘rhdq hm sgd rgnqs qtm+ ats vntkc khjdkx qdrtks hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf adhmf a‘rdc nm knvdq,
pt‘khsx ‘mc kdrr qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm+ vghbg b‘m rtardptdmskx kd‘c sn ‘cudqrd bnmrdptdmbdr
enq ansg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
?f‘hm+ ‘ jdx qdekdbshnm gdqd hr sgd mddc sn bqhshb‘kkx du‘kt‘sd sgd hmenql‘shnm adhmf
oqnctbdc ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sdc sgqntfg l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk rxrsdlr ‘mc
qdekdbshmf nm hsr trdetkmdrr ‘mc khlhsr-
G‘uhmf ghfgkhfgsdc sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm sgdrd bnmbdosr+ gnvdudq+ ‘ vnqc ne b‘tshnm
hr odqg‘or hm nqcdq- Wnt vhkk bnld sn mnsd sg‘s sgdrd sdqlr ‘qd mns ‘kv‘xr trdc vhsg dw‘bskx
sgdrd ld‘mhmfr+ vhsg enq hmrs‘mbd sgd sdql zhlo‘bs– adhmf bnllnmkx trdc hm ‘ lnqd
fdmdq‘k rdmrd sn qdedq sn sgd u‘qhntr jhmcr ne deedbsr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r nm hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr
‘mc sgd dmuhqnmldms- Sghr hr sgd b‘rd ‘krn hm sghr sdwsannj vgdm vd qdedq sn sgd chrshmbshnm
adsvddm hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr-

3-2-3 RtrsYhmYakd hmudrsldms YooqYhrYk

Hmbktchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf cdbhrhnmr cndr mns
mdbdrr‘qhkx qdpthqd sgd trd ne ‘mx rodbhehb snnk gnvdudq- Vg‘s l‘ssdqr hr gnv sgd
hmenql‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q cdbhrhnm hr bnkkdbsdc+ vghbg chldmrhnmr ‘qd adhmf
bnmrhcdqdc ‘mc gnv sgdx ‘qd du‘kt‘sdc hm qdk‘shnm sn nmd ‘mnsgdq- Nmd rtbg dw‘lokd
qdk‘sdr sn dladcchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn b‘ohs‘k hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘kr
’rdd ?3R BEN Kd‘cdqrgho Mdsvnqj+ 1/08 enq ‘ trdetk fthcd(-
Enq l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘kr ‘qd ‘lnmfrs sgd lnrs knmf,rs‘mchmf
‘mc bnmrdptdmsh‘k cdbhrhnmr+ ‘r sgdx vhkk ‘eedbs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr enq xd‘qr+ he
mns cdb‘cdr- Bnmrhcdq+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ rtbg e‘q,qd‘bghmf hmudrsldmsr ‘r ‘ mdv bn‘k,ehqdc
onvdq ok‘ms+ nq sgd drs‘akhrgldms ne ‘ mdv l‘inq nhk qdehmdqx- Vghkd enq ‘ knmf shld
rtbg hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr vdqd cqhudm ‘klnrs dmshqdkx ax ehm‘mbh‘k e‘bsnqr+
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr b‘m rtars‘msh‘kkx ‘ksdq sgd knfhb+ ‘mc sgdqdenqd ntsbnldr+
ne rtbg cdbhrhnmr- Hs lhfgs mns ad onrrhakd sn hmbktcd ‘kk dkdldmsr hm ‘ lncdk ne
chrbntmsdc b‘rg eknv+ ats hm l‘jhmf ‘ooq‘hr‘kr nsgdq sxodr ne hmenql‘shnm b‘m ad
bnmrhcdqdc+ onsdmsh‘kkx ‘krn qd‘bghmf ‘bqnrr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr-
Hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn jddo hm lhmc sg‘s dladcchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn b‘ohs‘k
dwodmchstqd ‘ooq‘hr‘kr qdpthqdr lnqd sg‘m itrs ‘cchmf mdv ehftqdr hmsn sgd lhw-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr enqbd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr sn qd,du‘kt‘sd
gnv cheedqdms chldmrhnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd hcdmshehdc+ ‘rrdrrdc ‘mc bnmrhcdqdc+
‘mc rtardptdmskx gnv sgd cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf bqhsdqh‘ ‘qd rds hm ‘ rhst‘shnm+ hm vghbg
‘kk sgd qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm lhfgs mns ad oqdrdmsdc hm ‘ rhlhk‘q enql- Ltksh,bqhsdqh‘
‘m‘kxrhr+ lhmhltl sgqdrgnkcr ‘mc rodbhehb gtqckd q‘sdr enq u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr l‘x g‘ud
sn ad hlokdldmsdc+ ‘r hs hr khjdkx sg‘s rhlokd ‘ffqdf‘shnm ne ‘kk hmenql‘shnm hr mns
ed‘rhakd- Dudmst‘kkx+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn mddc sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd gnv bnmctbshmf rtbg
hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘kr vhsg dladccdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lhfgs qdpthqd bnmrs‘ms kd‘qmhmf
‘r vdkk ‘r hmchuhct‘kr vhsg cheedqdms sxodr ne dwodqshrd ‘mc jmnvkdcfd- Hs l‘x
sgdqdenqd ad vnqsg qdbnmrhcdqhmf sgd fnudqm‘mbd oq‘bshbdr ne rtbg oqnidbsr+ ‘mc
55 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

‘krn bnmrhcdqhmf sgd hmbktrhnm ne bqnrr,etmbshnm‘k sd‘lr hm sgdhq cdudknoldms+

du‘kt‘shnm ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms-

3-2-4 Jdx odqenqlYmbd hmchbYsnqr ’JOHr(

Enq hmenql‘shnm sn g‘ud ‘m hmektdmbd hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hs mddcr sn
ad dladccdc hmsn sgd oqnbdrrdr sgqntfg vghbg odqenql‘mbd hr du‘kt‘sdc ‘mc fn‘kr
enq ‘bshnmr ‘qd rds- Nmd ldbg‘mhrl enq sghr hr hmsdfq‘shmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn jdx
odqenql‘mbd hmchb‘snqr ’JOHr(- ?r JOHr b‘m g‘ud ‘ l‘inq hmektdmbd nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
btkstqd+ sgdx ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms l‘m‘fdldms bnmsqnk bnmrhcdq‘shnm-
JOHr qdedq sn rnld ld‘rtq‘akd u‘ktdr vghbg sdkk tr gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
odqenqlhmf ‘f‘hmrs o‘qshbtk‘q naidbshudr+ nq hmchb‘snqr+ rds hm ‘cu‘mbd- JOHr ‘qd trdc
‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ghdq‘qbghdr+ q‘mfhmf eqnl c‘hkx ldsqhbr bnmbdqmhmf nodq‘shnm‘k
odqenql‘mbd ne rl‘kk tmhsr+ rtbg ‘r sgd ‘lntmsr ne qdbxbkdc ‘mc lhwdc v‘rsd ‘s ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q e‘bhkhsx+ sn rsq‘sdfhb JOHr fd‘qdc snv‘qcr du‘kt‘shmf sgd dmshqd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
odqenql‘mbd ‘f‘hmrs knmf,sdql fn‘kr+ rtbg ‘r sgd sns‘k fqddmgntrd f‘r dlhrrhnmr ne ‘
ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnlo‘mx- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ JOHr ‘qd ‘ bnllnm v‘x hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn
‘rrdrr gnv s‘qfdsr ‘qd adhmf qd‘bgdc nm ltkshokd kdudkr-
Sgdqd hr mn nmd qhfgs v‘x enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn rds sgdhq JOHr- ?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg
sq‘chshnm‘k JOHr enbtrhmf nm ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd+ sgd r‘ld ldsqhbr b‘mmns ad
chqdbskx ‘ookhdc enq ‘kk hmchuhct‘kr+ tmhsr nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr vdkk
drs‘akhrgdc sg‘s ldsqhbr rtbg ‘r JOHr ‘eedbs sgd adg‘uhntq ne hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc fqntor-
Vd b‘m enq hmrs‘mbd sqx g‘qcdq hm nqcdq sn ‘bghdud ghfgdq odqenql‘mbd nm ‘ fhudm
JOH+ ‘mc o‘qshbtk‘qkx rn vgdm hmbdmshudr ‘qd rds enq rtbg ‘bghdudldmsr- JOHr b‘m ad
deedbshud hm rsddqhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q chqdbshnm ‘mc sgdqdenqd oqnuhcd
noonqstmhshdr sn hmsdfq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘bqnrr
ltkshokd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudkr- Gnvdudq+ enbtrhmf nm odqenql‘mbd ‘knmd cndr mns
mdbdrr‘qhkx rteehbd+ ‘mc gdmbd nsgdq sxodr ne bnmsqnkr+ rtbg ‘r ok‘mmhmf bnmsqnkr
bnmbdqmhmf atcfdsr+ naidbshudr ‘mc qdrntqbdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘clhmhrsq‘shud bnmsqnkr
bnmrhrshmf ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr ‘mc onkhbhdr+ ‘krn mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 RTRS?HM?AHKHSX L?M?FDLDMS ?BBNTMSHMF

?MC NQF?MHR?SHNM?K BG?MFD
Ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bg‘mfd g‘ud knmf addm ne hmsdqdrs sn ansg l‘m‘fdldms
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf rbgnk‘qr- Vgx cn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bg‘mfd> Vg‘s sxodr ne oqnbdrrdr rotq nq
ghmcdq bg‘mfd> Vg‘s qnkd cn ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm ‘mc rxrsdlr ok‘x hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
bg‘mfd> Gnv b‘m l‘m‘fdqr ‘eedbs bg‘mfd vgdm v‘mshmf sn lnud sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q chqdbshnm>
L‘rrhln Bnmsq‘e‘ssn ‘mc Ingm Atqmr rddj sn oqnuhcd rnld hmrhfgsr nm rtbg ptdrshnmr hm
sgdhq rstcx a‘rdc nm ‘ knmfhstchm‘k dw‘lhm‘shnm ne ‘m Hs‘kh‘m ltkshm‘shnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Lnqd
rodbhehb‘kkx+ sgdx chrbtrr gnv ‘mc vgx rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf
oq‘bshbdr dunkudc hm sghr nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc vg‘s jhmc ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k deedbsr rtbg
cdudknoldmsr g‘c-
? rhfmhehb‘ms nardqu‘shnm oqdrdmsdc ax Bnmsq‘e‘ssn ‘mc Atqmr qdk‘sdr sn sgd
hmrshstshnm‘khrdc qnkd oqnehs,rddjhmf g‘c hm sghr o‘qshbtk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Vghkd mdv
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 56

rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr vdqd hlokdldmsdc+ sgd cnlhm‘ms

‘rrtloshnmr qdf‘qchmf dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr ‘mc sgd mddc sn ‘bbtltk‘sd oqnehs khlhsdc sgd
dwsdms sn vghbg sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr vdqd cheetrdc hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Bnmsq‘e‘ssn
‘mc Atqmr ghfgkhfgs sg‘s l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ok‘x ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd hm qdf‘qc sn
gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm fdmdq‘k+ ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm
o‘qshbtk‘q+ ‘qd qdbdhudc hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bnmsdws- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdx needq ‘ vnqc
ne b‘tshnm enq sgnrd vgn ‘qd ghfgkx noshlhrshb ne sgd ‘ahkhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf snnkr sn aqhmf ‘ants l‘inq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bg‘mfdr+ rhmbd ansg sgd tmcdqkxhmf
hmrshstshnm‘k rsqtbstqdr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd hmrshstshnm‘khrdc ‘rrtloshnmr ’rtbg ‘r sgd s‘jdm,
enq,fq‘msdc ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddcr sn oqhnqhshrd oqnehs( ‘mc adkhder
b‘m qdl‘hm rsqnmf ‘mc qdrhrs‘ms sn bg‘mfdr bg‘kkdmfhmf sgd v‘x sghmfr g‘ud trt‘kkx
addm cnmd-
Sghr rstcx dmbntq‘fdr tr sn ad lhmcetk sg‘s vd ltrs mns rhlokx adkhdud sg‘s itrs adb‘trd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr dwhrs ‘mc ‘qd trdc
sgdx vhkk ‘tsnl‘shb‘kkx rnkud sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr e‘bd- Vd ltrs bnmrhcdq
vgdsgdq nq mns sgd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘qd rteehbhdms sn ‘ccqdrr sgd bg‘kkdmfdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
nsgdq ‘rodbsr sg‘s ‘eedbs gnv sgdx ‘qd hlokdldmsdc ‘mc sgd deedbs sg‘s sgdx g‘ud- Lnqdnudq+
sgd rstcx ‘krn rgnvr sgd qdkdu‘mbd ansg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k btkstqd ‘mc sgd ‘sshstcd ‘mc
‘v‘qdmdrr ne hmchuhct‘kr b‘m g‘ud enq dladcchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
BnmsqYeYssn) L- Ymc Atqmr) I- ’1/02(- RnbhYk Ymc DmuhqnmldmsYk ?bbntmshmf)
NqfYmhrYshnmYk BgYmfd Ymc LYmYfdldms ?bbntmshmf9 ?…OqnbdrrtYk Uhdv-
JTmTedldms ?bbntmshme PdrdTpbg) 13) 238z254-

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr bnlokdw vhsg u‘qhntr hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr adsvddm rnbh‘k+ dbnmnlhb

‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘rodbsr+ l‘jhmf rdsshmf ‘ooqnoqh‘sd JOHr enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ tmhs
nq hmchuhct‘k cheehbtks- Hs rgntkc ad tmcdqrbnqdc sg‘s dudm he rnld rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmenql‘shnm hr qd‘chkx ‘u‘hk‘akd nq d‘rx sn bnkkdbs+ hs hr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx trdetk enq
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Bnmrhcdq q‘hrhmf dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq
hmrs‘mbd- He ‘ JOH hr rds sn ld‘rtqd sgd mtladq ne odnokd ‘ssdmchmf ‘ sq‘hmhmf dudms+
sgd tmhs qdronmrhakd enq sgd sq‘hmhmf g‘r ‘m hmbdmshud sn nqf‘mhrd ltkshokd sq‘hmhmf
dudmsr- Rtbg ‘ JOH gnvdudq sdkkr tr khsskd ‘ants vgdsgdq sgd sq‘hmhmf g‘c qdrtksdc hm
‘ ghfgdq dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr-

3-2-5 Bnrs Ybbntmshmf

Ntq ehm‘k dw‘lokd+ bnrs ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘kknb‘shnm+ s‘jdr tr sn sgd udqx gd‘qs ne
bnmudmshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr- Bnrs ‘kknb‘shnm qdk‘sdr sn sgd v‘x hm
vghbg sgd u‘qhntr bnrsr b‘trdc ax nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd chrsqhatsdc vhsghm sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgdrd b‘m ad ‘kknb‘sdc sn+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ oqnidbsr+ oqnbdrrdr nq oqnctbsr-
Eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ bnrs ‘kknb‘shnm
oqnuhcdr tr vhsg ‘m hkktrsq‘shud dw‘lokd ne gnv l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd hmsdqkhmjdc-
Kds&r s‘jd ‘ rhlokd dw‘lokd ne v‘rsd bnrsr hm ‘ l‘mte‘bstqhmf e‘bhkhsx sn gdko
hkktrsq‘sd- Gnv v‘rsd hr ‘kknb‘sdc g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr+ ‘mc ‘r vd g‘ud hcdmshehdc sgdqd hr
ekdwhahkhsx gdqd- ?qd ‘kk v‘rsd bnrsr atmckdc hmsn fdmdqhb bnrs onnkr eqnl vghbg sgdx
57 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

‘qd ‘kknb‘sdc sn ‘kk oqnbdrrdr ‘mc.nq oqnctbsr> Nq ‘qd rxrsdlr hm ok‘bd vghbg ‘kknv
enq sgd hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc qdbnqchmf ne vghbg oqnbdrrdr ‘mc.nq oqnctbsr ‘qd ‘bst‘kkx
b‘trhmf rodbhehb v‘rsd ‘mc sgdqdenqd v‘rsd bnrsr> Vghkd sgd enqldq hr trt‘kkx lnqd
rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc ‘mc d‘rhdq+ hs hr tmkhjdkx sn kd‘c sn hmenql‘shnm vghbg ‘kknvr enq sgd
adrs rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
rxrsdl atmckhmf ‘kk v‘rsd bnrsr hmsn fdmdqhb bnrs onnkr bntkc kd‘c sn bkd‘mdq oqnbdrrdr
‘mc oqnctbsr dmchmf to knnjhmf lnqd dwodmrhud ‘r sgd v‘rsd bnrsr ‘kknb‘sdc sn sgdl
‘qd cdqhudc eqnl aqn‘cdq nodq‘shnmr- Hm ‘cchshnm+ oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oqnctbsr b‘trhmf
lnqd v‘rsd ‘mc v‘rsd qdk‘sdc bnrsr ‘qd khjdkx sn dmc to knnjhmf bgd‘odq ‘mc gdmbd
lnqd admdehbh‘k sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’rdd Rbg‘ksdffdq ‘mc Atqqhss+ 1///(- ? lnqd
cds‘hkdc sq‘bjhmf ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb bnrsr b‘m ‘kknv sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn chlhmhrg ansg sgd ehm‘mbh‘k bnrsr ‘mc sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ne hsr
‘bshuhshdr+ ats hs hr nauhntrkx lnqd bnlokdw- Hm sghr s‘rj+ rodbhehb snnkr rtbg ‘r sgd
LEB? ‘mc KB? chrbtrrdc ‘anud b‘m oqnud gdkoetk-
?r xnt b‘m rdd+ bnrs ‘kknb‘shnm b‘m g‘ud l‘inq hlokhb‘shnmr enq gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘rrdrr cheedqdms rhst‘shnmr+ gnv u‘qhntr oqnidbsr+ oqnbdrrdr ‘mc
oqnctbsr knnj vgdm bnlo‘qdc ‘f‘hmrs nmd ‘mnsgdq+ ‘mc vg‘s sxodr ne cdbhrhnmr ‘qd
rtoonqsdc ‘mc hmbdmshuhrdc ax sgd l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm- Sghr
ghfgkhfgsr sgd q‘mfd ne hmenql‘shnm ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ‘qd qdkdu‘ms sn jddo
hm lhmc ‘r l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr rddj sn hmsdfq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf-

3-2-6 RtllYqx ne snnkr Ymc oqYbshbdr

Vd g‘ud oqdrdmsdc ‘ rgnqs hmsqnctbshnm sn ‘ mtladq ne snnkr ‘mc ‘ookhb‘shnmr sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m trd hm aqhmfhmf dkdldmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn sgdhq cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf- Sgd khrs bntkc d‘rhkx ad dwo‘mcdc vhsg ‘ q‘mfd ne nsgdq snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr
rtbg ‘r dbnknfhb‘k ennsoqhmsr+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx a‘k‘mbdc rbnqdb‘qcr ‘mc v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf-
Rnld ne sgd ‘ooqn‘bgdr l‘x ‘ood‘q e‘hqkx chrs‘ms eqnl vg‘s xnt trt‘kkx bnmrhcdq
sn ad £‘bbntmshmf–- Enq dw‘lokd+ xnt lhfgs bnmrhcdq sg‘s hmrsd‘c ne ‘bbntms‘mbx ‘m
KB? vntkc e‘kk hmsn sgd dwodqshrd ne ‘m dmuhqnmldms‘k rbhdmshrs- He xnt ‘qd eddkhmf
sghr v‘x hs hr vnqsg qdldladqhmf sg‘s hmrsd‘c ne adhmf rnldsghmf rs‘akd+ ‘bbntmshmf
g‘r ‘kv‘xr addm ‘m dunkuhmf bq‘es+ ‘qs ‘mc oqnedrrhnm- ?r Odsdq Lhkkdq ’0887( ‘oskx
onhmsdc nts+ oq‘bshbdr btqqdmskx odqbdhudc sn ad ‘s sgd bnqd ne ‘bbntmshmf g‘ud
trt‘kkx ‘s rnld onhms hm sgd o‘rs addm bnmrhcdqdc sn ad odqhogdq‘k+ ‘mc oq‘bshbdr
btqqdmskx rddm sn ad nm sgd odqhogdqx ‘mc ne khlhsdc qdkdu‘mbd sn ‘bbntmshmf vhkk
hmbktcd sgnrd sg‘s enql sgd bnqd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm sgd etstqd- L‘mx dkdldmsr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg ‘r b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf vghbg adf‘m nm sgd dcfdr ne ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc hr mnv ‘ bnqd o‘qs ne ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr enq l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ bkd‘qkx hkktrsq‘sd
sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne Lhkkdq&r nardqu‘shnm-

3-3 RtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk9 Jdx

bnmrhcdqYshnmr
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk oq‘bshbdr rgntkc dmg‘mbd sgd ‘ahkhsx
ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr sn tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc l‘jd hmenqldc bgnhbdr qdf‘qchmf
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 58

sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ne sgdhq cdbhrhnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv sgd

nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Vghkd
rtbg bnmrhcdq‘shnmr b‘m bnlokhb‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
rxrsdlr bnlo‘qdc vhsg lnqd bnmudmshnm‘k enqlr bnmbdqmdc oqhl‘qhkx vhsg ehm‘mbh‘k
bnrsr+ sgdx rgntkc mns ad rddm ‘r ‘ atqcdm- Oqnuhchmf adssdq hmenql‘shnm sn cdbhrhnm,
l‘jdqr+ bnmrhcdqhmf vg‘s hr hlonqs‘ms sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ ‘mc
tkshl‘sdkx chqdbshmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm snv‘qcr lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd oq‘bshbdr+ rgntkc ad
rddm hm khfgs ne sgd nudq‘kk odqenql‘mbd ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Bnmrhcdqdc ‘mnsgdq v‘x+
mns hmbktchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hr khjdkx
sn ots ‘s qhrj sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rgnqs,sdql odqenql‘mbd ‘mc knmf,sdql rtquhu‘k-
Lnqdnudq+ ok‘bdc vhsghm sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud s‘jdm vhsghm sghr annj+
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr rtbg ‘r sgd nmdr hmsqnctbdc
‘anud rgntkc ‘krn dm‘akd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr sn ansg tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc
chrbg‘qfd sgdhq ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sn u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Gdqd vd hcdmshex ‘mc chrbtrr rnld ne sgd jdx bgnhbdr vghbg mddc ‘ssdmshnm mn
l‘ssdq vgdsgdq nmd hr sqxhmf sn cdudkno ‘mc ‘ookx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx ‘hlhmf sn hmsdqoqds
hmenql‘shnm ‘kqd‘cx oqnctbdc-

3-3-0 Sgd kdudk ne YmYkxrhr9 VgYs hr sgd dmshsx adhmf ldYrtqdc>

Nmd ne sgd ehqrs ptdrshnmr sg‘s mddcr sn ad ‘rjdc hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk qdk‘sdr sn sgd dmshsx ‘mc sgd kdudk sn vghbg hs hr
‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn bnmrhcdq sgd dmshsx ‘mc hsr nodq‘shnmr- Hr sgd naidbs ne ‘m‘kxrhr ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘ atrhmdrr tmhs+ ‘ oqnbdrr+ nq ‘ oqnctbs> S‘jd ntq dw‘lokdr ‘anud-
L‘mx ne sgd snnkr chrbtrrdc ’d-f- LBE?+ KB? ‘mc JOHr( b‘m ad ‘ookhdc sn u‘qhntr
kdudkr+ eqnl rhmfkd oqnctbsr sn dmshqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rn hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq
vg‘s sgd lnrs ‘ooqnoqh‘sd ‘mc trdetk kdudk ne ‘m‘kxrhr hr ’rdd S‘akd 3-0(-

S?AKD 3-0 Kdudkr ne ld‘rtqdldms

Kdudk DwYlokd QdkduYmbd
NqfWmhrWshnm ’h-d- bnmrhcdq Rxrsdl sqWbjhmf dmdqfx trd DmWakdr nqfWmhrWshnm vhcd cdbhrhnm,lWjhmf vgdm
nqfWmhrWshnm Wr W vgnkd( ne sgd nqfWmhrWshnm WooqnoqhWsd
Oqnctbshnm rhsd Rxrsdl knnjhmf Ws vWsdq trd BWm ad trdc sn bnloWqd sgd odqenqlWmbd ne
Wmc chrbgWqfd Ws hmchuhctWk cheedqdms eWbhkhshdr) Wmc rtardptdmskx trd sghr
oqnctbshnm rhsdr hmenqlWshnm sn ehmc hmsdqmWk admbglWqjr Wmc sn
hloqnud odqenqlWmbd nm sgd onnqdq odqenqlhmf rhsdr
Oqnbdrr LdWrtqhmf vWrsd fdmdqWsdc BWm ad trdc sn bnmrhcdq WksdqmWshud oqnctbshnm
eqnl cheedqdms oqnctbshnm ldsgncr nq hm rddjhmf sn tmcdqrsWmc vghbg
oqnbdrrdr oqnbdrrdr Wqd lnqd cdodmcdms nm sgd WuWhkWahkhsx ne
oWqshbtkWq mWstqWk qdrntqbdr nq dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr
Oqnctbs BWqanm nq dmuhqnmldmsWk LWx ad mddcdc sn ldds qdftkWsnqx nq kdfhrkWshud
ennsoqhms ne W oWqshbtkWq qdpthqdldmsr) enq fWhmhmf dmuhqnmldmsWk bdqshehbWshnm)
oqnctbs nq he sgd nqfWmhrWshnm vhrgdr sn Wcc bqdchahkhsx sn sgdhq
lWqjdshmf ne sgd oqnctbs Wr zdmuhqnmldmsWkkx
eqhdmckx–
6/ Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

Vghkd rnld rhmfkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr nq snnkr b‘m ad

trdc sn ‘bghdud hmenql‘shnm ‘bqnrr sgdrd u‘qhntr kdudkr+ sghr hr mns ‘kv‘xr sgd b‘rd-
Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn nsgdq e‘bsnqr sg‘s qdpthqd bnmrhcdq‘shnm- ?r rtbg+ vgdm cdrhfmhmf+
hlokdldmshmf ‘mc ‘rrdrrhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk
oq‘bshbdr+ ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd kdudk ne ‘m‘kxrhr hr drrdmsh‘k-

3-3-1 Sgd rbnod ne YmYkxrhr9 VgYs Yqd sgd antmcYqhdr>

Vhsg sgd rbnod ne sgd ‘rrdrrldms vd ‘qd gdqd qdedqqhmf sn gnv aqn‘ckx nmd ‘ssdlosr
sn b‘ostqd sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr qdk‘sdc sn sgd kdudk sgdx ‘qd ‘rrdrrhmf- ?qd vd
knnjhmf vhsghm sgd antmc‘qhdr ne ntq nvm nqf‘mhr‘shnm nmkx+ nq ‘s vg‘s hr s‘jhmf
ok‘bd ‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q e‘bhkhsx> Nq+ ‘qd vd sqxhmf sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc sgd rhst‘shnm
‘bqnrr ‘ aqn‘cdq khed,bxbkd ne ‘ oqnctbs nq ‘ oqnbdrr+ odqg‘or bqnrrhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
antmc‘qhdr ‘mc nts ne ‘ rhmfkd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r chqdbs bnmsqnk> Sgd k‘ssdq+ ‘r hkktrsq‘sdc
‘anud vhsg sgd KB? snnk+ hr bkd‘qkx lnqd cheehbtks+ ats ‘qft‘akx mddcdc he nodq‘shmf
vhsghm ‘ bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx lncdk ’rdd Bg‘osdq 1( nq ‘ssdloshmf sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgd
aqn‘cdq ltkshchldmrhnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ‘qd oqnodqkx
bnmrhcdqdc-
Sgd bgnhbd ne rbnod hr qdkdu‘ms enq sgd ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ‘mc
ntsbnldr ne sgd ‘rrdrrldms- S‘jd sgd dw‘lokd ne ‘ bgnbnk‘sd a‘q- Cn vd bnmrhcdq
sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm+ rtbg ‘r onsdmsh‘k
cdenqdrs‘shnm ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr nbbtqqhmf ctd sn hmsdmrhud bnbn‘ e‘qlhmf> Cn vd
‘rrdrr sgd qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn bghkc k‘antq ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr> Hm lnrs b‘rdr sgd ehql
oqnctbhmf sgd bgnbnk‘sd a‘qr cndr mns nodq‘sd sgd bnbn‘ e‘ql+ nq sgd rtf‘q lhkk+
gdmbd+ vd ‘qd bqnrrhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr gdqd- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ he sgd
‘rrdrrldms cndr mns hmbktcd sgdrd+ ‘ khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms nq ‘ b‘qanm ennsoqhms ne
rtbg ‘ oqnctbs vntkc ad kdes drrdmsh‘kkx ld‘mhmfkdrr+ rhmbd hs vntkc g‘ud kdes nts
lnrs ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd qdrtksr
sgdlrdkudr+ sgd v‘x antmc‘qhdr ‘qd rds ‘mc bnmrhcdqdc g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- He rnldsghmf hr qdoqdrdmsdc sn ad ntsrhcd ‘m ‘rrdrrldms
hs b‘m ‘krn ‘ood‘q sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r mn ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx nudq sgnrd hrrtdr+ mnq
sgd ‘ahkhsx sn bnmsqnk nq hmektdmbd sgdl- Ats he xnt s‘jd sgd bgnbnk‘sd a‘q dw‘lokd+
l‘mx hm rnbhdsx vntkc ‘qftd sg‘s sgd oqnctbdq cndr g‘ud qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc sgd
qdk‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr enq sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr ne sgd rtookx bg‘hm- Vd hmuhsd
xnt sn s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn bnmrhcdq rtbg rtookx bg‘hm bnmsqnudqrhdr hm sgd enkknvhmf
£O‘trd sn qdekdbs–-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Hs hr odqg‘or vnqsg o‘trhmf ‘s sghr rs‘fd sn bnmrhcdq etqsgdq khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms
bnmsqnudqrhdr-
Sgd bgnhbdr l‘cd qdf‘qchmf sgd rbnod ne ‘m ‘rrdrrldms b‘m mns nmkx g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k
hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd qdrtksr+ ats ‘krn kd‘c sn rhst‘shnmr hm vghbg bnlo‘qhrnmr adsvddm ‘ookdr
‘mc nq‘mfdr ‘qd l‘cd- Sg‘s hr+ he sgd ‘rrdrrldms ne svn oqnctbsr nq oqnbdrrdr g‘ud addm
oqdo‘qdc vhsg ‘ cheedqdms rbnod nq ax trhmf cheedqdms ‘rrtloshnmr+ ‘mx bnlo‘qhrnm adsvddm
sgdl b‘m ad ntsqhfgs ld‘mhmfkdrr-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 60

Rshkk+ rtbg rhst‘shnmr ed‘stqd qdftk‘qkx hm sgd ldch‘- Rnldshldr sgdx lhfgs ad ctd sn otqd
lhrtmcdqrs‘mchmf+ ‘r vntkc ad sgd b‘rd vgdm rnldnmd rhlokx otsr svn ‘rrdrrldmsr rhcd,
ax,rhcd vhsgnts jmnvhmf sgd tmcdqkxhmf ‘rrtloshnmr nq tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd- Nm
nsgdq nbb‘rhnmr+ sgdrd bnlo‘qhrnmr ‘qd trdc sn ‘bghdud cdrhqdc ntsbnldr+ rtbg ‘r l‘jhmf
‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs nq oqnbdrr knnj lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd sg‘m hsr ‘ksdqm‘shud-
?m dw‘lokd gdqd vntkc ad sgd cda‘sd qdf‘qchmf sgd qdk‘shud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne dkdbsqhb b‘qr
udqrtr f‘rnkhmd b‘qr- Gdqd+ ntsbnldr ne ‘m ‘rrdrrldms b‘m ad rtars‘msh‘kkx cheedqdms a‘rdc
nm gnv sgd a‘ssdqhdr ne ‘m dkdbsqhb b‘q ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc+ ‘mc gnv e‘q hmsn sgd torsqd‘l ‘mc
cnvmrsqd‘l nmd fndr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn rbnod+ ntsbnldr vhkk u‘qx ‘bbnqchmf sn ‘mx
‘rrtloshnmr l‘cd bnmbdqmhmf sgd ctq‘ahkhsx ne sgd b‘qr nq sgdhq o‘qsr+ hmbktchmf sgd
a‘ssdqhdr-
Sgd l‘hm ldrr‘fd vntkc ad sg‘s ‘mx bnlo‘qhrnmr rgntkc hmbktcd hmenql‘shnm qdf‘qchmf
sgd tmcdqkxhmf bgnhbdr ‘mc ‘rrtloshnmr trdc hm sgd ‘rrdrrldms+ ‘mc etqsgdqlnqd sg‘s
‘mxnmd trhmf rtbg bnlo‘qhrnmr rgntkc knnj hmsn sgdrd adenqd qtrghmf hmsn ‘mx g‘rsx
bnmbktrhnmr- Vd rgntkc ‘krn qdl‘hm nodm sn qdrtksr vghbg l‘x ‘ood‘q bntmsdqhmsthshud ‘s
ehqrs- Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd bnssnm snsd a‘fr g‘ud knmf addm bnmrhcdqdc ‘ rtodqhnq ‘ksdqm‘shud sn
ok‘rshb a‘fr+ sgd l‘ssdq b‘m fds bnlokhb‘sdc- L‘mx rstchdr g‘ud onhmsdc nts sgd ghfg
dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr bnssnm oqnctbshnm g‘r+ ‘mc vd ltrs ‘krn s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms gnv
l‘mx shldr sgd bnssnm ‘ksdqm‘shud hr trdc-
S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn qdekdbs nm vgdqd xnt g‘ud rddm rtbg bnlo‘qhrnmr l‘cd adsvddm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ oqnctbsr nq rdquhbdr- G‘ud xnt dudq rsnoodc sn sghmj ‘ants gnv sgd
‘rrdrrldmsr+ ‘mc sgdqdenqd bnlo‘qhrnmr+ g‘ud addm l‘cd> ?r sgdrd dw‘lokdr rgnv+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sg‘s vd s‘jd shld sn bqhshb‘kkx du‘kt‘sd rtbg bk‘hlr he vd ‘qd fnhmf sn l‘jd
hmenqldc cdbhrhnmr-

3-3-2 LYsdqhYkhsx9 VgYs hrrtdr rgntkc ad Yrrdrrdc Ymc enbtrdc nm>

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmbktcdr ‘ udqx vhcd q‘mfd ne hrrtdr+ ‘mc gdmbd hs hr cheehbtks+ he mns
hlonrrhakd+ enq ‘mx nmd ‘rrdrrldms sn hmbktcd dudqxsghmf- Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,
l‘jdqr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ltrs cdbhcd vghbg hrrtdr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms “
vghbg hrrtdr ‘qd l‘sdqh‘k- L‘sdqh‘khsx+ ‘r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ qdedqr sn
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf gnv qdkdu‘ms ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd hr enq ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Khjd hm nsgdq ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
bnmsqnk- Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn enbtr deenqsr nm hcdmshexhmf sgd lnrs l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr+ sgnrd
vghbg vntkc ad khjdkx sn g‘ud lnrs qdkdu‘mbd enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgd cdbhrhnmr adhmf l‘cd- Fhudm sgd hmsdqm‘k enbtr ne sgd hmenql‘shnm
adhmf oqnctbdc+ hmsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdq uhdvr ‘qd nesdm oqhnqhshrdc hm l‘sdqh‘khsx
chrbtrrhnmr qdk‘shmf sn l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm- Gnvdudq+ dwsdqm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdq uhdvr rgntkc mns ad hfmnqdc- Dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr& uhdvr b‘m ad
dwsqdldkx trdetk hm hcdmshexhmf qdkdu‘ms ‘rodbsr sn enbtr nm+ dm‘akhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn
tmcdqrs‘mc sgd dwsdqm‘k bnmsdws hmbktchmf ‘mx bg‘mfdr hm rnbhds‘k uhdvr- ?m dw‘lokd
gdqd hr sgd hmbqd‘rhmf rnbhds‘k bnmbdqm qdk‘shmf sn ok‘rshb v‘rsd hm qdbdms xd‘qr- He ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnctbdc ok‘rshb v‘rsd+ adhmf lhmcetk ne l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr ne dwsdqm‘k
61 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

rs‘jdgnkcdqr bntkc gdko hmenql ‘mc chqdbs l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm sn

qdkdu‘ms l‘ssdqr-
Vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf l‘sdqh‘khsx enq hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ hs hr ‘f‘hm hlonqs‘ms
sn knnj hmsn ansg hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr- Sghr b‘m kd‘c sn u‘rskx cheedqdms l‘sdqh‘k
hrrtdr- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm lhfgs ad rsqnmfkx cdodmcdms nm sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx
ne v‘sdq qdrntqbdr+ vghkd hsr hlo‘bsr lhfgs lnrskx ad hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne rnbh‘k itrshbd ‘mc
gtl‘m qhfgsr- Ehm‘kkx+ vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf l‘sdqh‘khsx+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sg‘s vd jddo hm
lhmc ‘mnsgdq jdx bnmbdos chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ dwsdqm‘khshdr-

3-3-3 Sgd qnkd ne dwsdqmYkhshdr

Dwsdqm‘khshdr+ ‘r cdehmdc ‘mc hmsqnctbdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ ‘qd sgd bnrsr ‘mc admdehsr
cdqhuhmf eqnl sgd hlo‘bsr ne ‘bshuhshdr vghbg ‘qd mns anqmd ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Dwsdqm‘khshdr dwhrs nm cheedqdms kdudkr ‘mc rb‘kdr+ ‘mc sgd hlo‘bs ne sgdhq ’mnm,(
bnmrhcdq‘shnm u‘qhdr rhfmhehb‘mskx-
Rn+ gnv cn dwsdqm‘khshdr qdk‘sd sn l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf lnqd rodbhehb‘kkx> Kds&r s‘jd sgd dw‘lokd hmsqnctbdc hm
Bg‘osdq 2+ BN1 dlhrrhnmr+ ‘mc bnmrhcdq hs rodbhehb‘kkx eqnl ‘ l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
odqrodbshud- Vghkd g‘qc sn hl‘fhmd mnv+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr enq ‘ knmf shld chc mns mddc
sn bnmrhcdq sgd ‘lntms ne BN1 dlhrrhnmr sgdhq l‘mte‘bstqhmf oqnbdrrdr b‘trdc- Ats
‘r sgd rbhdmbd adghmc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd g‘r adbnld vdkk drs‘akhrgdc+ ‘mc sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc
bnrsr g‘ud adbnld adssdq tmcdqrsnnc+ sgd rhst‘shnm hr mnv rtars‘msh‘kkx cheedqdms-
Fnudqmldmsr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr ‘qd knnjhmf enq v‘xr sn qdctbd BN1 kdudkr+ ‘mc
ldbg‘mhrlr rtbg ‘r b‘qanm sq‘chmf ‘mc b‘qanm s‘w g‘ud addm drs‘akhrgdc- Eqnl sgd
odqrodbshud ne l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+ sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd onrrhahkhsx ne hmsdqm‘khrhmf
‘m dwsdqm‘khsx ‘mc sgd deedbs sg‘s sghr g‘r nm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Vgdm BN1 v‘r mns
rddm ‘r qdkdu‘ms sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nodq‘shnmr ’nq bntkc ad dwsdqm‘khrdc(+ hs v‘r mns
bnmrhcdqdc hm ‘mx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf b‘kbtk‘shnmr- L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
hmenql‘shnm bntkc g‘ud rgnvm sg‘s hs v‘r admdehbh‘k enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn oqnbddc
vhsg ghfg BN1 dlhrrhnmr+ ‘r s‘bjkhmf sgdl vntkc nmkx g‘ud b‘trdc ‘cchshnm‘k bnrsr-
Gnvdudq+ vgdm bkhl‘sd hr s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms+ ‘mc vgdm BN1 dlhrrhnmr ‘qd
hmsdqm‘khrdc ’enq dw‘lokd+ fhudm ‘ oqhbd( sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd ‘ b‘qanm l‘qjds+ b‘qanm
s‘w nq ‘m hmsq‘,nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oqhbhmf ldbg‘mhrl+ sgd rhst‘shnm bg‘mfdr rhfmhehb‘mskx-
Sgd noshnm ne bnmshmthmf vhsg ghfg BN1 dlhrrhnmr adbnldr bnrskx ’sgd cdfqdd sn
vghbg hr cdodmcdms nm sgd oqhbhmf ldbg‘mhrl(+ ‘r sgd oqduhntrkx hmuhrhakd BN1
dlhrrhnmr ‘qd rtccdmkx fhudm ‘ oqhbd ‘mc rtardptdmskx hmbktcdc hm sgd l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf b‘kbtk‘shnm-
Rtbg dw‘lokdr vgdqd dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘qd fhudm ‘ oqhbd nq ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd+ ‘mc
sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx+ ‘krn adfhm sn cdlnmrsq‘sd vgx rnld adkhdud sg‘s sgd adrs v‘x sn
sq‘mrhshnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr sn hmsdqm‘khrd dwsdqm‘khshdr sgqntfg
rtbg oqhbhmf ‘mc bnrshmf ldbg‘mhrlr- ?mc hs hr odqg‘or ‘m deedbshud v‘x hm vghbg
sn dmsdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Gnvdudq+ rtbg oqhbhmf
‘mc bnrshmf ldbg‘mhrlr+ drrdmsh‘kkx sgd lnmdshr‘shnm nq ehm‘mbh‘khr‘shnm ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr+ ‘qd e‘q eqnl rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc ‘mc tmbnmsdrsdc+ ‘r qdrd‘qbg nm
etkk bnrs Ybbntmshmf g‘r cdlnmrsq‘sdc ’rdd ?msgdtld ‘mc Adaahmfsnm+ 1/10(- Sghr hr
‘krn vgx nsgdq v‘xr ne hmsdqm‘khrhmf dwsdqm‘khshdr+ rtbg ‘r sgqntfg m‘qq‘shudr+ g‘ud
addm bnmrhcdqdc- Vd vhkk qdstqm sn rnld ne sgdrd ‘rodbsr ne dwsdqm‘khshdr etqsgdq hm
O‘qs HHH-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 62

3-3-4 UYktYshnm9 Vghbg ldsqhbr Yqd adhmf trdc) gnv Ymc vgx>
Hm bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf vd g‘ud adbnld trdc sn g‘uhmf ‘ rhmfkd tmhs+ lnmdx+
cnlhm‘sd ntq b‘kbtk‘shnmr- Sghr jddor sghmfr rhlokd- ?ksgntfg rnldshldr rtbg
rhlokhbhsx l‘x itrs bnudq to sgd tmcdqkxhmf bnlokdwhshdr- Vgdm oqdo‘qhmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hmenql‘shnm sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne
‘ksdqm‘shudr sn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘mc vghkd lnmdx b‘m ad nmd ne sgdrd+ hs hr nesdm mns sgd
nmkx nmd+ nq dudm sgd lnrs trdetk-

3-3-4-0 PtWkhsWshud Wmc ptWmshsWshud hmenqlWshnm

Hm l‘jhmf cdbhrhnmr l‘m‘fdqr l‘x mddc sn qdkx nm ansg pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud
hmenql‘shnm- Hs hr sgdqdenqd trdetk sn bnmrhcdq sgdhq cheedqdmbdr ‘mc rnld ne sgd
‘rrtloshnmr rtqqntmchmf sgd trd ne ansg enqlr ne hmenql‘shnm vhsghm l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk- Ltbg ne sghr chrbtrrhnm ‘krn ‘ookhdr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx lnqd aqn‘ckx-
Pt‘khs‘shud hmenql‘shnm+ sg‘s hr hmenql‘shnm mns hmunkuhmf mtladqr+ hr trdetk-
Hmcddc+ pt‘khs‘shud hmenql‘shnm hr nesdm tm‘unhc‘akd hm bnlltmhb‘shmf cheedqdms
sxodr ne hmenql‘shnm vhsghm hmsdqm‘k rdsshmfr- M‘qq‘shud chrbknrtqdr ‘qd ‘ bnllnm
dw‘lokd ne pt‘khs‘shud hmenql‘shnm- Gnvdudq+ enq l‘mx+ pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm+
sg‘s hr hmenql‘shnm hmunkuhmf mtladqr+ hr bnmrhcdqdc mdbdrr‘qx enq ‘ ld‘mhmfetk
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk rxrsdl- Rnld dudm bnmrhcdq pt‘mshs‘shud
hmenql‘shnm sn ad £adssdq– sg‘m pt‘khs‘shud hmenql‘shnm-
Nmd ne sgd qd‘rnmr enq sghr hr sg‘s pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm b‘m ad ‘ffqdf‘sdc+
bnlo‘qdc ‘mc oqdrdmsdc hm ‘ rhlokd ‘mc d‘rhkx chfdrshakd enql+ enq dw‘lokd- Gnvdudq+
vghkd ogxrhb‘k ldsqhbr+ rtbg ‘r BN1 dlhrrhnmr nq dwsq‘bsdc v‘sdq ‘lntmsr b‘m ad
ld‘rtqdc vhsg e‘hqkx ghfg bnmehcdmbd+ hs hr rtars‘msh‘kkx lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc vgdm
cd‘khmf vhsg rnld nsgdq ‘qd‘r+ rtbg ‘r gtl‘m qhfgsr nq dloknxdd vdkk,adhmf- Vghkd
hs hr cdehmhsdkx onrrhakd sn bnld to vhsg ‘ mtladq+ hs hr qd‘rnm‘akd sn ‘rj vgdsgdq hs hr
sgd qhfgs mtladq+ nq vgdsgdq sgdqd b‘m ad ‘ qhfgs mtladq ‘s ‘kk- Enq rnld dkdldmsr+
hs hr onrrhakd sn bqd‘sd oqnwhdr nq q‘shnr vghbg sgdm ‘kknv oqdrdmshmf sghmfr hm ‘
pt‘mshs‘shud enql- Gnvdudq+ rtbg oqnwhdr nq q‘shnr nesdm b‘mmns b‘ostqd ‘kk ‘rodbsr ne
vg‘s hr adhmf ld‘rtqdc rn ‘f‘hm kd‘ud tr vhsg oqnakdl‘shb nq hmbnlokdsd hmenql‘shnm-
?m ‘cchshnm‘k bg‘kkdmfd hm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd m‘stqd ne hmenql‘shnm hr sg‘s mtladqr
‘ood‘q dw‘bs+ ‘mc gdmbd b‘m qdrtks hm sgd cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr g‘uhmf rtodqhnq bnmehcdmbd
hm sgdl-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm enq sgd otqonrdr ne
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk+ ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
lnqd fdmdq‘kkx+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s ‘ bnlahm‘shnm ne pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud
hmenql‘shnm hr admdehbh‘k- Sgd jdx gnvdudq+ hr sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s hr sgd lnrs
‘ooqnoqh‘sd ‘mc sgd deedbsr ne trhmf sgd u‘qhntr hmenql‘shnm enqlr-

3-3-4-1 QdkWshud ur Warnktsd mtladqr

Hm ‘ rhlhk‘q v‘x+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnmr sn ad g‘c hm qdf‘qc sn
sgd trd ne qdk‘shud ‘mc ‘arnktsd mtladqr vhsghm l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
bnmsqnk hmenql‘shnm- Qdk‘shud mtladqr+ rtbg ‘r gnv ltbg dmdqfx hr adhmf trdc
sn oqnctbd nmd snm ne rsddk+ b‘m ad hmrhfgsetk ‘r sgdx b‘m rgnv gnv sgd
63 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

odqenql‘mbd g‘r adbnld qdk‘shudkx adssdq ’nq vnqrd(- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ qdk‘shud
hloqnudldms b‘m ghcd sgd e‘bs sg‘s ‘s sgd r‘ld sgd ‘arnktsd mtladqr ’d-f- sns‘k
dmdqfx adhmf trdc sn oqnctbd rsddk( lhfgs rshkk ad fnhmf to he sgd bnlo‘mx hr
oqnctbhmf lnqd rsddk-
Sn s‘jd ‘mnsgdq dw‘lokd+ dudm he sgd v‘sdq deehbhdmbx ne ‘ oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhsx hm ‘m
‘qhc qdfhnm rgnvr hloqnudldms hm qdk‘shud sdqlr ‘mc gdmbd cdlnmrsq‘sdr sg‘s sgd
bnlo‘mx hr adhmf lnqd v‘sdq deehbhdms ’rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r dbn,deehbhdmbx(+ sgd
e‘bhkhsx lhfgs rshkk ad trhmf lnqd v‘sdq hm ‘arnktsd sdqlr ‘r hsr oqnctbshnm unktld g‘r
hmbqd‘rdc- ?r rtbg+ vghkd sgd qdk‘shud mtladqr lhfgs knnj fnnc+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
vntkc nudq‘kk ad g‘uhmf lnqd ne ‘m hlo‘bs nm sgd dmuhqnmldms ctd sn sns‘k v‘sdq
trd hmbqd‘rhmf- ?r sgdrd dw‘lokdr cdlnmrsq‘sd+ qdkxhmf nmkx nm qdk‘shud mtladqr
lhfgs ld‘m sg‘s l‘m‘fdldms knrdr rhfgs ne sgd nudq‘kk rhst‘shnm- Sghr bntkc mns nmkx
g‘ud mdf‘shud hlo‘bsr nm sgd dmuhqnmldms+ ats ‘krn dwonrd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’‘mc sgd
bnlltmhsx( sn qhrjr+ rtbg ‘r v‘sdq rgnqs‘fdr hm sgd etstqd hm ntq dw‘lokd ‘anud- Hm
nsgdq vnqcr+ adhmf lnqd deehbhdms hm hsr v‘sdq trd cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx gdko sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm sgd knmf qtm he hsr ‘arnktsd v‘sdq trd jddor hmbqd‘rhmf+ ‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks+
sgd v‘sdq a‘rhm hs cdodmcr nm cqhdr to- Khjdvhrd+ rtbg deehbhdmbx b‘m b‘trd g‘ql sn
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ rtqqntmchmf bnlltmhshdr ‘mc sgd dbnrxrsdl+ ‘r sgdx
vntkc ‘krn ad ‘eedbsdc ax khlhsdc v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx-

3-3-4-2 LnmdsWqx ur ogxrhbWk hmenqlWshnm

?r vd mnsdc ‘anud hm sgd bnmsdws ne dwsdqm‘khshdr+ sgd trd ne lnmds‘qx u‘kt‘shnm+ h-d-
lnmdshr‘shnm+ hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmfkx onotk‘q ‘ooqn‘bg vgdm rddjhmf sn dladc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm hmsn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Sgdqd ‘qd bkd‘q
qd‘rnmr enq sghr- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ vghkd bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr+ l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc nsgdq
cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘qd khjdkx sn g‘ud ‘ g‘qc shld drshl‘shmf vgdsgdq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
pt‘mshsx ne b‘qanm nq rtkogtq chnwhcd dlhrrhnm hr ‘ kns nq itrs ‘ mdfkhfhakd ‘lntms+
stqmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbdr hmsn ehm‘mbh‘k k‘mft‘fd b‘m gdko
tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgdl- Ntq chrbtrrhnm ne b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr hm Bg‘osdq 8
oqnuhcdr etqsgdq cds‘hkr nm sghr- Khjdvhrd+ lnmdshr‘shnm b‘m ‘hc hm l‘jhmf cheedqdms
chldmrhnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lnqd qd‘chkx bnlo‘q‘akd- Fnhmf ‘ rsdo etqsgdq+ hs b‘m ‘krn
ad ‘qftdc sg‘s tmkdrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd bnmudqsdc hmsn ehm‘mbh‘k mtladqr ’h-d-
lnmdx(+ sgdx vhkk qdl‘hm odqhogdq‘k hm ‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrr-
Sgd q‘shnm‘kd gdqd hr sg‘s lnrs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘qd rn trdc sn
lnmds‘qx hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hs hr oqhnqhshrdc nudq nsgdq sxodr ne hmenql‘shnm dwoqdrrdc
hm ogxrhb‘k tmhsr nq hm pt‘khs‘shud sdqlr-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd ‘qd rtars‘msh‘k b‘ud‘sr vgdm hs bnldr sn lnmdshrhmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ rnld ne vghbg vd g‘ud ‘kqd‘cx ldmshnmdc
hm o‘rrhmf ‘anud- Eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne bnqonq‘sd l‘m‘fdldms+ hs hr vnqsg
tmcdqrbnqhmf sg‘s lnmdshr‘shnm hr mns rhlokd ‘mc sg‘s enq l‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+
mn bnllnm ‘mc fdmdq‘kkx ‘bbdosdc nq ‘ooqnoqh‘sd ldsgncnknfhdr dwhrs- Dmf‘fhmf hm
lnmdshr‘shnm b‘m ad ‘ ghfgkx qdrntqbd,hmsdmrhud ‘mc dwodmrhud oqnbdrr- Lnqdnudq+
sgdqd ‘qd khlhsr sn lnmdshr‘shnm+ ‘ksgntfg sgdqd lhfgs mns ad ‘ rg‘qdc uhdv nm vgdqd
sgdrd khlhsr ‘qd- Bnmrhcdq sqxhmf sn ots ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm ‘ jdx dloknxdd atqmhmf
nts ctd sn dwsdmrhud vnqj rsqdrr- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddcr sn ehmc ‘mc sq‘hm ‘
qdok‘bdldms+ enq vghbg ‘ lnmds‘qx oqhbd bntkc odqg‘or ad drshl‘sdc+ ats sgdqd
vntkc rshkk ad nsgdq hms‘mfhakd deedbsr sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd gnv sgd lnq‘kd ne nsgdq
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 64

dloknxddr hm sgd sd‘l vntkc ad ‘eedbsdc- Lnqdnudq+ eqnl sgd hmchuhct‘k&r

odqrodbshud+ vg‘s hr sgd u‘ktd ne knrhmf nmd&r b‘o‘ahkhsx sn ad ‘m ‘bshud bhshydm enq+ r‘x+
rhw lnmsgr>
Lnmdshrhmf ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc u‘kt‘shnm g‘r admdehsr+ ats hs ‘krn hmbktcdr bnmrhcdq‘akd
ohse‘kkr ’rdd ?msgdtld ‘mc Adaahmfsnm+ 1/10(- Enq dw‘lokd+ lnmdshr‘shnm b‘m bqd‘sd
‘m ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s ‘kk rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k ‘rodbsr ‘qd hmsdqbg‘mfd‘akd+
vghbg vntkc ld‘m sg‘s ‘mx l‘inq rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr b‘m ad qdldchdc+
‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr tmcdqrsnnc vhsg ehm‘mbh‘kr- Lnmdshr‘shnm b‘m ‘krn ld‘m sg‘s
cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr knrd rhfgs ne mn,fn ynmdr+ vghbg vd jmnv sn dwhrs eqdptdmskx hm
ansg rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qd‘klr ’rdd sgd chrbtrrhnm ne vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr lncdk hm Bg‘osdq 1 enq ‘m hkktrsq‘shnm
qdk‘sdc sn dmuhqnmldms‘k nudqrgnns ‘mc rnbh‘k rgnqse‘kkr(- Vg‘s hr sgd lnmds‘qx u‘ktd
ne rnldnmd knrhmf nmd&r khed hm ‘ vnqj,qdk‘sdc ‘bbhcdms+ ‘m ‘mbhdms btkstq‘k gdqhs‘fd
rhsd ne ‘anqhfhm‘kr knb‘sdc ‘s ‘ onsdmsh‘k lhmhmf rhsd+ nq sgd k‘rs qdl‘hmhmf gd‘ksgx
dbnrxrsdl ne ‘m dmc‘mfdqdc rodbhdr> ?m nesdm,bhsdc dw‘lokd ne rtbg bnmsqnudqrh‘k
b‘kbtk‘shnm hr sgd b‘rd ne cdrhfmhmf sgd Enqc Ohmsn hm sgd 086/r- ? e‘tksx cdrhfm ne sgd
etdk s‘mj v‘r mnsdc sn rtars‘msh‘kkx hmbqd‘rd sgd qhrjr ne ehqd hm b‘q ‘bbhcdmsr+ ats Enqc
cdbhcdc ‘f‘hmrs lnchexhmf sgd cdrhfm+ ‘r ‘ bnrs,admdehs ‘m‘kxrhr hmbktchmf lnmds‘qx
u‘ktdr enq hmitqhdr ‘mc knrr ne khudr rgnvdc sg‘s hs vntkc ad bgd‘odq sn jddo sgd
cdrhfm ‘mc o‘x bnlodmr‘shnmr sn uhbshlr ’u‘m cdq Jnkj+ 1/08(-
?rrhfmhmf lnmds‘qx u‘ktdr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rodbsr b‘m ad ghfgkx hmenql‘shud+ ats
sgdx mddc sn ad ‘ooqn‘bgdc vhsg b‘ud‘sr ‘mc mns trdc vhsgnts o‘xhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn
sgd tmcdqkxhmf hmenql‘shnm- Bkd‘qkx+ sghr hr mns ‘r rhlokd ‘r l‘mx vntkc khjd+ ats
vg‘s b‘m vd cn+ sgd dbnrxrsdl hr bnlokdw ‘mc ldrrx- Xnt vhkk ehmc lnqd chrbtrrhnm
ne lnmdshr‘shnm ‘r xnt lnud sgqntfg sgd bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv+ enq dw‘lokd+
‘bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd ’Bg‘osdq 8( ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx ’Bg‘osdq 00(-

3-3-5 ShldeqYld9 VgYs hr Y trdetk shldeqYld>

Sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne bnmrhcdqhmf cheedqdms shldeq‘ldr hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk mddcr sn ad tmcdqrbnqdc- ?r vhsg ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ l‘mx
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmchb‘snqr sdmc sn oqnctbd k‘ffhmf hmenql‘shnm- Sgd enbtr hr nm vg‘s
g‘r ‘kqd‘cx g‘oodmdc- Enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf otqonrdr+ gnvdudq+ hs hr u‘kt‘akd sn ad
‘akd sn cdudkno enqv‘qc,knnjhmf hmchb‘snqr+ vghbg b‘m oqnuhcd cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr vhsg
hmenql‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf onsdmsh‘k rbdm‘qhnr ‘mc cdudknoldmsr- Bkd‘qkx+ enqv‘qc,
knnjhmf hmchb‘snqr cn mns dms‘hk sg‘s sgdx vntkc ad dwodbsdc sn oqdchbs sgd etstqd
‘mc oqnctbd dw‘bs enqdb‘rsr+ ats sgdx l‘x dmg‘mbd l‘m‘fdldms&r ‘ahkhsx sn ‘rrdrr
gnv cdbhrhnmr l‘cd mnv vhkk hlo‘bs nm sgd u‘qhntr dkdldmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm sgd
bnlhmf odqhnc-
?mnsgdq dkdldms ne shld hmbktcdr bnmrhcdq‘shnm qdf‘qchmf vgdsgdq sgd hmenql‘shnm
bnkkdbsdc ‘mc oqdrdmsdc enbtrdr lnqd nm rgnqs,sdql nq knmf,sdql hmenql‘shnm- Sgdrd
‘qd cheedqdms ‘mc qdpthqd l‘m‘fdqr sn hmsdqoqds ‘mc l‘jd cdbhrhnmr cheedqdmskx- Hm ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm sgdqd ‘qd khjdkx sn ad cheedqdmbdr ‘r sn vg‘s jhmc ne hmenql‘shnm l‘m‘fdqr
nodq‘shmf ‘s cheedqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudkr mddc hm nqcdq sn ad ‘akd sn hmsdfq‘sd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Vghkd ‘s sgd nodq‘shnm‘k kdudk sgd c‘x,sn,
c‘x cdbhrhnmr b‘m nesdm ad a‘rdc nm rgnqs,sdql ‘mc lnqd hlldch‘sd hmenql‘shnm+ ‘s
sgd rsq‘sdfhb kdudk bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr trt‘kkx mddc sn g‘ud lnqd bnlokdw
hmenql‘shnm ‘s sgdhq chronr‘k- Fhudm sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr cdudkno rvheskx+
65 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr b‘m admdehs eqnl jddohmf ‘ bknrd dxd nm sgd

l‘bqnsqdmcr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc hmbnqonq‘shmf sgnrd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm rbdm‘qhn
‘m‘kxrhr bnmbdqmhmf etstqd cdudknoldmsr- Hm sgdrd b‘rdr+ knmf,sdql enqv‘qc,knnjhmf
hmenql‘shnm hr drrdmsh‘k-

3-3-6 RtllYqx ne jdx bnmrhcdqYshnmr

?r rgntkc ad bkd‘q+ sgd pt‘khsx ne cdbhrhnmr l‘cd vhsg sgd ‘hc ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk rxrsdlr hr cdodmcdms nm sgd tmcdqkxhmf
hmenql‘shnm- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd ‘anud sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn nsgdq ‘rodbsr sg‘s ‘qd trdetk sn
ldmshnm gdqd- Enq dw‘lokd+ gnv ‘bbtq‘sd sgd ld‘rtqdldmsr ‘qd+ hr sgd hmenql‘shnm
bnlokdsd+ cndr hs hmbktcd ansg onrhshud ‘mc mdf‘shud dkdldmsr ‘mc rn nm-
Mn nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc qdkx nm ‘ rhmfkd ldsqhb vhsgnts bnmrhcdqhmf sgd bnmsdws
‘mc tmcdqkxhmf oqhmbhokdr- Khjdvhrd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc mns ‘rrtld sg‘s hs b‘m
ehmc sgd lnrs rths‘akd snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ax ldqdkx hlhs‘shmf nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
rhmbd ‘ oq‘bshbd cdrhfmdc enq nmd bnmsdws lhfgs mns oqnuhcd qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm hm
‘mnsgdq- Sgdqdenqd+ vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd cdrhfm ‘mc trd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+ dudqx nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc o‘x ‘ssdmshnm sn ‘ q‘mfd ne
ptdrshnmr+ hmbktchmf sgnrd vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc- B‘qdetk bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgdrd ptdrshnmr
gdkor ‘r l‘m‘fdqr vhkk g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr ehs enq otqonrd-

3-4 BgYkkdmfdr Ymc etstqd cdudknoldmsr

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk oq‘bshbdr g‘ud cdudknodc
rtars‘msh‘kkx- Sgdx g‘ud ‘krn adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx bnllnmok‘bd+ ‘mc l‘mx k‘qfd
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rgnvhmf gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ad hmsdfq‘sdc ‘r ‘ bnqd dkdldms hm
l‘m‘fdldms hmenql‘shnm- Vghkd ‘kk sghr hr hlonqs‘ms ‘mc rgnvr oqnfqdrr+ sgdqd ‘qd
rshkk l‘inq bg‘kkdmfdr sg‘s mddc sn ad knnjdc ‘s sn dmrtqd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm bnmsqhatsdr onrhshudkx hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr
‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx- Vd mdws ntskhmd rnld ne sgdrd bg‘kkdmfdr-

3-4-0 Dmrtqhmf rtrsYhmYahkhsx lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf hr bnqd mns odqhogdqYk

? knmf,sdql bg‘kkdmfd sg‘s qdl‘hmr qdk‘sdr sn dmrtqhmf sg‘s bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshe‘bdsdc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx e‘bsnqr ‘qd hmsdfq‘sdc hmsn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Vghkd
jmnvkdcfd g‘r fqnvm rtars‘msh‘kkx+ hs hr rshkk nesdm sgd b‘rd sg‘s sq‘chshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k,
a‘rdc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm cnlhm‘sdr vgdm hs bnldr sn vg‘s
hmenql‘shnm l‘m‘fdqr qdkx nm ‘mc oqhnqhshrd hm l‘jhmf cdbhrhnmr- Sgd rsqtbstqhmf ne
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr hr qdkdu‘ms- Hr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm hmbktcdc vhsghm sgd bnqd ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r hmenql‘shnm
rxrsdlr+ rtbg ‘r adhmf hmbktcdc hm sgd r‘ld rxrsdl vhsg sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm ‘mc
nm ‘m dpt‘k ennshmf> Nq hr hs ‘ rtookdldms‘qx rxrsdl> Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm
adhmf rtookdldms‘qx sdmcr sn onrhshnm sghr sxod ne jmnvkdcfd ‘r odqhogdq‘k ‘mc
rdbnmc‘qx sn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm-
Lnqdnudq+ sgd snmd rds ‘s sgd sno ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr ‘krn khjdkx sn ad hlonqs‘ms-
He ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm otakhbkx dlog‘rhrdr sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd sno
dwdbtshudr rgnv jmnvkdcfd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc trd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 66

hmenql‘shnm hm l‘jhmf rsq‘sdfhb cdbhrhnmr+ hs hr khjdkx sn g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm gnv

l‘m‘fdqr etqsgdq cnvm hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ghdq‘qbgx ‘ooqn‘bg rtbg snohbr-
Bnmudqrdkx+ rgntkc sgd dloknxddr mnsd sg‘s sgd sno dwdbtshudr trd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
oqhl‘qhkx enq otakhb qdk‘shnmr+ hs hr hmbqd‘rhmfkx khjdkx sg‘s ‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm qdl‘hmr ‘r lnqd odqhogdq‘k ‘bqnrr sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm-

3-4-1 Dmrtqhmf sgd qdkduYmbd ne hmchbYsnqr trdc

? ghfgkx rhfmhehb‘ms ptdrshnm qdf‘qchmf sgd deehbhdmbx ne ‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr qdk‘sdr sn sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne hmchb‘snqr trdc ‘mc sgd kdudk
ne ‘lahshnm s‘jdm-
Adaahmfsnm ‘mc Sgnlrnm ’1/02( mnsdc sgdhq chr‘oonhmsldms sg‘s lnrs
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr enbtr nm qdk‘shud ld‘rtqdr+ rtbg ‘r
hloqnuhmf dbn,deehbhdmbx ‘r chrbtrrdc ‘anud- Rtbg ‘m ‘ooqn‘bg rdkcnl bg‘kkdmfdr
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r atrhmdrr lncdk hm ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k v‘x ‘r hs hr onrrhakd sn hloqnud
sgd qdk‘shud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd ne uhqst‘kkx ‘mx ‘bshuhsx- Sgd oqnakdl eqnl ‘
aqn‘cdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud+ ‘r g‘r addm chrbtrrdc+ hr sg‘s rtbg ‘m hloqnudldms
l‘x rshkk kd‘c sn ‘ ghfgdq ‘cudqrd hlo‘bs nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm ‘arnktsd sdqlr- Hm
‘cchshnm+ Adaahmfsnm ‘mc Sgnlrnm ’1/02( mnsd sg‘s sgdqd bnmshmtd sn ad rhfmhehb‘ms
a‘qqhdqr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn dmf‘fd hm hmhsh‘shudr vghbg cn mns ‘ood‘q sn ad oqnehs‘akd+
‘f‘hm hmchb‘shmf sgd bnmshmtdc oqhnqhshr‘shnm ne ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd- Khjdvhrd+
Rbg‘ksdffdq ’1/07( onhmsr nts gnv lnrs dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
sdmcr sn enbtr nmkx nm ‘ edv rdkdbsdc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘rodbsr+ ‘mc trt‘kkx nm sgnrd
bknrdrs sn atrhmdrr nodq‘shnmr+ q‘sgdq sg‘m nm ‘rodbsr vghbg vntkc ad sgd lnrs
hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s hmrsd‘c ne enbtrhmf nm
sgd lnrs l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr rsdllhmf eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne fkna‘k dbnknfhb‘k khlhsr
‘mc ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr+ sgd enbtr qdl‘hmr khlhsdc sn hrrtdr sg‘s ‘qd l‘sdqh‘k enq sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r dbnmnlhb odqenql‘mbd-
Sghr hr mns sn r‘x sg‘s enbtrdc hmenql‘shnm bntkc mns needq bkd‘q rhfm‘kr enq l‘m‘fdqr
‘mc nsgdq cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr sn hloqnud ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd-
Gnvdudq+ hs hr duhcdms sg‘s lnqd ‘lahshntr ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘qd mddcdc- Sgd fkna‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqhrhr cdlnmrsq‘sdc hm sgd 06 RCFr hr rn tqfdms sg‘s shmjdqhmf vhsg
ldqd dbn,deehbhdmbx cndr mns rteehbd- Atqmhmf bn‘k hm ‘ lnqd dbn,deehbhdms l‘mmdq
cndr mns gdko tr+ rhmbd he vd ‘qd qd‘kkx sn ‘ccqdrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd bkhl‘sd
dldqfdmbx vd rgntkc mns ad atqmhmf bn‘k ‘s ‘kk- Sgd sqhbj hr sg‘s hmchb‘snqr knnjhmf
‘s dbn,deehbhdmbx b‘m rgnv sgd enqldq noshnm ‘r ‘ fnnc sghmf+ vgdqd‘r ‘ rbhdmbd,
a‘rdc ‘ooqn‘bg cdqhudc eqnl fkna‘k ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr vntkc b‘kk enq sgd k‘ssdq-
Gdqd+ hs b‘m ad trdetk sn bnmrhcdq ntq d‘qkhdq chrbtrrhnm bnmbdqmhmf hmotsr+ ntsotsr+
ntsbnldr ‘mc hlo‘bsr+ ‘r sgd chrshmbshnmr adsvddm sgdrd kdudkr b‘m gdko hm du‘kt‘shmf
‘u‘hk‘akd hmenql‘shnm-

3-4-2 TmcdqrsYmchmf vgx nqfYmhrYshnmr cn ’mns( hlokdldms rtrsYhmYahkhsx

lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk
Hm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ u‘qhntr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr b‘m ad rddm ‘r dudqxc‘x
oq‘bshbdr- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ sgdhq trd b‘m ad ronq‘chb nq dudm ntsqhfgs mnm,dwhrsdms nmbd
67 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

vd lnud sn sgd bnmsdws ne rl‘kkdq bnlo‘mhdr+ MFNr nq nsgdq sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

Hmsdfq‘shmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf cndr mns g‘ud sn ad cdodmcdms nm
rhyd gnvdudq- Rshkk+ hmbqd‘rhmf sgd mtladq ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vghbg g‘ud hmsdfq‘sdc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn sgdhq l‘m‘fdldms hmenql‘shnm hr ‘lnmfrs sgd jdx bg‘kkdmfdr ’rdd
Ingmrnm ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq+ 1/05: Rodmbd ds ‘k-+ 1/01(- Sn tmcdqrs‘mc vgx rnld
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rknv hm ‘cnoshmf sgdrd oq‘bshbdr hs hr trdetk sn bnmrhcdq sgd
lnshu‘shnmr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud enq dmf‘fhmf vhsg sgdl- Vd b‘m bnmrhcdq ansg
hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k cqhudqr-
? jdx dwsdqm‘k cqhudq+ sg‘s hr ‘ lnshu‘shnm eqnl ntsrhcd ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ b‘m ad
‘ qdftk‘snqx qdpthqdldms- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqx nq ‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rhsd
bntkc ad qdpthqdc sn qdbnqc ‘mc lnmhsnq ‘m dkdldms ne hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k odqenql‘mbd
hm ‘ rxrsdl‘shb v‘x- Rtbg qdftk‘snqx qdpthqdldmsr b‘m qdk‘sd enq hmrs‘mbd sn
dmuhqnmldms‘k odqlhsshmf+ qdpthqhmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn cdkhudq ‘ qdftk‘q qdonqs sn sgd
‘tsgnqhsx nm o‘qshbtk‘q dlhrrhnmr+ chrbg‘qfdr nq sgd trd ne rtars‘mbdr- Sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
l‘x sgdm hmbktcd rtbg bnlotkrnqx qdbnqc,jddohmf ‘r ‘m dkdldms ne hsr hmenql‘shnm
rxrsdl ‘mc trd sgd ldsqhbr ‘r hmchb‘snqr ne nodq‘shnm‘k deehbhdmbx- Dwsdqm‘k cqhudqr l‘x
‘krn qdk‘sd sn qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x
otakhbkx bnllhs sn rsqhud enq dwbdkkdmbd hm rnld ‘rodbs ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg
cdbhcd sn trd o‘qshbtk‘q ldsqhbr khjd mnhrd kdudkr nq r‘edsx hmbhcdmsr sn lnmhsnq sgdhq
oqnfqdrr nudq shld ‘mc dm‘akd sgdl sn cdlnmrsq‘sd sg‘s sgdx ‘qd ‘bghduhmf sgdhq rs‘sdc
bnllhsldmsr- Dwodbs‘shnmr ne l‘inq btrsnldqr g‘ud ‘krn oqnudm sn ad rsqnmf dwsdqm‘k
cqhudqr- Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx deenqsr ne HJD?+ sgd kd‘chmf Rvdchrg etqmhstqd,bnlo‘mx+
enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘qd ghfgkx cdodmcdms nm gnv ‘kk hsr rtookhdqr odqenql vhsg dmdqfx trd+
v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd q‘v l‘sdqh‘k oqnbtqdldms+ ‘mc gdmbd hsr dlog‘rhr
nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r bqd‘sdc ‘ rsqnmf dwsdqm‘k cqhudq enq bnlo‘mhdr hm hsr rtookx bg‘hm
sn hmsdfq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn sgdhq l‘m‘fdldms hmenql‘shnm-
Hmsdqm‘k cqhudqr b‘m ‘krn oqnuhcd ‘m hlodstr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn dmf‘fd hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk- Adghmc sgd trd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sgdqd hr sgd ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m hloqnud hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd- ?esdq ‘kk+ sgqntfg qdftk‘q
ld‘rtqdldms+ bnmsqnk ‘mc admbgl‘qjhmf nmd b‘m enkknv gnv o‘qshbtk‘q chldmrhnmr
ne sgd nodq‘shnmr ‘qd cdudknohmf nudq shld- Gnvdudq+ ‘f‘hm vd qdbnfmhrd sgd mddc
sn bnmrhcdq vghbg snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘qd adhmf trdc ‘mc vgdsgdq sgdx ‘rrhrs hm
‘bghduhmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘hlr- Fhudm sgd aqn‘c q‘mfd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr sg‘s
b‘m ad ‘rrdrrdc+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc ‘krn bnmrhcdq vghbg dkdldmsr ‘qd sgd lnrs
rhfmhehb‘ms+ nq l‘sdqh‘k+ enq hs ‘mc hsr ‘bshuhshdr+ ‘mc sgdqd‘esdq dmrtqd sg‘s sgd snnkr ‘mc
ldsqhbr ‘qd b‘ostqhmf sgnrd dkdldmsr hmrsd‘c ne rnld kdrr qdkdu‘ms nmdr-
Dmf‘fhmf hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf b‘m aqhmf ‘ q‘mfd ne nsgdq
admdehsr enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc enq rnbhdsx+ sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc.nq sgd dbnmnlx he
sgdx aqhmf ‘ants hloqnudc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd- Bnmrhcdqhmf sgd drb‘k‘shmf
fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr hs hr udqx khjdkx sg‘s qdftk‘snqx cdl‘mcr nm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhkk fds lnqd rsqhmfdms hm l‘mx nodq‘shmf bnmsdwsr- S‘bjkhmf rtbg
bg‘mfdr hm sgd etstqd vhkk ad d‘rhdq he ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r ‘kqd‘cx addm ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc
l‘m‘fhmf hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd- Sghr bntkc dms‘hk ‘ adssdq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne
sgd etstqd qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdodmcdmbhdr nm rnld m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr+
rtbg ‘r v‘sdq- Nq+ eqnl ‘ lnqd onrhshud odqrodbshud+ g‘uhmf rsqnmf hmsdqm‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx c‘s‘ ne hsr ‘bshuhshdr fhudr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘ fnnc ennshmf sn oqnrodq hm
sgd etstqd-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 68

Hs rgntkc ad ‘bjmnvkdcfdc sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd shldr vgdm dmf‘fhmf vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf vhkk mns aqhmf ehm‘mbh‘k admdehs sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ats
hmrsd‘c vhkk qdrtks hm hmbqd‘rdc bnrsr- Onsdmsh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx admdehsr lhfgs ‘krn ad
hmbqdldms‘k+ fhudm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr adfhm ax enbtrhmf nm ‘ rl‘kk o‘qs ne sgdhq
atrhmdrr nq ‘ rhmfkd ‘rodbs ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Hs lhfgs gnvdudq ad sg‘s nmd ne sgd jdx
a‘qqhdqr qdk‘sdr sn ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc jmnvkdcfd- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r mns sq‘chshnm‘kkx addm
bnmrhcdqdc sn ad hmrhcd sgd cnl‘hm ne ‘bbntms‘mbx+ ‘mc gdmbd l‘mx ‘bbntms‘msr
cn mns g‘ud sgd mdbdrr‘qx rjhkkr sn s‘bjkd sgdrd ptdrshnmr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sghr hr
vgdqd sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm ‘mc oqnedrrhnm‘k anchdr bntkc g‘ud ‘ rtars‘msh‘k
qnkd sn ok‘x-

3-4-3 Sgd qnkd ne sgd Ybbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm

Hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn dmc ntq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc etstqd cdudknoldmsr
vhsg ‘ mnsd ‘ants sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm- Sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm hr ‘ bnqd khmj
hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk- Sgqntfg
oqnedrrhnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf fqntor rtbg ‘r sgd Hmrshstsd ne L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf
’HL?( ‘mc sgd Bg‘qsdqdc Hmrshstsd ne L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf ’BHL?(+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
k‘qfd ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ sgd oqnedrrhnm ok‘xr ‘ qnkd hm cdudknohmf mdv hmchb‘snqr+
snnkr ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘mc ‘krn hm sgdhq oqnlnshnm-
?r vd g‘ud mnsdc+ vd ltrs ‘krn o‘x ‘ssdmshnm sn sgd qnkd ne bnmudmshnm‘k
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Bnmudmshnm‘k
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf snnkr g‘ud ‘ l‘inq hlo‘bs nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sgqntfg enq
hmrs‘mbd sgd ‘rrtloshnmr l‘cd qdf‘qchmf sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne rnld ‘rodbsr+ sgd hmbktrhnm
nq dwbktrhnm ne dwsdqm‘khshdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd u‘kt‘shnm fhudm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- ?r
sghr hmenql‘shnm hr trdc enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc enq rdsshmf fn‘kr enq oqnidbsr+ tmhsr
‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ sgd v‘x rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms ’nq mns( g‘r rtars‘msh‘k
hlokhb‘shnmr- L‘mx ‘bbntmshmf hmrshstshnmr ‘mc oqnedrrhnm‘k anchdr g‘ud ghfg
rhfmhehb‘mbd gdqd- Hm ‘ mtladq ne bntmsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r ?trsq‘kh‘ ‘mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr+
‘bbntms‘mbx hr ‘ qdftk‘sdc oqnedrrhnm ‘mc gdmbd ‘b‘cdlhb hmrshstshnmr needqhmf
‘bbntmshmf dctb‘shnm mddc sn bnmrhcdq sgd qdpthqdldmsr rds ax sgd oqnedrrhnm‘k
anchdr vgdm rg‘ohmf sgd btqqhbtk‘- Dudm sgntfg rtbg ‘ rxrsdl hr mns hm ok‘bd hm ‘kk
rnbhdshdr+ ‘bbntms‘mbx sdmcr sn ad ‘ fkna‘k oqnedrrhnm- Tmhudqrhshdr ‘mc sq‘hmhmf
hmrshstshnmr ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc trd sgd r‘ld bnqd sdwsannjr ‘mc enkknv ax ‘mc k‘qfd
rhlhk‘q ‘ooqn‘bgdr hm cdkhudqhmf sgdhq dctb‘shnm- Hm sghr rdmrd+ sgd snmd rds ax
oqnedrrhnm‘k anchdr ‘mc l‘inq ‘bbntms‘mbx hmrshstshnmr hr hlonqs‘ms hm e‘bhkhs‘shmf
mdv oq‘bshbdr ‘mc bg‘kkdmfhmf nkc nmdr- Hs hr sgtr hlonqs‘ms sg‘s dw‘lokdr ne gnv sgd
oqnedrrhnm hr rddjhmf sn dmf‘fd vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd dldqfhmf+ ghfgkhfgsdc enq
hmrs‘mbd hm gnv ?BB? hm hsr qdonqs £Etstqd Qd‘cx9 ?bbntms‘mbx B‘qddqr hm sgd
1/1/r– hmbktcdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘hkak‘ydq ‘r nmd ne sgd ehud b‘qddq ynmdr enq etstqd
‘bbntms‘mbx ‘mc ehm‘mbd oqnedrrhnm‘kr ’?BB?+ 1/1/(-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 ?bbntmshmf enq RtrsYhmYahkhsx ’?3R(

zSn gdko dmrtqd sg‘s vd ‘qd mns a‘sskhmf sn ldds 10rs bdmstqx bg‘kkdmfdr vhsg+ ‘s adrs+ 1/sg
bdmstqx cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc qdonqshmf rxrsdlr–+ ‘ ptns‘shnm ‘ssqhatsdc sn GQG Sgd Oqhmbd
7/ Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

ne V‘kdr+ hr sgd entmchmf knfhb adghmc ?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Oqnidbs ’?3R(+
drs‘akhrgdc hm 1//3 ’?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ 1/1/(- ?3R hr ‘m hmektdmsh‘k mdsvnqj
vnqjhmf vhsg sgd fkna‘k ‘bbntmshmf bnlltmhsx+ hmudrsnqr ‘mc b‘ohs‘k l‘qjdsr+ ‘mc atrhmdrr
rbgnnkr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r qdftk‘snqr ‘mc onkhbxl‘jdqr ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc-
Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ ?3R ‘hlr ‘s sq‘mrenqlhmf rtrs‘hm‘akd cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hmsn ‘m dudqxc‘x
sghmf hm bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgd qd‘rnmhmf enq sghr hr b‘ostqdc hm sgd ptns‘shnm
‘anud9 ?3R odqbdhudr sg‘s sgd cnlhm‘ms ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr ‘qd mns ehs enq
otqonrd vgdm hs bnldr sn qdronmchmf sn sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr e‘bdc ax bnmsdlonq‘qx
rnbhdshdr- Gdmbd+ sgd ?3R ‘hlr sn q‘hrd ‘v‘qdmdrr vhsghm sgd oqnedrrhnm+ dmg‘mbhmf sgd
rjhkkrdsr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ehm‘mbd oqnedrrhnm‘kr+ ‘mc cdudknohmf mdv sxodr ne snnkr ‘mc
‘ooqn‘bgdr sg‘s vntkc gdko dladc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf-
?m dw‘lokd ne sgdhq vnqj hr sgd rdqhdr ne ?3R Drrdmsh‘k Fthcdr+ vghbg g‘ud addm
oqnctbdc ax sgd ?3R BEN Kd‘cdqrgho Mdsvnqj- Sgd fthcdr enbtr nm ‘ q‘mfd ne ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ehm‘mbd snohbr+ rtbg ‘r cdas ehm‘mbd+ l‘m‘fhmf etstqd tmbdqs‘hmsx+ ‘mc rsq‘sdfhb
ok‘mmhmf+ atcfdshmf ‘mc enqdb‘rshmf+ ‘mc oqnuhcd b‘rd rstchdr+ oq‘bshb‘k snnkr ‘mc fthc‘mbd
enq sgnrd rddjhmf sn kd‘qm gnv sn cdudkno sgdhq nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf rxrsdlr ‘mc
‘ooqn‘bgdr-

3-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc sgd aqn‘c ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk- Vd g‘ud rntfgs sn oqnuhcd ‘ cdehmhshnm ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf
ne sgd snohb ‘mc sn hmsqnctbd ‘mc bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbs nm ‘ mtladq ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr-
?f‘hm+ vd mnsd sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd ‘ u‘rs mtladq ne snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sg‘s g‘ud mns addm
hmbktcdc+ ats xnt rgntkc mnv g‘ud ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd qnkd l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm g‘r hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ eqnl sgd
odqrodbshud ne ansg sgd bnmudmshnm‘k ‘mc sgd dldqfhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc oq‘bshbdr-
Hmsdfq‘shmf dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc aqn‘cdq dbnmnlhb bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn
l‘m‘fdldms hmenql‘shnm ‘mc cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrrdr b‘m gdko oqnuhcd hmrhfgsr sn
cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr- Fhudm sgd hmbqd‘rdc mddc sn bnmrhcdq ‘mc ‘ccqdrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bg‘kkdmfdr vghbg qdk‘sd adxnmc sgd antmc‘qhdr ne ‘ rhmfkd dmshsx+ vdkk,cdrhfmdc ‘mc
oqnodqkx hlokdldmsdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr g‘ud adbnld drrdmsh‘k enq bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rddjhmf
knmf,sdql rtbbdrr- Vghkd vd vntkc ‘qftd sg‘s ‘kk sghr hr mddcdc enq sgd etstqd r‘jd ne
sgd ok‘mds+ vd qdbnfmhrd sg‘s rtbg snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘krn ok‘x ‘ qnkd hm dmrtqhmf sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ne l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr fnhmf enqv‘qc- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+
hloqnudc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vhkk gdko l‘m‘fdqr f‘sgdq
hmenql‘shnm+ vghbg hr mddcdc vgdm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rddj sn tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc etkehk sgdhq
chudqrd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor- Vd vhkk cdkud cddodq hmsn sghr hm sgd enkknvhmf
svn bg‘osdqr+ vghbg enbtr nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Hm bnmbktchmf sghr chrbtrrhnm vd qdhsdq‘sd sgd mddc mns nmkx sn cdudkno mdv snnkr
‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg gdko tr ‘ccqdrr sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr vd e‘bd+ ats ‘krn sgd
mddc sn qdekdbs nm ‘mc bg‘kkdmfd sgd khlhsr ne dwhrshmf+ nq bnmudmshnm‘k+ snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr- Vd oqnuhcd noonqstmhshdr sn cn sghr hm O‘qs HHH ne sgd annj vgdqd u‘qhntr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd chrbtrrdc-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 70

Qdedqdmbdr
?3R BEN Kd‘cdqrgho Mdsvnqj- ’1/08(- DrrdmshYk Fthcd sn BYodw9 :°OqYbshbYk Fthcd sn Dladcchmf
RtrsYhmYahkhsx hmsn BYohsYk Hmudrsldms :ooqYhrYk- vvv-‘bbntmshmfenqrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-nqf.bnmsdms.
c‘l.‘3r.bnqonq‘sd.gnld.JmnvkdcfdGta.Fthcd,oce.B‘odw#1/’1/08(-oce-
cnvmkn‘c‘rrds-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 00 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
?BB? ’1/1/(- Etstqd Qd‘cx9 ?bbntms‘mbx B‘qddqr hm sgd 1/1/r- vvv-‘bb‘fkna‘k-bnl.hm.dm.
oqnedrrhnm‘k,hmrhfgsr.oqn,‘bbntms‘msr,sgd,etstqd.etstqdZqd‘cxZ1/1/r-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 2/
Mnudladq 1/1/(-
?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’1/1/(- ?3R&r ?hlr- vvv-‘bbntmshmfenqrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-nqf.dm.
‘ants,tr.nudquhdv-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 5 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
?msgdtld+ M- ‘mc Adaahmfsnm+ I- ’1/10(- Dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc Cdbhrhnm L‘jhmf- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm+
B- K‘qqhm‘f‘+ A- N&Cvxdq+ ‘mc H- Sgnlrnm ’dcr(- GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-
Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’1/02(- Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms+ L‘m‘fdldms ‘mc ?bbntmshmf9
Antmc‘qx Bqnrrhmf- LYmYfdldms :bbntmshmf PdrdYqbg+ 13’3(+ 166“172-
Bnmsq‘e‘ssn+ L- ‘mc Atqmr+ I- ’1/02(- Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k ?bbntmshmf+ Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
Bg‘mfd ‘mc L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf9 ? Oqnbdrrt‘k Uhdv- LYmYfdldms :bbntmshmf PdrdYqbg+
13+ 238“254-
Bqtsydm+ M-+ Yudycnu+ C- ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ’1/06(- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc L‘m‘fdldms Bnmsqnk9
Dwoknqhmf ‘mc Sgdnqhyhmf Bnmsqnk O‘ssdqmr hm K‘qfd Dtqnod‘m Ehqlr- IntqmYk ne BkdYmdq
Oqnctbshnm+ 032+ 0180“02/0-
Ehffd+ E-+ G‘gm+ S-+ Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ‘mc V‘fmdq+ L- ’1//1(- Sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx A‘k‘mbdc
Rbnqdb‘qc “ Khmjhmf Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx L‘m‘fdldms sn Atrhmdrr Rsq‘sdfx- Atrhmdrr RsqYsdfx Ymc
sgd Dmuhqnmldms+ 00’4(+ 158“173-
Ingmrnm+ L- O- ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ’1/05(- Svn Cdb‘cdr ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx L‘m‘fdldms Snnkr enq
RLDr9 Gnv E‘q G‘ud Vd Bnld> IntqmYk ne RlYkk Atrhmdrr LYmYfdldms+ 43’1(+ 370“4/4-
Lhkkdq+ O- ’0887(- Sgd L‘qfhmr ne ?bbntmshmf- DtqnodYm :bbntmshmf Pduhdv+ 6’3(+ 5/4“510-
Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ’1/07(- Khmjhmf Dmuhqnmldms‘k L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf9 ? Qdekdbshnm nm
’Lhrrhmf( Khmjr sn Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc Ok‘mds‘qx Antmc‘qhdr- RnbhYk Ymc DmuhqnmldmsYk
:bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 27’0(+ 08“18-
Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ‘mc Atqqhss+ Q- ’1///(- BnmsdlonqYqx DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf- Fqddmkd‘e-
Rodmbd+ K-+ ?fxdl‘mf+ F- ‘mc Qhm‘kch+ K- ’1/01(- DmuhqnmldmsYk :rodbsr ne RtrsYhmYahkhsx9 RLDr Ymc
sgd Pnkd ne sgd :bbntmsYms- ?BB? Qdrd‘qbg Qdonqs 017-
RRE?.TDE? ’1/07(- Ld‘rtqhmf sgd U‘ktd ne Ennsa‘kk O‘qshbho‘shnm hm Rbnsk‘mc- gssor9..sgdrr‘-
nqf-tj ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Tmhkdudq ’1/1/(- Khedbxkd ?rrdrrldmsr- vvv-tmhkdudq-bnl.rtrs‘hm‘akd,khuhmf.qdctbhmf,
dmuhqnmldms‘k,hlo‘bs.khedbxbkd,‘rrdrrldmsr.hmcdw-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 00 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
u‘m cdq Jnkj+ A- ’1/08(- Dsghbr L‘ssdqr9 Sgd Hmsdfq‘shnm ne Dsghb‘k Bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm L‘m‘fdldms
?bbntmshmf Sdwsannjr- :bbntmshmf DctbYshnm+ 17’3(+ 315“332-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

?3R BEN Kd‘cdqrgho Mdsvnqj- ’1/1/(- DrrdmshYk Fthcd sn LYmYfdldms HmenqlYshnm9 Rtoonqshmf
Cdbhrhnm LYjdqr vhsg HmenqlYshnm sgYs hr Ehs enq sgd Etstqd- vvv-‘bbntmshmfenqrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
nqf.dm.jmnvkdcfd,gta.fthcdr.l‘m‘fdldms,hmenql‘shnm-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 06 Itkx 1/1/(-
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’1/10(- GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk
:bbntmshmf ’Rdbshnm B “ L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf(- Qntskdcfd-
Df‘m+ L-+ ‘mc Svddchd+ C- ’1/07(- ? £Fqddm– ?bbntms‘ms Hr Cheehbtks sn Ehmc9 B‘m ?bbntms‘msr
Bnmsqhatsd sn Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx L‘m‘fdldms Hmhsh‘shudr> :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx
IntqmYk+ 20’5(+ 0638“0662-
71 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf

F‘qbh‘+ R-+ ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’1/07(- Sgd B‘rd ne ?rr‘ah9 Dwo‘mchmf sgd Kd‘qmhmf nm Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
Sgqntfg ‘m Dwodqhdmsh‘k Pt‘khs‘shud Ltksh,Bqhsdqh‘ Cdbhrhnm L‘jhmf ?bshuhsx- RnbhYk Ymc
DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 27’2(+ 086“106-
Lhkmd+ L- I- ’0885(- Nm Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd Dmuhqnmldms ‘mc L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf-
LYmYfdldms :bbntmshmf PdrdYqbg+ 6’0(+ 024“050-
Qhlldk+ F- ’1/10(- :bbntmshmf enq RtrsYhmYahkhsx ’O‘qs HH(- Qntskdcfd-
BG?OSDQ

4
RtrsYhmYahkhsx
qdonqshmf
Ghrsnqx+ eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc qdftk‘shnm

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr ‘ sdql bnllnmkx trdc sn cdrbqhad ‘ q‘mfd ne oq‘bshbdr

vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf b‘m qdk‘sd sn sgd qdonqshmf sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rsq‘sdfhdr+
oqhnqhshdr+ onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr bnmbdqmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
odqenql‘mbd ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr sgd nodq‘shnmr g‘ud-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf b‘m ‘krn+ ‘lnmf nsgdq sghmfr+ chrbtrr gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
cdodmcdms tonm sgd dmuhqnmldms+ rnbhdsx ‘mc dbnmnlx+ sgd qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr
‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgdrd cdodmcdmbhdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc
qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr mns nmkx oqnlhmdms ‘mc uhrhakd+ ats hs hr ‘krn ‘
bnlokhb‘sdc ogdmnldmnm- Enq sghr qd‘rnm+ vd rokhs ntq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd oq‘bshbd hmsn
svn bg‘osdqr- Hm sghr bg‘osdq+ vd enbtr nm oqnuhchmf ‘m nudquhdv ne sgd oq‘bshbd- Vd
chrbtrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf&r ghrsnqhb‘k cdudknoldms+ rnld ne sgd l‘hm eq‘ldvnqjr
sg‘s dwhrs enq sghr enql ne qdonqshmf+ ‘mc chrbtrr sgd nmfnhmf cda‘sd rtqqntmchmf
qdftk‘shnm- Hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq+ Bg‘osdq 5+ vd cdkud cddodq hmsn ptdrshnmr rtbg
‘r vgx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd rtbg qdonqsr+ vgn sgdx ‘qd oqnctbdc enq+ vg‘s hr adhmf
qdonqsdc+ ‘mc gnv sghr hr cnmd- Vd ‘krn chrbtrr sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd ne rtbg qdonqsr- Sg‘s hr+
vghkd hm sghr bg‘osdq vd knnj ‘s sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf lnqd fdmdq‘kkx+
hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq vd bnmrhcdq lnqd bknrdkx sgd rs‘fdr ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr
‘mc jdx hmektdmbdr+ cda‘sdr ‘mc chrbtrrhnmr sg‘s nbbtq ‘s d‘bg rs‘fd-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr ‘mc sgd oq‘bshbdr cdehmdc ax sghr

sdql-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd ghrsnqhb‘k qnnsr ‘mc cdudknoldms ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
eqnl d‘qkx unktms‘qx chrbknrtqdr sn btqqdms hmrshstshnm‘khrdc oq‘bshbd-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd u‘qhntr rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s dwhrs vhsghm sgd ehdkc ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc f‘hm ‘m ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgdhq rhlhk‘qhshdr ‘mc
cheedqdmbdr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd nmfnhmf cda‘sd rtqqntmchmf
sgd qdftk‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
73 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

4-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd oqYbshbd ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

?r hmsqnctbdc+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr ‘ sdql bnllnmkx trdc sn cdrbqhad ‘ q‘mfd
ne oq‘bshbdr vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r adbnld ‘ vhcdroqd‘c ed‘stqd ‘bqnrr rnbhdshdr ‘mc hs hr
mnv ‘ rs‘mc‘qc oq‘bshbd hm l‘mx k‘qfd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx hm sgd atrhmdrr
vnqkc- Hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd qhfgs eqnl sgd rs‘qs sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
oq‘bshbdr ‘qd chudqrd- Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr enq sghr+ ats nmd ne sgd lnrs mns‘akd
hr sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf qdl‘hmr k‘qfdkx ‘ unktms‘qx oq‘bshbd- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s
hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m bgnnrd vgdsgdq sgdx otakhrg ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqs+ gnv sgdx oqdo‘qd hs+ vg‘s hmenql‘shnm sgdx hmbktcd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd enql ‘mc
ldchtl sgdx otakhrg sgd hmenql‘shnm hm- Tmrtqoqhrhmfkx sgdm+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf cheedqr rtars‘msh‘kkx eqnl sq‘chshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf vghbg hr a‘rdc nm
rsqhbs ‘mc k‘qfdkx l‘mc‘snqx eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc dmenqbdldms ldbg‘mhrlr enq
mnm,bnlokh‘mbd-
Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf k‘mcrb‘od g‘r ‘krn fnmd sgqntfg rtars‘msh‘k bg‘mfdr
‘mc bnmshmtdr sn dunkud- Vg‘s rs‘qsdc rdudq‘k cdb‘cdr ‘fn vhsg rnld ohnmddqhmf
bnlo‘mhdr oqdo‘qhmf ekdcfkhmf ‘ssdlosr ‘s dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqsr g‘r nudq sgd xd‘qr
cdudknodc hmsn ‘ rs‘mc‘qc oq‘bshbd- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘ssq‘bsr hmsdqdrs ‘bqnrr
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ q‘mfhmf eqnl MFNr sn hmudrsldms a‘mjdqr- ?r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf g‘r adbnld lnqd vhcdroqd‘c ‘mc fqnvm hm oqnlhmdmbd+ ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf
mtladq ne qdftk‘snqx hmhsh‘shudr g‘ud dldqfdc hm cheedqdms bntmsqhdr ‘mc qdfhnmr-
Sgdrd hmhsh‘shudr ok‘bd u‘qhntr dwodbs‘shnmr nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd qdonqsr sgdx
otakhrg- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgd qdonqshmf k‘mcrb‘od hr rsqnmfkx rg‘odc ax rdudq‘k qdonqshmf
eq‘ldvnqjr oqdo‘qdc ax mnm,rs‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rddjhmf ansg sn gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
oqdo‘qd sgdhq qdonqsr ‘mc sn bqd‘sd ‘ lnqd rs‘mc‘qchrdc oq‘bshbd- Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgdrd
‘rodbsr hm lnqd cds‘hk adknv hm sghr bg‘osdq-

4-0-0 Cheedqdms mYldr Ymc enqlr ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr mns sgd nmkx m‘ld trdc enq sghr sxod ne qdonqshmf- D‘qkhdq+ hs
v‘r bnllnm enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn otakhrg dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k nq DGR,qdonqsr
’dmuhqnmldms+ gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx(- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn okdmsx ne bnqonq‘sd bhshydmrgho
qdonqsr+ bnqonq‘sd qdronmrhahkhsx qdonqsr+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdonqsr ‘mc bnqonq‘sd rnbh‘k
qdronmrhahkhsx qdonqsr nts sgdqd- Lnqd qdbdmskx+ sgd sdql £mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf–
g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx oqnlhmdms ’‘ksgntfg nesdm aqn‘cdq hm rbnod sg‘m
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr(+ odqg‘or adb‘trd hs oqnuhcdr ‘ bnmsq‘rs sn bnmudmshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k
qdonqshmf ’d-f- sgd ‘mmt‘k qdonqs(- Enq d‘rd+ vd vhkk gdqd lnrskx qdedq sn sghr oq‘bshbd
‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr ‘krn bnld hm u‘qhntr enqlr- Sgd sq‘chshnm‘k rs‘mc‘knmd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ otakhrgdc nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k a‘rhr hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqs+
bnmshmtdr sn qdl‘hm ‘ bnllnm enql hm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Nsgdqr g‘ud stqmdc sn
oqnctbhmf hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqsr+ hm vghbg u‘qhntr sxodr ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc
aqn‘cdq dbnmnlhb hmenql‘shnm hr oqdrdmsdc ‘knmfrhcd sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm hm ‘
rhmfkd qdonqs- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd qdonqsr otakhrgdc vhsg ‘ qdftk‘q bxbkd+ l‘mx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd qdonqshmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm sgqntfg sgdhq vdarhsdr nq nm
rnbh‘k ldch‘- Rtbg qdonqshmf needqr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sgd onrrhahkhsx sn qd‘bg cheedqdms
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor sg‘m hs vntkc vhsg ‘ qdftk‘q qdonqs+ ‘r vdkk ‘r onsdmsh‘kkx e‘bhkhs‘sd
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 74

hmsdq‘bshnm ‘mc ch‘knftd vhsg sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sghr vhkk ad chrbtrrdc hm lnqd cds‘hk
hm sgd enkknvhmf bg‘osdq ’rdd ‘krn Sqdfhcf‘ ‘mc K‘hmd+ 1/10(-

4-0-1 Sgd otqonrd ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ok‘xr ‘ qnkd hm ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘r hs hr ‘ ld‘mr ax
vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnlltmhb‘sd vhsg ‘ q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vghkd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m oqnctbd qdonqsr nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc odqenql‘mbd enq hmsdqm‘k otqonrdr ’rtbg
‘r sgnrd enq hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf otqonrdr chrbtrrdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq(+
gdqd+ hm sghr bg‘osdq ‘mc sgd mdws+ vd enbtr nm sgnrd sg‘s rddj sn bnlltmhb‘sd sn ‘
ltbg aqn‘cdq q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vghkd rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘qd trt‘kkx dwsdqm‘k sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’enq dw‘lokd+ hmudrsnqr+
btrsnldqr+ rtookhdqr+ bhuhk rnbhdsx( sgdx b‘m ‘krn ad rs‘jdgnkcdqr hmsdqm‘k sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’enq dw‘lokd+ dloknxddr(-
?s sghr onhms+ gnvdudq+ hs mddcr sn ad mnsdc sg‘s vghkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r
cdudknodc hmsn ‘ bnllnm oq‘bshbd+ sgd bqdchahkhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr hr mns
‘kv‘xr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad udqx ghfg- ?r qdonqshmf hr rshkk sn ‘ k‘qfd dwsdms ‘ unktms‘qx
oq‘bshbd+ enq vghbg sgdqd hr mn enql‘k ‘tchs ldbg‘mhrl+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr qdftk‘qkx dwoqdrr
bnmbdqmr sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr bntkc ad trdc enq fqddm,+ aktd, nq vghsdv‘rghmf-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hm sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx sgdqd hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne
gnv qdkdu‘ms ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr b‘m ad enq qhrj
kdudkr ‘mc knmf,sdql rtbbdrr- Sghr rdqudr ‘r ‘ cqhudq bnlodkkhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn enbtr
nm sgd pt‘khsx ne sgd hmenql‘shnm sgdx oqnuhcd enq sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Vd vntkc ‘krn dlog‘rhrd sg‘s sgd qnkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ok‘xr hm sgd ‘rohqdc
sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx qdl‘hmr tmbkd‘q- Enq rnld+ bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
chrbknrtqdr ‘qd ‘ ldchtl vghbg g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn dmg‘mbd cdlnbq‘bx sgqntfg
oqnuhchmf etqsgdq sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc hmbqd‘rdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr&
nodq‘shnmr ’Fq‘x ds ‘k-+ 1/03(- Sghr vntkc g‘oodm ‘r bhshydmr ‘mc u‘qhntr hmsdqdrsdc
rnbh‘k fqntor f‘hm lnqd hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc gdmbd sgdrd
chrbknrtqdr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud sgd onsdmsh‘k sn e‘bhkhs‘sd hmenqldc otakhb ch‘knftd
‘mc cda‘sd sgqntfg bhuhk hmrshstshnmr ’Kdgl‘m+ 0888(- Khjdvhrd+ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd
fqnvhmf hmunkudldms ne sgd hmudrsldms vnqkc+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr ‘qftdc sn
bqd‘sd ldbg‘mhrlr cqhuhmf l‘inq bg‘mfdr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
Enq nsgdqr+ gnvdudq+ rtbg cdudknoldms hr ldqdkx hcd‘khrshb+ ‘mc v‘hshmf enq hs sn
l‘sdqh‘khrd hr hmgdqdmskx g‘qletk enq rnbhdshdr- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nesdm dmf‘fd hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqhl‘qhkx sn dmg‘mbd sgdhq nvm oqhu‘sd hmsdqdrsr “ vghbg
nauhntrkx hr hm noonrhshnm vhsg sgd ‘rohq‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf dmg‘mbdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Sgnrd vhsg ‘ ghfgkx bqhshb‘k odqrodbshud l‘hms‘hm sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf bqd‘sdr
‘m hkktrhnm ne onrhshud cdudknoldms ‘mc ok‘bdr e‘krd gnod nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& ‘ahkhsx sn
etmc‘ldms‘kkx sq‘mrenql sgdhq nodq‘shmf lncdk sn sgd dwsdms mddcdc enq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘mrhshnm- Hm sghr uhdv+ enbtrhmf nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr rddm ‘r
g‘qletk+ ‘r hs b‘m chrsq‘bs rnbhdshdr eqnl s‘jhmf rsdor tqfdmskx mddcdc hm sgd fkna‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqhrhr-
Jddohmf sgdrd cheedqdms uhdvonhmsr hm lhmc ‘r vd vnqj sgqntfg sgd bnmsdms ne
sghr ‘mc sgd mdws bg‘osdq hr gdkoetk vgdm sqxhmf sn l‘jd rdmrd ne bnqonq‘sd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqd oq‘bshbdr ‘mc bnmrhcdqhmf sgd qnkd ne rtbg qdonqshmf hm sgd
sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx ‘mc dmuhqnmldms ’rdd ‘krn K‘hmd+ 1/0/:
Sqdfhcf‘ ds ‘k-+ 1/03: N&Cvxdq ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ 1/1/(-
75 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

4-0-2 Sgd enbtr ne sghr bgYosdq

Adenqd oqnbddchmf etqsgdq+ ‘ edv vnqcr ‘ants ntq enbtr hm sghr bg‘osdq hr hm nqcdq-
Vghkd ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr ‘qd oqnctbdc ax ‘kk sxodr ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ sgd enbtr ne sgd l‘inqhsx ne sghr bg‘osdq hr nm oqhu‘sd bnqonq‘shnmr-
Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr enq sghr cdbhrhnm- Vghkd mns chrbntmshmf nq ld‘mhmf sn
chlhmhrg sgd hlonqs‘mbd enq ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn qdonqs nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr ne bnqonq‘shnmr ’hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr(
‘qft‘akx g‘ud lnqd oqnlhmdmbd ‘mc uhrhahkhsx hm rnbhdshdr sg‘m sgnrd ne nsgdq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’d-f- otakhb rdbsnq+ mns,enq,oqnehs(- Sghr hr mns nmkx adb‘trd ne sgdhq
rhyd+ ats ‘krn sgdhq hlo‘bsr- Lnqdnudq+ ‘mc k‘qfdkx enq sgdrd qd‘rnmr+ rbgnk‘qkx qdrd‘qbg
g‘r hm sgd l‘hm enbtrdc nm bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc gdmbd ntq jmnvkdcfd
ne sgdl hr rtars‘msh‘k-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ itrs ‘r sghr ‘mc sgd mdws bg‘osdq cn mns chrbtrr qdonqsr oqdo‘qdc enq
hmsdqm‘k otqonrdr+ ’sgdrd+ sn sgd dwsdms sgdx qdk‘sd sn l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ vdqd chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 3(+ sgdx ‘krn cn mns chrbtrr vg‘s
g‘ud adbnld jmnvm ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr+ sg‘s hr qdonqsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ots
snfdsgdq ax rnldnmd ntsrhcd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgdrd vhkk ad sgd enbtr ne Bg‘osdq 7-
Sghr hr mns sn rtffdrs sg‘s sgdrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd mns hmsdqqdk‘sdc “ pthsd sgd noonrhsd hm
e‘bs+ ‘r sgdqd b‘m ad rtars‘msh‘k hmsdqok‘x adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k chrbknrtqdr+ hmsdqm‘k
qdonqsr ‘mc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm “ ats q‘sgdq+ enq sgd r‘jd ne bk‘qhsx+
vd cdkhmd‘sd ntq chrbtrrhnm sn sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqdo‘qdc ax
atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
?qd xnt e‘lhkh‘q vhsg sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf>
Vd rtffdrs adenqd xnt oqnbddc etqsgdq vhsg sghr bg‘osdq sg‘s xnt s‘jd ‘ edv lhmtsdr sn
knnj ‘s ‘m dw‘lokd ne sgd oq‘bshbd ’he xnt ‘qd mns ‘akd sn mnv+ l‘jd ‘ mnsd ne hs ‘mc cn rn
vgdm xnt b‘m(- ?r vd g‘ud hcdmshehdc+ lnrs k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr mnv oqnctbd rtbg qdonqsr+ rn
l‘mx dw‘lokdr b‘m ad entmc uh‘ ‘ pthbj nmkhmd rd‘qbg- Wnt b‘m rd‘qbg enq nmd ne xntq
e‘untqhsd bnlo‘mhdr+ nq odqg‘or ‘ bnlo‘mx sg‘s oqnctbdr sgd bknsgdr xnt ‘qd vd‘qhmf nq sgd
rl‘qsognmd xnt ‘qd trhmf+ nq odqg‘or sgd bnlo‘mx vgn oqnuhcdr xntq ‘bbnllnc‘shnm vhsg
tshkhshdr nq vgn xnt qdkx nm sn lnud ‘qntmc ’sq‘mronqs‘shnm ehql nq odsqnk oqnuhcdq(-
Sgdqd hr mn mddc sn knnj hm cds‘hk ‘s sghr rs‘fd ats s‘jd ‘ knnj ‘s ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs
s‘jhmf hm sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd qdonqs+ vg‘s snohbr sgdx s‘kj ‘ants+ ‘mc ‘mx hmhsh‘k hloqdrrhnmr-
Wnt lhfgs ehmc hs trdetk sn bnlo‘qd svn qdonqsr sn rdd ‘mx cheedqdmbdr- Vd rtffdrs xnt knnj
‘s sghr r‘ld qdonqs ‘esdq xnt g‘ud qd‘c sghr ‘mc sgd mdws bg‘osdq”“ hs vhkk ad trdetk sn oqnuhcd
bnmsdws ‘mc gdko tmcdqrs‘mc ltbg ne sgd bnmsdms sg‘s mnv enkknvr-

4-1 ?…ghrsnqx ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

Bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr snc‘x ‘ vhcdroqd‘c ‘mc sn ‘ k‘qfd dwsdms
hmrshstshnm‘khrdc oq‘bshbd- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s hs hr mns nmkx qdk‘shudkx bnllnmok‘bd+ ats
sg‘s sgd ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn qdonqshmf g‘ud adbnld qdk‘shudkx dladccdc ‘mc ‘bbdosdc-
Sghr hr mns sn rtffdrs sg‘s sgdx ‘qd mns bnmshmtntrkx cdudknohmf ‘mc dunkuhmf- Sgd
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 76

enqlr ‘mc oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘ud cdudknodc rvheskx nudq sgd o‘rs
cdb‘cdr+ ‘mc btqqdms enqlr ne qdonqshmf ‘qd udqx cheedqdms eqnl sgd qdonqsr otakhrgdc
hm sgd d‘qkx rs‘fdr ne sgdhq dldqfdmbd-

4-1-0 DYqkx ohnmddqhmf dwYlokdr

Vghkd sgd lnqd q‘ohc tos‘jd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf
adf‘m hm sgd 088/r+ hs g‘r addm mnsdc sg‘s rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud oqnuhcdc
hmenql‘shnm adxnmc sgd trt‘k ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr enq ltbg knmfdq- Ghrsnqhb‘k vnqj
g‘r rgnvm sg‘s rnld bnlo‘mhdr otakhrgdc rnbh‘k hmenql‘shnm hm sgd d‘qkx 1/sg
bdmstqx+ enbtrhmf l‘hmkx nm dloknxdd hrrtdr+ gntrhmf oqnidbsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r nsgdq rnbh‘k
hmhsh‘shudr ’Ftsgqhd ‘mc O‘qjdq+ 0878(- Rtardptdmskx+ ctqhmf sgd 086/r sgdqd v‘r ‘
lnqd rtars‘msh‘k hmbqd‘rd hm sgd mtladq ne bnlo‘mhdr qdonqshmf nm rnbh‘k hrrtdr- Hm
sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ bnqonq‘sd ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr ‘s sghr shld hmbktcdc
chrbknrtqdr nm snohbr rtbg ‘r gtl‘m qdrntqbdr+ bnlltmhsx hmunkudldms ‘mc e‘hq
atrhmdrr oq‘bshbdr ’Atgq ds ‘k-+ 1/03: Dqmrs ‘mc Dqmrs+ 0865(- Rhlhk‘q sgdldr vdqd
uhrhakd ‘krn hm Dtqnod- Hm sgd TJ+ enq dw‘lokd+ bnlo‘mhdr vdqd otakhrghmf u‘ktd
‘ccdc rs‘sdldmsr+ vghbg ghfgkhfgsdc sgd ‘cchshnm‘k u‘ktd sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr
bnmsqhatsdc sn sgd rnbhdsx+ l‘jhmf bkd‘q sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr vdqd mns nmkx oqnctbhmf
u‘ktd sn hmudrsnqr+ ats ‘krn sn ‘mc ax u‘qhntr nsgdq fqntor hm rnbhdsx ’rdd Atqbgdkk
ds ‘k-+ 0874(- Sgd hmsdqdrs hm rnbh‘k chrbknrtqdr edkk hm sgd k‘sd 086/r ‘mc d‘qkx 087/r+
odqg‘or ctd sn sgd aqn‘cdq onkhshb‘k sqdmcr oqdu‘hkhmf hm ?mfkn,?ldqhb‘m rnbhdshdr ‘s
sgd shld-

4-1-1 DmuhqnmldmsYk qdonqshmf Ymc qdonqshmf hmhshYshudr

Dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr adf‘m sn f‘hm lnqd oqnlhmdmbd hm rnbhdshdr ‘mc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
chrbtrrhnmr snv‘qcr sgd dmc ne sgd 087/r sgqntfg ‘ rdqhdr ne hmsdqm‘shnm‘k dudmsr+ rtbg
‘r sgd chr‘rsdqr ne sgd mtbkd‘q dwoknrhnm ‘s Bgdqmnaxk ’0875( ‘mc sgd Dwwnm U‘kcdy
nhk rohkk hm ?k‘rj‘ ’0878( ‘r vdkk ‘r hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldmsr khjd sgd Lnmsqd‘k
Oqnsnbnk ’0876( ‘mc sgd Aqtmcsk‘mc Qdonqs ’0876( ’rdd Bg‘osdq 1(- ?knmfrhcd sgdrd
aqn‘cdq cdudknoldmsr+ ohnmddqhmf bnlo‘mhdr adf‘m sn otakhrg dmuhqnmldms‘k
hmenql‘shnm hm sgd ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr nq ‘r rdo‘q‘sd rs‘mc‘knmd otakhb‘shnmr- Sgd d‘qkx
qdonqsdqr sdmcdc sn ad bnlo‘mhdr eqnl sgd lnqd dmuhqnmldms‘kkx rdmrhshud ‘mc
hlo‘bsetk hmctrsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r nhk ‘mc f‘r+ lhmhmf+ otko ‘mc o‘odq ‘mc bgdlhb‘kr+ nq
‘ksdqm‘shudkx bnlo‘mhdr khjd Ancx Rgno+ vghbg v‘msdc sn rgnvb‘rd sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k u‘ktdr sgdhq nodq‘shnmr vdqd athks nm-
Sgdrd d‘qkx qdonqsr vdqd otakhrgdc nm ‘ unktms‘qx a‘rhr+ ‘r sgdqd v‘r mn
qdftk‘shnm mnq ‘mx rs‘mc‘qcr hm ok‘bd ‘s sgd shld- Rshkk+ sgdqd vdqd u‘qhntr hmhsh‘shudr
sgqntfg vghbg dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf v‘r adhmf oqnlnsdc hmbktchmf+ enq
hmrs‘mbd+ sgd Qdonqshmf ?v‘qcr Rbgdldr qtm ax sgd ?rrnbh‘shnm ne Bg‘qsdqdc
Bdqshehdc ?bbntms‘msr ’?BB?(+ vghbg rs‘qsdc hm sgd TJ hm 0880- Khjdvhrd+ sgd
Dmuhqnmldms‘k L‘m‘fdldms ‘mc ?tchs Rbgdld ’DL?R( cdudknodc hm 0882 vhsg
hsr qdpthqdldms qdf‘qchmf dmuhqnmldms‘k rs‘sdldmsr v‘r ‘m hmektdmsh‘k cqhudq enq
dmuhqnmldms‘k chrbknrtqdr+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx hm Fdql‘m rod‘jhmf bntmsqhdr hm Dtqnod
’Jnkj+ 0888(- Snv‘qcr sgd dmc ne sgd 088/r+ ‘qntmc nmd,sghqc ne sgd k‘qfdrs 14/
bnlo‘mhdr hm sgd vnqkc vdqd otakhrghmf unktms‘qx chrbknrtqdr ’Jnkj ds ‘k-+ 0888:
JOLF+ 1/1/(-
77 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

4-1-2 Sgd FknaYk Qdonqshmf HmhshYshud Ymc sgd aqnYcdmhmf ne qdonqshmf

?m hlonqs‘ms lhkdrsnmd enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf snnj ok‘bd hm 1/// vgdm sgd ehqrs
dchshnm ne sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( fthcdkhmdr v‘r qdkd‘rdc- Sgd FQH
g‘r rhmbd adbnld drs‘akhrgdc ‘r ‘qft‘akx sgd lnrs hmektdmsh‘k rds ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf fthcdkhmdr- Bnqonq‘sd chrbknrtqdr vdqd ‘kqd‘cx ‘s sgd shld dwo‘mchmf eqnl
dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqsr sn aqn‘cdq qdonqsr hmbktchmf rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb hrrtdr+ ‘mc sgd otakhb‘shnm ne sgd FQH fthcdkhmdr hmbnqonq‘shmf sgdrd sgqdd
chldmrhnmr etqsgdq rsqdmfsgdmdc sghr cdudknoldms- Sgd ehqrs udqrhnm ne sgd FQH
otakhrgdc hm 1/// v‘r ‘ q‘sgdq ekdcfkhmf ‘ssdlos sn drs‘akhrg ‘ eq‘ldvnqj enq
bnqonq‘sd chrbknrtqdr+ ‘mc sgdqd bnmshmtdc sn ad ‘ aqn‘c u‘qhdsx hm sgd qdonqsr hm
qdf‘qc sn vghbg hrrtdr vdqd adhmf qdonqsdc nm ‘mc gnv sgdx vdqd bnudqdc- ?r hr rshkk
nesdm sgd b‘rd+ sgd qdonqsr vdqd otakhrgdc tmcdq ‘ u‘qhdsx ne m‘ldr+ rtbg ‘r sqhokd
anssnl khmd qdonqsr+ bnqonq‘sd bhshydmrgho qdonqsr+ BRQ qdonqsr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqsr+ vhsg ‘ bnllnm cdmnlhm‘snq adhmf sgd dwo‘mrhnm ne sgd aqd‘csg ne snohbr
chrbtrrdc- Rhmbd hsr hmbdoshnm+ sgd FQH g‘r cdudknodc sgqntfg rdudq‘k hsdq‘shnmr ‘mc
bnmshmtdr sn ad ghfgkx hmektdmsh‘k hm sgd ‘qd‘- Hs hr enq sghr qd‘rnm sg‘s vd qdstqm sn
chrbtrr sgd FQH etqsgdq adknv-

4-1-3 Qdonqshmf adbnldr lYhmrsqdYl

Hm sgd 1///r+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rvheskx adb‘ld ‘m dudqxc‘x oq‘bshbd enq lnrs
k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Qdonqshmf g‘r dwo‘mcdc sn ‘kk rdbsnqr+ ‘r ‘ u‘rs l‘inqhsx ne sgd
ahffdrs bnlo‘mhdr hm l‘mx hmctrsqh‘k bntmsqhdr chrbknrd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm hm
qdonqsr- Hm sgd 1/0/r qdonqshmf ‘krn adb‘ld rs‘mc‘qc oq‘bshbd hm ?rh‘ ‘r vdkk ‘r hm
rnld l‘inq dbnmnlhdr hm K‘shm ?ldqhb‘ ‘mc ?eqhb‘- Nm ‘ m‘shnm‘k a‘rhr+ sgd atkj ne
l‘inq bnlo‘mhdr hm l‘mx bntmsqhdr oqnuhcd rs‘jdgnkcdqr vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
’rdd JOLF+ 1/1/(- Hs hr duhcdms+ gnvdudq+ sg‘s enq sgd lnrs o‘qs sgdqd hr ‘ rhyd
sgqdrgnkc enq sgd chrbknrtqdr+ rhmbd qdonqshmf hr mns snn bnllnm ntsrhcd ne sgd k‘qfd
bnqonq‘shnmr- Cdrohsd sgd rbgnk‘qkx hmsdqdrs ‘mc otakhb dxd nesdm adhmf rds nm sgd
l‘inq ltkshm‘shnm‘kr+ ‘r vd g‘ud mnsdc+ sgdqd hr ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne nsgdq sxodr ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r tmhudqrhshdr+ tshkhshdr ‘mc nsgdq otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
MFNr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bhshdr ‘mc qdfhnmr+ otakhrghmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k nq
ahdmmh‘k a‘rhr-

4-1-4 Sgd bnmshmtntr dunkudldms ne qdonqshmf

Nudq shld+ sgd ‘lntms ne bnmsdms ‘mc aqd‘csg ne snohbr bnudqdc ax rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqsr g‘r u‘qhdc- Rs‘qshmf hm sgd 088/r ‘mc bnmshmthmf tmshk ‘qntmc sgd lhc,1///r+
sgdqd v‘r ‘ e‘hqkx bnmrs‘ms sqdmc ctqhmf vghbg sgd qdonqsr ne lnrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
dwo‘mcdc- Lnqd ‘rodbsr vdqd adhmf bnudqdc+ cheedqdms odqrodbshudr vdqd s‘jdm hmsn
‘bbntms+ ‘mc ‘cchshnm‘k cds‘hkr vdqd hmbktcdc- ?r ‘ qdrtks+ sgd rs‘mc‘knmd qdonqsr ne
l‘inq bnqonq‘shnmr vdqd q‘sgdq kdmfsgx+ d‘rhkx rtqo‘rrhmf 1// o‘fdr nm l‘mx
nbb‘rhnmr- Sghr adf‘m sn bg‘mfd ‘qntmc sgd xd‘q 1/0/+ ‘r nqf‘mhr‘shnmr snfdsgdq vhsg
sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr rs‘qsdc sn ad lnqd bqhshb‘k hm qdf‘qc sn qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr-
Ptdrshnmr vdqd adhmf ‘rjdc ‘r sn vgdsgdq sgd jdx hrrtdr vdqd adhmf bnudqdc+ dudm
atqhdc tmcdqmd‘sg ‘m nudqvgdklhmf ‘lntms ne c‘s‘+ vgdsgdq ‘mxnmd v‘r hmsdqdrsdc
hm ‘kk sgnrd cds‘hkr+ ‘mc ‘krn vgdsgdq sgd dwsdmrhud qdonqsr vdqd vnqsg sgd qdrntqbdr
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 78

‘mc bnrsr mddcdc sn ots sgdl snfdsgdq- Rtardptdmskx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx dldqfdc ‘r ‘ jdx
oqhmbhokd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ qdok‘bhmf sgd d‘qkhdq dlog‘rhr nm sq‘mro‘qdmbx+ ‘
bg‘mfd qdekdbsdc hm sgd FQH Fthcdkhmdr dunktshnm eqnl FQH 2-0 sn FQH 3 ‘r vdkk ‘r
hm nsgdq qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr- Vghkd vd hmsqnctbdc sgd bnmbdos ne l‘sdqh‘khsx hm
Bg‘osdq 2+ vd vhkk chrbtrr sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx oqhmbhokd ‘mc l‘sdqh‘khsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘r
sgdx qdk‘sd rodbhehb‘kkx sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm lnqd cds‘hk ansg adknv ‘mc hm
sgd mdws bg‘osdq-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 ?M?KXRHMF BRQ QDONQSHMF QDRD?QBG

zSgd unktld ne vnqj otakhrgdc ax ‘bbntmshmf rbgnk‘qr nm bnqonq‘sd rnbh‘k qdronmrhahkhsx
’BRQ( qdonqshmf hr hloqdrrhud–- Sghr hr sgd nodmhmf khmd eqnl I‘md ?mcqdv ‘mc L‘w A‘jdq hm
sgdhq 1/1/ o‘odq vghbg ansg qduhdvr sgd o‘rs qdrd‘qbg nm BRQ qdonqshmf ‘r vdkk ‘r l‘jdr
rtffdrshnmr ‘r sn gnv qdrd‘qbg lhfgs ’nq rgntkc( oqnfqdrr hmsn sgd etstqd-
?mc sgdx ‘qd qhfgs- ?”kns ne ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbgdqr& ‘ssdmshnm hm sgd ehdkc ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘r addm chqdbsdc ‘s qdonqshmf- Sghr o‘odq ax ?mcqdv ‘mc
A‘jdq oqnuhcdr ‘ fnnc ‘m‘kxrhr ne sgd o‘rs qdrd‘qbg ‘mc vg‘s vd jmnv ‘ants hs-
Trdetkkx+ ?mcqdv ‘mc A‘jdq hcdmshex sgqdd rsqd‘lr nq sxodr ne qdrd‘qbg nm BRQ qdonqshmf-
Sgdrd ‘qd9 cdrbqhoshud+ hmrsqtldms‘k ‘mc mnql‘shud- Sgdx cdehmd sgdrd sgqdd rsqd‘lr ‘r
enkknvr9
drapeoseud qdrd‘qbg9 BRQ qdonqshmf qdrd‘qbg hm sghr rsqd‘l dwoknqdr sgd bnmsdms ne
qdonqsr ‘mc sgd deedbs ne u‘qhntr bnmsdwsr nm sgd oq‘bshbd ‘mc pt‘khsx ne qdonqshmf- Drrdmsh‘kkx
sghr qdrd‘qbg enbtrdr nm sgd ptdrshnm9 Vg‘s hr BRQ qdonqshmf>
DmrsptldmsTi qdrd‘qbg9 Qdrd‘qbgdqr gdqd dwoknqd sgd bnlldqbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb admdehsr
ne BRQ enq ehqlr ‘mc sgd hmenql‘shnm u‘ktd ne chrbknrtqd enq hmudrsnqr- Sgdx enbtr sgdhq
qdrd‘qbg nm sgd ptdrshnm9 Cndr BRQ o‘x>
InplTseud qdrd‘qbg9 Qdrd‘qbgdqr gdqd dw‘lhmd sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne BRQ qdonqshmf ‘s ‘
rnbhds‘k kdudk+ ‘rjhmf vgdsgdq sgdrd oq‘bshbdr g‘ud hloqnudc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sn
sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sgd bdmsq‘k ptdrshnm gdqd hr9 Cndr BRQ qdonqshmf hloqnud nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx>
Wnt ‘qd khjdkx sn ehmc sgd qduhdv oqnuhcdc ax ?mcqdv ‘mc A‘jdq trdetk hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc vg‘s vd ‘kqd‘cx jmnv ‘ants hs- Ats ‘ jdx o‘qs ne sgdhq chrbtrrhnm
qdk‘sdr sn BRQ qdrd‘qbg hm sgd etstqd- Gdqd sgdx rtffdrs sg‘s zsgdqd ‘qd l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne
cdrbqhoshud+ hmrsqtldms‘k+ ‘mc mnql‘shud qdrd‘qbg sg‘s vntkc admdehs eqnl hmbqd‘rdc
bn,cdudknoldms– ’o-”1/(- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgdx mnsd sg‘s zvghkd sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm BRQ
‘mc oqnehs hr hlonqs‘ms+ mnql‘shud qdrd‘qbg b‘m qdlhmc hmrsqtldms‘k qdrd‘qbgdqr ne sgd
vhcdq otqonrd ne ‘bbntmshmf enq rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr– ’o-”1/(- Khjdvhrd+ sgdx
mnsd sg‘s mnql‘shud qdrd‘qbgdqr g‘ud admdehsdc eqnl sgnrd s‘jhmf ‘ cdrbqhoshud ‘ooqn‘bg ‘r
sgdx g‘ud oqnuhcdc drrdmsh‘k hmenql‘shnm ‘ants rtbg qdonqshmf vghbg gdkor enql sgd a‘rhr enq
ltbg ne sgd bqhshptd-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgdx ‘krn aqhmf ntq ‘ssdmshnm sn rnld ‘qd‘r vgdqd BRQ qdonqshmf
qdrd‘qbgdqr g‘ud l‘cd rnld fnnc cdudknoldmsr ‘mc sgnrd vgdqd qdrd‘qbg hr dhsgdq ‘ardms
nq rshkk qdpthqdc- Sgdx rtffdrs ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sgqd‘sdmdc rodbhdr qdonqshmf ‘qd
‘m dw‘lokd ne vgdqd cdudknoldms g‘r s‘jdm ok‘bd+ vgdqd‘r KFASPH) qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr+
hmenql‘shnm ‘ants ehqlr& dmf‘fdldms vhsg hmchfdmntr bnlltmhshdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hrrtdr rtbg
‘r s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd rsq‘sdfhdr ‘mc onkhshb‘k cnm‘shnmr+ g‘ud addm kdrr vdkk rstchdc-
8/ Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

Khjd l‘mx ne sgd snohbr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ sghr intqm‘k o‘odq ax ?mcqdv ‘mc A‘jdq
oqnuhcdr ‘ fnnc dw‘lokd mns nmkx ne vg‘s vd jmnv ‘ants ‘ snohb+ ats ‘krn gnv+ fhudm sgd
bnlokdwhsx ‘mc bg‘mfhmf m‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ sgdqd hr ‘ kns sg‘s rshkk mddcr sn ad ‘m‘kxrdc-
?mcqdv) I- Ymc AYjdq) L- ’1/1/(- BnqonqYsd RnbhYk Qdronmrhahkhsx Qdonqshmf9 Sgd
KYrs 3/…XdYqr Ymc Y OYsg sn RgYqhmf Etstqd Hmrhfgsr- ?aTbtr 45’0() 24z54-

4-2 BgYqYbsdqhrshbr ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf

Vd g‘ud ‘kqd‘cx mnsdc sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd mns tmhenql ‘r
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k ekdwhahkhsx hm sdqlr ne gnv sgdx v‘ms sn dmf‘fd vhsg
sgd oq‘bshbd- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn l‘inq cheedqdmbdr vgdm hs bnldr sn qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr hm
cheedqdms qdfhnm‘k bnmsdwsr+ rsdllhmf enq hmrs‘mbd eqnl ghrsnqhb‘k cdudknoldmsr+ sgd
ed‘stqdr ne cheedqdms rnbhdshdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r onrrhakd qdftk‘shnmr ‘mc qdbnlldmc‘shnmr hm
ok‘bd- Enq dw‘lokd+ hm ?trsq‘kh‘+ vgdqd v‘sdq hr rb‘qbd hm l‘mx qdfhnmr+ qdonqshmf
‘mc odqenql‘mbd hmchb‘snqr bnmbdqmhmf v‘sdq trd ‘mc onkhbhdr ‘qd qdpthqdc-
Hs rgntkc ad ghfgkhfgsdc sg‘s rtbg u‘qh‘mbd hm qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr hr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ‘
mdf‘shud sghmf- Vd rgntkc ad‘q hm lhmc sg‘s ‘lnmf sgd u‘qhntr qnkdr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf g‘r+ hs ‘krn rdqudr ‘r ‘m ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ldbg‘mhrl eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn hsr
rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Fhudm sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd cheedqdms+ ‘mc g‘ud
cheedqdms oqhnqhshdr+ dwodbs‘shnmr+ mddcr ‘mc ‘rohq‘shnmr+ sgd qdonqsr ‘qd antmc sn ad
cheedqdms- ?r rtbg+ rsqhuhmf enq tmhenqlhsx lhfgs mns ad admdehbh‘k- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd
‘qd bdqs‘hm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr sg‘s ‘qd fdmdq‘kkx ‘bbdosdc sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc enkknv hm
oqnctbhmf ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ mn l‘ssdq vgdqd ‘mc hm vg‘s enql sghr s‘jdr ok‘bd-
Vd vhkk ‘ooqn‘bg sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne ‘ £fnnc– rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs sgqntfg
sgqdd jdx bnmbdosr9 ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc qdonqshmf antmc‘qx- Vghkd ‘kk ne

S?AKD 4-0 Jdx bnmbdosr ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

Bnmbdos Cdrbqhoshnm QdkduYmbd enq rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf
?bbntmsWahkhsx ?bbntmsWahkhsx qdkWsdr sn sgd ctsx sn RtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf hr W ldbgWmhrl sgqntfg
oqnuhcd Wm Wbbntms ne sgd Wbshnmr nudq vghbg Wm nqfWmhrWshnm bWm chrbgWqfd WbbntmsWahkhsx
vghbg nmd hr bnmrhcdqdc sn gWud ctshdr sn hsr rsWjdgnkcdqr
qdronmrhahkhsx
LWsdqhWkhsx LWsdqhWkhsx qdkWsdr sn sgnrd hrrtdr nq Hm oqnctbhmf W qdonqs) hrrtdr vghbg Wqd bnmrhcdqdc
dkdldmsr bnmrhcdqdc hlonqsWms- ?m lWsdqhWk eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ansg sgd
nqfWmhrWshnm Wmc hsr uWqhntr rsWjdgnkcdqr nqfWmhrWshnm r Wbshuhshdr Wmc hsr rsWjdgnkcdqr vntkc
bWm gWud cheedqdms uhdvr nm lWsdqhWkhsx ad enbtrdc tonm
AntmcWqhdr Qdonqshmf antmcWqhdr qdkWsdr sn sgd Vghkd ehmWmbhWk qdonqshmf antmcWqhdr Wqd rds aWrdc
rbnod ne sgd qdonqs- AntmcWqhdr gdko nm nvmdqrgho Wmc bnmsqnk) hm sgd bnmsdws ne
cdehmd sgd rbnod ne sgd qdonqs©“ Wmc rtrsWhmWahkhsx sgd qdonqshmf antmcWqx hr ltbg lnqd
sgdqdenqd Wkrn vghbg hrrtdr Wqd hmbktcdc ekthc- Itrs khjd hm khed,bxbkd Wrrdrrldms ’BgWosdq©2()
hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf Wm
nqfWmhrWshnm mddcr sn bnmrhcdq gnv eWq torsqdWl
Wmc cnvmrsqdWl hm hsr rtookx Wmc uWktd bgWhm hs vhkk
hmbktcd hm sgd qdonqs
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 80

sgdrd g‘ud addm sntbgdc tonm hm sgd d‘qkhdq bg‘osdqr+ ‘ aqhde qdb‘o hm qdk‘shnm sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr hm nqcdq gdqd-
Vghkd S‘akd 4-0 qdoqdrdmsr sgdrd bnmbdosr rdo‘q‘sdkx+ bgnhbdr l‘cd qdk‘shmf sn
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc antmc‘qx ‘qd bknrdkx qdk‘sdc- Enq dw‘lokd+ gnv e‘q ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdronmrhahkhsx hr bnmrhcdqdc sn qd‘bg ’qdonqshmf antmc‘qhdr(+ ‘mc vghbg
‘rodbsr ‘qd odqbdhudc sn ad l‘sdqh‘k enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd mns
tmqdk‘sdc bgnhbdr- Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgdrd bgnhbdr hm lnqd cds‘hk eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
onhms ne uhdv hm sgd mdws bg‘osdq- Eqnl ‘ aqn‘cdq odqrodbshud+ gnvdudq+ sgdrd
bnmbdosr gdko tr hcdmshex rnld jdx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr+ vghbg b‘m ad rddm ‘r athkchmf
aknbjr ne fnnc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Vghkd d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cheedqdms vgdm hs
bnldr sn hsr ‘bshuhshdr+ hsr nodq‘shmf bnmsdws ‘mc jdx rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg sgdqd hr
khjdkx sn ad u‘qh‘mbd hm sgd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr+ sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr hm S‘akd 4-1 b‘m ad
rddm sn ‘ookx hm fdmdq‘k ‘bqnrr ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

S?AKD 4-1 Bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

Bnmbdos Cdrbqhoshnm Onhmsr sn bnmrhcdq
?bbtqWbx HmenqlWshnm hm W qdonqs rgntkc ad rteehbhdmskx NqfWmhrWshnmr Wqd Ws shldr uWftd vgdm
WbbtqWsd Wmc cdsWhkdc sn Wkknv qdWcdqr sn oqdrdmshmf mdfWshud hmenqlWshnm- ?qd fqWogr
Wrrdrr Wm nqfWmhrWshnm r odqenqlWmbd Wmc sWakdr rsqtbstqdc oqnodqkx) nq gWud sgdx
addm rjdvdc nq chrsnqsdc:
AWkWmbd ? qdonqs rgntkc hmbktcd ansg onrhshud Wmc NqfWmhrWshnmr nesdm dlogWrhrd onrhshud
mdfWshud Wrodbsr rn sgWs trdqr bWm Wrrdrr sgd hmenqlWshnm- EqWldvnqjr Wmc WrrtqWmbd
nudqWkk odqenqlWmbd ne sgd nqfWmhrWshnm oqWbshbdr gnod sn gdko hm fdsshmf lnqd
aWkWmbdc qdonqsr
BkWqhsx HmenqlWshnm hm W qdonqs rgntkc ad oqdrdmsdc hm Trdq fqntor uWqx hm sgdhq jmnvkdcfd Wmc
W bkdWq) tmcdqrsWmcWakd Wmc Wbbdrrhakd enql Wahkhsx sn tmcdqrsWmc hmenqlWshnm- VgWs hr
bnlokdw sn rnld bWm ad rdke,duhcdms Wmc
rhlokhrshb sn nsgdqr
BnloWqWahkhsx HmenqlWshnm rgntkc ad rdkdbsdc) bnlohkdc Wmc Qdonqshmf eqWldvnqjr bWm gdko ax oqnuhchmf
qdonqsdc bnmrhrsdmskx- Hs rgntkc Wkknv WmWkxrhr rsWmcWqc oqWbshbdr- Cndr sgd nqfWmhrWshnm
ne bgWmfdr ansg nudq shld Wmc hm qdkWshnm sn oqnuhcd hmenqlWshnm eqnl oqduhntr xdWqr sn
nsgdq nqfWmhrWshnmr vgdqd onrrhakd Wkknv qdWcdq sn rdd sqdmcr Wmc cdudknoldmsr
dWrhkx:
QdkhWahkhsx Qdonqsdc hmenqlWshnm rgntkc ad cdqhudc eqnl Hlokhdr sgWs hm Wcchshnm sn sgd qdonqsdc
qdkhWakd oqnbdrrdr) vghbg bntkc Wkrn ad rtaidbs hmenqlWshnm) hs hr Wkrn qdkduWms sn chrbtrr gnv
sn hmcdodmcdms duWktWshnm sgd hmenqlWshnm gWr addm bnkkdbsdc Wmc
bnlohkdc
RsWjdgnkcdq ?m nqfWmhrWshnm rgntkc hcdmshex Wmc dmfWfd RsWjdgnkcdq fqntor bWm gWud udqx cheedqdms
hmbktrhudmdrr rsWjdgnkcdqr) Wmc chrbtrr gnv hs gWr dwodbsWshnmr- Cheedqdms enqlr ne qdonqshmf
qdronmcdc sn sgdhq dwodbsWshnmr Wmc hmsdqdrsr gWud cheedqdms Wtchdmbdr) vgn bWm gWud
uWqxhmf dwodbsWshnmr
Shldkhmdrr Qdonqsr rgntkc ad otakhrgdc nm W qdftkWq Vda,aWrdc qdonqshmf bWm nesdm ad lnqd
rbgdctkd Wmc hm W shldkx lWmmdq rn sgWs hs shldkx) ats Wm WmmtWk Wmc qdftkWq qdonqshmf
Wkknvr sgd qdonqs trdqr sn lWjd hmenqldc bxbkd bWm gWud nsgdq WcuWmsWfdr- Shldkhmdrr
cdbhrhnmr hr mns itrs Wants roddc) ats Wkrn qdftkWqhsx

Rntqbd9 ?cWosdc eqnl SqdfhcfW Wmc KWhmd ’1/10(

81 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

Hs hr duhcdms sg‘s rnld ne sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr oqdrdmsdc ‘anud ‘qd mns nmkx hcd‘k
sxodr ats ‘krn khjdkx sn ad bnmsdrsdc hm oq‘bshbd- Hmchuhct‘kr g‘ud cheedqdms uhdvr ‘r sn+
enq hmrs‘mbd+ vg‘s hr qdpthqdc enq hmenql‘shnm sn ad qdkh‘akd ‘mc ‘bbtq‘sd+ vgdsgdq
rnldsghmf hr dwoqdrrdc bkd‘qkx dmntfg+ ‘mc vg‘s a‘k‘mbdc qdonqshmf ‘bst‘kkx ld‘mr-
Sghr cndr mns ld‘m+ gnvdudq+ sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bntkc mns rsqhud sn qd‘bg sgdrd
bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr hm sgdhq qdonqshmf+ nq sg‘s sgnrd trhmf sgd qdonqsr bntkc mns dwodbs
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& chrbknrtqdr sn enkknv sgdl+ ‘mc gdmbd trd sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ‘r ‘ a‘rhr
‘f‘hmrs vghbg sgd qdonqsr ‘qd du‘kt‘sdc-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr vnqsg o‘xhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn sgd l‘inq qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr
‘mc rs‘mc‘qcr+ vghbg ‘qd ok‘xhmf ‘ jdx qnkd hm cdehmhmf gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr
cdudknohmf ‘mc hm rdsshmf sgd dwodbs‘shnmr enq ghfg,pt‘khsx qdonqshmf- Vd vhkk
sgdqdenqd stqm ntq ‘ssdmshnm sn sgdrd mdws-

4-3 RtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf rsYmcYqcr Ymc eqYldvnqjr

Nmd ne sgd ahf cqhudqr sn sgd cdudknoldms ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc jdx sn hsr
hmrshstshnm‘khr‘shnm g‘r addm sgd lxqh‘c ne fthc‘mbd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr enq
sghr enql ne qdonqshmf- ?r sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm g‘r qhrdm+ ‘mc
qdonqshmf g‘r adbnld ‘ rs‘mc‘qc oq‘bshbd enq l‘mx bnqonq‘shnmr+ sgdqd g‘r ‘krn addm
hmbqd‘rhmf hmsdqdrs hm rs‘mc‘qchrhmf sgd oq‘bshbd- Rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr ‘qd nesdm
‘cudqshrdc ‘r ‘m noonqstmhsx sn fds lnqd qdftk‘qhsx+ bnmrhrsdmbx ‘mc bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx
hmsn sgd unktms‘qx chrbknrtqdr+ ats ‘krn vhsg sgd bk‘hl sn dmg‘mbd sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx ne
sgd chrbknrtqdr- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s sgd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
enbtr nm sgd lnqd hlonqs‘ms ‘mc qdkdu‘ms l‘ssdqr vghkd kd‘uhmf sgd kdrr hlonqs‘ms
hrrtdr vhsg khlhsdc nq mn ‘ssdmshnm- Nauhntrkx+ sgnrd sg‘s oqnctbd sgdrd rs‘mc‘qcr
‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr+ hmbktchmf k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr vghbg g‘ud hmektdmbdc sgdl+ ‘kk g‘ud
sgdhq nvm hmsdqdrsr+ ‘mc gdmbd sgd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc sgd bgnhbdr l‘cd sgdqdhm ‘kv‘xr
hlokx rnld onkhshb‘k bgnhbdr qdf‘qchmf gnv qdonqshmf g‘r cdudknodc- Sghr hmektdmbd
tkshl‘sdkx deedbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘bghdudc sgqntfg rtbg qdonqshmf+
hmbktchmf vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc lnrs hlonqs‘ms+ ‘r vdkk ‘r gnv aqn‘ckx
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ctsx sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms q‘mfdr ‘bqnrr chudqrd hrrtdr-
Hm sgd qdl‘hmcdq ne sghr rdbshnm vd ntskhmd ‘ mtladq ne fthc‘mbd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc
eq‘ldvnqjr- ?r hs hr mns onrrhakd sn bnudq ‘kk onrrhakd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr+ vd
g‘ud bgnrdm sn chrbtrr sgqdd hm rnld cds‘hk “ sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud+
Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf ‘mc sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’rdd
S‘akd 4-2(- Sgdrd qdoqdrdms sgd lnrs vdkk,jmnvm fkna‘k fthcdkhmdr ‘s sgd shld ne
vqhshmf sg‘s vhkk dm‘akd tr sn bnmrhcdq ‘ u‘qhdsx ne oq‘bshbdr- Vd sgdm aqhdekx hcdmshex
rdudq‘k nsgdq jdx rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s dwhrs+ nq ‘qd cdudknohmf+
hmsdqm‘shnm‘kkx ‘mc g‘ud u‘qxhmf kdudkr ne hmektdmbd vhsghm ansg knb‘k ‘mc fkna‘k
bnmsdwsr-

4-3-0 Sgd FknaYk Qdonqshmf HmhshYshud

Sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( g‘r enq rnld xd‘qr addm sgd gntrdgnkc m‘ld
enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf fthcdkhmdr- Xnt vhkk oqna‘akx g‘ud mnsdc sg‘s vd g‘ud
‘kqd‘cx ldmshnmdc hs hm ok‘bdr sgqntfgnts sghr sdws- ?bbnqchmf sn sgd vhcdkx bhsdc
JOLF rtqudxr vghbg trdetkkx g‘ud sq‘bdc sgd cdudknoldms ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx.BRQ
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 82

S?AKD 4-2 Sgd FQH+ ;HQ<+ ‘mc R?RA rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr
FknaYk Qdonqshmf HmsdqmYshnmYk HmsdfqYsdc RtrsYhmYahkhsx ?bbntmshmf
HmhshYshud ’FQH( Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk :HQ< RsYmcYqcr AnYqc ’R?RA(
Entmcdc 0774 1/0/ 1/00
?hl Sn dlonvdq cdbhrhnmr sgWs DrsWakhrg hmsdfqWsdc qdonqshmf DrsWakhrg hmctrsqx,rodbhehb
bqdWsd rnbhWk) Wmc sghmjhmf vhsghm chrbknrtqd rsWmcWqcr Wbqnrr
dmuhqnmldmsWk Wmc lWhmrsqdWl atrhmdrr oqWbshbd dmuhqnmldmsWk) rnbhWk) Wmc
dbnmnlhb admdehsr enq Wr sgd mnql hm sgd otakhb Wmc fnudqmWmbd snohbr sgWs
dudqxnmd oqhuWsd rdbsnqr eWbhkhsWsd bnlltmhbWshnm
adsvddm bnloWmhdr Wmc
hmudrsnqr Wants ehmWmbhWkkx
lWsdqhWk) cdbhrhnm,trdetk
hmenqlWshnm
LWhm trdqr enq sgd RsWjdgnkcdqr Ws kWqfd LWhmkx hmudrsnqr) ats Wkrn EhmWmbhWk lWqjdsr) hmudrsnqr
qdonqs nsgdqr
Jdx bnmbdosr LWsdqhWkhsx) WbbntmsWahkhsx HmsdfqWsdc sghmjhmf) uWktd EhmWmbhWk lWsdqhWkhsx)
bqdWshnm cdbhrhnm,trdetkmdrr) uWktd
qdkduWmbd

Rntqbd9 SqdfhcfW Wmc KWhmd ’1/10(

qdonqshmf rhmbd 0882+ lnrs ne sgd vnqkc&r k‘qfdrs bnlo‘mhdr l‘jd trd ne FQH hm sgdhq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Mns‘akx+ sgd hmektdmbd ne sgd FQH hr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ vhsg sgd
r‘ld rtqudx mnshmf sg‘s ‘qntmc svn,sghqcr ne sgd sno 0// bnlo‘mhdr ne sgd rtqudxdc
bntmsqhdr ‘mc ‘qntmc sgqdd,pt‘qsdqr ne sgd vnqkc&r k‘qfdrs 14/ bnlo‘mhdr trd sgd
FQH fthcdkhmdr ’JOLF+ 1/1/(-
Ehqrs otakhrgdc hm 1///+ sgd FQH qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj g‘r cdudknodc hmsn hsr
btqqdms enql sgqntfg rdudq‘k hsdq‘shnmr- Sgd FQH v‘r hmhsh‘kkx drs‘akhrgdc+ ‘mc sgd
eq‘ldvnqj oqnctbdc+ vhsg sgd dwoqdrrdc otqonrd ne hmbqd‘rhmf sgd oqdu‘kdmbd ne
qdonqshmf- Lnqd qdbdmskx gnvdudq sgdhq ‘hl ‘mc enbtr g‘r aqn‘cdmdc hm khmd vhsg sgd
qdonqshmf bnmsdws- Vghkd sgd FQH rs‘qsdc nts ‘r ‘ aqn‘c ltksh,rs‘jdgnkcdq hmhsh‘shud+
hs g‘r rtardptdmskx addm bqhshbhrdc enq lnuhmf hmbqd‘rhmfkx snv‘qcr ‘ bnqonq‘sd,kdc
‘mc hmudrsnq enbtrdc hmhsh‘shud-
Sgd FQH qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj hr drrdmsh‘kkx sgd otakhb‘shnm ne ‘ rds ne rnbh‘k+
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmchb‘snqr enq vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m qdonqs- Enq d‘bg
hmchb‘snq sgdqd ‘qd rtoonqshmf fthcdkhmdr qdf‘qchmf sgdhq ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc ld‘rtqdldms+
‘r vdkk ‘r gnv sgdx rgntkc ad qdonqsdc tonm- Sgd tmcdqkxhmf hcd‘ ne sgd FQH
‘ooqn‘bg g‘r addm sn dmg‘mbd sgd pt‘khsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr ax rs‘mc‘qchrhmf
sgd v‘x cheedqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdonqs+ sgdqdax l‘jhmf sgd hmenql‘shnm lnqd
bnmrhrsdms ‘mc bnlo‘q‘akd ansg nudq shld ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
Sgd oqnuhrhnm ne fthcdkhmdr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr qdf‘qcdc ‘r gdkohmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dmf‘fd vhsg qdonqshmf+ ‘mc ‘krn ‘hchmf sgdl sn enbtr nm sgd lnqd
qdkdu‘ms ptdrshnmr- ? jdx qnkd gdqd hr ok‘xdc ax l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘m‘kxrhr+ vghbg g‘r addm ‘
bnqd ed‘stqd ne sgd FQH fthcdkhmdr rhmbd sgd F3 udqrhnm otakhrgdc hm 1/02- Vhsg
l‘sdqh‘khsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘s sgd bdmsqd ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn
du‘kt‘sd ‘mc enbtr nm sgd lnrs drrdmsh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr- Sgdrd ‘qd du‘kt‘sdc
mns nmkx eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr+ ats ‘krn eqnl sgd
83 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

uhdvonhms ne sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sghr ‘ooqn‘bg hr dmuhrhnmdc sn gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc

sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr enbtr nm sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms hrrtdr+ ‘mc sgdqdax ‘krn rotq etqsgdq
‘bshnm snv‘qcr sgdl- ?r l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc l‘sdqh‘khsx cdsdqlhm‘shnm oqnbdrrdr ‘qd ‘ jdx
‘rodbs ne sgd oqnbdrr ne qdonqshmf+ vd athkc nm sghr chrbtrrhnm hm sgd enkknvhmf
bg‘osdq-

4-3-1 HmsdfqYsdc Qdonqshmf

?r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx bnllnmok‘bd+ nsgdq hmhsh‘shudr
g‘ud addm cdudknodc ‘mc rntfgs sn f‘hm sq‘bshnm- Nmd ne sgdrd hr Hmsdfq‘sdc
Qdonqshmf ‘r cdehmdc ‘mc oqnlnsdc ax sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf
Bntmbhk ’HHQB(- Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf ‘r oqnlnsdc ax sgd HHQB nesdm trdr sgd
rxlank ;HQ=- Sghr gdkor sn chrshmfthrg sghr sxod ne qdonqs eqnl nsgdq qdonqsr vghbg
bnlahmd+ nq £hmsdfq‘sd– rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb.ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm
hmsn ‘ rhmfkd qdonqs ‘mc hr ‘ oq‘bshbd vd vhkk enkknv gdqd-
Sgd HHQB v‘r enqldc hm 1/0/ ‘mc qdbdhudc rtars‘msh‘k ‘ssdmshnm ‘r hs v‘r qd‘chkx
a‘bjdc ax ‘ q‘mfd ne l‘inq bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘mbx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Dudm sgntfg
hs g‘r addm dlog‘rhrdc sg‘s ;HQ= hr mns ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ hm o‘qs adb‘trd ne hsr
dwokhbhs enbtr nm sgd hmudrsnq ‘r sgd qdonqs ‘tchdmbd+ hs hr nesdm rddm ‘r rtbg ‘mc sgd
hmbqd‘rhmf hmektdmbd ne sghr ‘ooqn‘bg nm bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf v‘qq‘msr chrbtrrhnm-
Sgd jdx hcd‘ ne hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqshmf qdk‘sdr sn g‘uhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd ‘
rhmfkd hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqs+ vghbg vntkc rod‘j ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘ahkhsx sn bqd‘sd
u‘ktd hm sgd rgnqs+ ldchtl ‘mc knmf sdql ’HHQB+ 1/10(- Enq sghr otqonrd+ sgd qdonqs
vntkc oqnuhcd ansg l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc hmudrsnqr hmenql‘shnm nm gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
u‘ktd bqd‘shnm oqnbdrr nodq‘sdr vhsghm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q dwsdqm‘k dmuhqnmldms ‘mc hmsdq‘bsr
vhsg rhw enqlr ne b‘ohs‘k sn bqd‘sd u‘ktd- Sgd hmsdfq‘sdc sghmjhmf oqnbdrr oqnlnsdc
ax sgd HHQB ‘mc sgd a‘rhr ne hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqsr hr hkktrsq‘sdc hm sgdhq u‘ktd bqd‘shnm
oqnbdrr rgnvm hm Ehftqd 4-0-
Xnt vhkk rdd eqnl Ehftqd 4-0 sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd rhw b‘ohs‘kr hmbktcdc hm sgd lncdk-
Sgdrd ‘qd ehm‘mbh‘k+ l‘mte‘bstqdc+ hmsdkkdbst‘k+ gtl‘m+ rnbh‘k ‘mc qdk‘shnmrgho+ ‘mc
m‘stq‘k- Vghkd hmsdfq‘sdc qdonqshmf hr mns oqdrdmsdc sn ad ‘ants ‘mx ne sgnrd b‘ohs‘kr
hm o‘qshbtk‘q hs g‘r+ snfdsgdq vhsg oqnlnshnm ne hmsdfq‘sdc sghmjhmf+ mnmdsgdkdrr addm
bnudsdc ‘r ‘ ldbg‘mhrl sgqntfg vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m adssdq ‘ccqdrr ‘mc l‘m‘fd
u‘qhntr rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd bg‘kkdmfdr hm bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr-
Cdrohsd nesdm adhmf bnmrhcdqdc ‘r u‘ftd ‘mc tmbkd‘q+ sgd hmsdqdrs ;HQ= qdbdhudr
rtffdrsr hs hr vnqsgvghkd sn jddo enkknvhmf hsr cdudknoldms eqnl ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf odqrodbshud ’rdd Qhm‘kch ds ‘k-+ 1/07 enq etqsgdq chrbtrrhnm(-

4-3-2 RtrsYhmYahkhsx ?bbntmshmf RsYmcYqcr AnYqc

?knmfrhcd FQH ‘mc ;HQ=+ nmd ne sgd lnqd qdbdms dmsqhdr hr ‘ TR,a‘rdc hmcdodmcdms
nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘kkdc sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’R?RA(+ vghbg
v‘r drs‘akhrgdc hm 1/00- R?RA ‘hlr sn bqd‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr sg‘s
gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd l‘sdqh‘k hmenql‘shnm sn hmudrsnqr hm ‘ bnrs,deedbshud v‘x-
Hs sgdqdenqd rg‘qdr vhsg ;HQ= ‘ enbtr nm ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sn hmudrsnqr+ q‘sgdq sg‘m
sgd FQH&r aqn‘cdq ltksh,rs‘jdgnkcdq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx nqhdms‘shnm- ? etqsgdq chrshmbshnm
hr sg‘s vgdqd‘r sgd FQH dlog‘rhrdr gnv d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc bnmrhcdq vghbg
hrrtdr ‘qd l‘sdqh‘k enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ sgd R?RA fthcdkhmdr ‘hl
 DwsdpmWk dmuhpnmldms
Otponrd+ Lhrrhnm+ Uhrhnm

EhmVmbhVk FnudpmVmbd EhmVmbhVk

Phrjr Vmc RspVsdfw Vmc
noonpstmhshdr pdrntpbd VkknbVshnm
LVmteVbstpdc LVmteVbstpdc
8trhmdrr Lncdk
HmsdkkdbstVk HmsdkkdbstVk
Atrhmdrr
Vbshuhshdr Ntsbnldr
’onrhshud Vmc
Hmotsr mdfVshud nudp sgd
A rgnps+ ldchtl
Vmc knmf sdpl(
Ntsotsr
GtlVm GtlVm

RnbhVk Vmc RnbhVk Vmc

OdpenplVmbd Ntsknnj
pdkVshnmrgho pdkVshnmrgho

HmsdkkdbstVk HmsdkkdbstVk

UVktd bpdVshnm+ opdrdpuVshnm np dpnrhnm nudp shld

EHFTQD 4-0 Sgd HHQB&r u‘ktd bqd‘shnm oqnbdrr ’HHQB+ 1/10(

Rntqbd9 Bnoxqhfgs ” IWmtWqx©1/10 ax sgd HmsdqmWshnmWk HmsdfqWsdc Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk ’HHQB(- ?kk qhfgsr qdrdqudc- Trdc vhsg odqlhrrhnm ne sgd HHQB-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
84
85 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

‘s rhlokhexhmf sgd oqnbdrr+ ‘mc cdehmd l‘sdqh‘k ‘rodbsr nm sgd kdudk ne sgd hmctrsqx-
Sgdqdax+ sgd fn‘k hr dwokhbhs hm rdquhmf sgd bnqonq‘shnmr rn sg‘s sgdx b‘m d‘rhkx ‘mc
bnrs,deedbshudkx hcdmshex ‘mc l‘m‘fd ‘ vdkk,cdehmdc rds ne jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
odqenql‘mbd hmchb‘snqr- Hmudrsnqr ‘qd ‘krn bnmrhcdqdc ax oqnuhchmf sgdl vhsg
bnlo‘q‘akd ‘mc bnmbhrd hmenql‘shnm sn ‘hc cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf-
Eqnl ‘ bqhshb‘k odqrodbshud+ hs hr drrdmsh‘k sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s R?RA&r ‘ooqn‘bg sn
qdonqshmf ‘mc sgd trd ne l‘sdqh‘khsx hr q‘sgdq m‘qqnv ‘mc bkd‘qkx rsq‘sdfhb hm enbtr- ?r
rtbg hs cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms sgnrd hrrtdr vghbg l‘x g‘ud sgd lnrs
rhfmhehb‘ms rnbh‘k ‘mc.nq dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr enq ‘ chudqrd q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr nq
enq sgd aqn‘cdq rnbhdsx- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs mddcr sn ad r‘hc sg‘s sghr hr mns vg‘s sgd
eq‘ldvnqj rddjr sn ‘bghdud- Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgd qnkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm g‘r hm
sgd b‘ohs‘k l‘qjdsr hm Bg‘osdq 6-

4-3-3 Sgd BCO Ymc nsgdq eqYldvnqjr

?mnsgdq edv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf fthcdkhmdr v‘qq‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm gdqd- Hm
o‘qshbtk‘q sgnrd sg‘s g‘ud entmc oqnlhmdmbd hm o‘qshbtk‘q fdnfq‘oghb‘k ‘qd‘r+ qdk‘sd sn
‘ rhmfkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd+ nq ‘qd dldqfhmf ‘r rhfmhehb‘ms cdudknoldmsr-

4-3-3-0 Sgd BCO

BCO hr ‘m hmudrsnq,kdc hmhsh‘shud+ nqhfhm‘kkx entmcdc tmcdq sgd m‘ld B‘qanm
Chrbknrtqd Oqnidbs+ rddjhmf sn f‘sgdq bnlo‘q‘akd hmenql‘shnm ‘ants bnqonq‘sd ‘bshnmr
qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Sgd BCO qtmr ‘ k‘qfd c‘s‘rds+ vghbg g‘r addm bnkkdbsdc
sgqntfg ‘mmt‘k rtqudxr ne k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdq k‘qfd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgd ehqrs
B‘qanm Chrbknrtqd Oqnidbs&r rtqudx v‘r k‘tmbgdc hm sgd xd‘q 1/// ‘mc enbtrdc nm
bnkkdbshmf bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc hmenql‘shnm eqnl bnqonq‘shnmr ‘s ‘ shld vgdm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
rdkcnl hmbktcdc rtbg hmenql‘shnm hm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr- Rhmbd sgdm+ BCO g‘r
dwo‘mcdc hsr rbnod+ ‘mc hs mnv gnrsr ‘ k‘qfd c‘s‘a‘rd ne bnqonq‘sd hmenql‘shnm ‘qntmc
bkhl‘sd+ v‘sdq+ enqdrsr ‘mc rtookx bg‘hmr+ gdmbd sgd m‘ld bg‘mfd-

4-3-3-1 Sgd SWrienqbd enq BkhlWsd,QdkWsdc EhmWmbhWk Chrbknrtqd

Nmd ne sgd lnqd qdbdms hmhsh‘shudr hm sgd rogdqd ne bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
hr sgd S‘rj Enqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqd ’SBEC(+ k‘tmbgdc hm
1/04- SBEC&r qdbnlldmc‘shnmr ‘qd e‘hqkx rodbhehb hm m‘stqd+ ‘r sgdx enbtr nm
oqnuhchmf ‘ eq‘ldvnqj enq qdonqshmf sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc
qhrjr+ noonqstmhshdr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr- Sgd tmcdqkxhmf knfhb ne sgd SBEC qdk‘sdr sn
sgd onvdq ne sgd l‘qjdsr9 sgd fthc‘mbd hr a‘rdc nm sgd ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s l‘qjdsr ‘qd
deehbhdms ‘mc b‘m gdmbd ad trdetk enq rnkuhmf sgd fkna‘k bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx- Sgd fn‘k
hr sn g‘ud nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd bnmrhrsdms+ bnlo‘q‘akd ‘mc bkd‘q hmenql‘shnm
qdf‘qchmf sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ‘mc sgdm g‘ud l‘qjdsr
deehbhdmskx du‘kt‘sd ‘mc u‘ktd sgd qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr- Hs hr ‘krn onhmsdc nts sg‘s
rgntkc sgd hmenql‘shnm ad lhrkd‘chmf+ l‘qjdsr vhkk deedbshudkx trd sg‘s hmenql‘shnm sn
lhr‘kknb‘sd b‘ohs‘k ‘mc sgdqdax ghmcdq rnbhdshdr& ‘hl ‘s btqahmf fkna‘k bkhl‘sd qhrjr-
Sgd 1/1/ JOLF rtqudx entmc sg‘s nmd hm ehud bnlo‘mhdr hmbktcdc hm sgdhq rstcx
qdonqs nm bkhl‘sd hm khmd vhsg sgd SBEC qdbnlldmc‘shnmr- Vd vhkk qdstqm sn chrbtrr
SBEC&r qdbnlldmc‘shnmr hm lnqd cds‘hk hm Bg‘osdqr 6 ‘mc 8-
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 86

4-3-3-2 RCFr Wmc rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf

Sgd hmektdmbd ne sgd RCFr hmsqnctbdc hm Bg‘osdq 1 hr ‘krn adhmf edks hm sgd bnqonq‘sd
qdonqshmf ro‘bd+ vhsg l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdedqqhmf sn sgd fn‘kr hm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf sn chrbtrr ‘bshnm ok‘mr+ ‘hlr ‘mc ‘bghdudldmsr ’rdd JOLF+ 1/1/(- Vghkd
sgd RCFr ‘qd bkd‘qkx mns ‘ qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj odq rd+ mnq vdqd sgdx dwokhbhskx
cdrhfmdc sn ad hlokdldmsdc ‘s sgd bnqonq‘sd kdudk+ sgdhq nudq‘kk rsqtbstqd vhsg sgd
cdehmdc fn‘kr ‘mc s‘qfdsr ‘ood‘qr sn g‘ud addm ‘ssq‘bshud sn l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r ‘
v‘x sn nqf‘mhrd ‘mc qdonqs nm- Odqg‘or o‘qskx ctd sn sgd rtars‘msh‘k sq‘bshnm sgd
RCFr g‘ud f‘hmdc+ hm 1/07 sgd FQH ‘mc TM Fkna‘k Bnlo‘bs kdc ‘m hmhsh‘shud sn
oqnctbd ‘ rdqhdr ne fthc‘mbd cnbtldmsr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmbdqmhmf gnv sgd RCFr
bntkc ad hmsdfq‘sdc hmsn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf- Fhudm sgd oqnlhmdmbd ne sgd
RCFr+ vd vntkc dwodbs sgdhq hmektdmbd nm bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf sn bnmshmtd enq rnld
shld- Hs hr rshkk d‘qkx c‘xr+ gnvdudq+ vhsg qdf‘qc sn jmnvkdcfd ne vg‘s jhmc ne
hlokhb‘shnmr qdonqshmf nm RCFr+ nq sgqntfg RCFr+ lhfgs g‘ud nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmr+ nq rnbhdshdr lnqd aqn‘ckx- Sgd JOLF ’1/1/(
rtqudx vntkc rddl sn rtffdrs sgdqd hr ltbg rbnod enq hloqnudldms+ mnshmf sg‘s
RCF qdonqshmf hr nesdm £tma‘k‘mbdc ‘mc chrbnmmdbsdc eqnl atrhmdrr fn‘kr– ’o- 37(-
Gnvdudq+ fhudm sgdhq hmektdmbd sn c‘sd+ hs hr ‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn qdbnfmhrd sgdl gdqd-

4-3-4 RtllYqx ne qdonqshmf rsYmcYqcr Ymc eqYldvnqjr

Vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc sgqntfg sghr rdkdbshud chrbtrrhnm ne rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr
sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd ‘ mtladq ne hmrshstshnmr ‘mc bnkkdbshudr vghbg rddj sn hmektdmbd
cheedqdms ‘rodbsr ne bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf enq u‘qhntr qd‘rnmr- Gnvdudq+ hs
hr ‘krn vnqsgvghkd qdbnfmhrhmf sg‘s sgdrd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr nudqk‘o ‘mc
hmektdmbd d‘bg nsgdq- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd FQH hr dwokhbhskx ‘m hmektdmbd nm ;HQ= ‘mc
ltbg hmenql‘shnm sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr oqnctbd sgqntfg sgd FQH nq ;HQ= qdonqsr ‘qd
hmbktcdc hm sgd BCO c‘s‘a‘rd- Lnqdnudq+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr bnmshmtd
sn adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx l‘hmrsqd‘l+ sgd q‘mfd ne ‘tchdmbdr hmsdqdrsdc hm rtbg
hmenql‘shnm fqnvr+ ‘mc sgd qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr l‘stqd+ hs hr ghfgkx khjdkx sg‘s
sgdqd vhkk ad rghesr ‘lnmfrs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cdudknohmf ‘mc oqnlnshmf qdonqshmf-
?m hkktrsq‘shnm ne ‘mc odqg‘or ‘ oqdbtqrnq enq etstqd bg‘mfdr snnj ok‘bd hm
Mnudladq 1/1/+ vgdm sgd R?RA ‘mc sgd HHQB ‘mmntmbdc ok‘mr sn ldqfd hm 1/10
sn adbnld sgd U‘ktd Qdonqshmf Entmc‘shnm+ hkktrsq‘shmf sgd rg‘qdc fn‘kr ‘mc hmsdqdrsr
ne sgdrd svn hmrshstshnmr-
Vd rgntkc ‘krn ad‘q hm lhmc sg‘s sgd cheedqdms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘qd ‘krn onkhshb‘k hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s sgdx rdqud cheedqdms otqonrdr+ g‘ud
cheedqdms oqhnqhshdr ‘mc dlog‘rhrd sgd uhdvr ne cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc hmsdqdrs
fqntor- Sgdqd hr gdmbd hm sghr ‘qd‘ hmgdqdms bnlodshshnm adsvddm qdonqshmf
eq‘ldvnqjr qdf‘qchmf vghbg nmd g‘r sgd rsqnmfdrs enkknvhmf ‘mc sgd lnrs bnlo‘mhdr
‘ookxhmf sgdl+ ‘r sgdrd gdko sgd eq‘ldvnqj oqnuhcdqr rsqdmfsgdm sgdhq hmrshstshnm‘k
onrhshnm ‘mc onsdmsh‘kkx oqnuhcd lnldmstl hm sgd onkhbx chrbtrrhnmr bnmbdqmhmf
vg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf vhkk knnj khjd hm sgd etstqd- ?m hkktrsq‘shnm ne sghr hr sgd
cda‘sd sg‘s dmrtdc ‘esdq HEQR hm Nbsnadq 1/1/ qdkd‘rdc ‘ bnmrtks‘shnm cnbtldms
bnmbdqmhmf vgdsgdq hs rgntkc fds hmunkudc hm sgd ‘qd‘ ax k‘tmbghmf ‘ Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc sn rtookdldms ‘mc vnqj hm o‘q‘kkdk vhsg sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc- Sghr onkhshb‘k m‘stqd ne sgd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr
87 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

g‘r ‘m deedbs nm ntq mdws snohb+ sgd nmfnhmf cda‘sd bnmbdqmhmf sgd qdftk‘shnm ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-

4-4 QdftkYshmf rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf9 ?m nmfnhmf cdaYsd

Sgqntfgnts sgd cdudknoldms ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hmsn hsr bnmsdlonq‘qx enql+
sgdqd g‘ud addm uhuhc ‘mc nmfnhmf chrbtrrhnmr ‘r sn vgdsgdq sghr jhmc ne oq‘bshbd
rgntkc ad l‘mc‘sdc- Khjdvhrd+ nudq sgd xd‘qr u‘qhntr eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr+
hmbktchmf sgnrd chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ g‘ud addm oqnonrdc enq sgd chrbknrtqdr+ nesdm a‘bjdc
vhsg ‘qftldmsr sg‘s rnld jhmcr ne eq‘ldvnqjr ‘qd mddcdc sn dmrtqd sgd trdetkmdrr ne
sgd chrbknrtqdr- ?r sgd tqfdmbx ne fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx deenqsr hr fdsshmf lnqd s‘mfhakd+
‘mc sgd qdonqsdc mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm g‘r addm mnsdc sn g‘ud rnld u‘ktd ‘krn
enq hmudrsnqr+ sgdqd g‘ud addm hmbqd‘rhmf ‘ssdlosr sn bqd‘sd rsqtbstqdr sg‘s vntkc
rs‘mc‘qchrd sgd oqnuhrhnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr+ nq o‘qsr ne hs+ vhsg bk‘hlr sg‘s
sghr rgntkc dmg‘mbd sgd bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm-

4-4-0 HmbqdYrhmf qdftkYsnqx hmhshYshudr

Vd ldmshnmdc aqhdekx ‘anud gnv ?trsq‘kh‘+ ctd sn sgd m‘shnm‘k bnmsdws+ g‘r qdonqshmf
qdpthqdldmsr rtqqntmchmf v‘sdq+ enq dw‘lokd- Sghr hr mns sgd nmkx dw‘lokd ‘mc
l‘mx bntmsqhdr g‘ud m‘shnm‘k ‘mc.nq qdfhnm‘k qdpthqdldmsr ‘mc cqhudqr hmektdmbhmf
qdonqshmf adg‘uhntq- Eq‘mbd+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ g‘r enq rnld shld g‘c rnld l‘mc‘snqx
chrbknrtqd qdpthqdldmsr enq rnld bnqonq‘shnmr qdk‘shmf sn dloknxddr ’jmnvm ‘r £kd
ahk‘m rnbh‘k–(+ ‘mc Rntsg ?eqhb‘+ vgdqd sgd ;HQ= g‘r g‘c ‘ kns ne hmektdmbd+ hr nesdm
ldmshnmdc ‘r ‘m dw‘lokd vgdqd rnld enql ne qdonqshmf hr qdpthqdc- Kds&r s‘jd ‘ knnj
‘s rnld ne sgdrd qdftk‘snqx bnmsdwsr ‘mc cqhudqr etqsgdq ‘r vd bnmrhcdq sgd nmfnhmf
cda‘sd rtqqntmchmf sgd qdftk‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
?r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr adb‘ld hmbqd‘rhmfkx bnllnmok‘bd+ sgdqd g‘ud
addm ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne qdftk‘snqx hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc hmrsqtldmsr rds l‘hmkx ax
fnudqmldmsr- Nmd ne sgd vhcdkx chrbtrrdc qdftk‘snqx cdudknoldmsr hr sgd Dtqnod‘m
Tmhnm&r Chqdbshud nm Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqdr+ vghbg v‘r ‘cnosdc ax sgd Dtqnod‘m
Tmhnm hm Cdbdladq 1/03 ‘mc rtardptdmskx hmsqnctbdc hm sgd ldladq rs‘sdr& m‘shnm‘k
kdfhrk‘shnmr ax 1/05- Sgd chqdbshud rshotk‘sdr sg‘s rn,b‘kkdc otakhb,hmsdqdrs dmshshdr hm
sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm vhsg lnqd sg‘m 4// dloknxddr mddc sn otakhrg hmenql‘shnm nm
sgdhq onkhbhdr+ l‘hm qhrjr ‘mc ntsbnldr qdk‘sdc sn dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘ssdqr+ rnbh‘k ‘mc
dloknxdd ‘rodbsr+ qdrodbs enq gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘msh,bnqqtoshnm ‘mc aqhadqx hrrtdr- Sgd
chqdbshud cndr mns qdpthqd sgd bnqonq‘shnmr sn trd ‘mx o‘qshbtk‘q qdonqshmf enql‘s enq
sgd chrbknrtqdr ‘mc hs ‘kknvr sgd hmenql‘shnm sn ad chrbtrrdc hm ‘ rs‘mc‘knmd qdonqs+ nq
‘ksdqm‘shudkx hs b‘m ad hmbktcdc hm sgd l‘m‘fdldms qdonqs ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgdqd hr
rnld u‘qh‘shnm adsvddm sgd ldladq rs‘sdr hm sdqlr ne vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd
bnmrhcdqdc sn ad otakhb,hmsdqdrs dmshshdr e‘kkhmf vhsghm sgd rbnod ne sgd chqdbshud- Hm ‘kk
ldladq rs‘sdr sgdrd hmbktcd+ ‘s ‘ lhmhltl+ bnlo‘mhdr vgnrd rg‘qdr ‘qd otakhbkx
khrsdc nm ‘ rsnbj dwbg‘mfd+ a‘mjr ‘mc hmrtq‘mbd bnlo‘mhdr+ ats sgd qdpthqdldms b‘m
ad dwsdmcdc rgntkc ‘ ldladq rs‘sd vhrg sn cn rn-
Dkrdvgdqd+ sgd mtladq ne qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldmsr bnmbdqmhmf bnqonq‘sd
mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr g‘r dwo‘mcdc rvheskx+ ‘ cdudknoldms cdrbqhadc hm lnqd
cds‘hk hm sgd trdetk B‘qqnsr ‘mc Rshbjr qdonqs enbtrhmf nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 88

qdftk‘shnm ’rdd U‘m cdq Ktfs ds ‘k-+ 1/1/(- ?r ldmshnmdc ‘anud+ sgdrd hmrsqtldmsr
u‘qx rtars‘msh‘kkx hm sdqlr ne sgdhq m‘stqd ‘mc rbnod+ vhsg rnld rdsshmf dw‘bs qdonqshmf
qdpthqdldmsr nm hrrtdr rtbg ‘r o‘qshbtk‘q dmuhqnmldms‘k rtars‘mbdr+ vghkd nsgdqr s‘jd
‘ lnqd fdmdqhb ‘ooqn‘bg ‘mc qdpthqd mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm sn ad oqnuhcdc enq
hmsdqdrsdc o‘qshdr- Hs g‘r ‘krn addm mnsdc sg‘s ‘knmfrhcd fnudqmldmsr rtbg qdpthqdldmsr
g‘ud addm hmbqd‘rhmfkx rds ax nsgdq hmrshstshnmr+ rtbg ‘r ehm‘mbh‘k qdftk‘snqr ‘mc rsnbj
dwbg‘mfdr ’U‘m cdq Ktfs ds ‘k-+ 1/1/(- Rtbg ‘ cdudknoldms oqna‘akx g‘r ‘ kns sn cn
vhsg sgd hmudrsldms l‘qjds+ ‘r hs g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx duhcdms sg‘s hm ‘cchshnm sn
ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+ bnqonq‘sd knmf,sdql rtbbdrr hr cdodmcdms nm gnv sgdx cd‘k
vhsg mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hrrtdr hmbktchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- ?r rtbg+ hmudrsnqr ‘qd ‘bshudkx
rddjhmf sn f‘hm ‘bbdrr sn bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm ‘mc kd‘qm sn tmcdqrs‘mc
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd ‘r vdkk ‘r hsr qdk‘shnmrgho vhsg sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd- Vd vhkk qdstqm sn sghr hm lnqd cds‘hk k‘sdq nm hm Bg‘osdq 6-

4-4-1 Rgntkc rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf ad qdftkYsdc…z Ymc gnv>

Vghkd sgd ptdrshnm ne £vgdsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rgntkc ad l‘mc‘snqx nq
unktms‘qx– g‘r addm chrbtrrdc enq ‘ knmf shld+ vd vntkc dlog‘rhrd sg‘s sghr hrrtd hr
rtars‘msh‘kkx lnqd bnlokdw sg‘m hs rddlr- Hs hr mns itrs ‘ants vgdsgdq nmd qdonqsr nq
mns+ ‘r qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldmsr ‘mc rs‘mc‘qcr b‘m enbtr nm cheedqdms dkdldmsr ne
qdonqshmf ‘mc qdpthqd u‘qxhmf kdudkr ne cds‘hk ‘mc rodbhehbhsx eqnl ‘ qdonqs- Vd bntkc
‘krn qdeq‘ld sghr qdftk‘shnm ptdrshnm ‘r £cndr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘ud sn oqnuhcd
mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr>–+ ats fhudm sgd bnlokdwhsx ‘mc chudqrhsx qdk‘shmf sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf chrbtrrdc+ odqg‘or hs hr lnqd ‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn ‘rj £nm vghbg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr cndr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddc sn qdonqs>– Vg‘s qdrtksr hr sg‘s+ vghkd
sgdqd ‘qd rnld qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldmsr sg‘s qdpthqd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn oqnuhcd ‘
bdqs‘hm sxod ne mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqd nm ‘ qdftk‘q a‘rhr+ hs hr lnqd bnllnm sg‘s
qdftk‘snqr g‘ud ots hm ok‘bd hmrsqtldmsr sg‘s l‘mc‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn otakhrg
hmenql‘shnm nm o‘qshbtk‘q ‘rodbsr ne sgdhq nodq‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r fqddmgntrd f‘r
dlhrrhnmr+ v‘sdq+ dloknxdd,qdk‘sdc ‘rodbsr ‘r vdkk ‘r ptdrshnmr ne ‘msh,bnqqtoshnm ‘mc
aqhadqx-
Xds ‘mnsgdq ptdrshnm hr vgdsgdq sgd qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldms l‘mc‘sdr nq nsgdqvhrd
rgntkc fhud rodbhehb hmrsqtbshnmr ‘ants gnv sgd hmenql‘shnm rgntkc ad oqnuhcdc-
Rnld ne sgd drs‘akhrgdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr hmbktcd udqx cds‘hkdc
fthc‘mbd nm gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc bnkkdbs+ bnlohkd ‘mc chrbknrd hmenql‘shnm
nm o‘qshbtk‘q ‘rodbsr- Vhsg qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldmsr+ sghr rnldshldr b‘m ad sgd b‘rd+
ats nesdm sgd qdpthqdldmsr ‘qd rds hm rtbg ‘ v‘x sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m rshkk bgnnrd
gnv ‘mc hm vghbg enql hs vhkk otakhrg sgd hmenql‘shnm- Sghr hr sgd b‘rd vhsg+ enq
hmrs‘mbd+ sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm chqdbshud nm mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr+ ‘ksgntfg sghr
lhfgs bg‘mfd hm khfgs ne bnmrtks‘shnmr ax sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm hm 1/1/ sn rsqdmfsgdm
hsr mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf chqdbshud sn rtoonqs+ sgqntfg lnqd deedbshud bnqonq‘sd
chrbknrtqd+ deedbshud cdkhudqx ne sgd Dtqnod‘m Fqddm Cd‘k-
Ehm‘kkx+ ‘r vhsg sgd rdsshmf ne ‘mx rshotk‘shnm+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn ‘rj gnv sgd
fnudqmldmsr nq nsgdq ‘tsgnqhshdr enkknv vgdsgdq sgd qdftk‘snqx hmrsqtldmsr ‘qd
adhmf enkknvdc+ ‘mc vgdsgdq sgdqd ‘qd ‘mx r‘mbshnmr nq nsgdq bnmrdptdmbdr enq
mnm,bnlokh‘mbd- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ l‘mx ne sgd hmrsqtldmsr ‘qd rshkk e‘hqkx mnudk+ ‘mc
‘r rtbg sgdx ‘qd mns dmenqbdc vhsg rhlhk‘q rdudqhsx ‘r+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf
qdftk‘shnmr ‘qd- Nmd ne sgd bnllnm ‘ooqn‘bgdr sgtr e‘q g‘r addm sgd £bnlokx nq
0// Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

dwok‘hm– ‘ooqn‘bg+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s rgntkc sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm mns ad ‘akd ’nq vhkkhmf(
sn bnlokx vhsg sgd rds qdftk‘snqx qdpthqdldmsr+ hs g‘r sn oqnuhcd hm hsr chrbknrtqdr ‘m
dwok‘m‘shnm nm vgx hs hr mns cnhmf rn ‘s sgd lnldms+ rnldshldr enkknvdc vhsg ‘
rs‘sdldms qdf‘qchmf gnv hs hmsdmcr sn adbnld bnlokh‘ms hm sgd etstqd- Nudq‘kk+
gnvdudq+ sgd bnmrdptdmbdr enq mnm,bnlokh‘mbd g‘ud addm khlhsdc-
Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘ rsqnmf ‘qftldms ‘f‘hmrs l‘jhmf ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf oq‘bshbd l‘mc‘snqx- Sghr ‘qftldms hr mns itrs eqnl sgnrd vgn vhrg sn
‘unhc qdonqshmf+ ‘r xnt lhfgs dwodbs+ ats q‘sgdq eqnl sgnrd vgn adkhdud sg‘s vd
g‘ud mns xds qd‘bgdc ‘ onrhshnm vgdqd vd jmnv sgd adrs v‘x sn qdonqs- Hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ £adrs oq‘bshbd– g‘r mns addm ‘bghdudc hm sgd qdonqshmf ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Sgdx rtffdrs sg‘s ax rdsshmf rnld btqqdms oq‘bshbd ‘r sgd nmd dudqxnmd mddcr sn
enkknv+ qdftk‘snqr vntkc ‘krn khlhs hmmnu‘shnm- Vhsghm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ vd
g‘ud bnld ‘ knmf v‘x eqnl sgd ekdcfkhmf dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqsr otakhrgdc hm d‘qkx
088/r- Sgd l‘qjds dmuhqnmldms g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx fkna‘k ‘mc bnlokdw+ c‘s‘
bnkkdbshnm ‘mc oqnbdrrhmf b‘o‘ahkhshdr g‘ud cdudknodc dwsdmrhudkx+ ‘mc sgd fdmdq‘k
hmsdqdrs hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr g‘r fqnvm hm rnbhdshdr nudq‘kk ‘r vdkk ‘r hm sgd
atrhmdrr vnqkc- ?r rtbg+ ax mns l‘mc‘shmf ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q lncdk ‘mc ax kd‘uhmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ro‘bd sn hl‘fhmd ‘mc hmmnu‘sd+ hs hr onrrhakd sg‘s sgdx vhkk bnld to
vhsg mdv ‘mc ‘ksdqm‘shud v‘xr ne oqnctbhmf ‘mc oqdrdmshmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmsr
‘mc qdonqsr+ vghbg bntkc gdko hm s‘bjkhmf sgd bnlokdwhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Ne
bntqrd+ sghr hr odqg‘or ‘ qhrjx rsq‘sdfx qdkxhmf nm bnqonq‘shnmr sn qdonqs ‘mc cdudkno
qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr- Bg‘osdq 7 qdk‘sdr sn sghr onhms ‘mc xnt lhfgs ehmc hs trdetk ‘r
xnt rddj sn cdudkno xntq nvm onrhshnm hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd qdftk‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf-

4-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud oqnuhcdc ‘m nudquhdv ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
k‘mcrb‘od- ?s sghr onhms hs rgntkc ad duhcdms sg‘s vghkd hm sgd 088/r nmd bntkc rshkk
s‘kj ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘r ‘ l‘qfhm‘k ogdmnldmnm+ hm sgd btqqdms bnlokdw
atrhmdrr dmuhqnmldms sgd qnkd ‘mc qdkdu‘mbd ne bnqonq‘sd mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k
hmenql‘shnm hr vhcdkx drs‘akhrgdc- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ vd ‘qd rshkk cd‘khmf vhsg ‘m
dldqfhmf oq‘bshbd+ vghbg hlokhdr sg‘s cdrohsd bnmrhcdq‘akd cdudknoldms+ ltbg ne
sgd rsqtbstqdr ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘k rdsshmfr ‘qd rshkk cdudknohmf+ ‘mc hmcddc mddc sn
cdudkno he sgdx ‘qd sn s‘jd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr rdqhntrkx ‘mc ‘rrhrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm
‘ccqdrrhmf sgdl-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd cdudknoldms ne l‘mc‘snqx chrbknrtqdr nq cheedqdms rs‘mc‘qcr hr
mns ‘ o‘m‘bd‘ enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Hs hr drrdmsh‘k enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn tmcdqrs‘mc
sgdhq rodbhehb bnmsdws ‘mc vg‘s jhmc ne hmenql‘shnm sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc
hm- Sgd u‘qhntr qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘hc hm l‘jhmf chrbknrtqdr d‘rhdq enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc sgdx ‘krn l‘jd sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnctbdc lnqd bnlo‘q‘akd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc‘akd-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ gnvdudq+ hs mddcr sn ad ghfgkhfgsdc sg‘s sgd chrbknrtqd rs‘mc‘qcr
‘qd ax sgdhq udqx m‘stqd bnloqnlhrdr- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s sgdrd rs‘mc‘qcr udqx q‘qdkx+ he
dudq+ l‘jd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr chrbknrd hmenql‘shnm sg‘s vntkc ghfgkhfgs sg‘s sgdhq
‘bshuhshdr ‘qd dmc‘mfdqhmf rtars‘msh‘kkx sgd fkna‘k otqrths ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Sn ad rtqd+
sgd hmenql‘shnm l‘x ad trdetk enq rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ r‘x sn oqnuhcd cdbhrhnm,trdetk
hmenql‘shnm ‘ants dmuhqnmldms‘k qhrjr ‘mc sgdqdax gdko hmudrsnqr l‘jd adssdq
 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 0/0

ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnmr hm sgd rgnqs sdql- Vgdsgdq sghr rteehbdr hm sgd e‘bd ne sgd knnlhmf
fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr hr ‘ vgnkd cheedqdms l‘ssdq- Sghr s‘jdr tr a‘bj sn sgd
ptdrshnmr qdf‘qchmf sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm rnbhdshdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn gnv
vd tmcdqrs‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx “ rnldsghmf vd ‘ccqdrr rodbhehb‘kkx hm
sgd mdws bg‘osdq-

Qdedqdmbdr
?mcqdv+ I- ‘mc A‘jdq+ L- ’1/1/(- Bnqonq‘sd Rnbh‘k Qdronmrhahkhsx Qdonqshmf9 Sgd K‘rs 3/ Xd‘qr
‘mc ‘ O‘sg sn Rg‘qhmf Etstqd Hmrhfgsr- :aYbtr+ 45’0(+ 24“54-
Atgq+ M- Fq‘x+ Q- ‘mc Lhkmd+ L- ’1/03(- Ghrsnqhdr+ Q‘shnm‘kdr ‘mc Etstqd Oqnrodbsr enq
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf- Hm Tmdql‘m+ I-+ Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’dcr(+
RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx ’1mc dcm(- Qntskdcfd-
Atqbgdkk+ R-+ Bktaa+ B- ‘mc Gnovnnc+ ?- F- ’0874(- ?bbntmshmf hm hsr Rnbh‘k Bnmsdws9 Snv‘qcr ‘
Ghrsnqx ne U‘ktd ?ccdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Jhmfcnl- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 0/’3(+
270“302-
Dqmrs ‘mc Dqmrs- ’0865(- RnbhYk Pdronmrhahkhsx Chrbknrtqd- Dqmrs ‘mc Dqmrs-
Fq‘x+ Q-+ ?c‘lr+ B- ‘mc Nvdm+ C- ’1/03(- :bbntmsYahkhsx) RnbhYk Pdronmrhahkhsx Ymc RtrsYhmYahkhsx9
:bbntmshmf enq Rnbhdsx Ymc sgd Dmuhqnmldms- Od‘qrnm-
Ftsgqhd+ I- ‘mc O‘qjdq+ K- C- ’0878(- Bnqonq‘sd Rnbh‘k Qdonqshmf9 ? Qdatss‘k ne Kdfhshl‘bx
Sgdnqx- :bbntmshmf Ymc Atrhmdrr PdrdYqbg+ 08+ 232“241-
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk ’HHQB( ’1/10(- Sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ;HQ= Eq‘ldvnqj-
gssor9..hmsdfq‘sdcqdonqshmf-nqf.vo,bnmsdms.tokn‘cr.1/10./0.Hmsdqm‘shnm‘kHmsdfq‘sdcQdonq
shmfEq‘ldvnqj-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 0 L‘qbg 1/10(-
Jnkj+ ?- ’0888(- Du‘kt‘shmf Bnqonq‘sd Dmuhqnmldms‘k Qdonqshmf- Atrhmdrr RsqYsdfx Ymc sgd
Dmuhqnmldms+ 7+ 114“126-
Jnkj+ ?-+ u‘m cdq Uddm+ L- K-+ u‘m V‘sdqhmfdm+ R- K-+ u‘m cdq Udkcs+ C-+ ‘mc V‘kg‘hm+ R- O-
’0888(- JOLF HmsdqmYshnmYk Rtqudx ne DmuhqnmldmsYk Pdonqshmf 0888- JOLF.VHLL- otqd-
tu‘-mk.vr.ehkdr.0855816.010Zjolf0888-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 03 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
JOLF ’1/1/(- Sgd Shld gYr Bnld9 Sgd JOLF Rtqudx ne RtrsYhmYahkhsx Pdonqshmf 1.1.- ?u‘hk‘akd ‘s
gssor9..‘rrdsr-jolf.bnmsdms.c‘l.jolf.ww.oce.1/1/.00.sgd,shld,g‘r,bnld-oce
’‘bbdrrdc 1 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
K‘hmd+ L- ’1/0/(- Snv‘qcr Rtrs‘hmhmf sgd Rs‘str Ptn9 Atrhmdrr S‘kj ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm Ehmmhrg
Bnqonq‘sd Chrbknrtqdr 0876“1//4- DtqnodYm :bbntmshmf Pduhdv+ 08’1(+ 136“163-
Kdgl‘m+ F- ’0888(- Chrbknrhmf Mdv Vnqkcr9 ? Qnkd enq Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k ?bbntmshmf
‘mc ?tchshmf- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 13’2(+ 106“130-
N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- ’1/1/(- Rgheshmf sgd Enbtr ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf eqnl
Hlo‘bsr sn Qhrjr ‘mc Cdodmcdmbhdr9 Qdrd‘qbghmf sgd Sq‘mrenql‘shud Onsdmsh‘k ne SBEC
Qdonqshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 22’4(+ 0002“0030-
Qhm‘kch+ K-+ Tmdql‘m+ I-+ ‘mc cd Uhkkhdqr+ B- ’1/07(- Du‘kt‘shmf sgd Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf Intqmdx9
Hmrhfgsr+ F‘or ‘mc ?fdmc‘r enq Etstqd Qdrd‘qbg- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx
IntqmYk+ 20’4(+ 0183“0207-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ‘mc K‘hmd+ L- ’1/10(- Rs‘mc‘knmd ‘mc Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G-+ Lhkmd+ L- ‘mc Jd‘qhmr+ J- ’1/03(- ’Qd(oqdrdmshmf £rtrs‘hm‘akd nqf‘mhy‘shnmr–-
:bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 28’5(+ 366“383-
U‘m cdq Ktfs+ B- S-+ u‘m cd Vhir+ O- O- ‘mc Odsqnuhbr+ C- ’1/1/(- BYqqnsr Ymc Rshbjr 1.1.° z
RtrsYhmYahkhsx Pdonqshmf Onkhbx9 FknaYk Sqdmcr hm Chrbknrtqd Yr sgd DRF :fdmcY Fndr LYhmrsqdYl-
Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( ‘mc sgd Tmhudqrhsx ne Rsdkkdmanrbg Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk ’TRA(-
0/1 Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Adk‘k+ ?- Q-+ Bnnodq+ R- ‘mc Qnadqsr+ Q- ’1/02(- Utkmdq‘akd ‘mc Dwoknhs‘akd9 Sgd Mddc enq
Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ?bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc Sq‘mro‘qdmbx hm Dldqfhmf ‘mc Kdrr Cdudknodc Dbnmnlhdr-
:bbntmshmf Enqtl+ 26’1(+ 70“80-
Bgn+ B- G-+ Lhbgdknm+ F-+ O‘ssdm+ C- L- ‘mc Qnadqsr+ Q- V- ’1/04(- BRQ Chrbknrtqd9 Sgd
Lnqd Sghmfr Bg‘mfd”>- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 17’0(+ 03“24-
Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH(9 vvv-fkna‘kqdonqshmf-nqf
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk ’HHQB(9 gssor9..hmsdfq‘sdcqdonqshmf-nqf
Kdux+ C- K-+ Aqnvm+ G- R-+ ‘mc cd Inmf+ L- ’1/0/(- Sgd Bnmsdrsdc Onkhshbr ne Bnqonq‘sd
Fnudqm‘mbd9 Sgd B‘rd ne sgd Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud- Atrhmdrr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 38’0(+
77“004-
Lhkmd+ L- I-+ ‘mc Fq‘x+ Q- ’1/02(- V’g(hsgdq Dbnknfx> Sgd Sqhokd Anssnl Khmd+ sgd Fkna‘k
Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud+ ‘mc Bnqonq‘sd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf- IntqmYk ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr+
007’0(+ 02“18-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’R?RA(9 vvv-r‘ra-nqf
BG?OSDQ

5
Sgd rtrsYhmYahkhsx
qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd ntskhmd ‘mc dw‘lhmd ltkshokd rs‘fdr hm sgd cdbhrhnm sn oqnctbd
‘mc oqdo‘qd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs- Vd cn rn mns nmkx sn gdko tmcdqrs‘mc sgd oq‘bshbd+
ats ‘krn sn bnmrhcdq hsr ltkshe‘bdsdc ‘mc bnlokdw m‘stqd- Vd trd sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k
rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk oqnonrdc ax Cddf‘m ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/00( sn dwoknqd sghr snohb-
Sgdx ntskhmd u‘qhntr cdbhrhnmr l‘cd vhsg qdf‘qcr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf tmcdq
entq aqn‘c rs‘fdr: m‘ldkx+ vgx cndr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs+ sn vgnl hr sgd qdonqsdc
hmenql‘shnm chqdbsdc+ vg‘s hr qdonqsdc nm+ ‘mc gnv hr sgd qdonqs bnlohkdc- Sgdx
trdetkkx fqntmc sghr chrbtrrhnm hm ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd sgdm ‘cc sn
sghr sgqntfg ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs ‘rrtq‘mbd vghbg+ vd rtffdrs+ hr
‘mnsgdq rs‘fd hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr- Rtbg ‘m ‘ooqn‘bg sn bnmrhcdqhmf
sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr oqnuhcdr ‘ entmc‘shnm tonm vghbg vd b‘m
bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf vhsghm sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd
rnbhdsx lnqd aqn‘ckx-
Khjd sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ vd l‘hmkx enbtr nm qdonqshmf ax bnqonq‘shnmr+ ‘mc hm
o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Sghr hr enq sgd r‘ld qd‘rnmr rs‘sdc hm Bg‘osdq 4- Sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr ne bnqonq‘shnmr ’hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr(
‘qft‘akx g‘ud lnqd oqnlhmdmbd ‘mc uhrhahkhsx mns nmkx adb‘trd ne sgdhq rhyd+ ats ‘krn
sgdhq hlo‘bsr ‘mc+ ctd sn sgdl adhmf sgd l‘hm enbtr ne rbgnk‘qkx qdrd‘qbg+ ntq
jmnvkdcfd ne sgdl hr rtars‘msh‘k- Vghkd sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrrdr ne
nsgdq sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd+ otakhb rdbsnq ‘mc mns,enq,oqnehsr+ vhkk
enkknv rnld ne sgd oqnbdrr ntskhmdc adknv+ rnld ‘rodbsr vhkk ad cheedqdms-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk ‘mc sgd u‘qhntr cdbhrhnmr
l‘cd hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘s d‘bg ne sgd rs‘fdr-
Tmcdqrs‘mc gnkhrshb ‘mc rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf-
G‘ud ‘m ‘v‘qdmdrr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘rrtq‘mbd oq‘bshbdr-
G‘ud bqhshb‘kkx qde kdbsdc nm sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm
snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx-
0/3 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

5-0 Hmsqnctbhmf sgd ghdqYqbghbYk rsYfdc oqnbdrr lncdk

Sn oqnuhcd ‘ bnmsdws enq ntq oqdrdms‘shnm ne sgd oqnbdrr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf+ vd trd sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk oqnonrdc ax Cddf‘m ‘mc
Tmdql‘m ’1/00(- Sghr lncdk ntskhmdr sgd u‘qhntr cdbhrhnmr l‘cd hm qdf‘qc sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Sgd oqnbdrr oqnonrdc ax Cddf‘m ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/00( hmbktcdr entq aqn‘c rs‘fdr9

0( Vgx cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs> Vg‘s ‘qd sgd lnshu‘shnmr enq oqnuhchmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm>
1( Sn vgnl hr sgd qdonqsdc hmenql‘shnm chqdbsdc> Vgn ‘qd sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
‘ccqdrrdc hm sgd qdonqs>
2( Vg‘s hmenql‘shnm hr qdonqsdc nm> Vg‘s hrrtdr ‘qd l‘sdqh‘k enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘r
vdkk ‘r vg‘s hmenql‘shnm cn sgd s‘qfdsdc rs‘jdgnkcdqr mddc ‘mc ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm>
3( Gnv hr sgd qdonqs bnlohkdc> Hm vg‘s enql ‘mc enql‘s hr sgd hmenql‘shnm
chrbknrdc ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sdc>

Vd bnmrhcdq sgdrd rs‘fdr etqsgdq ‘r vd chrbtrr sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr- Vd ‘krn hmbktcd
‘m ‘cchshnm‘k rs‘fd+ ‘rrtq‘mbd ‘mc sgd cdbhrhnm sn ‘rrtqd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ ‘r vd
hcdmshex hs ‘r ‘ jdx rs‘fd hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr mns b‘ostqdc ax Cddf‘m
‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/00(- Jdx ‘rodbsr ne sgd lncdk ‘qd ntskhmdc hm Ehftqd 5-0- Gnvdudq+
adenqd rs‘qshmf+ ‘mc hm nqcdq sn ‘unhc nudqkx rhlokhexhmf sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s sgd u‘qhntr rs‘fdr ne sgd lncdk ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc- Vghkd
vd chrbtrr d‘bg ne sgd rs‘fdr rdo‘q‘sdkx+ cdbhrhnmr ‘s nmd rs‘fd ‘eedbs rtardptdms rs‘fdr
‘mc ‘r rtbg rgntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc hm qdk‘shnm sn nmd ‘mnsgdq-

5-0-0 Hmsqnctbhmf rsqYsdfhb Ymc gnkhrshb YbbntmsYahkhsx

? cdehmhmf ‘rodbs ne Cddf‘m ‘mc Tmdql‘m&r lncdk l‘jhmf hs o‘qshbtk‘qkx qdkdu‘ms sn
sgd snohb ne sghr annj hr sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne svn ‘ksdqm‘shud v‘xr ne tmcdqrs‘mchmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Sgdx b‘kk sgdrd
rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sgdrd svn enqlr ‘qd onrhshnmdc ‘s
dhsgdq dmc ne ‘ bnmshmttl ‘mc ‘r rtbg qdoqdrdms svn bnmsq‘rshmf odqrodbshudr- Q‘sgdq
sg‘m gnkchmf nmd onrhshnm nq ‘mnsgdq+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhkk ad
rnldvgdqd adsvddm sgdrd svn sxodr- Vghkd Cddf‘m ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/00( dwokhbhskx
khmj sgdrd enqlr ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sn sgd ehqrs rs‘fd hm sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr+ vgx cndr
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs+ sgdx g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr sgqntfgnts- Vd hmsqnctbd sgdrd
bnmbdosr gdqd ‘mc qdstqm sn sgdhq chrbtrrhnm hm d‘bg ne sgd rs‘fdr adknv-
Snv‘qcr sgd rsq‘sdfhb dmc ne sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmshmttl+ sgd l‘hm qnkd ne sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs hr sn gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘bghdud hsr ehm‘mbh‘k fn‘kr+ trt‘kkx
tmcdqrsnnc ‘r oqnehs l‘whlhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd dmg‘mbdldms ne rg‘qdgnkcdq u‘ktd-
L‘m‘fdqr ‘qd sgdqdenqd rddm sn trd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘r ‘mnsgdq snnk hm sgdhq
otqrths sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgnrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr vgn b‘m ‘eedbs sgd ‘bghdudldms ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r oqnehs‘ahkhsx vhkk bnmshmtd sn rtoonqs sgd l‘m‘fdldms hm sghr ‘hl-
Gdqd+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr mns rddm sn ad ‘ants sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc oqnuhchmf
hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr odq rd+ ats ‘r nmd ldchtl vghbg b‘m
ad tshkhrdc hm rsq‘sdfhb v‘xr sn hmektdmbd gnv dbnmnlhb‘kkx onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr
odqbdhud sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr- Sgdqd hr ‘ u‘rs ‘lntms ne
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 0/4

RsWfd hm Hrrtdr cdsdplhmdc DwWloid ne rspWsdfhb. DwWloid ne gnihrshb.

lncdi hm sghr rsWfd lWmWfdphWi WbbntmsWahihsx dsghbWi WbbntmsWahihsx
/ Sgx Inshudr enp Srhmf rtrsUhmUahkhsx pdonpshmf Srhmf rtrsUhmUahkhsx
rtrsUhmUahkhsx pdonpshmf Ur U snnk sn gdko lUwhlhrd pdonpshmf Ur U idx
Umc ARN rgUpdgnkcdp uUktd ldbgUmhrl enp rnbhUk)
dmuhpnmldmsUk Umc
dbnmnlhb rtrsUhmUahkhsx

1 Sgn MWmfd ne rsUidgnkcdpr RsUidgnkcdpr vhsg sgd lnrs .kk rsUidgnkcdpr Ueedbsdc
sn ad Uccpdrrdc hm dbnmnlhb onvdp) vgn vntkc ax sgd npfUmhrUshnm r
rtrsUhmUahkhsx pdonpshmf cdspUbs epnl rgUpdgnkcdp uUktd Ubshnmr ’hmbktchmf etstpd
he sgdx vhsgcpdv sgdhp rtoonps fdmdpUshnmr Umc mnm,
gtlUmr(

2 Enp vgWs Adsdplhmhmf RsUidgnkcdp mddcr ophnphshrdc Fddcr ne Ukk rsUidgnkcdpr

pdronmrhahihshdr sn) Umc Ubbnpchmf sn sgdhp pdkUshud chrbtrrdc Umc vdhfgdc
hmenplUshnm mddcr ne) dbnmnlhb onvdp nudp sgd uhU cdlnbpUshb cdaUsd)
rsUidgnkcdpr sgpntfg npfUmhrUshnm- Fddcr Umc kdUchmf sn vhcdkx
dmfUfdldms Umc chUknftd hmsdpdrsr ne kdrr dbnmnlhbUkkx Ubbdosdc bnmrdmrtr
onvdpetk rsUidgnkcdpr kUpfdkx Uants npfUmhrUshnm r
hfmnpdc pdronmrhahkhshdr Umc
UbbntmsUahkhshdr

3 Fnv IdbgWmhrlr trdc sn Ndonpshmf enbtrdc nm Ndonpshmf enbtrdc nm

bnlohkd Umc mddcr ne dbnmnlhbUkkx bnmrdmrtr ne hmenplUshnm
bnlltmhbUsd pdonpsr onvdpetk rsUidgnkcdpr mddcr ne U apnUc pUmfd
Uccpdrrhmf sgdrd ne rsUidgnkcdpr
rsUidgnkcdp hmenplUshnm
mddcr

4 5tchs DwsdpmWi WrrtpWmbd Cnbtrdc nm UrrtpUmbd .rrtpUmbd enp sgd admdehs

opnbdrrdr trdc sn mddcr ne dbnmnlhbUkkx ne kdrr onvdpetk
opnuhcd bpdchahkhsx sn onvdpetk rsUidgnkcdpr rsUidgnkcdpr
pdonps bnmsdmsr

EHFTQD 5-0 Sgd ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk

qdrd‘qbg vghbg ghfgkhfgsr gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud l‘cd trd ne sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqdr vhsghm sgdl hm ‘ssdlosr sn ankrsdq sgdhq qdots‘shnm ‘mc sn
o‘hms ‘ onrhshud qdoqdrdms‘shnm ne sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr+ onkhbhdr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc
hlo‘bsr-
?s sgd nsgdq dmc ne sgd bnmshmttl khdr sgd gnkhrshb odqrodbshud- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf hr rddm cheedqdmskx ‘mc lnqd aqn‘ckx eqnl sghr odqrodbshud- Tmkhjd vhsg
rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm cndr mns chqdbs hsr qdonqshmf sn sgd lnrs
dbnmnlhb‘kkx onvdqetk nq hmektdmsh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr nmkx ats qdonqsr sn ‘ ltbg
vhcdq q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- S‘jhmf ‘ gnkhrshb odqrodbshud nm ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddr sgd mddc sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq hsr ‘bshuhshdr+ hmbktchmf ansg hsr
trd ne rnbh‘k+ dbnmnlhb ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbdr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd chqdbs ‘mc
hmchqdbs hlo‘bsr hs g‘r nm cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc rnbhdsx hm fdmdq‘k-
Gdqd+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm trdr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘r ‘m hlonqs‘ms ldchtl+
vghbg dmg‘mbdr sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr& ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc jmnvkdcfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bshuhshdr+ onsdmsh‘kkx rdsr noonqstmhshdr enq ch‘knftd ‘mc bnkk‘anq‘shud kd‘qmhmf+
‘mc sgdqdax gdkor hm sq‘mrenqlhmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn adhmf lnqd ‘khfmdc vhsg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
0/5 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

5-1 Vgx cndr sgd nqfYmhrYshnm qdonqs>

Sgd ehqrs rs‘fd hm sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr qdk‘sdr sn sgd ptdrshnm+ vgx cndr ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnctbd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs> Jddohmf hm lhmc sg‘s ltbg ne sgd
oq‘bshbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf qdl‘hmr unktms‘qx+ sghr rs‘fd bnmbdqmr ‘m hmsdqdrs
hm vgx l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnllhs vg‘s b‘m ad rtars‘mshud qdrntqbdr ’shld ‘mc
lnmdx( hmsn oqnctbhmf ‘ qdonqs-
Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k lnshudr sn dmf‘fd hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘qd chudqrd- Qdrd‘qbg
g‘r hcdmshehdc ‘ u‘qhdsx ne qd‘rnmr+ ansg enq sgd hmhsh‘shnm ne qdonqshmf hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd
‘r vdkk ‘r enq bnmshmthmf vhsg sgd oq‘bshbd- Vd ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s rnld ‘qftd sg‘s
lnshu‘shnmr ‘qd kdrr hlonqs‘ms sg‘m sgd ‘bs ne qdonqshmf hsrdke “ sg‘s hr+ vg‘s l‘ssdqr
lnrs hr vgdsgdq nq mns ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnctbdr ‘ qdonqs q‘sgdq sg‘m sgd ptdrshnm ne
vgx- Gnvdudq+ ‘r vd mnsd ‘anud+ cdbhrhnmr hm sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr ‘qd hmsdqkhmjdc+
‘mc gdmbd cheedqdms lnshu‘shnmr kd‘c sn cheedqdms jhmcr ne qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr- Hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ sgd lnshu‘shnmr adghmc sgd oqnctbshnm ne ‘ qdonqs ‘krn ‘eedbs sgd nsgdq rs‘fdr
ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnm sn oqnctbd ‘ qdonqs b‘m trdetkkx
ad bnmrhcdqdc hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmshmttl
hmsqnctbdc ‘anud- Vghkd rtbg ‘ cdrbqhoshnm hr bkd‘qkx nudqkx rhlokhrshb+ hs cndr gdko tr
chrbtrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc sgd u‘qhdsx ne ‘ooqn‘bgdr hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr ‘ m‘qqnv bnmbdoshnm ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vgdqd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr rsq‘sdfhb‘kkx cqhudm ax dbnmnlhb ‘mc oqnehs lnshudr- Eqnl
sghr odqrodbshud+ sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr ne ‘ bnqonq‘shnm ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ehqrs ‘mc
enqdlnrs sn sgdhq rg‘qdgnkcdqr ‘mc sn sgd etkehkldms ne hmbqd‘rhmf rg‘qdgnkcdq vd‘ksg-
?r rtbg+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr rddm ‘r ‘ snnk sn f‘hm+ qds‘hm nq l‘hms‘hm sgd
rtoonqs ne sgnrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr sg‘s g‘ud onvdq sn ‘eedbs sgd bnqonq‘shnm&r fn‘kr- ?r
rtbg+ sgd lnshu‘shnm ne qdonqshmf eqnl sghr odqrodbshud hr enq sgdrd rsq‘sdfhb qd‘rnmr-
?s sgd nsgdq dmc ne sgd rodbsqtl khdr gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sghr odqrodbshud+ ‘r
vd g‘ud qdbnfmhrdc+ hr tmcdqohmmdc vhsg dsghb‘k qd‘rnmhmf+ vghbg kd‘cr sn sgd
lnshu‘shnmr sn dmf‘fd hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf adhmf cheedqdms eqnl sgnrd vhsg
rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sg‘s hr+ eqnl sghr aqn‘cdq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud sgd
lnshu‘shnm sn oqdo‘qd ‘ qdonqs qdk‘sdr sn sgd edks qdronmrhahkhsx sn ad sq‘mro‘qdms+ sn
chrbg‘qfd sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrgho ‘mc ‘krn sn oqnuhcd sgd ld‘mr ax vghbg
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor b‘m ad drs‘akhrgdc- Lnshu‘shnmr eqnl sghr odqrodbshud b‘m
‘krn qdk‘sd sn sgd ‘hl ne sq‘mrenqlhmf sgd bnlo‘mhdr& oq‘bshbdr rn sg‘s sgdx ‘qd lnqd
rnbh‘kkx+ dmuhqnmldms‘kkx ‘mc dbnmnlhb‘kkx rtrs‘hm‘akd-
Sgdrd onk‘q dmcr ne ‘ bnmshmttl ‘qd nauhntrkx rhlokhehb‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgd qd‘khsx hm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr ltbg lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc- Sgdqd lhfgs+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ad udqx cheedqdms
uhdvr vhsghm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Vhsg sgd qhrj ne qdhmenqbhmf rsdqdnsxodr+ vd bntkc
enqdrdd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx fqnto ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm onrhshnmhmf lnqd snv‘qcr sgd gnkhrshb
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx dmc ne sgd bnmshmttl+ vhsg sgd ehm‘mbd fqnto ehmchmf sgdhq uhdvr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf sn ad bknrdq sn rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Rhlhk‘qkx+ hmchuhct‘k
l‘m‘fdqr ‘qd khjdkx sn g‘ud sgdhq nvm odqrodbshud nm sgd l‘ssdq- Eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onhms ne uhdv+ sghr tmcdqrbnqdr sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne g‘uhmf qdftk‘q
hmsdqm‘k ch‘knftd qdf‘qchmf sgd qnkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr rddm sn g‘ud enq sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- He sgd ‘ooqn‘bg hr mns bkd‘q ‘mc rg‘qdc hmsdqm‘kkx+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm qhrjr
g‘uhmf u‘qhntr fqntor rdmchmf lhwdc ldrr‘fdr sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sghr ‘krn tmcdqrbnqdr
sgd qdkdu‘mbd hmsdqm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf bg‘lohnmr l‘x g‘ud nm gnv
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 0/6

rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf cdudknor hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Rtbg jdx hmchuhct‘kr b‘m ad

ghfgkx hmektdmsh‘k hm rdsshmf sgd snmd enq sgd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbd hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Nudq‘kk+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms enq tr sn bnmrhcdq sgd lnshu‘shnmr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud enq
qdonqshmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm hm o‘qshbtk‘q v‘xr- Sghr khmjr tr sn sgd otqonrd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr- Sn vg‘s dwsdms hr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘ooqn‘bgdc
sgqntfg rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ hm vghbg sgd aqn‘cdq ‘hl ne sgdrd chrbknrtqdr hr rddm
‘r adhmf sn gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘whlhrd hsr rg‘qdgnkcdq u‘ktd> Nq+ sn vg‘s dwsdms
‘qd sgd qdonqsr hmsdmcdc sn chrbg‘qfd lnqd gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ vghbg vntkc
hmbktcd bnmrhcdqhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr ‘r ‘ jdx ldbg‘mhrl sgqntfg vghbg ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm bntkc sq‘mrenql ‘mc lnud snv‘qcr rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx> Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘kv‘xr g‘ud rnld q‘shnm‘kd adghmc sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr+ ‘mc
vghkd sgd q‘shnm‘kdr b‘m ‘s shldr ad etyyx nq tmbkd‘q+ sgd lnshudr ‘qd mns sqhuh‘k- Hm
sghr b‘rd sgdx ‘eedbs sgd mdws rs‘fdr ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 SGDNQDSHB?K ?OOQN?BGDR NM VGX NQF?MHR?SHNMR

QDONQS
L‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf qdrd‘qbgdqr g‘ud+ enq ‘ knmf shld+ addm hmsdqdrsdc hm ‘m‘kxrhmf
vgx bnlo‘mhdr qdonqs- Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr enq sghr+ hmbktchmf ‘ adkhde sg‘s ‘m
tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne lnshu‘shnmr hr mddcdc sn ansg hmbqd‘rd sgd mtladq ne bnlo‘mhdr qdonqshmf
‘r vdkk ‘r sgd pt‘khsx ne qdonqsr- Hm nqcdq sn rstcx sgdrd ‘rodbsr ne qdonqshmf+ ‘ mtladq ne
sgdnqhdr g‘ud addm trdc- ?”pthbj knnj ‘s sgdrd sgdnqhdr hr trdetk sn gdko tr tmcdqrs‘mc sgd
ehqrs rs‘fd ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr-

? PTHBJ MNSD NM SGDNQX

Adenqd vd dmf‘fd hm ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne sgd sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc
vg‘s sgdnqhdr cn- ?lnmf nsgdq sghmfr+ sgdnqhdr gdko tr rhlokhex ‘ bnlokdw ‘mc bg‘nshb
qd‘khsx+ ‘mc sgdqdax ‘hc hm l‘jhmf hmsdqoqds‘shnmr- Nmd b‘m ‘krn sghmj ne sgdnqhdr ‘r kdmrdr
vghbg oqnuhcd tr vhsg cheedqdms uhdvr nm sgd ogdmnldmnm vd ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm- Lnqdnudq+ hs
hr qdkdu‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv sgdnqhdr nodq‘sd nm cheedqdms kdudkr- Hm qdk‘shnm sn ntq bnmsdws
gdqd+ rnld sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr s‘jd ‘ bknrd knnj ‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oqnbdrrdr ‘mc gdko
tmcdqrs‘mc vgx qdonqshmf cdudknor hm ‘ bdqs‘hm v‘x- Nsgdq sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr knnj lnqd
aqn‘ckx ‘s sgd kdudk ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ehdkcr+ odqg‘or hmctrsqhdr- Sgdrd aqn‘cdq sgdnqhdr b‘m
ad trdetk hm l‘jhmf rdmrd ne gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr cheetrd+ cdudkno ‘mc
odqg‘or bnmudqfd ‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Ehm‘kkx+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn sgnrd sgdnqhdr vghbg o‘x
‘ssdmshnm sn sgd l‘bqn,kdudk ‘mc ‘hc hm cq‘vhmf hmrhfgsr nm gnv ‘mc vgx sghmfr nbbtq nm sgd
aqn‘cdq rnbhds‘k kdudk ax knnjhmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘s ptdrshnmr ne onvdq ‘mc gdfdlnmhb
rsqtbstqdr-
Hs hr ‘krn drrdmsh‘k sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s hm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgdqd ‘qd khjdkx sn ad u‘qhntr
lnshu‘shnmr hm ok‘x- Sgd lnshu‘shnm sn oqnctbd ‘ qdonqs hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd l‘x ad cheedqdms
eqnl sgd lnshu‘shnm sn chrbtrr ’nq mns( o‘qshbtk‘q hrrtdr vhsghm sgd qdonqs- Lnqdnudq+ sgdqd
l‘x ad cheedqdms lnshu‘shnmr sn chrbtrr o‘qshbtk‘q hrrtdr hm o‘qshbtk‘q v‘xr ‘s o‘qshbtk‘q
onhmsr hm shld- Nudq‘kk+ sghr hkktrsq‘sdr sg‘s hs vntkc ad nudqkx rhlokhrshb sn ‘rrtld sg‘s ‘
rhmfkd sgdnqx vntkc dwok‘hm sgd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
0/7 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

K‘rskx+ hs hr odqg‘or vnqsg mnshmf sg‘s vghkd ltbg ne sgd d‘qkhdq qdrd‘qbg ‘m‘kxrhmf
bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf v‘r cnlhm‘sdc ax ‘ rl‘kk mtladq ne sgdnqhdr+ hm lnqd
qdbdms rstchdr qdrd‘qbgdqr g‘ud addm l‘jhmf trd ne ‘ ltbg aqn‘cdq qdodqsnhqd ne
sgdnqdshb‘k eq‘ldvnqjr sn l‘jd rdmrd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Kds&r chrbtrr rnld ne
sgdrd sgdnqhdr mnv-

SGDNQHDR HM RTRS?HM?AHKHSX QDONQSHMF9 ?M HMSQNCTBSHNM

Sgdqd hr bnmrhcdq‘akd rtoonqs enq sgd hcd‘ sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r nsgdq sxodr ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ trd u‘qhntr enqlr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr vhsg ‘m ‘hl sn dmg‘mbd sgdhq
hl‘fd ‘mc onrhshnm hm rnbhdsx- Kdfhshl‘bx sgdnqx ’d-f- Cddf‘m+ 1//1( g‘r ‘qft‘akx addm
sgd lnrs bnllnm ‘ooqn‘bg hm sghr sxod ne qdrd‘qbg- Sgd tmcdqohmmhmf hcd‘ ne kdfhshl‘bx
sgdnqx hr ‘m hlokhbhs rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs+ vghbg hr oqnonrdc sn dwhrs adsvddm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
‘mc sgd rnbhdsx hs nodq‘sdr hm ’rdd Bg‘osdq”2(- ?bbnqchmf sn kdfhshl‘bx sgdnqx+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn oqnud sgdhq vnqsg hm rnbhdsx ax l‘jhmf sgdlrdkudr ‘mc sgdhq
nodq‘shnmr ‘ood‘q sn ad hm khmd vhsg sgd u‘ktdr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr ne sgd qdrodbshud rnbhdsx-
Gdqd+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr g‘ud addm ‘qftdc sn ad ‘lnmfrs sgd ld‘mr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
b‘m trd sn ‘ood‘q sn ad bnlo‘shakd vhsg aqn‘cdq rnbh‘k u‘ktdr- Lnqdnudq+ qdrd‘qbg g‘r
‘krn onhmsdc nts gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr trd cheedqdms kdfhshl‘shnm s‘bshbr hm sgdhq hmchuhct‘k
rhst‘shnmr cdodmchmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ nm vgdsgdq sgdx rddj sn f‘hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdfhshl‘bx
hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd+ l‘hms‘hm kdfhshl‘bx ‘kqd‘cx f‘hmdc oqduhntrkx+ nq ‘ssdlos sn qdo‘hq
kdfhshl‘bx sg‘s enq rnld qd‘rnm g‘r addm c‘l‘fdc nq knrs- Sgd knrhmf ne kdfhshl‘bx l‘x
nbbtq sgqntfg ‘m ‘cudqrd hmbhcdms+ enq hmrs‘mbd ‘m dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bbhcdms nq l‘inq
hmbhcdms hmunkuhmf ‘ aqd‘bg ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ats hs l‘x ‘krn nbbtq nudq shld sgqntfg ‘ rghes
hm rnbh‘k u‘ktdr vghbg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm cndr mns ‘c‘os sn- ?r bnqonq‘sd bnlltmhb‘shnmr
‘qd ‘ v‘x sn fds uhrhahkhsx enq bnmsdms sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke b‘m bnmsqnk+ sgdrd qdonqsr b‘m
ad trdc sn hmektdmbd otakhb odqbdoshnmr ne sgd dmshsx+ ‘mc gdmbd f‘hm+ l‘hms‘hm nq qdo‘hq hsr
kdfhshl‘bx hm rnbhdsx-
Vghkd kdfhshl‘bx sgdnqx g‘r enq ‘ knmf shld addm sgd lnrs onotk‘q ‘ooqn‘bg sn dwok‘hm
bnqonq‘sd lnshu‘shnmr sn qdonqs+ hs g‘r ‘krn addm bqhshbhrdc enq o‘hmshmf snn
rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc ‘ ohbstqd+ ‘mc gdmbd rdudq‘k nsgdq sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr g‘ud addm
aqntfgs hm sn oqnuhcd lnqd mt‘mbd hmsn gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr trd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr
vhsg ‘m hmsdmshnm sn dmg‘mbd sgdhq onrhshnm- Nmd ne sgdl hr hloqdrrhnm l‘m‘fdldms+
vghbg l‘hms‘hmr sg‘s l‘m‘fdqr rdkdbs ‘mc trd hmenql‘shnm hm v‘xr vghbg chrsnqsr gnv
rs‘jdgnkcdqr du‘kt‘sd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ’rdd Lhbgdknm ds”‘k-+ 1/05(- Hm ‘ rdqhdr
ne o‘odqr+ Ldqjk,C‘uhdr ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr g‘ud oqdrdmsdc ‘ sxonknfx ne bnlltmhb‘shnm
sdbgmhptdr sg‘s l‘m‘fdldms b‘m trd hm rddjhmf sn dmg‘mbd gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
odqbdhudc ax hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ ‘mc rtardptdmskx oqnuhcdc dlohqhb‘k hmudrshf‘shnmr nm
rtbg rdsshmfr ’d-f- Ldqjk,C‘uhdr ‘mc Aqdmm‘m+ 1/00(- Dkrdvgdqd+ bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf g‘r
addm odqbdhudc ‘r ‘ enql ne nqf‘mhrdc gxonbqhrx+ hlokxhmf sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr trd ‘
bnlahm‘shnm ne s‘kj+ cdbhrhnmr ‘mc ‘bshnmr sn r‘shrex sgd dwodbs‘shnmr ne cheedqdms
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ’Bgn ds”‘k-+ 1/04(- Bnllnm sn sgdrd eq‘ldvnqjr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
dwok‘m‘shnmr cq‘vhmf nm kdfhshl‘bx sgdnqx+ hr sgd e‘hqkx bnmrhrsdms nardqu‘shnm qdf‘qchmf
gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud sdmcdc sn oqdrdms sgdlrdkudr hm ‘ onrhshud khfgs+ ax fhuhmf lnqd
dlog‘rhr sn onrhshud cdudknoldmsr ‘mc ‘bghdudldmsr vghkd oqnuhchmf khlhsdc hmenql‘shnm
nm mdf‘shud hrrtdr nq axo‘rrhmf sgdl ‘ksnfdsgdq-
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 0/8

L‘mx bnmrhcdq sg‘s vgdm hs bnldr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ bnqonq‘shnmr rgntkc v‘kj sgdhq s‘kj+
nq nsgdqvhrd sgdx ‘qd fnhmf sn ad b‘kkdc nts ‘r adhmf hmrhmbdqd+ gxonbqhshb‘k nq ntsqhfgs
eq‘tctkdms- Nsgdqr l‘hms‘hm gnvdudq sg‘s sgdqd rgntkc ad lnqd snkdq‘mbd enq rtbg
chrbqdo‘mbx- Qdedqqhmf sn sgd hcd‘ ne ‘rohq‘shnm‘k s‘kj+ Rbgndmdanqm ds”‘k- ’1/1/( rtffdrs
sg‘s rtbg ‘ f‘o adsvddm s‘kj ‘mc ‘bshnm bntkc hm e‘bs ad oqnctbshud9 ‘r bnqonq‘shnmr s‘kj ne
etstqd hcd‘kr ‘mc nsgdq xds tm‘bghdudc fn‘kr+ sgdx ‘krn rds sgd a‘q ghfg enq sgdlrdkudr+
onrrhakx kd‘chmf sn mdv cdudknoldmsr ‘mc rtbg ‘bghdudldmsr+ vghbg vntkc mns g‘ud addm
rsqhudc enq vhsgnts sgd knesx ‘rohq‘shnmr- Sgdm ‘f‘hm+ nsgdqr lhfgs mns ‘fqdd vhsg rtbg ‘
onrhshud ntsknnj- Eqnl ‘ bnmsq‘rshmf odqrodbshud rbgnk‘qr g‘ud l‘cd trd ne chrbtqrhud
‘ooqn‘bgdr sn ‘qftd sg‘s bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr ‘qd mns nmkx ‘ants sgd
hmchuhct‘k bnqonq‘shnm+ ats sgdx g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd aqn‘cdq rnbhdsx- Knesx chrbknrtqdr
qdoqdrdms aqn‘cdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr hm rtbg ‘ v‘x sg‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q nqcdq ne sghmfr hm
rnbhdshdr hr ‘ fhudm+ rhltks‘mdntrkx fknrrhmf nudq ‘mx onvdq qdk‘shnmr sgd oqdrdms rnbh‘k
nqcdq hr a‘rdc tonm ’Sqdfhcf‘ ds”‘k-+ 1/03(-
Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr cn mns l‘jd cdbhrhnmr nm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm
hrnk‘shnm+ ats sgdx ‘qd jmnvm sn o‘x ‘ssdmshnm sn ‘mc ad hmektdmbdc ax gnv sgd rnbh‘k bnmsdws
‘qntmc sgdl cdudknor+ vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd hlonqs‘ms enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc
vg‘s sgd nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qntmc sgdl ‘qd cnhmf- Rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd trt‘kkx mns
dpt‘k+ vhsg rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr adhmf lnqd hlonqs‘ms enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Khjdvhrd+ nsgdq
fqntor b‘m gnkc rtars‘msh‘k onvdq nudq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ vghkd mns mdbdrr‘qhkx oqdrdmshmf
cdl‘mcr sg‘s bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc kdfhshl‘sd ’rdd Lhsbgdkk ds”‘k-+ 0886(- Trhmf rs‘jdgnkcdq
sgdnqx+ rbgnk‘qr g‘ud onhmsdc nts gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dlog‘rhrd sgd mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr
ne sgdhq lnqd onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr hm rg‘ohmf sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Etqsgdqlnqd+
sgd btqqdms rs‘sd ne sghmfr g‘r sgdm addm bg‘kkdmfdc ax sgnrd cq‘vhmf nm ch‘knfhb‘k
‘ooqn‘bgdr sn chrbtrr gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bntkc bnmctbs rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ rgntkc sgdx
vhrg sn s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms sgd lxqh‘c q‘mfd ne hlokhbhs ‘mc dwokhbhs dwodbs‘shnmr ne sgdhq
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’Chkk‘qc ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ 1/08(-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ u‘qxhmf rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
rnbhdsx hm fdmdq‘k ‘qd jmnvm sn hmektdmbd bnqonq‘sd cdbhrhnmr ‘ants rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Nm sghr mnsd+ rbgnk‘qr g‘ud+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ tshkhrdc hmrshstshnm‘k sgdnqx sn cq‘v ‘ssdmshnm sn+
‘lnmf nsgdq sghmfr+ gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdronmc sn cheedqdms jhmcr ne hmrshstshnm‘k oqdrrtqdr
rsdllhmf eqnl sgdhq nodq‘shmf bnmsdws- Hmrshstshnm‘k sgdnqx ‘krn onhmsr snv‘qcr gnv bdqs‘hm
rnbh‘k oq‘bshbdr b‘m adbnld mnqlr+ vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm e‘bs mddc sn enkknv+ dudm sgntfg
sgdqd hr mn l‘mc‘snqx qdftk‘shnm nq nsgdq qdpthqdldmsr hm ok‘bd- Hm sgd qd‘kl ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf+ hmrshstshnm‘k sgdnqhrsr g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc ‘ sdmcdmbx snv‘qcr hrnlnqoghrl+ hlokxhmf
sg‘s nudq shld sgd rsqtbstqdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnld sn qdrdlakd d‘bg nsgdq
‘bqnrr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ehdkc+ d-f- bnlo‘mhdr hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqx- Eqnl sghr odqrodbshud+
hs hr rhfmhehb‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd dldqfdmbd ne u‘qhntr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr-
Sgd onotk‘qhsx ne FQH ‘mc nsgdq hmhsh‘shudr b‘m ad odqbdhudc sn rgnvb‘rd dwdlok‘qx oq‘bshbdr
‘mc sgtr bqd‘sd mnql‘shud oqdrrtqdr nm bnqonq‘shnmr sn bnmenql+ dudm sgntfg sgd qdonqshmf
hsrdke vntkc rshkk ad unktms‘qx ’rdd K‘qqhm‘f‘ ‘mc Rdmm+ 1/10(-
Eqnl ‘ lnqd l‘qjds,nqhdmsdc odqrodbshud+ rbgnk‘qr g‘ud ‘m‘kxrdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf trhmf sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr jmnvm aqn‘ckx ‘r rhfm‘kkhmf sgdnqx nq unktms‘qx
chrbknrtqd sgdnqx- Vhsghm sghr qdrd‘qbg+ sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr oqnctbdc unktms‘qhkx ax
bnqonq‘shnmr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad rhfm‘kr sg‘s sgd l‘m‘fdldms hr rdmchmf sn sgd l‘qjds-
Sgdrd rhfm‘kr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn bnms‘hm ‘cchshnm‘k hmenql‘shnm+ trt‘kkx enq sgd hmudrsnqr+
00/ Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

‘ants gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr+ ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr bntkc ‘eedbs sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ne sgd bnqonq‘shnm hm ansg sgd rgnqs ‘mc sgd knmf sdql- Nmd ne sgd jdx dkdldmsr
hm sgdrd chrbtrrhnmr qdk‘sdr sn sgd l‘m‘fdldms ne qhrjr+ ‘mc sgd chrbknrtqdr ‘qd rddm ‘r
rhfm‘kr sg‘s ‘ bnlo‘mx&r rdmhnq dwdbtshudr ‘qd otsshmf nts hm qdf‘qc sn gnv qhrjr ‘qd s‘jdm
hmsn ‘bbntms hm sgd nodq‘shnmr- Sgdrd sgdnqdshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr bnmrhcdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf ‘r rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ hlokxhmf sg‘s sgd hmenql‘shnm hr b‘sdqhmf enq sgd mddcr
ne nmd onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdq fqnto+ ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’Lhbgdknm+ 1/10(-

RTLL?QX
?r g‘r rtqdkx adbnld duhcdms+ rbgnk‘qr g‘ud enq ‘ knmf shld rntfgs sn l‘jd rdmrd ne vgx
bnqonq‘shnmr trd qdrntqbdr hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc vgx sgdhq oq‘bshbdr cdudkno ‘r
sgdx cn- ?s sghr onhms hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn mnsd sg‘s vd ‘qd cd‘khmf vhsg ‘m ‘qd‘ ne oq‘bshbd vghbg
g‘r cdudknodc udqx rvheskx nudq sgd o‘rs edv cdb‘cdr- Ntq jmnvkdcfd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr g‘r hmbqd‘rdc ‘knmf vhsg sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd oq‘bshbd- Khjdvhrd+ sgd
ldf‘sqdmcr ne fkna‘khr‘shnm ‘mc chfhs‘khr‘shnm g‘ud l‘cd u‘rs rsqhcdr nudq sgd r‘ld odqhnc-
?bbnqchmfkx+ rnbhdshdr ‘qd mns sgd r‘ld ‘r sgdx vdqd rnld 1/”xd‘qr ‘fn+ ‘krn hlokxhmf sg‘s
sgd bnmsdws hm vghbg bnqonq‘shnmr nodq‘sd g‘r bg‘mfdc rtars‘msh‘kkx- ?r vhsg ‘kk rnbh‘k
rbhdmbd qdrd‘qbg+ hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne bnqonq‘sd lnshu‘shnmr hs hr ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms sn s‘jd hmsn
‘bbntms bnmsdwst‘k e‘bsnqr vgdm hmsdqoqdshmf sgd ehmchmfr ne oqhnq qdrd‘qbg- Sgdqdenqd+ sghr
qdpthqdr nmd sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s qdrd‘qbg ehmchmfr otakhrgdc rnld sdm sn 1/”xd‘qr ‘fn
mddc sn ad ‘ooqn‘bgdc vhsg b‘tshnm- Vg‘s l‘x g‘ud nbbtqqdc nesdm ‘s nmd onhms l‘x mn
knmfdq ad qdkdu‘ms ‘mc ‘ookhb‘akd- E‘q snn nesdm nmd bnldr ‘bqnrr qdrd‘qbg o‘odqr ‘mc
rstcdms qdonqsr hm vghbg bk‘hlr ‘qd itrshehdc vhsg duhcdmbd fnhmf a‘bj rnld sdm sn 1/”xd‘qr
nq lnqd-

5-2 Sn vgnl hr sgd qdonqsdc hmenqlYshnm chqdbsdc>

Hm bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr+ dudqx nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r ‘ okdsgnq‘ ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr d‘bg
vhsg sgdhq nvm mddcr+ v‘msr ‘mc oqdedqdmbdr- ?r vd g‘ud l‘cd bkd‘q+ mn nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m r‘shrex ‘kk hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr vhsg sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr oqnuhcdc “ ‘s kd‘rs
vhsghm nmd vqhssdm qdonqs- Bgnhbdr ‘qd mddcdc ‘mc l‘cd+ dhsgdq hlokhbhskx nq
dwokhbhskx- Lnqdnudq+ sgd odqrodbshudr nm ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oqdrdmsdc ‘anud g‘ud ‘m
hlo‘bs nm vgn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddr ‘r sgd jdx s‘qfds enq sgd chrbknrtqdr-
Rgntkc sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm odqbdhud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm khmd vhsg rsq‘sdfhb
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘r ‘ ldbg‘mhrl sn dmg‘mbd sgd ‘bghdudldms ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
ehm‘mbh‘k fn‘kr+ sgd chrbknrtqdr sdmc sn ad b‘sdqdc enq sgd mddcr ne sgnrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
vhsg sgd fqd‘sdrs hmektdmbd nm sghr ntsbnld- Sghr cndr mns hlokx sg‘s ‘kk sgd
chrbknrtqdr vntkc ad rhlhk‘q+ gnvdudq+ rhmbd sgd mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr ne ehm‘mbh‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr u‘qx ‘mc sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms rs‘jdgnkcdqr enq ‘bghduhmf sgd rsq‘sdfhb
‘hlr ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m ad u‘qhdc- Enq dw‘lokd+ rnld bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd ghfgkx
cdodmcdms nm hmchuhct‘k bnqonq‘sd btrsnldqr hm ‘ rtookx bg‘hm ‘mc+ ‘r rtbg+ l‘x trd
sgd qdonqs sn rddj sn dlog‘rhrd gnv sgdx ‘qd enkknvhmf ‘kk sgd mdbdrr‘qx dsghb‘k
fthcdkhmdr ‘mc gnv sgdx l‘m‘fd sghr jdx rs‘jdgnkcdq qdk‘shnmrgho- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
nodq‘shmf hm ‘m hmctrsqx qdpthqhmf ‘ qdftk‘q qdmdv‘k ne dmuhqnmldms‘k odqlhsr eqnl
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 000

sgd fnudqmldms vntkc khjdkx rsddq sgdhq chrbknrtqdr ‘bbnqchmf sn sghr- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
sg‘s qdkhdr tonm ‘ ghfgkx rjhkkdc vnqjenqbd hr khjdkx sn ad hm bnlodshshnm vhsg nsgdq
bnlo‘mhdr enq qdk‘shudkx rb‘qbd ghfgkx rjhkkdc dloknxddr+ vhsg sghr rs‘jdgnkcdq fqnto
adhmf dbnmnlhb‘kkx onvdqetk hm rtbg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr
s‘qfdsdc ‘bbnqchmfkx- Rn+ vghkd d‘bg ne sgdrd bnlo‘mhdr vntkc ad rddjhmf sn ‘bghdud
rsq‘sdfhb dmcr vhsg sgdhq qdonqshmf+ sgd bnmsdms ne sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr vntkc
ad cheedqdms-
Sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr rgntkc
‘krn mns ad tmcdqdrshl‘sdc- Sgd knmf,sdql u‘ktd qdkdu‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx enq
bnqonq‘sd rtbbdrr hr adbnlhmf hmbqd‘rhmfkx duhcdms+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg sgd oqnlhmdmbd ne
dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd ’DRF( bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hm sgd hmudrsldms
bnlltmhsx hr fqnvhmf rsd‘chkx ’rdd Bg‘osdq 6(- Sghr g‘r bkd‘q hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd
enql ‘mc bnmsdms ne bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd nesdm
entmc sn ad lnrs hmsdqdrsdc hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc qhrjr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgnrd dkdldmsr
vghbg bntkc g‘ud knmf,sdql ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd bnqonq‘shnm- Sgdrd
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd ‘krn qdekdbsdc hm sgd rs‘mc‘qcr+ qdbnlldmc‘shnmr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr
oqnuhcdc nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ax fqntor hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- ?s sgd r‘ld
shld+ sghr jhmc ne ‘m dlog‘rhr lhfgs hlokx sg‘s sgd enbtr ne qdonqshmf lnudr ‘v‘x
eqnl hrrtdr sg‘s nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor vntkc ad hmsdqdrsdc hm-
Hm sgd b‘rd vgdqd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k lnshud sn dmf‘fd vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
e‘kkr lnqd snv‘qcr sgd gnkhrshb dmc ne sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmshmttl+ sgd bnlo‘mx hr
lnqd khjdkx sn bnmrhcdq ‘ ltbg aqn‘cdq q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgd dwodbs‘shnmr
sgdx lhfgs g‘ud- Vghkd l‘mx ne sgdrd fqntor l‘x mns g‘ud ‘mx hlldch‘sd hlo‘bs
nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr mnq nm hsr ehm‘mbh‘k rtbbdrr+ oqnuhchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
chrbknrtqdr sg‘s rod‘j ‘krn sn sgd mddcr ne sgdrd rs‘jdgnkcdqr hr bnmrhcdqdc ‘ ctsx sg‘s
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc mnmdsgdkdrr etkehk- Sghr vntkc mns ‘kv‘xr ad rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc+
rhmbd hs l‘x qdpthqd rtars‘msh‘k deenqs eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn ehftqd nts sgd u‘qhdsx
ne rs‘jdgnkcdq mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr- Enq sghr otqonrd+ rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms
oqnbdrrdr b‘m ad tshkhrdc sn dmf‘fd hm ch‘knftd vhsg sgd u‘qhntr fqntor-

5-2-0 Cdsdqlhmhmf vgYs rsYjdgnkcdqr Yqd hmsdqdrsdc hm

?r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgdhq mddcr u‘qx- D‘bg MFN+ bnlltmhsx
‘mc hmudrsldms a‘mj+ enq dw‘lokd+ hr cheedqdms ‘mc g‘r cheedqdms hmenql‘shnm mddcr-
Khjdvhrd+ d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cheedqdms ‘mc hr knb‘sdc hm ‘ rodbhehb fdnfq‘oghb‘k+ rnbh‘k
‘mc dbnmnlhb bnmsdws- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd mn b‘sdfnqhb‘k ‘mrvdqr ‘r sn vg‘s ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q rs‘jdgnkcdq fqnto dwodbsr nq v‘msr sn jmnv ‘ants ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnm
hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m nauhntrkx s‘qfds ltkshokd rs‘jdgnkcdqr vhsg sgdhq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Fhudm gnvdudq sg‘s sgd mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr ne u‘qhntr
rs‘jdgnkcdqr u‘qx+ ‘ rhmfkd tmhenql ldrr‘fd cndr mns nesdm rteehbd- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m
‘krn trd u‘qhntr chrbknrtqd ldch‘ sn dlog‘rhrd cheedqdms dkdldmsr ne sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr+
onkhbhdr ‘mc hmsdmshnmr+ vhsg sgd ‘hl ne qdbdhuhmf onrhshud qd‘bshnmr ‘bqnrr ltkshokd
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm lhfgs rddj sn trd hsr ‘mmt‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs sn b‘sdq oqhl‘qhkx enq hmudrsnqr ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ vghkd ‘s sgd
r‘ld shld l‘jhmf trd ne rnbh‘k ldch‘ sn oqnuhcd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm enq
bnmrtldqr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd bnlltmhshdr md‘q hsr e‘bhkhshdr- Vghkd qdkdu‘ms gdqd+ vd
chrbtrr sghr etqsgdq adknv ’rdd ‘krn Sqdfhcf‘ ‘mc K‘hmd+ 1/10(- Lnqdnudq+ hs hr ‘krn
001 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

hlonqs‘ms enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn bk‘qhex sgd oqhl‘qx ‘tchdmbd ne hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf+ ‘r sghr bgnhbd g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr nm gnv sgd qdonqshmf hr tmcdqs‘jdm- Hs hr
odqg‘or vnqsg ghfgkhfgshmf rnld fdmdq‘k ed‘stqdr ne sgd fqntor lnrs nesdm hmbktcdc
‘r onsdmsh‘k trdqr ne bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr+ jddohmf hm lhmc sg‘s mns ‘kk
onrrhakd+ mnq ‘kk qdkdu‘ms+ rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd hmbktcdc hm S‘akd 5-0- Vd b‘m l‘jd
rnld fdmdq‘k onhmsr ‘ants d‘bg fqnto+ vghbg gdkor tr sn s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms sgd
cheedqdms bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vgdm hs bnldr sn vgn sn chqdbs hmenql‘shnm sn-

S?AKD 5-0 Bnllnm rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘mc sgdhq bnllnm hmsdqdrsr

Bnllnm OnsdmshYk rsYjdgnkcdq hmsdqdrsr Nsgdq onhmsr sn bnmrhcdq
rsYjdgnkcdq fqnto
RgWqdgnkcdqr Wmc Qhrj lWmWfdldms Dwodbs ghfg,ptWkhsx hmenqlWshnm hm W
hmudrsnqr EhmWmbhWk hloWbsr Wmc cdodmcdmbhdr qdkWsdc sn bnmbhrd Wmc bnloWqWakd enql
rtrsWhmWahkhsx EWlhkhWqhsx vhsg qdWchmf bnqonqWsd qdonqsr
AWmjr Wmc hmrtqdqr Qhrj lWmWfdldms ’d-f- DptWsnq oqhmbhokdr9 LWx dwodbs oqhuWsd qdonqshmf hmrsdWc ne
eqWldvnqj enq lWmWfhmf rnbhWk Wmc qdkxhmf nm otakhbkx WuWhkWakd rtrsWhmWahkhsx
dmuhqnmldmsWk qhrjr( hmenqlWshnm nmkx
Bnmrhcdq DRF lWssdqr hm lWjhmf cdbhrhnmr
qdfWqchmf ehmWmbhmf ne lWinq hmudrsldms oqnidbsr
BWqanm9 cdbkhmhmf hmsdqdrs sn ad hmunkudc vhsg
atrhmdrrdr cdodmcdms nm bnWk Wmc nhk
Dloknxddr Wmc sqWcd GWud addm W jdx sWqfds fqnto enq rtrsWhmWahkhsx Nesdm gWud Wbbdrr sn hmsdqmWk qdonqshmf
tmhnmr qdonqshmf Wmc bnlltmhbWshnm Wr vdkk Wr qdonqsr
RnbhWk lWssdqr) vnqjhmf bnmchshnmr oqdoWqdc enq dwsdqmWk otqonrdr- Enq
RtrsWhmWahkhsx hm sgd rtookx bgWhm dwWlokd) rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqsr bWm ad
Otakhb qdonqshmf trdc ax sno lWmWfdldms sn Whldc Ws WssqWbshmf ghfg bWkhaqd qdbqthsr
rdmc ldrrWfdr Wmc lnshuWsd dloknxddr
Rtookx bgWhm nq EhmWmbhWk odqenqlWmbd Wmc.nq rtrsWhmWahkhsx Sgnrd vhsg onvdq Wmc hmektdmbd hm sgd
atrhmdrr sn atrhmdrr odqenqlWmbd lWx ad sgd enbtr rtookx bgWhm lWx Wkrn dwodbs oqhuWsd
bnmrtldqr qdonqshmf nq Wssdlos sn hmektdmbd sgd
mWstqd ne sgd qdonqs
Bnmrtldqr UWqhdsx ne bnmbdqmr Wmc hmsdqdrsr Wlnmf sghr Rdkcnl qdWc qdonqsr) ats trd rnbhWk ldchW
rsWjdgnkcdq fqnto vghbg lWx mns ad Wkhfmdc Qdonqshmf lWx qdpthqd eWrsdq qdWbshnmr
OnkhshbWk hmsdqdrs) uhqWk bWloWhfmr- HmenqlWshnm eqnl Wm nqfWmhrWshnm- Gnvdudq bnmrtldqr
roqdWcr eWrs lhfgs nasWhm hmenqlWshnm sgqntfg MFNr
HmrsdWc ne fdmdqWk onkhbhdr Wmc aqnWc vgn cn trd rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqsr
rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf) nesdm enbtrdc nm
rhmfkd hmbhcdmsr nq oWqshbtkWq oqnctbsr
MFNr Nesdm oqnwhdr enq rsWjdgnkcdqr vgn bWmmns Rnld MFNr qdWc rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqsr)
qWhrd sgdhq bnmbdqmr9 mWstqd) gtlWm qhfgsr) ats bqhshbWkkx
etstqd fdmdqWshnmr LWx bnloWqd rtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf vhsg
?krn bnlokdw snohbr) rtbg Wr sWw WunhcWmbd hmenqlWshnm eqnl nsgdq rntqbdr ’onrrhakx
BgWkkdmfd sgd nqfWmhrWshnm sn oqnctbd dwsdqmWk Wbbntmsr(
KnbWk bnlltmhsx Nesdm knbWkhrdc hrrtdr Wmc bnmsqnudqrhdr LWx mns qdWc bnqonqWsd qdonqsr ats
’hmbktchmf utkmdqWakd qdkWsdc sn oWqshbtkWq oqnctbshnm rhsdr Wmc WqdWr hmrsdWc cdlWmc hmenqlWshnm uhW nsgdq
bnlltmhshdr( Nesdm chudqfdms uhdvr vhsghm sghr rsWjdgnkcdq fqnto bgWmmdkr
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 002

5-3 VgYs hmenqlYshnm hr qdonqsdc nm>

Vg‘s hmenql‘shnm hr qdonqsdc nm hr nauhntrkx jdx vgdm hs bnldr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf- ?r vd g‘ud cdlnmrsq‘sdc+ sgd onrrhahkhshdr gdqd ‘qd rddlhmfkx dmckdrr-
?r vhsg sgd nsgdq rs‘fdr ne sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr lncdk+ vg‘s hmenql‘shnm hr
qdonqsdc nm hr hmektdmbdc ax sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud s‘jdm- S‘jhmf ‘ rsq‘sdfhb
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud ld‘mr sgd enbtr ne sgd qdonqs hr khjdkx sn ad m‘qqnvdq
sg‘m sg‘s ne nmd eqnl ‘ gnkhrshb odqrodbshud- Mns nmkx hr sgd mtladq ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr
sgd qdonqs hr adhmf chqdbsdc sn khjdkx sn ad rl‘kkdq+ ats sgd nudqqhchmf otqonrd ne
sgd qdonqs ld‘mr sg‘s sgd hmenql‘shnm hmbktcdc vhkk ad enbtrdc nm sgd onsdmsh‘k
ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ‘mc qhrjr cdqhuhmf eqnl sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc
cdodmcdmbhdr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r hcdmshehdc- Gnvdudq+ dudm eqnl ‘ rsq‘sdfhb
odqrodbshud+ cdsdqlhmhmf vg‘s sn qdonqs nm hr khjdkx sn mddc b‘qdetk bnmrhcdq‘shnm-
Vg‘sdudq sgd odqrodbshud+ sgd qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhkk mddc sn cdbhcd nm vg‘s
hmenql‘shnm sn hmbktcd ‘mc gnv ltbg cds‘hk rgntkc ad oqnuhcdc- Gdqd sgd bnmbdos
ne l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldms oqnbdrr hmsqnctbdc hm Bg‘osdq 2
adbnld hlonqs‘ms-

5-3-0 Cdbhchmf qdonqs bnmsdms9 LYsdqhYkhsx Ymc rsYjdgnkcdq dmfYfdldms

Hm Bg‘osdq 4 vd ghfgkhfgsdc gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf bnmshmtdr sn ad ‘ lnrskx
unktms‘qx oq‘bshbd hm vghbg bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k bnmsqnk nudq vghbg
hrrtdr sgdx ‘qd qdonqshmf nm+ hm vg‘s enql sgdx vhkk oqnuhcd sgd hmenql‘shnm ‘mc
gnv cds‘hkdc sgdx vhrg sn ad hm sgdhq chrbknrtqdr- Rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd udqx
b‘qdetk ‘mc ldshbtkntr hm sgdhq ‘ooqn‘bg sn rtbg bgnhbdr+ vgdqd‘r nsgdqr ‘ood‘q
sn ad lnqd ekdwhakd ‘mc cn mns rddl sn enkknv ‘mx o‘qshbtk‘q ok‘m- Gdqd+ hs hr
qdkdu‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc sg‘s sgd bgnhbd ne bnmsdms hr hmgdqdmskx qdk‘sdc sn rnld ne
sgd nsgdq cdbhrhnmr chrbtrrdc ‘anud9 vg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddjr sn ‘bghdud hm sgd
ehqrs ok‘bd+ hmbktchmf vgdqd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm btqqdmskx hr nm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf bnmshmttl adsvddm rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ’‘mc hsr
chqdbshnm ne sq‘udk ‘knmf sghr bnmshmttl(+ vgx hs hr oqnctbhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmenql‘shnm+ ‘mc vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd sgd oqhmbho‘k s‘qfds fqntor enq sgd
qdonqsdc hmenql‘shnm-
Nauhntrkx+ vgdsgdq sgd bnqonq‘shnm hr enkknvhmf o‘qshbtk‘q rs‘mc‘qcr nq
fthcdkhmdr g‘r ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms hmektdmbd nm sgd chrbknrtqdr- Sghr rgnvr ansg hm sgd
snohbr bgnrdm sn ad qdonqsdc tonm hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hm gnv sgd hmenql‘shnm
hr sgdm oqnuhcdc- Sgd u‘qhntr rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr+ rtbg ‘r FQH+ BCO+ R?RA+
‘mc nsgdq hmektdmbdr rtbg ‘r sgd TM RCFr+ ‘kk g‘ud cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘mc
hmektdmbdr vgdm hs bnldr sn bgnnrhmf sgd ‘rodbsr sg‘s rgntkc ad qdonqsdc tonm+
cdodmchmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ nm vghbg fqnto hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad sgd oqdrtldc s‘qfds
‘tchdmbd enq ‘ qdonqs- Khjdvhrd+ sgd kdudk ne cds‘hk qdptdrsdc ‘mc qdbnlldmcdc hm
sgd fthcdkhmdr u‘qhdr rtars‘msh‘kkx- Nm ‘ fdmdq‘k kdudk+ hs hr r‘ed sn bk‘hl sg‘s ‘kk
bnqonq‘shnmr mddc sn l‘jd bgnhbdr vgdm hs bnldr sn vg‘s sgdx ‘qd vhkkhmf sn qdonqs
‘mc gnv sgdx ‘qd fnhmf sn cn hs- Fhudm sgd u‘rs ‘qq‘x ne snohbr e‘kkhmf vhsghm sgd
tlaqdkk‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ hs hr adxnmc ‘mx bnqonq‘shnm sn qdonqs ‘kk sgd cds‘hkr nm ‘kk
sgd hrrtdr sn dudqxnmd nts sgdqd- Sghr hr vgdqd l‘sdqh‘khsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr bnld sn
ok‘x ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd-
003 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

5-3-1 LYsdqhYkhsx Yrrdrrldms

L‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldmsr+ nesdm qdedqqdc sn ‘r l‘sdqh‘khsx cdsdqlhm‘shnm dwdqbhrdr+ ‘qd
‘m drrdmsh‘k ‘rodbs ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrrdr- Hm drrdmbd+ l‘sdqh‘khsx
‘rrdrrldms ld‘mr sgd hcdmshexhmf ne sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr enq
qdonqshmf otqonrdr “ hcd‘kkx eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ansg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr
rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vghkd rntmchmf q‘sgdq rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc hm sgd ehqrs hmrs‘mbd+ rtbg
‘rrdrrldmsr b‘m oqnud ghfgkx bg‘kkdmfhmf- Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn mnsd sg‘s sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr cheedq eqnl gnv sgd bnmbdos hr trdc
hm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+ hm vghbg hmenql‘shnm ‘mc hsdlr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc
l‘sdqh‘k he sgdx bntkc onsdmsh‘kkx hmektdmbd sgd dbnmnlhb cdbhrhnmr ne sgnrd trhmf sgd
hmenql‘shnm- Hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ sgdqd hr mn bkd‘q rhmfkd v‘x ne odqenqlhmf
sgd ‘rrdrrldms+ ‘mc sgd cdehmhshnmr ne l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘krn cheedq ‘bqnrr qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr-
Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd hm R?RA l‘sdqh‘khsx hr cdehmdc a‘rdc nm sgd hmctrsqx ‘ bnqonq‘shnm
hr ‘ ldladq ne+ hm FQH d‘bg bnqonq‘shnm rgntkc cdehmd ‘mc ‘rrdrr l‘sdqh‘khsx enq hsrdke
sgqntfg svn chldmrhnmr9 sgd rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ne
bnqonq‘sd nodq‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgd uhdvr ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sgd DT Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k
Qdonqshmf Chqdbshud+ sgdm+ ‘ssdlosr sn bnlahmd cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn l‘sdqh‘khsx
ax ghfgkhfgshmf ‘ cntakd l‘sdqh‘khsx odqrodbshud+ ‘bbnqchmf sn vghbg qdonqshmf
rgntkc enkknv ansg ehm‘mbh‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx sn sgd dwsdms sg‘s hmudrsnqr g‘ud rteehbhdms
hmenql‘shnm sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd bnlo‘mx&r cdudknoldms+ odqenql‘mbd ‘mc onrhshnm+ ‘r
vdkk ‘r dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx sn ‘kknv nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn tmcdqrs‘mc
sgd hlo‘bsr ne sgd bnlo‘mx&r nodq‘shnmr- ?r vd g‘ud mnsdc gdqd+ gnvdudq+ bnlohkhmf
‘ qdonqs sg‘s r‘shrehdr sgd mddcr ne udqx cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdqr b‘m oqnud sn ad ‘
bg‘kkdmfhmf dmcd‘untq+ ‘r cheedqdms trdqr g‘ud ghfgkx u‘qxhmf dwodbs‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf
sgd jdx hrrtdr ‘mc sxod ne hmenql‘shnm mddcdc-
Nmd v‘x sn ‘ooqn‘bg sgd cdsdqlhm‘shnm ne l‘sdqh‘k hrrtdr+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg vg‘s
hmenql‘shnm hr hmbktcdc hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ hr sn trd ‘ l‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw- ?m
dw‘lokd hr oqnuhcdc hm Ehftqd 5-1- Gdqd+ ‘ l‘sqhw hr trdc sn okns u‘qhntr hrrtdr hm
qdk‘shnm sn svn chldmrhnmr- Sgd chldmrhnmr qdoqdrdmsdc hm Ehftqd 5-1 qdk‘sd sn sgd
hlonqs‘mbd ne sgd hrrtd sn sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgd hlo‘bs:
Ghfg

Ldchtl sn ghfg Udpw ghfg

HlonpsVmbd sn rsVjdgnkcdpr

lVsdphVkhsw lVsdphVkhsw
Ldchtl

Knv Ldchtl sn ghfg

lVsdphVkhsw lVsdphVkhsw
Knv

Knv Ldchtl Ghfg

RhfmhehbVmbd ne rtrsVhmVahkhsw hloVbsr

EHFTQD 5-1 L‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw

 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 004

gnvdudq+ sgdrd b‘m u‘qx- Enq dw‘lokd+ rnld l‘sqhbdr hmbktcd ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd
‘lntms ne bnmsqnk sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r nm ‘m hrrtd- Rn+ vghkd ‘m hrrtd lhfgs ad
rddm ‘r hlonqs‘ms sn sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’d-f- ehm‘mbh‘k khsdq‘bx hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k
hmrshstshnm( sgd hrrtd lhfgs ad cdsdqlhmdc sn g‘ud knv l‘sdqh‘khsx ctd sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’hm sghr b‘rd ‘ a‘mj( g‘uhmf+ nq bnmrhcdqhmf sgdlrdkudr sn g‘ud+ khsskd
bnmsqnk nq hlo‘bs nm sgd hrrtd hsrdke- Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s chldmrhnmr ‘qd
hmbktcdc vgdm knnjhmf ‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw ‘r sgdx cn l‘jd ‘
cheedqdmbd sn vg‘s hr bnmrhcdqdc l‘sdqh‘k ‘mc gdmbd vg‘s l‘x ad qdonqsdc-
Sgd uhdvr ne sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd rdkcnl tmhehdc+ ‘mc hm ‘rrdrrhmf l‘sdqh‘khsx sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘krn g‘r sn l‘jd bgnhbdr hm qdf‘qc sn vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdqr hs bnmrhcdqr sn
g‘ud uhdvr hs rddr ‘r lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms- Lnqdnudq+ ‘ l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldms hr khjdkx sn
stqm nts cheedqdmskx cdodmchmf nm vgn ok‘bdr sgd hrrtdr hm sgd ‘anud l‘sqhw+ sgd
bnlo‘mx nq sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr sgdlrdkudr- Drrdmsh‘kkx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx hr ax mn ld‘mr ‘m
naidbshud sghmf+ ats hs hr rnldsghmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm cdehmdr uh‘ itcfdldmsr ‘s ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q ok‘bd ‘mc onhms hm shld- Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx+ hs g‘r addm mnsdc sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘ooqn‘bg l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘mc hlokdldms l‘sdqh‘khsx oqnbdrrdr hm cheedqdms
v‘xr ’Lnqnmdx ‘mc Sqnsl‘m+ 1/05(-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 LYsdqhYkhsx lYsqhbdr

Sn gdko tmcdqrs‘mc sghr oqnbdrr ne l‘sdqh‘khsx cdsdqlhm‘shnm enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hs
vntkc ad trdetk sn bnmrhcdq ‘ oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokd ne sghr- L‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmbktcd ‘ bnox ne
sgdhq l‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw hm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs: hmcddc+ hs hr ‘ jdx hmbktrhnm vgdm
qdonqshmf trhmf sgd FQH nq ;HQ< eq‘ldvnqjr- Vd qdbnlldmc xnt qdstqm sn sgd qdonqs xnt
knnjdc ‘s d‘qkhdq+ ‘ksgntfg ‘ rhlokd hmsdqmds rd‘qbg ne l‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw vhkk aqhmf to
dw‘lokdr eqnl rnld k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr snn ’d-f- Mdrskd+ G%L ‘mc Tmhkdudq ‘kk g‘ud
bnloqdgdmrhud dw‘lokdr ‘u‘hk‘akd nmkhmd(-
Ehmc sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx l‘sqhw hm sgd qdonqs ‘mc qdekdbs nm sgd enkknvhmf ptdrshnmr9 Vg‘s
hrrtdr cn sgdx hmbktcd+ ‘mc vghbg nmdr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud sgd lnrs.kd‘rs rhfmhehb‘mbd>
?qd sgdqd ‘mx hrrtdr sg‘s xnt vntkc dwodbs sn rdd sg‘s ‘qd mns hmbktcdc>
L‘mx ne sgdrd l‘sqhbdr ‘qd ‘bbnlo‘mhdc ax ‘ cdrbqhoshnm ne gnv sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx
cdsdqlhm‘shnm oqnbdrr v‘r tmcdqs‘jdm- Vd rtffdrs xnt ‘krn qd‘c ‘mc qdekdbs nm sghr
rs‘sdldms hm khfgs ne sghr bg‘osdq- Enq dw‘lokd+ cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm m‘ld sgd rs‘jdgnkcdqr
hmbktcdc hm sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx oqnbdrr> Cn sgdx ‘ood‘q sn s‘jd ‘ aqn‘c nq ‘ m‘qqnv uhdv ne sgd
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ne sgd bnlo‘mx>
Vd b‘m kd‘qm ‘ kns eqnl sgdrd l‘sdqh‘khsx dwdqbhrdr ‘mc sgdx chqdbskx ‘eedbs vg‘s hr
hmbktcdc hm sgd qdonqs+ rn b‘m ad vnqsg s‘jhmf rnld shld sn bnmrhcdq-

5-3-2 VgYs kdudk ne cdsYhk hr qdpthqdc>

Nmbd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r fnmd sgqntfg sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc hcdmshehdc sgd
lnrs l‘sdqh‘k ‘rodbsr+ hs rshkk mddcr sn cdbhcd vghbg hmenql‘shnm hs hr fnhmf sn qdonqs
nm sg‘s ‘rodbs+ gnv ltbg cds‘hk hs hr fnhmf sn oqnuhcd+ ‘mc gnv hm fdmdq‘k sgd
hmenql‘shnm vhkk ad oqdrdmsdc- Hm bnlo‘qhrnm sn ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘sdldmsr+ vghbg sxohb‘kkx
enkknv ‘ tmhehdc rsqtbstqd ‘mc enql‘s ‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
005 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

u‘qh‘shnm hr sn ad dwodbsdc- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud sgd ro‘bd sn cdbhcd sgd a‘k‘mbd

adsvddm9 pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm: trd ne ohbstqdr+ fq‘ogr ‘mc
hmenfq‘oghbr: oqnuhrhnm ne ‘ffqdf‘sdc hmenql‘shnm nq lnqd rodbhehb cds‘hkr- Sgdqd b‘m
‘krn ad sgdl‘shb u‘qh‘shnm9 ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x cdbhcd sn trd hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs
sghr xd‘q sn chrbtrr hsr ‘ooqn‘bg sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc b‘qanm odqenql‘mbd hm lnqd
cds‘hk+ vghkd qdctbhmf chrbknrtqdr nm nsgdq hrrtdr sn ‘ lhmhltl- L‘inq hmbhcdmsr b‘m
‘krn g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs9 AO+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ enkknvhmf sgd Cddov‘sdq Gnqhynm nhk ok‘senql
‘bbhcdms hm 1/0/+ trdc ‘ k‘qfd o‘qs ne hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs hm sgd enkknvhmf xd‘q sn
chrbtrr sgd hmbhcdms+ ‘mc Unkjrv‘fdm o‘hc okdmsx ne ‘ssdmshnm sn dsghb‘k ptdrshnmr ‘mc
hmsdqm‘k oqnbdrrdr ‘esdq sgd Chdrdkf‘sd dlhrrhnm rb‘mc‘k hm 1/04-
?bbnqchmfkx+ vd cn mns dmf‘fd hm etqsgdq chrbtrrhnm qdf‘qchmf sgd cds‘hkr ne sgd
hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc gdqd+ ‘r sgd rtars‘msh‘k u‘qh‘shnm hmgdqdms hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf cdehdr ‘mx anhkdqok‘sd dwok‘m‘shnmr nq rhlokd bgdbjkhrsr- Xnt vhkk mnsd+
gnvdudq+ sg‘s vd vhkk qdstqm sn sghr sgdld sgqntfgnts sgd qdrs ne sgd annj- Vd vhkk
sntbg tonm sgd bnmsdmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr vgdm chrbtrrhmf ansg ehm‘mbh‘k
l‘qjdsr ‘mc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hm sgd svn bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv- Khjdvhrd+ hm oqdrdmshmf
jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx snohbr hm O‘qs B ne sgd annj+ vd vhkk ‘krn chrbtrr gnv sgnrd jdx
ptdrshnmr+ rtbg ‘r b‘qanm+ ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr+ qdk‘sd sn ‘mc ed‘stqd hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-

5-4 Hm vgYs enql Ymc enqlYs hr sgd hmenqlYshnm bnlltmhbYsdc>

Sn sghr onhms vd g‘ud bnmbdmsq‘sdc ntq chrbtrrhnm nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr- Ats
sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms onsdmsh‘k bnlltmhb‘shnm bg‘mmdkr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m bgnnrd sn trd
enq sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Sgd bgnhbd ne qdonqshmf bg‘mmdkr qdk‘sdr sn gnv ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm odqbdhudr hsr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hm enkknvhmf sgd hcd‘ ne rsq‘sdfhb
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m enbtr nm ‘ m‘qqnv q‘mfd ne bnlltmhb‘shnm
bg‘mmdkr ‘r oqdedqqdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr jdx rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Hm bnmsq‘rs+ jddohmf
gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘s sgd bnqd+ sgd l‘m‘fdqr l‘x nos enq ‘ aqn‘cdq rds ne
bnlltmhb‘shnm bg‘mmdkr hm rddjhmf sn ad hm bnms‘bs vhsg ‘ lnqd chudqrd q‘mfd ne
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor-
?r ghfgkhfgsdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr dldqfdc
hm sq‘chshnm‘k ’bnqonq‘sd( qdonqsr+ ehqrs vhsghm sgd ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr ‘mc k‘sdq nm ‘r
rdo‘q‘sd rs‘mc‘knmd qdonqsr- Sgd mnshnm ne ‘bbntms hr gnvdudq ltbg aqn‘cdq sg‘m ‘
sq‘chshnm‘k qdonqs- Oqdrr qdkd‘rdr nm hlonqs‘ms cdudknoldmsr ‘mc hmbhcdmsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
kd‘ekdsr sn md‘qax qdrhcdmsr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ g‘ud addm trdc ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr enq ‘ knmf
shld hm rddjhmf sn bnlltmhb‘sd nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr sn rodbhehb rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd mns mdbdrr‘qhkx oqnuhcdc hm vqhshmf+ ‘mc ‘r
rtbg roddbgdr ‘mc oqdrdms‘shnmr fhudm ax bnqonq‘sd ronjdrodqrnmr hm otakhb dudmsr nq
oqhu‘sd rdsshmfr ‘qd ‘krn ‘ ldbg‘mhrl ne oqnuhchmf ‘m ‘bbntms sn nsgdqr-
?r hmenql‘shnm sdbgmnknfx ‘mc sgd hmsdqmds g‘ud cdudknodc+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmenql‘shnm ‘knmfrhcd nsgdq sxodr ne chrbknrtqdr g‘ud roqd‘c sn bnqonq‘sd vdarhsdr
‘mc rnbh‘k ldch‘ bg‘mmdkr- Sgd k‘ssdq g‘ud oqnudm sn ad ‘ e‘rs ‘udmtd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
sn qd‘bg ‘ aqn‘c otakhb+ vgn vntkc mdudq bnmrhcdq qd‘chmf ‘ sq‘chshnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
qdonqs- Hs ‘krn fhudr hmsdqdrsdc rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘m noonqstmhsx sn dmf‘fd vhsg sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ax ‘rjhmf ptdrshnmr ‘mc oqnuhchmf otakhb eddca‘bj+ sgtr qdpthqhmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ‘c‘os sn ‘ e‘rsdq o‘bd ‘mc snohbr mns dmshqdkx tmcdq sgdhq bnmsqnk-
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 006

Lnqdnudq+ rnbh‘k ldch‘ ‘krn fhudr hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr ‘mc nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+
sxohb‘kkx MFNr+ ‘ ok‘senql sgqntfg vghbg sgdx b‘m oqnuhcd sgdhq nvm uhdvonhmsr ne
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hsr ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc sgd chrbknrtqdr hs g‘r oqnuhcdc- Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgdrd
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hm lnqd cds‘hk k‘sdq nm hm sghr annj hm Bg‘osdq 7-
Rshkk+ vghkd nsgdq enqlr ne ‘bbntmsr g‘ud qhrdm hm hlonqs‘mbd+ bnqonq‘sd qdonqsr
qdl‘hm qdkdu‘ms ‘mc g‘ud rodbhehb qnkdr enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sgdrd qdftk‘qkx otakhrgdc qdonqsr ‘qd b‘qdetkkx bq‘esdc cnbtldmsr+ nudq
vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud etkk dchsnqh‘k bnmsqnk- ?r sgd ‘mmt‘k ‘mc rs‘mc‘knmd qdonqsr
‘qd otakhrgdc nm ‘ qdftk‘q a‘rhr+ sgdx needq trdqr ne sgdrd chrbknrtqdr ‘m noonqstmhsx sn
bnlo‘qd sgd hmenql‘shnm nudq shld+ fhuhmf ‘ adssdq uhdv ne sqdmcr ‘mc cdudknoldmsr+
‘r vdkk ‘r ‘bqnrr bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc rdbsnqr+ gdkohmf sn rdd gnv cheedqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
e‘qd ‘f‘hmrs nmd ‘mnsgdq- Fq‘msdc+ ‘ oqnakdl enq bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx g‘r addm sgd e‘bs sg‘s
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r addm ‘ unktms‘qx dwdqbhrd+ fhuhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgd
eqddcnl sn bgnnrd mns nmkx vgdsgdq sgdx qdonqs ‘s ‘kk+ ats ‘krn sgd snohbr sgdx vhrg
sn chrbtrr+ sgd enql‘s trdc+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sxodr ne hmenql‘shnm ‘mc ldsqhbr trdc hm sgd
chrbknrtqdr- Sgd dldqfdmbd ne cheedqdms qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd hmbqd‘rdc
onotk‘qhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd oq‘bshbdr hr oqnuhchmf rnld gdko gdqd-

5-5 RtrsYhmYahkhsx YrrtqYmbd

?r knmf ‘r sgdqd g‘ud addm rnld jhmc ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k nq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqsr ax bnqonq‘shnmr+ sgdqd g‘r addm rbdoshbhrl ‘ants sgdhq bnmsdmsr ‘mc bqdchahkhsx-
Sghr hr mns udqx rtqoqhrhmf+ fhudm sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud g‘c bnmsqnk ne vg‘s sgdx
vhrg sn qdonqs tonm ‘mc gnv+ vghbg g‘r rgnvm sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd oqnmd sn trhmf
sgdrd qdonqsr hm ‘ rdke,k‘tc‘snqx l‘mmdq- Nmd rnktshnm needqdc sn gdko hloqnud sghr
knv bqdchahkhsx g‘r addm sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne dwsdqm‘k udqhehb‘shnm+ jmnvm ‘r
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd- Vd rdd sgd cdbhrhnm sn ‘rrtqd ‘ qdonqs ‘r adhmf o‘qs ne sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr ‘mc ‘r rtbg vd bnudq hs gdqd- Vd rtffdrs ‘rrtq‘mbd
b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax ‘ bnlahm‘shnm ne rsq‘sdfhb ‘mc.nq gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qd‘rnmr+
‘r ansg odqrodbshudr vntkc admdehs eqnl ‘ odqbdhudc hmbqd‘rdc bqdchahkhsx ne sgd
qdonqsdc hmenql‘shnm-

5-5-0 RtrsYhmYahkhsx YrrtqYmbd Ymc ehmYmbhYk Ytchshmf oqYbshbdr

Hm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+ ‘ qdftk‘sdc ‘tchs etmbshnm hr trdc sn oqnuhcd
rnld ‘rrtq‘mbd sg‘s sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnuhcdr ‘
sqtd ‘mc e‘hq uhdv ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k rhst‘shnm- Vhsg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr sgd rdsshmf hr pthsd cheedqdms- Mdhsgdq sgd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr mnq
sgd qnkd ne sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd ‘qd rtaidbs sn l‘mc‘snqx qdftk‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgd vgnkd hmctrsqx
qdl‘hmr kdrr drs‘akhrgdc- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ sgd trd ne sghqc,o‘qsx ‘rrtq‘mbd g‘r addm
rsd‘chkx hmbqd‘rhmf+ vhsg ‘qntmc svn,sghqcr ne sgd l‘inq hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr
hmbktcdc hm sgd Fkna‘k14/ khrs g‘uhmf ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd rs‘sdldms hm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqs hm sgd xd‘q 1/1/ ’JOLF+ 1/1/(-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd rdquhbdr ‘qd needqdc ax ansg sgd l‘inq ltkshm‘shnm‘k
‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ‘r vdkk ‘r rnld rl‘kkdq ok‘xdqr+ hmbktchmf bnmrtks‘mbhdr ‘mc
MFNr- Vghkd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr b‘m u‘qx+ hmbktchmf ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd
rs‘sdldms eqnl ‘m dwsdqm‘k hmcdodmcdms o‘qsx b‘m gdko sn rhfm‘k bqdchahkhsx+ ‘mc
007 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

gdmbd b‘m hloqnud sgd sqtrsvnqsghmdrr ne r‘hc chrbknrtqdr- ?bbnqchmfkx+ l‘mx

nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmrhcdq sghqc,o‘qsx ‘rrtq‘mbd ne sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr sn
oqnuhcd ‘cchshnm‘k u‘ktd- Lnqdnudq+ rdudq‘k eq‘ldvnqjr mnv dwhrs sn ‘hc qdonqshmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdqr ‘mc hmsdqdrsdc rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn ‘fqdd nm gnv sgd
‘rrtq‘mbd ne ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs bntkc ad bnmctbsdc+ vg‘s hs bntkc dms‘hk ‘mc
vg‘s jhmc ne bnmbktrhnmr rtbg ‘rrtq‘mbd e‘bhkhs‘sdr- Sghr hr mns sn r‘x+ gnvdudq+
sg‘s ‘rrtqdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr ‘qd dmshqdkx qdkh‘akd nq sg‘s sgdx vntkc g‘ud ‘
rs‘str rhlhk‘q sn ‘tchsdc ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘sdldmsr+ ‘r vd vhkk chrbtrr hm lnqd cds‘hk
adknv-

5-5-1 EqYldvnqjr enq rtrsYhmYahkhsx YrrtqYmbd

?rrtq‘mbd rdquhbdr rs‘qsdc sn cdudkno ‘knmfrhcd sgd d‘qkx dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf
oq‘bshbdr+ dudm sgntfg sgd s‘jd,nee v‘r mns udqx q‘ohc- Sgdqd v‘r rtars‘msh‘k u‘qh‘shnm
hm sgd oq‘bshbdr+ ‘r hm sgd 088/r ‘mc d‘qkx 1///r sgdqd vdqd mn rs‘mc‘qcr nq eq‘ldvnqjr
hm ok‘bd sg‘s rdquhbd oqnuhcdqr bntkc g‘ud cq‘vm tonm- ?r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
bnmshmtdc sn fqnv hm onotk‘qhsx+ ‘mc sgd cdl‘mc enq ‘rrtq‘mbd rdquhbdr hmbqd‘rdc+
cheedqdms rs‘mc‘qcr adf‘m sn dldqfd enq sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd-
Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ hs hr onrrhakd sn chuhcd sgd ‘rrtq‘mbdr hmsn svn aqn‘c sxodr9 sgd
‘bbntmshmf sxod+ sg‘s hr sgnrd cq‘vhmf lnqd nm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘tchs etmbshnm+ ‘mc sgd
bnmrtks‘mbx.dmfhmddqhmf sxod+ vghbg sdmcr sn ad nqhdmsdc lnqd snv‘qcr rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Sghr chrshmbshnm hr ‘krn uhrhakd hm sgd svn lnrs bnllnm eq‘ldvnqjr trdc hm ‘rrtq‘mbd+
sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Rs‘mc‘qc nm ?rrtq‘mbd Dmf‘fdldms Rs‘mc‘qc 2/// ’HR?D 2///(+
cdudknodc ax sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?tchshmf ‘mc ?rrtq‘mbd Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’H??RA( ne
sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Edcdq‘shnm ne ?bbntms‘msr ’HE?B(+ ‘mc sgd ??0///?R+ ‘m
‘rrtq‘mbd rs‘mc‘qc cdudknodc sgqntfg ‘ ltksh,rs‘jdgnkcdq oqnbdrr kdc ax
?bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘ TJ,a‘rdc bnmrtks‘mbx ehql-
HR?D2/// hr lnqd bknrdkx qdk‘sdc sn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘tchshmf oq‘bshbdr-
Hs v‘r drs‘akhrgdc ax HE?B+ vghbg hr sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ancx hrrthmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘tchshmf rs‘mc‘qcr- Sgd ehqrs udqrhnm v‘r hrrtdc hm 1//2+ vhsg ‘ rtardptdms qduhrhnm hm
1/02- Vghkd sgd rbnod ne HR?D2/// hr mns nmkx ‘ants rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ ‘r hs
hmbktcdr u‘qhntr jhmcr ne ‘rrtq‘mbd dmf‘fdldmsr nsgdq sg‘m ‘tchsr nq qduhdvr ne
ghrsnqhb‘k ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘r hs hr trdc ax ‘bbntmshmf ehqlr hm sgdhq deenqsr sn oqnuhcd ‘rrtq‘mbd enq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr-
??0///?R v‘r nqhfhm‘kkx hrrtdc hm 1//7- Sgd k‘sdrs toc‘sd+ u2+ v‘r otakhrgdc hm
1/1/ ’?bbntms?ahkhsx+ 1/1/(- Vhsg ??0///?R+ sgd enbtr ne sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd
dmf‘fdldms hr udqx cheedqdms eqnl sgd HR?D2/// hm sg‘s gdqd sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdq
du‘kt‘sdr sgd m‘stqd ‘mc dwsdms ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘cgdqdmbd sn entq ??0///
?bbntms?ahkhsx Oqhmbhokdr+ hmbktrhuhsx+ l‘sdqh‘khsx+ qdronmrhudmdrr ‘mc hlo‘bs ’rdd
S‘akd 5-1(- Sgd ‘hl hr sn oqnuhcd rs‘jdgnkcdqr hmenql‘shnm nm gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
hm enbtr l‘m‘fdr hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd ‘mc gnv sghr hr bnlltmhb‘sdc hm sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- ??0///?R g‘r svn cheedqdms sxodr ne ‘rrtq‘mbd dmf‘fdldmsr+
ne vghbg sgd ehqrs sxod cndr mns hmbktcd s‘jhmf ‘ rs‘mc nm sgd qdkh‘ahkhsx ne qdonqsdc
hmenql‘shnm+ vghkd sgd Sxod 1 ‘rrtq‘mbd ‘rrhfmldmsr hmbktcd sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdq
‘krn du‘kt‘shmf sgd qdkh‘ahkhsx ne sgd hmenql‘shnm+ hm ‘cchshnm sn knnjhmf ‘s sgd
dkdldmsr ldmshnmdc ‘anud-
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 008

S?AKD 5-1 ??0/// ?bbntms?ahkhsx Oqhmbhokdr

Oqhmbhokd Cdehmhshnm
Hmbktrhuhsx Odnokd rgntkc gWud W rWx hm sgd cdbhrhnmr sgWs hloWbs sgdl
LWsdqhWkhsx Cdbhrhnm,lWjdqr rgntkc hcdmshex Wmc ad bkdWq Wants sgd rtrsWhmWahkhsx snohbr sgWs lWssdq
Qdronmrhudmdrr NqfWmhrWshnmr rgntkc Wbs sqWmroWqdmskx nm lWsdqhWk rtrsWhmWahkhsx snohbr Wmc sgdhq qdkWsdc
hloWbsr
HloWbs NqfWmhrWshnmr rgntkc lnmhsnq) ldWrtqd Wmc ad WbbntmsWakd enq gnv sgdhq Wbshnmr Weedbs
sgdhq aqnWcdq dbnrxrsdlr

Rntqbd9 ?bbntms?ahkhsx ’1/1/(

Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgd FQH g‘r ‘krn oqnuhcdc qdbnlldmc‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf ‘rrtq‘mbd

dmf‘fdldmsr bnmbdqmhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Sgd FQH cndr mns s‘jd ‘ rs‘mc hm
qdf‘qc sn gnv dw‘bskx ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd dmf‘fdldms rgntkc ad bnmctbsdc nq vghbg
‘rrtq‘mbd rs‘mc‘qc sn enkknv- Gnvdudq+ sgdx cn mnsd rdudq‘k fdmdqhb bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr
enq ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd dmf‘fdldms ‘mc oqnuhcdqr- Rnld ne sgdrd ‘qd rhlhk‘q sn vg‘s hr
bnmrhcdqdc qdkdu‘ms hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘tchs oqnbdrr- FQH+ enq dw‘lokd+
dlog‘rhrdr sgd hmcdodmcdmbd ne sgd ‘rrtqnqr eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘r sghr hr ‘m
hlonqs‘ms oqdbnmchshnm enq otakhrghmf hlo‘qsh‘k bnmbktrhnmr nm sgd qdonqs- Khjdvhrd+
sgd dwodqshrd ne sgd ‘rrtqnqr nm ansg sgd rtaidbs l‘ssdq ‘mc ‘rrtq‘mbd oq‘bshbdr hr
ghfgkhfgsdc-

5-5-2 RtrsYhmYahkhsx YrrtqYmbd hrrtdr Ymc bgYkkdmfdr

Dudm sgntfg ‘rrtq‘mbd oq‘bshbdr g‘ud cdudknodc nudq shld+ sgd ogdmnldmnm hr mns
vhsgnts bg‘kkdmfdr- Hs hr vnqsg ad‘qhmf hm lhmc sg‘s mdhsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
mnq ‘rrtq‘mbd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd dwdqbhrdc vhsghm ‘ rsqnmf kdf‘kkx ahmchmf eq‘ldvnqj- Hm
fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ sgd tmcdqkxhmf hcd‘ ne ‘rrtq‘mbd qdk‘sdr sn dmg‘mbhmf sgd bqdchahkhsx
‘mc qdkh‘ahkhsx ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr+ vghbg ehqlr trt‘kkx oqnctbd unktms‘qhkx
‘mc vghbg g‘ud nesdm rgnvm sn ad dlog‘rhrhmf onrhshud sghmfr ‘s sgd dwodmrd ne
lnqd mdf‘shud ‘mc bg‘kkdmfhmf snohbr- Mnv+ hs hr vnqsg ‘rjhmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ vgdsgdq
‘mc sn vg‘s dwsdms sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdqr ‘hc hm dmrtqhmf sgd qdkh‘ahkhsx ne sgd
qdonqsdc hmenql‘shnm+ nq vgdsgdq ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd rs‘sdldms sdkkr tr he sgd lnrs odqshmdms
hrrtdr g‘ud addm bnudqdc hm ‘ qdonqs- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ hm sghr bnmsdws sgdqd hr ‘ l‘inq
cheedqdmbd adsvddm ‘rjhmf £?qd sgdrd mtladqr qhfgs>– ‘mc £?qd sgdrd sgd qhfgs
mtladqr>– Sgd bg‘kkdmfd gdqd hr sg‘s ‘ onrhshud ‘rrtq‘mbd rs‘sdldms fhudm ax+ r‘x+ ‘
l‘inq fkna‘k Ahf3 ‘bbntms‘mbx ehql+ g‘r rtars‘msh‘k rxlankhb onvdq+ ‘r hs b‘m rhfm‘k
bqdchahkhsx ‘mc hmchb‘sd sqtrsvnqsghmdrr-
Nmd ne sgd jdx bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdr sn sgd rbnod ne sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd dmf‘fdldmsr- ?r
‘rrtq‘mbd hr mns qdftk‘sdc+ hs hr to sn sgd qdonqshmf ehql sn cdbhcd sgd rbnod ne sgd
dmf‘fdldms “ sg‘s hr vghbg o‘qsr ne sgd qdonqs nq qdonqshmf oqnbdrr vhkk ad rtaidbs sn
‘rrtq‘mbd- Hm lnrs b‘rdr+ sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd hr khlhsdc sn ‘ qdk‘shudkx lhmnq o‘qs ne sgd
qdonqs+ hlokxhmf sg‘s hm rnld ‘bbntmshmf sxod dmf‘fdldmsr sgd ‘rrtqnqr lhfgs nmkx
g‘ud knnjdc lnqd bknrdkx hmsn ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q snohb ‘qd‘ ‘mc sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc
sgdqdhm- Rshkk+ ‘ b‘rt‘k qd‘cdq b‘m d‘rhkx ad kdes vhsg ‘m hloqdrrhnm sg‘s sgd vgnkd
01/ Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

qdonqs vntkc g‘ud addm rtaidbs sn ‘m ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnbdrr+ ‘mc sg‘s sgd kdudk ne r‘hc
‘rrtq‘mbd vntkc g‘ud addm rhlhk‘q sn sg‘s trdc hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘tchshmf etmbshnm-
Adhmf tmcdq sgd chrbqdshnm ne sgd qdonqshmf ehql&r l‘m‘fdldms dms‘hkr ‘mnsgdq
hrrtd+ sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdq&r hmcdodmcdmbd- Vghkd sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘tchsnqr ‘qd hm
oqhmbhokd rdquhmf sgd ehql&r rg‘qdgnkcdqr+ sgd nvmdqr+ sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd
oqnuhcdqr ‘qd oqhl‘qhkx qdronmrhakd sn sgd rdmhnq dwdbtshudr ne sgd ehql- Sg‘s hr+ sgd
ehql&r rdmhnq dwdbtshudr b‘m ntskhmd sgd rbnod ‘mc sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sgd s‘rj-
Lnqdnudq+ rgntkc sgd ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdqr bnld to vhsg ‘ mdf‘shud qdonqs+ hs bntkc
ad bnmrhcdqdc onrrhakd sg‘s sgd ehql&r rdmhnq dwdbtshudr vntkc mn knmfdq stqm sn sgd
r‘ld oqnuhcdqr mdws xd‘q-

5-6 Sgd qnkd ne rtrsYhmYahkhsx qdonqshmf Ymc hsr khlhsr

? bqhshb‘k ptdrshnm sn ‘rj hm qdf‘qc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr ‘mc odqg‘or
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr lnqd fdmdq‘kkx hr vg‘s qnkd cn sgdrd qdonqsr rdqud+ ‘mc cn
sgdx bnmsqhatsd sn ‘ssdlosr sn s‘jd rnbhdshdr snv‘qcr kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd sq‘idbsnqhdr-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr bnll‘mc ‘ kns ne hmsdqdrs ‘mc rtars‘msh‘k shld ‘mc dmdqfx
‘qd ots hmsn oqdo‘qhmf ‘mc oqnctbhmf sgdl+ ats vd ‘qd rshkk k‘qfdkx hm sgd c‘qj
vgdm hs bnldr sn sgdhq qnkd ‘mc qdkdu‘mbd hm rnbhdshdr- Vntkc hs ad adssdq he ansg
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx,lhmcdc hmchuhct‘kr ‘bqnrr rnbhdshdr
enbtrdc sgdhq deenqsr nm rnldsghmf dkrd+ khjd odqenql‘mbd ldsqhbr+ l‘m‘fdldms
rxrsdlr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmmnu‘shnmr> Vntkc vd ad adssdq sn enbtr lnqd nm
‘bshnmr+ mns vnqcr>
?r qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr qdl‘hm ‘ oqdcnlhm‘ms ‘mc ghfgkx uhrhakd ‘bshuhsx+ rdudq‘k
cda‘sdr ‘qd nmfnhmf hm rd‘qbg ne rnktshnmr9 Gnv cn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr cdudkno hm
sgd etstqd> Vhkk sgd dlog‘rhr ad lnqd nm ‘ aqn‘cdq kdudk+ chrbg‘qfhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
ax oqnuhchmf hmenql‘shnm sn u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor vhsg u‘qxhmf mddcr ‘mc
v‘msr> Nq+ ‘r sgd dlog‘rhr hm qdbdms xd‘qr g‘r addm+ cn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmshmtd sn
m‘qqnv sgd enbtr+ l‘hmkx rdquhmf sgd hmudrsnqr ‘mc etkehkkhmf sgd hmenql‘shnm mddcr
sghr bnlltmhsx g‘r> Sgd k‘ssdq lncdk g‘r f‘hmdc oqnlhmdmbd sgqntfg+ enq hmrs‘mbd+
sgd drs‘akhrgldms ne ;HQ= ‘mc sgd fthc‘mbd ots enqv‘qc ax R?RA- ?s sgd r‘ld
shld+ hs rshkk ‘ood‘qr sg‘s rs‘jdgnkcdqr l‘jd khlhsdc trd ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd- Adenqd qd‘chmf sghr annj+ g‘c xnt knnjdc ‘s ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqs>
Hs hr ltbg lnqd khjdkx sg‘s xnt vhkk g‘ud qdbdhudc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr eqnl
bnlo‘mhdr ax nsgdq ld‘mr khjd rnbh‘k ldch‘- Vghkd sgd sq‘chshnm‘k ldchtl ne
oqnctbhmf ‘m ‘mmt‘k rs‘shb qdonqs ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bshuhshdr g‘r rshkk oqdu‘hkdc+ rnbh‘k
ldch‘ needqr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgd noonqstmhsx sn qdonqs nm ‘bshuhshdr nm ‘ lnqd hmrs‘ms
a‘rhr+ ‘mc ‘krn sn hmsdq‘bs vhsg hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Khjdvhrd+ rs‘jdgnkcdqr b‘m lnqd d‘rhkx
sg‘m dudq ‘rj ptdrshnmr+ l‘jd bnlldmsr ‘mc rs‘sd cdl‘mcr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc
sgdrd hmsdq‘bshnmr b‘m rvheskx adbnld uhq‘k ‘mc q‘hrd ‘ssdmshnm sn tmoqdbdcdmsdc
kdudkr- Hmbqd‘rhmf chfhs‘khr‘shnm ‘mc mdv bnlltmhb‘shnm bg‘mmdkr vhkk ‘krn khjdkx
g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ldbg‘mhrlr sn oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr
hmsn sgd etstqd-
Nm ‘ rnbh‘k kdudk+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr ‘qd ‘ enql ne oqhu‘sd
fnudqm‘mbd- Hmrsd‘c ne m‘shnm,rs‘sdr drs‘akhrghmf qdftk‘shnmr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 010

vntkc ad l‘mc‘sdc sn enkknv+ oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd ‘r cd e‘bsn rs‘mc‘qc,

rdssdqr+ hm sghr b‘rd vhsg rs‘mc‘qcr rtbg ‘r FQH ‘mc ;HQ=+ vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgdm
enkknv- Gnv cndr rtbg ‘ cdudknoldms ehs vhsg cdlnbq‘shb oqnbdrrdr> Vgn fdsr sn
cdbhcd vg‘s jhmc ne hmenql‘shnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd dwodbsdc sn chrbknrd+ ‘mc hm vg‘s
enql>

5-7 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud enbtrdc nm sgd oqnbdrr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf sgqntfg sgd
ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk oqnonrdc ax Cddf‘m ‘mc Tmdql‘m ’1/00(- Vd
chrbtrrdc svn ‘ksdqm‘shud ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vghbg qdoqdrdms
sgd noonrhsd dmcr ne ‘ bnmshmttl9 rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ hm vghbg ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
enbtrdr nm ‘ m‘qqnvdq fqnto ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc sgdhq qdrodbshud dwodbs‘shnmr
qdf‘qchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm+ ‘mc gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ vghbg hr a‘rdc nm
aqn‘cdq dsghb‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf ‘ ctsx sn oqnuhcd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm
sn ‘ vhcdq fqnto ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vd g‘ud sgdm ghfgkhfgsdc jdx
ptdrshnmr hm sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr+ vgx cndr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqs+ sn vgnl hr sgd
qdonqs s‘qfdsdc+ vg‘s hmenql‘shnm hr qdonqsdc nm+ gnv hr sgd qdonqshmf bnmctbsdc+
‘mc vgdsgdq sgd qdonqs hr rtaidbs sn ‘rrtq‘mbd- Vd chrbtrrdc gnv sgd ‘ooqn‘bg s‘jdm
hm qdf‘qc sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r onrhshnm nm sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmshmttl g‘r
hlokhb‘shnmr nm bgnhbdr sgqntfgnts sgdrd rs‘fdr-
Vghkd ‘ q‘mfd ne bnmbktchmf sgntfgsr bntkc ad dlog‘rhrdc+ vd vhkk khlhs
ntqrdkudr sn itrs svn- Ehqrs+ vd g‘ud sgqntfgnts sghr bg‘osdq ‘mc sgd oqduhntr nmd
ghfgkhfgsdc sgd chudqrhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- ?s sgd r‘ld
shld+ sghr ld‘mr sg‘s nmd rgntkc ‘unhc rhlokhrshb bnmbktrhnmr qdf‘qchmf rtbg
qdonqshmf- Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ vd rgntkc mdhsgdq ‘rrtld sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ax
cdehmhshnm dmf‘fd hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf otqdkx sn otqrtd oqhu‘sd hmsdqdrsr ‘mc
l‘jd ‘kk sgdhq qdonqshmf bgnhbdr ‘bbnqchmfkx+ mnq rgntkc nmd ots e‘hsg hm gnv
dmg‘mbdc qdonqshmf vhkk rnkud fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx oqnakdlr ax oqnuhchmf sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjds vhsg rteehbhdms hmenql‘shnm sn l‘jd deehbhdms qdrntqbd ‘kknb‘shnm hm
dbnmnlhdr- Hmrsd‘c+ vd vhrg sn dlog‘rhrd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr
rgntkc ad ‘ooqn‘bgdc vhsg ‘ bqhshb‘k lhmcrds ‘mc vhsgnts s‘jhmf rhlokd dwok‘m‘shnmr
‘s e‘bd u‘ktd-
Sghr hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx hlonqs‘ms hm sgd btqqdms c‘x ‘mc ‘fd+ vgdm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf+ nesdm hcdmshehdc ‘r mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf+ ‘ood‘qr sn ad lnqd oqnlhmdms
sg‘m dudq- Mdv qdftk‘shnmr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr dldqfd+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm hr ‘
l‘hmrs‘x hm sgd atrhmdrr ldch‘+ ‘mc sgd odqbdhudc qdkdu‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmenql‘shnm hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr g‘r fqnvm rvheskx- Qdl‘qj‘akd bg‘mfdr g‘ud
s‘jdm ok‘bd hm ‘ udqx rgnqs odqhnc ne shld+ ‘mc sgd oq‘bshbdr bnmshmtd sn dunkud- ?kk
sghr hr udqx rhfmhehb‘ms- Rshkk+ vd vhrg sn dlog‘rhrd sg‘s hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq sgd
hlokhb‘shnmr rtbg cdudknoldmsr g‘ud enq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sgd hmgdqdmskx
hmsdqbnmmdbsdc m‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘r duhcdmbdc enq hmrs‘mbd ax sgd RCFr+ hlokhdr
sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr b‘mmns ad s‘bjkdc vhsgnts enbtrhmf rteehbhdmskx nm sgd
mddcr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr oqdrdmsdc adxnmc ‘ m‘qqnv fqnto ne ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Vd qdbnlldmc xnt sn jddo sgdrd bnmbktchmf sgntfgsr hm lhmc ‘r xnt oqnbddc
sgqntfg sgd qdl‘hmhmf bg‘osdqr ne sgd annj-
011 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr

Qdedqdmbdr
?bbntms?ahkhsx+ ’1/1/(- ??0/// ?rrtq‘mbd Rs‘mc‘qc u2- vvv-‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-nqf.rs‘mc‘qcr.
‘‘0///,‘rrtq‘mbd,rs‘mc‘qc. ’‘bbdrrdc 0/ Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Bgn+ B- G-+ K‘hmd+ L-+ Qnadqsr+ Q- V- ‘mc Qncqhftd+ L- ’1/04(- Nqf‘mhydc Gxonbqhrx+
Nqf‘mhy‘shnm‘k E‘b‘cdr+ ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+
3/+ 67“83-
Cddf‘m+ B- ’1//1(- Hmsqnctbshnm9 Sgd Kdfhshlhrhmf Deedbs ne Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k
Chrbknrtqdr “ ‘ Sgdnqdshb‘k Entmc‘shnm- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 04’2(+
171“200-
Cddf‘m+ B- ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- ’1/00(- EhmYmbhYk :bbntmshmf Sgdnqx- LbFq‘v,Ghkk-
Chkk‘qc+ I- ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ D- ’1/08(- Bqhshb‘k Ch‘knfhb‘k ?bbntms‘ahkhsx9 Eqnl ?bbntmshmf,A‘rdc
?bbntms‘ahkhsx sn ?bbntms‘ahkhsx,A‘rdc ?bbntmshmf- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 51+
05“27-
JOLF- ’1/1/(- Sgd Shld GYr Bnld9 Sgd JOLF Rtqudx ne RtrsYhmYahkhsx Pdonqshmf 1.1.- gssor9..
gnld-jolf ’‘bbdrrdc 2 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B- ‘mc Rdmm+ I- ’1/10(- Mnql Cdudknoldms hm Dmuhqnmldms‘k Qdonqshmf- Hm
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm
DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf- Qntskdcfd-
Ldqjk,C‘uhdr+ C- L- ‘mc Aqdmm‘m+ M- L- ’1/00(- ? Bnmbdost‘k Eq‘ldvnqj ne Hloqdrrhnm
L‘m‘fdldms9 Mdv Hmrhfgsr eqnl Orxbgnknfx+ Rnbhnknfx ‘mc Bqhshb‘k Odqrodbshudr-
:bbntmshmf Ymc Atrhmdrr PdrdYqbg+ 30’4(+ 304“326-
Lhbgdknm+ F- ’1/10(- Ehm‘mbh‘k L‘qjdsr ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k Hmenql‘shnm- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-
Lhbgdknm+ F-+ Ohknm‘sn+ R-+ Qhbbdqh+ E- ‘mc Qnadqsr+ Q- V- ’1/05(- Adghmc B‘lntek‘fhmf9
Sq‘chshnm‘k ‘mc Hmmnu‘shud Sgdnqdshb‘k Odqrodbshudr hm Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k
?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg- RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf) LYmYfdldms Ymc Onkhbx IntqmYk+ 6’0(+ 1“14-
Lhsbgdkk+ Q- J-+ ?fkd+ A- Q- ‘mc Vnnc+ C- I- ’0886(- Snv‘qc ‘ Sgdnqx ne Rs‘jdgnkcdq
Hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc R‘khdmbd9 Cdehmhmf sgd Oqhmbhokd ne Vgn ‘mc Vg‘s Qd‘kkx Bntmsr-
:bYcdlx ne LYmYfdldms Pduhdv+ 11’3(+ 742“775-
Lnqnmdx+ Q- ‘mc Sqnsl‘m+ J- S- ’1/05(- Cheedqdmbdr hm ?tchsnqr& L‘sdqh‘khsx ?rrdrrldmsr Vgdm
?tchshmf Ehm‘mbh‘k Rs‘sdldmsr ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqsr- BnmsdlonqYqx :bbntmshmf PdrdYqbg+
22’1(+ 440“464-
Rbgndmdanqm+ C-+ Lnqrhmf+ L- ‘mc Bq‘md+ ?- ’1/1/(- Enql‘shud Odqrodbshudr nm sgd Qdk‘shnm
Adsvddm BRQ Bnlltmhb‘shnm ‘mc BRQ Oq‘bshbdr9 O‘sgv‘xr enq V‘kjhmf+ S‘kjhmf+ ‘mc
S’v(‘kjhmf- Atrhmdrr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 48’0(+ 4“22-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ‘mc K‘hmd+ L- ’1/10(- Rs‘mc‘knmd ‘mc Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G-+ Lhkmd+ L- ‘mc Jd‘qhmr+ J- ’1/03(- ’Qd(oqdrdmshmf £Rtrs‘hm‘akd Nqf‘mhy‘shnmr–-
:bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 28’5(+ 366“383-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

?c‘lr+ B- ?- ’1//1(- Hmsdqm‘k Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k E‘bsnqr Hmektdmbhmf Bnqonq‘sd Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dsghb‘k
Qdonqshmf9 Adxnmc Btqqdms Sgdnqhrhmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+
04’1(+ 112“14/-
N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1/00(- Sgd B‘rd ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?rrtq‘mbd9 Bnmrsqtbshmf ‘ Mdv ?rrtq‘mbd
Rdquhbd- BnmsdlonqYqx :bbntmshmf PdrdYqbg+ 17’3(+ 012/“0155-
 Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf oqnbdrr 012

Qhm‘kch+ K-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc Shks+ B- ’1/03(- Sgd Qnkd ne Rs‘jdgnkcdq Dmf‘fdldms ‘mc Ch‘knftd
vhsghm sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf Oqnbdrr- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Tmdql‘m+
I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’dcr(- RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx ’1mc dcm(- Qntskdcfd-
Rgd+ B- ‘mc Lhbgdknm+ F- ’1/08(- L‘m‘fhmf Rs‘jdgnkcdq Odqbdoshnmr9 Nqf‘mhydc Gxonbqhrx hm
BRQ Chrbknrtqdr nm E‘bdannj- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 50+ 43“65-
Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc Y‘oodsshmh+ E- ’1/03(- Hmbnqonq‘shmf L‘sdqh‘khsx Bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn ?m‘kxrdr ne
?ardmbd eqnl Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf- RnbhYk Ymc DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 23’2(+
061“075-
BG?OSDQ

6
DRF hmudrsldmsr Ymc qhrj
lYmYfdldms

Sgd drb‘k‘shmf fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr aqhmf hmbqd‘rhmf qhrjr ‘mc hlo‘bsr mns
nmkx sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ats ‘krn sn rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr lnqd
aqn‘ckx- Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd ‘m dw‘lokd ne rtbg ‘ rxrsdl+ ‘mc nmd hm vghbg sgd
‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc rhfmhehb‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr fqnvhmf rvheskx- Hm sghr bg‘osdq+ vd
s‘jd ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ qhrj l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc hmudrsldmsr eqnl sgd
odqrodbshud ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Vd oqdrdms ‘mc chrbtrr sgd hmbqd‘rhmfkx uhrhakd oq‘bshbd
ne vg‘s hr bnllnmkx k‘adkkdc dmuhqnmldms+ rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd ’DRF( hmudrsldmsr
‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ sghr bg‘osdq chrbtrrdr mns nmkx vg‘s DRF
hmudrsldmsr ‘qd+ ats ‘krn gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vhsg sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmf DRF
hmudrsldms ‘bshuhsx- Sghr hmbktcdr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr b‘m ‘eedbs sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ‘mc knmf,sdql rtbbdrr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘r vdkk ‘r qdekdbshmf nm gnv
sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr b‘m hmektdmbd sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bshuhshdr ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Vghkd tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hlo‘bsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr
hlonqs‘ms+ sghr bg‘osdq ‘krn ghfgkhfgsr gnv ‘bbntmshmf enq cdodmcdmbhdr b‘m ad udqx
rhfmhehb‘ms hm sgd bnmsdws ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ qhrj l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc hmudrsldmsr-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

G‘ud bnmrhcdqdc ‘mc qde kdbsdc tonm gnv ‘mc vgx ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd
hmbqd‘rhmfkx hmsdqdrsdc hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Tmcdqrs‘mc gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr ‘ jdx dkdldms hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘ssdlosr sn
tmcdqrs‘mc etstqd tmbdqs‘hmshdr ‘mc l‘m‘fd ‘rrnbh‘sdc qhrjr-
Ad ‘akd sn hcdmshex gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd hr hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd+ ‘mc vgx ohmonhmshmf sgd dw‘bs m‘stqd ne sghr qdk‘shnmrgho g‘r
oqnudm sn ad bg‘kkdmfhmf-
Tmcdqrs‘mc gnv ehm‘mbh‘k hmudrsnqr dmf‘fd vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
l‘ssdqr+ ‘mc g‘ud bqhshb‘kkx qde kdbsdc nm vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr sghr l‘x
g‘ud nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Ad ‘akd sn hcdmshex ‘mc bqhshb‘kkx qde kdbs nm sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ne sgd ghfgdq
hmsdqdrs hm DRF hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr g‘r enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 014

6-0 Hmsqnctbshnm sn ehmYmbhYk lYqjdsr Ymc rtrsYhmYahkhsx bnmrhcdqYshnmr

?r vd chrbtrrdc hm O‘qs H ne sghr annj+ cheedqdms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr ‘s ansg knb‘k
‘mc fkna‘k kdudkr g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgd nodq‘shmf bnmsdwsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgd
hlokhb‘shnmr ne sgdrd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr u‘qx ax hmctrsqx+ qdfhnm ‘mc hm shld+ ‘mc
sgdx b‘m ad bg‘kkdmfhmf sn tmcdqrs‘mc+ drshl‘sd ‘mc enqdrdd- Ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ sgd
rxrsdl vhsghm vghbg b‘ohs‘k hr ‘kknb‘sdc sn cheedqdms sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ oqnidbsr
‘mc ‘bshuhshdr sgqntfg u‘qhntr ehm‘mbh‘k hmrsqtldmsr+ ‘qd ‘ jdx dkdldms hm bnmsdlonq‘qx
rnbhdshdr ‘mc ‘qd ‘eedbsdc ax rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr ’Inteeq‘x ds ‘k-+ 1/08(-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq+ vd chrbtrr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r adbnld+ ‘mc hr khjdkx sn
hmbqd‘rhmfkx ad+ ‘ ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms bnlonmdms enq sgd du‘kt‘shnm ne ansg qhrj ‘mc
qdstqm+ vghbg ‘qd sgd etmc‘ldms‘kr ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Adenqd oqnbddchmf+ vd
rgntkc onhms nts sg‘s vghkd sgdqd l‘x ad ‘ sdmcdmbx sn rod‘j ne hmudrsnqr ‘mc
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr hm ‘ e‘hqkx fdmdq‘k rdmrd+ ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc rxrsdlr ‘qd bnlokdw
‘mc hmbktcd ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne hmudrsnq sxodr ‘mc hmudrsldms ‘qq‘mfdldmsr- Hmudrsnqr
bnld hm l‘mx enqlr+ hmbktchmf enq hmrs‘mbd oqhu‘sd hmchuhct‘kr+ odmrhnm etmcr+ gdcfd
etmcr+ k‘qfd hmudrsldms a‘mjr+ gtfd rs‘sd,nvmdc dpthsx etmcr ‘mc rn nm- ?mc
ehm‘mbh‘k hmrsqtldmsr trdc hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr sn e‘bhkhs‘sd b‘ohs‘k ‘kknb‘shnm ‘qd ‘krn
aqn‘c ‘mc chudqrd+ eqnl sgd qdk‘shudkx rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc bnqonq‘sd rg‘qdr sn lnqd
bnlokdw cdqhu‘shudr ‘mc dldqfhmf hmrsqtldmsr khjd fqddm anmcr ‘mc rnbh‘k anmcr-
?r vhsg l‘mx snohbr bnudqdc hm sghr annj+ hs hr rhlokx mns onrrhakd enq tr sn bnudq
‘kk ‘rodbsr hm nmd bg‘osdq+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg vd g‘ud g‘c sn ad pthsd m‘qqnv hm ntq
hmbktrhnm- Ntq ‘hl hr sn oqnuhcd ‘m hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd snohb ‘mc sgd jdx ‘rodbsr
qdk‘sdc sn ntq ‘qd‘ ne enbtr “ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- ?r rtbg+
q‘sgdq sg‘m ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud bnudq‘fd vd hmsqnctbd ‘mc dw‘lhmd u‘qhntr bnqd
bnmbdosr- Vghkd ‘m ‘ssdlos g‘r addm l‘cd sn hmbktcd rnld chudqrhsx+ hm rnld ne ntq
chrbtrrhnm vd g‘ud bgnrdm sn enbtr nm hmudrsldms hm bnqonq‘shnmr rodbhehb‘kkx+ q‘sgdq
sg‘m+ enq dw‘lokd+ hmudrsldms hm oqnidbsr nq hmudrsldms ax ehm‘mbh‘k hmrshstshnmr
vghbg b‘m ad hmektdmbdc ax hmrshstshnm‘k rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc ‘fqddldmsr ’enq dw‘lokd+ sgd
Dpt‘snq Oqhmbhokdr+ rdd N&Rtkkhu‘m ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ 1//8(- Gnvdudq+ l‘mx ne sgd
snohbr hkktrsq‘sdc hm sghr chrbtrrhnm ‘qd ‘krn qdkdu‘ms enq nsgdq hmudrsldms enqlr ‘mc
sxodr ‘mc rnld qd‘chmfr ‘mc qdrntqbdr ‘qd oqnuhcdc ‘s sgd dmc ne sgd bg‘osdq enq
sgnrd hmsdqdrsdc hm knnjhmf etqsgdq hmsn sgd snohb hm lnqd cdosg-

6-0-0 EhmYmbhYk lYqjdsr) qhrj Ymc qdstqm9 Aqhmfhmf rtrsYhmYahkhsx hmsn sgd lhw
Hm ehm‘mbd ‘mc hmudrsldms l‘qjdsr sgdqd hr ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne cheedqdms ldsgncr trdc sn
u‘ktd ‘m hmudrsldms s‘qfds+ khjd ‘ bnqonq‘shnm- Vd ‘qd mns fnhmf sn fn hmsn sgnrd
u‘kt‘shnm lncdkr gdqd+ ‘r enq ntq otqonrdr hs rteehbdr sn r‘x sg‘s hm uhqst‘kkx ‘mx
ehm‘mbh‘k lncdk sgdqd ‘qd svn jdx dkdldmsr sn ad bnmrhcdqdc vgdm u‘kthmf ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k
hmrsqtldms9 qhrj ‘mc qdstqm- Hm sghr bnmsdws qhrj qdk‘sdr sn gnv ltbg qhrj hr hmunkudc
hm sgd hmudrsldms vgdqd‘r qdstqm hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd ’trt‘kkx ehm‘mbh‘k( qdstqm ne
sgd hmudrsldms- Gnvdudq+ he vd v‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr ‘rrnbh‘sdc
vhsg sgd qhrj ‘mc qdstqm eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne sgd hmudrsnq nq sgd l‘qjdsr lnqd
aqn‘ckx+ vd ‘krn mddc sn bnmrhcdq gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr l‘mhedrs ‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
kdudk-
Enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qhrj g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx qdkdu‘ms- Sghr hr drodbh‘kkx vhsg qdf‘qcr sn
015 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

l‘jhmf knmf,sdql rsq‘sdfhb bgnhbdr sg‘s vntkc gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn rtbbddc hm
sgd bg‘mfhmf nodq‘shmf bnmsdws- Sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne bnmrhcdqhmf gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘eedbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qhrj ‘mc knmf,sdql rsq‘sdfhb cdbhrhnmr ‘krn g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr nm
sgd hmenql‘shnm l‘m‘fdqr mddc hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Enq hmrs‘mbd hs q‘hrdr sgd
mddc sn ‘bbntms enq u‘qhntr sxodr ne cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc sn tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s sxodr ne
rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbdr+ rdquhbdr ‘mc ‘rodbsr ‘qd bqhshb‘k enq sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r knmf,sdql rtbbdrr- Qdkdu‘ms ptdrshnmr hmbktcd+ enq dw‘lokd+ gnv
dwonrdc hr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn sgd u‘qhntr deedbsr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd> Khjdvhrd+ sgdqd hr
‘ mddc sn kd‘qm sn du‘kt‘sd+ ‘rrdrr ‘mc ‘bbntms enq cheedqdms sxodr ne dudmsr+
cdudknoldmsr ‘mc rbdm‘qhnr qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc rtardptdmskx sn rddj sn
‘rrdrr vg‘s jhmc ne ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr sgdrd vntkc g‘ud enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Sgd r‘ld ‘ookhdr sn hmudrsnqr ‘mc sgd vhcdq q‘mfd ne ‘bsnqr hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr-
Rhlhk‘q sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmudrsnqr sqx sn tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms gnv
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vhkk ‘eedbs sgd u‘ktd ‘mc etstqd ntsknnj ne sgd u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
nsgdq hmudrsldms s‘qfdsr- Sg‘s hr+ ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne gnv u‘qhntr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr
‘eedbs sgd qhrj ‘mc onsdmsh‘k qdstqmr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg ‘m hmudrsldms- Hm rnld b‘rdr+
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn aqhmf ‘ants ‘ q‘mfd ne noonqstmhshdr vghbg+ enq
dw‘lokd+ bntkc gdko sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm fqnv rtars‘msh‘kkx hmsn mdv l‘qjdsr nq oqnctbs
rdfldmsr- Fqddm sdbg bnlo‘mhdr b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc gdqd ‘r sgdx l‘x ad ‘akd sn
kdudq‘fd nee ‘ccqdrrhmf nq qdronmchmf sn dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr- Enq nsgdqr+ gnvdudq+
sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lhfgs ad lnqd ‘cudqrd- ?m hmbqd‘rdc qhrj ne
qdftk‘snqx hmsdqudmshnm+ vghbg vntkc kd‘c sn ghfgdq bnrsr nq+ hm lnqd dwsqdld b‘rdr+
dudm qdpthqd ‘a‘mcnmhmf sgd btqqdms atrhmdrr lncdk+ hr ‘ rhst‘shnm sg‘s hkktrsq‘sdr sghr
onhms- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm lhfgs ad ghfgkx cdodmcdms nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbd+ l‘jhmf hsr ehm‘mbh‘k ntsknnj ghfgkx utkmdq‘akd- ?m nauhntr
hmrs‘mbd gdqd vntkc ad sgnrd bnlo‘mhdr sg‘s qdkx nm enrrhk etdkr- Gnvdudq+ ‘r sgd
oqduhntr bg‘osdqr hkktrsq‘sd+ hs hr mns nmkx enrrhk etdk bnlo‘mhdr sg‘s ‘qd dwonrdc sn sgd
qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rn rtbg bnmbdqmr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms lnqd aqn‘ckx-
Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmsdws hr sgdqdenqd hlonqs‘ms hm sghmjhmf ‘ants DRF
hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms vghbg vd vhkk chrbtrr hm sgd qdl‘hmcdq ne sghr
bg‘osdq- Vd vhkk mdws chrbtrr gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ed‘stqdr hm sgd bnmsdws ne qhrj ‘mc
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr vhsg ‘ aqhde nudquhdv ne jdx bnmbdosr hm sgd ‘qd‘- Eqnl sgdqd+ vd
vhkk bnmrhcdq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk ‘mc oqnuhcd ‘m nudquhdv ne sgd qdk‘shnmrgho
adsvddm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms- Sghr vhkk sgdm rdqud ‘r ‘ a‘bjcqno enq ‘
chrbtrrhnm vghbg dwoknqdr etqsgdq gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r adbnld ‘ ghfgkx rhfmhehb‘ms
hrrtd hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr sgqntfg sgd oqnkhedq‘shnm ne sgd DRF bnmrhcdq‘shnmr- Vd
bnmrhcdq gdqd gnv l‘qjds ‘bsnqr rddj sn l‘jd rdmrd ne sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ qhrj ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr- Sgqntfgnts vd vhkk bnmrhcdq vg‘s jhmc ne
hlokhb‘shnmr ‘kk sghr g‘r enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Oqhmbhokdr enq Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms ’OQH(

Sgd Oqhmbhokdr enq Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms ’OQH( hr a‘rdc nm ‘ rds ne unktms‘qx hmudrsldms
oqhmbhokdr bnmbdqmhmf gnv DRF hrrtdr b‘m ad hmbktcdc hm hmudrsldms oq‘bshbdr- Entmcdc hm
1//5+ sgd ‘rohq‘shnm‘k fn‘k adghmc sgd Oqhmbhokdr hr sgd cdudknoldms ne ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd
fkna‘k ehm‘mbh‘k rxrsdl- Sgd Oqhmbhokdr+ nqhfhm‘kkx cdudknodc ax sgd hmudrsnq bnlltmhsx+ g‘ud
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 016

addm rhfmdc ax ‘ aqn‘c q‘mfd ne l‘inq oqnedrrhnm‘k ‘rrds nvmdqr+ ehm‘mbh‘k rdquhbd oqnuhcdqr
‘mc hmudrsldms l‘m‘fdqr-
OQH rddjr sn ‘cu‘mbd qdronmrhakd hmudrsldms ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd l‘qjdsr hm u‘qhntr v‘xr-
Sgdx dmf‘fd hm onkhbx vnqj vhsg fkna‘k onkhbxl‘jdqr+ sgdx cdudkno snnkr enq hmudrsnqr vgn
rddj sn hmbnqonq‘sd DRF e‘bsnqr hmsn sgdhq cdbhrhnmr+ ‘mc sgdx dmf‘fd hm sgd cdudknoldms
‘mc otakhrghmf ne c‘s‘ ‘mc jmnvkdcfd nm qdronmrhakd hmudrsldmsr+ DRF ‘mc sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne fkna‘k ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn bnkk‘anq‘shmf vhsg onkhbxl‘jdqr ‘mc
sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx+ sgd OQH ‘krn dmf‘fdr vhsg ‘b‘cdlhbr hm rddjhmf sn bqd‘sd lnqd
rbhdmshehb qdrd‘qbg nm qdronmrhakd hmudrsldms ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ ‘mc sn
rshltk‘sd hmsdq‘bshnm adsvddm ‘b‘cdlhbr+ onkhbxl‘jdqr ‘mc sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx-

6-1 EhmYmbhYk lYqjdsr Ymc DRF

Sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r qdbdmskx fnmd sgqntfg ‘
l‘inq bg‘mfd- Tmshk odqg‘or sgd d‘qkx 1///r+ sgdqd v‘r ‘ e‘hqkx bnllnm uhdv hm sgd
l‘qjdsok‘bd sg‘s ax otsshmf dlog‘rhr nm rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k nq dsghb‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr+
sgd hmudrsnq bntkc hm deedbs ad knrhmf nts nm noonqstmhshdr sn bqd‘sd ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr-
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bshuhshdr vdqd bnmrhcdqdc sn onsdmsh‘kkx g‘ud ‘ mdf‘shud deedbs nm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ne ‘m dmshsx ‘mc ‘mx onsdmsh‘k qdstqm sn sgd hmudrsnq- Sghr v‘r k‘qfdkx ctd sn
sgdl adhmf bnmrhcdqdc ‘m ‘cchshnm‘k+ ‘mc enq l‘mx tmmdbdrr‘qx+ bnrs nq dwodmrd-
Hm e‘bs+ ‘lnmfrs hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr+ etmc l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc odmrhnm etmcr sgd
onk‘qhr‘shnm ne uhdvr rtqqntmchmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc bnrsr ‘mc dwodmrdr v‘r dudm
rsqnmfdq- Nm sgd nmd g‘mc+ ‘ mhbgd hmudrsldms l‘qjds g‘c dwhrsdc enq ‘ knmf shld+
vhsg ansg ohnmddqhmf dsghb‘k hmudrsldms etmcr ‘r vdkk ‘r rnld odmrhnm etmcr ‘bshudkx
dmf‘fhmf vhsg rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dsghb‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr- Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc+ hs
v‘r nesdm ‘qftdc sg‘s etmc l‘m‘fdqr g‘c ‘ ehctbh‘qx ctsx sn s‘jd b‘qd ne sgd etmcr
g‘mcdc nudq sn sgdl hm ‘ v‘x sg‘s bqd‘sdc sgd adrs onrrhakd ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr+ ‘mc
s‘jhmf hmsn ‘bbntms rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k nq dsghb‘k ‘rodbsr sgqntfg odqrnm‘k u‘ktdr
nq nsgdqvhrd rdbnmc‘qx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vntkc ad hm bnmekhbs vhsg sgd etmc l‘m‘fdq&r
oqhl‘qx ctsx- Vghkd rtbg ‘qftldmsr b‘m rshkk ad gd‘qc+ sgd chrbtrrhnm g‘r rghesdc
rtars‘msh‘kkx hm qdbdms xd‘qr-Sgdqd ‘qd khjdkx sn ad ‘ q‘mfd ne qd‘rnmr enq sghr bg‘mfd+
ats vd b‘m hcdmshex svn jdx cqhudqr gdqd-
Ehqrs+ ‘r vd g‘ud ntskhmdc dkrdvgdqd+ hs hr mnv bnllnmkx tmcdqrsnnc sg‘s hm
‘cchshnm sn ehm‘mbh‘k qdrntqbdr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq l‘m‘fdqr g‘ud qdronmrhahkhshdr
enq rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr- ?r rtbg+ ‘mc ‘r chrbtrrdc hm
Bg‘osdq 2 hm qdk‘shnm sn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdfhshl‘bx ‘mc sgd rnbh‘k bnmsq‘bs+ ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r odqenql‘mbd hr mn knmfdq rddm sn ad a‘rdc rnkdkx nm ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd- ?knmfrhcd sghr+ ‘mc ‘r ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr ‘qd ‘rrnbh‘sdc
vhsg sghr aqn‘cdq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r odqenql‘mbd+ sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ne ‘ ehql hr lnqd bknrdkx hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd-
Rdbnmc+ fhudm sgd hmbqd‘rhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd khjdkx hlo‘bsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd ctd sn cdodmcdmbhdr nm sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k
bnmsdws+ q‘sgdq sg‘m adhmf odqbdhudc ‘r ‘ bnrs nq dwodmrd+ l‘m‘fdqr& b‘qdetk
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx b‘m ad rddm ‘r ‘m hmudrsldms snv‘qcr sgd knmf,sdql
rtbbdrr ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sghr hr odqg‘or etqsgdq ‘lokhehdc vhsg oqdu‘kdms m‘qq‘shudr
017 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

bnmbdqmhmf gnv s‘jhmf b‘qd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘ssdqr hr ‘krn fnnc enq atrhmdrr- Sghr hr
jmnvm ‘r sgd atrhmdrr b‘rd enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- S‘jdm snfdsgdq+ sgdrd ‘rodbsr b‘m
hmbqd‘rd bnmehcdmbd hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc rdmc onrhshud rhfm‘kr sn rnld hmudrsnqr-
?s sghr onhms hs hr vnqsg mnshmf sg‘s+ ‘r ntskhmdc hm Bg‘osdq 1+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr
tmcdqrsnnc hm u‘qhntr v‘xr vhsghm sgd bnmsdws ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc qhrj
l‘m‘fdldms- Sghr qdrtksr hm ‘ q‘mfd ne sdqlr adhmf qdedqqdc sn- Vd g‘ud cdehmdc
rnld ne sgd jdx sdqlr hm sghr ‘qd‘ hm sgd £O‘trd sn qdekdbs– adknv- Gnvdudq+ hm sghr
rvheskx dunkuhmf ehdkc vd ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s sgdrd sdqlr ‘qd mns ‘kv‘xr trdc hm ‘ udqx
bngdqdms l‘mmdq ‘mc b‘m ‘s shldr ad trdc qdk‘shudkx ekdwhakx ‘mc hmsdqbg‘mfd‘akx-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Adenqd fnhmf etqsgdq kds&r s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd sdqlhmnknfx sg‘s xnt ‘qd khjdkx
sn bnld ‘bqnrr hm sghr ‘qd‘- ?r xnt qd‘c sgqntfg sgdl+ ‘mc adenqd vd chrbtrr rnld ne sgdl
etqsgdq adknv+ vd rtffdrs xnt s‘jd rnld shld sn qdekdbs nm sgd rhlhk‘qhshdr ‘mc cheedqdmbdr
‘bqnrr sgd cheedqdms sdqlr trdc-
DRF9 Sgd sdql vd trd hm sghr bg‘osdq hr trdc hm cheedqdms v‘xr ‘mc hm bnlahm‘shnm vhsg
nsgdq sdqlr ’d-f- DRF,hmudrshmf( sn hmchb‘sd sg‘s dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd hrrtdr
g‘ud hm rnld v‘x addm bnmrhcdqdc- Hs hr ‘krn odqshmdms sn mnsd sg‘s sgd sdql DRF hr trdc
ltbg lnqd dwsdmrhudkx hm sgd bnmsdws ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc hmudrsldmsr sg‘m sgd sdql
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- LRBH+ ‘ l‘inq ehm‘mbh‘k rdquhbdr bnlo‘mx+ cdehmdr DRF hmudrshmf ‘r zsgd
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne dmuhqnmldms‘k+ rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd e‘bsnqr ‘knmfrhcd ehm‘mbh‘k e‘bsnqr hm
sgd hmudrsldms cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrr– ’LRBH+ 1/07+ o-”1(-
MdfYshud rbqddmhmf9 Hlokhdr oqnbdrrdr hm vghbg hmudrsnqr oqd,rbqddm onrrhakd
hmudrsldms s‘qfdsr a‘rdc nm rnld oqd,cdehmdc bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr- Bnllnm dw‘lokdr ‘qd
dwbktchmf bnlo‘mhdr cd‘khmf vhsg+ r‘x vd‘onmr+ f‘lakhmf nq onqmnfq‘ogx eqnl sgd
onqsenkhn- Sghr ld‘mr bnlo‘mhdr hm sgdrd hmctrsqhdr ‘qd dwbktcdc ‘ksnfdsgdq eqnl hmudrsldms
qdf‘qckdrr ne onsdmsh‘k qdstqmr- Bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr trdc hm sgd rbqddmhmf oqnbdrr u‘qx ‘mc b‘m
bg‘mfd nudq shld- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ lnqd qdbdms dw‘lokd vntkc ad bn‘k vgdqd lnqd ‘mc lnqd
hmudrsnqr ‘qd rddhmf hs ‘r ‘ zmnm,hmudrs‘akd– ‘bshuhsx-
RnbhYkkx qdronmrhakd hmudrshmf ’RQH(9 RQH hr ‘mnsgdq bnllnm sdql- RQH sdmcr sn ad
trdc ‘r ‘ aqn‘cdq k‘adk sn hmchb‘sd hmudrsldms ‘ooqn‘bgdr sqxhmf sn chlhmhrg sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr ne hmudrsldms s‘qfdsr- ?s shldr RQH hr trdc hmsdqbg‘mfd‘akx vhsg
dsghb‘k hmudrshmf ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd hmudrshmf- Vd mnsd gnvdudq sg‘s sgdrd k‘sdq sdqlr b‘m g‘ud
lnqd rodbhehb ld‘mhmfr-
DsghbYk hmudrsldms9 Nmd ne sgd d‘qkx sdqlr trdc hm sgd ‘qd‘- Sq‘chshnm‘kkx trdc sn qdedq sn
hmudrsldms rsq‘sdfhdr enkknvhmf bdqs‘hm u‘ktdr nq dsghb‘k adkhder+ hlokxhmf enq hmrs‘mbd sgd
dwbktrhnm ne o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqhdr uh‘ rbqddmhmf- Wnt l‘x g‘ud gd‘qc ne dsghb‘k hmudrsldms
etmcr+ enq dw‘lokd- Sgdrd etmcr+ rds to sn ‘rrhrs hmudrsnqr vgn v‘ms sn a‘k‘mbd ehm‘mbh‘k
qdstqmr vhsg dmrtqhmf sgdx chqdbs sgdhq hmudrsldms hmsn dsghb‘k ’nq ‘s kd‘rs mns oqnakdl‘shb(
‘bshuhshdr+ ‘qd fqnvhmf hm onotk‘qhsx-
HloYbs hmudrshmf9 Hlo‘bs hmudrshmf hr vgdm hmudrsnqr trd sgd hmudrsldms nq sgd
‘kknb‘shnm ne b‘ohs‘k hm rddjhmf sn ‘bghdud nsgdq ntsbnldr adxnmc ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr- Hlo‘bsr
lhfgs enq hmrs‘mbd qdedq sn rnbh‘k fnncr nq dmuhqnmldms‘k hloqnudldmsr+ vghbg cn mns aqhmf
chqdbs ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqmr sn sgd hmudrsnq- Hlo‘bs hmudrshmf cndr mns+ gnvdudq+ hlokx oqnuhrhnm ne
bnmbdrrhnm‘qx b‘ohs‘k+ dudm sgntfg sgdrd ‘qd ‘s shldr ‘rrnbh‘sdc snfdsgdq-
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 018

6-1-0 Sxodr ne DRF hmudrshmf

Vgdm qd‘chmf sgd atrhmdrr oqdrr nq enkknvhmf rnbh‘k ldch‘+ hs g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx
g‘qc mns sn mnshbd gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd eqdptdmskx shdc snfdsgdq-
Sgd ohbstqd fhudm hr rnldshldr ehkkdc vhsg rhlokhehb‘shnmr+ hm vghbg sgd chudqrhsx hm
sghr ‘qd‘ fdsr knrs ‘r dudqxsghmf hr ktlodc snfdsgdq hm oqnctbhmf b‘sbgx gd‘ckhmdr nq
rhlokd bgdbjkhrsr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn oqnuhchmf cdehmhshnmr enq rnld jdx sdqlr hm sgd ‘anud
£O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs+– hs l‘x ad trdetk sn oqnuhcd etqsgdq rhfmonrsr qdf‘qchmf rnld jdx
b‘sdfnqhdr hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Vd vhkk cn sghr ax ntskhmhmf sgqdd bnllnmkx
chrbtrrdc sxodr ne DRF hmudrshmf+ sg‘s hr+ v‘xr hm vghbg ptdrshnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd
s‘jdm hmsn bnmrhcdq‘shnm hm hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr ’rdd Bqhen ds ‘k-+ 1/08(- Vd vhkk
oqnuhcd lnqd mt‘mbd sn sgdrd nudquhdvr ‘r vd oqnbddc vhsg sgd bg‘osdq-
Sgd sq‘chshnm‘k v‘x sn s‘jd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn ‘bbntms hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr
vntkc odqg‘or ad u‘ktd,a‘rdc hmudrshmf- U‘ktd,a‘rdc hmudrshmf drrdmsh‘kkx hlokhdr
cdrhfmhmf nmd&r hmudrsldms onqsenkhn ‘bbnqchmf sn nmd&r u‘ktdr+ adkhder ‘mc mnqlr-
Sxohb‘k dw‘lokdr gdqd vntkc hmbktcd hmudrshmf hm oqnidbsr+ bnlo‘mhdr nq hmctrsqhdr
vghbg ‘qd rddm sn ‘khfm vhsg nmd&r u‘ktdr: enq dw‘lokd+ sgnrd oqnctbhmf
dmuhqnmldms‘kkx qdronmrhakd oqnctbsr nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr jmnvm enq g‘uhmf fnnc rnbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd- ?r ‘ oqhu‘sd hmudrsnq+ xnt l‘x vdkk ad ‘v‘qd ne rnld u‘ktd,a‘rdc nq
dsghb‘k hmudrsldms etmcr+ ‘ q‘mfd ne vghbg g‘ud addm ‘u‘hk‘akd rhmbd sgd 085/r-
U‘ktd,a‘rdc hmudrsldms ‘krn nesdm ld‘mr dwbktchmf hmudrsldmsr hmsn o‘qshbtk‘q
hmctrsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r sna‘bbn nq f‘lakhmf+ nq sgd cdbhrhnm sn chudrs eqnl o‘qshbtk‘q
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc sgd bnlo‘mx dmf‘fd hm rnldsghmf sgd hmudrsnq sghmjr hr hm
bnmsq‘chbshnm vhsg ghr.gdq nvm u‘ktd onrhshnm- Gdqd+ u‘ktd,a‘rdc cdbhrhnmr ‘qd nesdm
rtodqhnq sn bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne qhrj ‘mc qdstqm+ ld‘mhmf sg‘s sgd hmudrsnq hr vhkkhmf sn
axo‘rr rnld ehm‘mbh‘k noonqstmhshdr ctd sn rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k nq dsghb‘k qd‘rnmhmfr-
Btqqdmskx+ sgd ahffdrs rsqd‘l ne DRF hmudrshmf hr ‘qft‘akx sgd ‘ooqn‘bg ne DRF
hmsdfq‘shnm- DRF hmsdfq‘shnm rs‘qsr eqnl sgd hcd‘ ne hloqnuhmf sgd qhrj,qdstqm
bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne nmd&r hmudrsldmsr sgqntfg ‘ b‘qdetk bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne DRF e‘bsnqr-
?f‘hm+ sgdqd hr ‘ q‘mfd ne rsxkdr+ ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘mc oqhmbhokdr trdc ax hmudrsnqr- Hm
fdmdq‘k+ sgd hmudrsnqr cn mns qtkd nts hmudrsldms noonqstmhshdr b‘sdfnqhb‘kkx a‘rdc nm
rnld bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr- Hmrsd‘c+ sgd DRF e‘bsnqr+ enqdrddm noonqstmhshdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k
qhrjr vntkc ad ‘rrdrrdc hm u‘qhntr v‘xr ‘mc sgdrd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd dladccdc hm sgd
du‘kt‘shnm ne sgd hmudrsldms&r qhrj,qdstqm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr- Odqg‘or hs hr trdetk sn
bnmrhcdq ‘m dw‘lokd- Sgd b‘q hmctrsqx oqnuhcdr tr vhsg ‘ q‘mfd ne sghmfr sg‘s bntkc
ad bnmrhcdqdc gdqd- DRF bnmbdqmr hm sgd b‘q hmctrsqx bntkc hmunkud sgd hmudrsnq
b‘qdetkkx bnmrhcdqhmf sgd q‘mfd ne lncdkr ‘ fhudm l‘mte‘bstqdq g‘r cdudknodc+ sgd
mdv sdbgmnknfhdr hs g‘r hmudrsdc hm+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd bnlo‘mx&r rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k
odqenql‘mbd ‘mc hsr qdk‘shud onrhshnm vhsghm sgd hmctrsqx+ odqg‘or ‘r ‘rrdrrdc ax rnld
sghqc,o‘qsx hmctrsqx dwodqs- Hm drrdmbd+ hm sghr ‘ooqn‘bg sgd hmudrsnq hr ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf
sg‘s sgd vnqkc hr bg‘mfhmf ‘mc gdmbd ‘hlr ‘s cdudknohmf nmd&r hmudrsldms oqnbdrr
‘mc ‘ooq‘hr‘k ldsgncr sn s‘jd sghr bg‘mfd hmsn ‘bbntms hm sgd hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr-
? sghqc ‘qd‘ ne DRF,hmudrshmf vnqsg ldmshnmhmf gdqd hr sgd cheedqdms enqlr ne hlo‘bs
hmudrshmf ’rdd ‘anud enq ‘ cdehmhshnm(- Vhsghm hlo‘bs hmudrsldms sgd knfhb ne sgd
hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘k hr ‘f‘hm cheedqdms ‘r+ hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd qhrj,qdstqm bnmrhcdq‘shnmr+
sgd hmudrsnq hr ‘krn rddjhmf sn bqd‘sd nsgdq sxodr ne hlo‘bsr+ lnrskx hm sgd enql ne rnbh‘k
nq dmuhqnmldms‘k fnncr- Sgdrd hlo‘bsr vntkc mns admdehs sgd hmudrsnq chqdbskx+ ats
vntkc admdehs rnld nsgdq fqntor+ bnlltmhshdr+ fdnfq‘oghb‘k ‘qd‘r nq sgd rnbhdsx hm
02/ DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

fdmdq‘k: enq dw‘lokd+ sgqntfg sgd qdctbshnm ne hmbnld dpt‘khsx nq rknvhmf ne

cdenqdrs‘shnm ‘mc qdfhnm‘k knrr ne ahnchudqrhsx- Hs hr ‘krn onrrhakd sg‘s sgd hmudrsnq fdsr
rnld hmchqdbs admdehsr uh‘+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ hmbqd‘rdc rs‘ahkhsx ne ‘m ‘qd‘ nq hloqnudc
qdots‘shnm- Sgdrd hmchqdbs admdehsr ‘qd tmkhjdkx sn ad sgd jdx dkdldms gdqd+ gnvdudq+ ‘r
hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn mnsd sg‘s hlo‘bs hmudrsldms hr mns sgd r‘ld ‘r bg‘qhsx nq cnm‘shnmr+ ‘mc
sgd hmudrsldms hr mnmdsgdkdrr dwodbsdc sn aqhmf ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k qdstqm sn sgd hmudrsnq-
? oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokd ne hlo‘bs hmudrshmf vntkc ad sgd u‘qhntr noonqstmhshdr sn
hmudrs hm sgd oqnctbshnm ‘mc chrsqhatshnm ne rnk‘q o‘mdkr hm Rta,R‘g‘q‘m ?eqhb‘- Sgdqd
lhfgs ad nsgdq+ ehm‘mbh‘kkx lnqd ‘ssq‘bshud hmudrsldms noshnmr ‘u‘hk‘akd+ ats enq ‘m
hlo‘bs hmudrsnq rtbg rnk‘q o‘mdkr bntkc needq ‘ onrrhahkhsx sn ansg qdbdhud ehm‘mbh‘k
qdstqm ‘mc bnmsqhatsd onrhshudkx nm u‘qhntr RCFr- Eqnl sgd bnqonq‘sd rogdqd+ vd
bntkc trd sgd dw‘lokd ne Mnun Mnqchrj+ ‘ C‘mhrg og‘ql‘bdtshb‘k bnlo‘mx- Mnun
Mnqchrj drs‘akhrgdc+ sgqntfg hsr gnkchmf bnlo‘mx hm 1/07+ sgd QDO?HQ Hlo‘bs
Etmc- Sghr etmc hmudrsr hm d‘qkx rs‘fd bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc rs‘qs,tor hm rddjhmf sn ‘ccqdrr
qdrhrs‘ms lhbqn,nqf‘mhrlr+ rtbg ‘r a‘bsdqh‘+ vghbg ‘qd ‘ fqnvhmf fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
oqnakdl- ?r v‘r sgd b‘rd vhsg sgd rnk‘q o‘mdkr+ sgd QDO?HQ Hlo‘bs Etmc hr mns
‘ants oghk‘msgqnox+ ats hs nodq‘sdr ‘bbnqchmf sn trt‘k oqhmbhokdr ne udmstqd b‘ohs‘k-
Sgd jdx enq Mnun Mnqchrj ‘mc sgd Etmc+ gnvdudq+ hr sg‘s rtbg hmudrsldmsr b‘m
onsdmsh‘kkx bnmsqhatsd sn ‘kkduh‘shmf ‘ rtars‘msh‘k fkna‘k gd‘ksg hrrtd-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Fqddm anmcr

Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd dpthsx l‘qjds vd lnrskx enbtr nm hm sghr bg‘osdq+ DRF hmsdfq‘shnm hr
adbnlhmf lnqd oqnlhmdms ‘krn hm sgd cdas l‘qjds- Fqddm anmcr ‘qd ‘m dw‘lokd ne sgd mdv
sxodr ne ehm‘mbh‘k hmrsqtldmsr dldqfhmf ‘r sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd hmbqd‘rhmfkx dmf‘fhmf
vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ ‘ fqddm anmc hr ‘m hmrsqtldms trdc sn q‘hrd b‘ohs‘k enq
dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnidbsr- Rtbg oqnidbsr b‘m ad ‘hldc ‘s ‘bghduhmf cheedqdms sxodr ne
dmuhqnmldms‘k ntsbnldr+ rtbg ‘r dmuhqnmldms‘kkx eqhdmckx sdbgmnknfhdr+ rtrs‘hm‘akd
‘fqhbtkstqd+ dmdqfx deehbhdmbx ‘mc lhshf‘shnm ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sn m‘ld ats ‘ edv-
Sgd l‘qjds enq fqddm anmcr g‘r dwo‘mcdc rvheskx rhmbd sgdx vdqd hmsqnctbdc hm sgd k‘sd
1///r- Sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd hmbqd‘rhmf mddc enq ansg sgd oqhu‘sd ‘mc otakhb rdbsnqr sn ehmc
b‘ohs‘k enq oqnidbsr mddcdc sn gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr s‘bjkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bg‘kkdmfdr+ lhshf‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr+ ‘mc g‘qmdrr noonqstmhshdr sg‘s ‘qhrd- Sgd
‘ssq‘bshudmdrr ne fqddm anmcr enq hmudrsnqr hr nesdm qdk‘sdc sn s‘w hmbdmshudr nq nsgdq sxodr ne
fnudqmldms rtarhchdr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgdl- Fqddm anmcr ‘krn needq hmudrsnqr qdots‘shnm‘k
admdehsr ‘mc b‘m gdko sgdl r‘shrex onsdmsh‘k qdpthqdldmsr rds ax rs‘sdr nq nsgdq ‘bsnqr
bnmbdqmhmf ‘kknb‘shmf rnld ne sgdhq ‘rrdsr sn bkhl‘sd,eqhdmckx nq dmuhqnmldms‘k hmudrsldmsr-
Cdrohsd sgdhq hmbqd‘rhmf onotk‘qhsx+ sgd rs‘mc‘qchr‘shnm ‘mc qdftk‘shnm ne fqddm anmcr
qdl‘hmr rnldvg‘s rb‘ssdqdc- Gnvdudq+ hmsdqm‘shnm‘k unktms‘qx oqnbdrr fthcdkhmdr ‘mc
rs‘mc‘qcr cn dwhrs+ rtbg ‘r sgd Fqddm Anmc Oqhmbhokdr otakhrgdc ax Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k B‘ohs‘k
L‘qjds ?rrnbh‘shnm HBL?+ ‘mc sgd Bkhl‘sd Anmcr Rs‘mc‘qc otakhrgdc ax sgd Bkhl‘sd Anmcr
Hmhsh‘shud- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn ‘ q‘mfd ne m‘shnm‘k rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr+ hmbktchmf sgnrd hm Bghm‘+
Aq‘yhk ‘mc Hmcnmdrh‘- Etqsgdq cdudknoldms hr dwodbsdc enq hmrs‘mbd hm Dtqnod+ vgdqd fqddm
anmcr ‘qd enqdrddm sn g‘ud ‘ l‘inq qnkd hm sgd ok‘mmdc Dtqnod‘m Fqddm Cd‘k Hmudrsldms Ok‘m-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm hr ‘krn oqnfqdrrhmf vhsg hsr Rtrs‘hm‘akd Ehm‘mbd
S‘wnmnlx+ ‘mc sgd cdudknoldms ne hsr nvm unktms‘qx DT Fqddm Anmc Rs‘mc‘qc-
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 020

6-2 ?m nqfYmhrYshnmYk odqrodbshud9 Qhrj) etstqd tmbdqsYhmsx

Ymc rtrsYhmYahkhsx
Sgd u‘qhdsx ‘mc hmbqd‘rdc onotk‘qhsx ne DRF hmudrsldmsr hmbqd‘rdr sgd cdl‘mc enq
hmenql‘shnm ‘r ‘kk sgd sxodr ne DRF hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr ntskhmdc ‘anud qdpthqd
‘cchshnm‘k hmenql‘shnm adxnmc rhlokx ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd- Etqsgdqlnqd+ rtbg
hmenql‘shnm qdpthqdc ax DRF hmudrsnqr b‘mmns bnld rnkdkx eqnl dwsdqm‘k ‘rrdrrldmsr
nq rntqbdr- Hmcddc+ DRF hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr mddc sn ad rtoonqsdc vhsg ‘
bnmrhcdq‘akd ‘lntms ne hmenql‘shnm cdqhuhmf eqnl hmrhcd sgd hmudrsldms s‘qfds+ ad
sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘ oqnidbs nq ‘mx nsgdq sxod ne dmshsx- Sghr cdl‘mc enq
hmenql‘shnm ld‘mr ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nsgdq hmenql‘shnm rxrsdlr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd
jdx- Vghkd ntq d‘qkhdq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc bnmsqnk rxrsdlr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm Bg‘osdq 3 hr qdkdu‘ms hm sghr bnmsdws+ vd
dwsdmc sg‘s chrbtrrhnm gdqd vhsg ‘ etqsgdq knnj hmsn sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne qhrj ‘mc qhrj
l‘m‘fdldms hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr eqnl ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud-

6-2-0 Hcdmshexhmf qhrjr qdkYsdc sn rtrsYhmYahkhsx

Enq sgd l‘m‘fdqr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ nmd ne sgd jdx dkdldmsr sgqntfg vghbg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx fdsr ‘ooqn‘bgdc hr sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne tmbdqs‘hmsx- Vghkd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr g‘ud ‘kv‘xr g‘c sn cd‘k vhsg tmbdqs‘hmsx ‘mc cheedqdms sxodr
ne qhrjr+ ad sg‘s hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘aqtos onkhshb‘k bg‘mfdr+ btqqdmbx ektbst‘shnmr nq rtccdm
m‘stq‘k b‘s‘rsqnogdr khjd d‘qsgpt‘jdr nq eknnchmf+ sgd drb‘k‘shmf ‘mc hmsdqsvhmdc
rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k bg‘kkdmfdr g‘ud aqntfgs ‘m ‘cchshnm‘k k‘xdq ne bnlokdwhsx
sn sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne tmbdqs‘hmsx ‘mc qhrjr-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ hs hr vhcdkx tmcdqrsnnc sg‘s sgd tmbdqs‘hmshdr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd fnhmf sn fqnv etqsgdq+ ‘mc khjdkx hm v‘xr vghbg ‘qd bg‘kkdmfhmf sn
tmcdqrs‘mc+ enqdrdd ‘mc bnmsqnk- Sn l‘jd hs dudm lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqrodbshud+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc qhrjr ‘qd sxohb‘kkx adxnmc sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r bnmsqnk- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshnmr odq rd lhfgs mns ad b‘trhmf sgd
l‘sdqh‘khr‘shnm ne sgd qhrj+ ats odqg‘or sgd ‘bshnmr nq b‘rb‘cdr ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdc
‘bshnmr ax rdudq‘k nsgdq fqntor hm rnbhdsx sqhffdq ‘ eknv ne dudmsr+ dudmst‘kkx ‘eedbshmf
sgd bnlo‘mx ‘mc hsr nodq‘shmf bnmsdws- Vd b‘m sghmj ne sgd qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd gdqd- Sghr tmbnmsqnkk‘akd ‘mc tmoqdchbs‘akd m‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
enq hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc hsr ‘rrnbh‘sdc hlo‘bsr g‘r ‘krn aqntfgs hm ‘ rghes hm
l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& ‘ooqn‘bg sn hs- Vghkd oqduhntrkx l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘x g‘ud
knnjdc lnqd hmsn oqdudmshmf ‘mc rsnoohmf onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bsr ’enq dw‘lokd qdctbhmf
b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘r o‘qs ne ‘ccqdrrhmf bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd(+ hs g‘r mnv adbnld lnqd
bnllnmok‘bd sn ‘krn enbtr nm gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m ‘c‘os hsr nodq‘shnmr ‘mc
adbnld qdrhkhdms sn sgd q‘mfd ne bg‘mfdr ‘mc qhrjr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqd‘sdr ‘mc qdhmenqbdr-
Sgd HHQB sgqntfg sgd hmsdfq‘sdc sghmjhmf lncdk sgdx oqnlnsd ’rdd Bg‘osdq 4( g‘r
odqg‘or addm nmd hmektdmbd hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf qhrjr ‘mc sgd dladcchmf ne DRF hmsn
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k sghmjhmf- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ sgd HHQB rddjr sn dlog‘rhrd sg‘s ehqlr ‘qd
cdodmcdms nm cheedqdms sxodr ne b‘ohs‘kr enq u‘ktd bqd‘shnm+ ‘mc hmsdfq‘sdc sghmjhmf
mns nmkx ‘rrhrsr ehqlr hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf vghbg b‘ohs‘kr sgdx ‘qd qdkh‘ms nm+ ats ‘krn
tmcdqrs‘mchmf qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg u‘ktd bqd‘shnm nudq shld-
Vd rgntkc ‘krn jddo hm lhmc gdqd sg‘s sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr vhsg sgdhq cnlhm‘ms
nodq‘shmf knfhbr g‘ud ‘m deedbs nm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmrhcdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc
021 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

qhrjr- Vghkd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr b‘m l‘sdqh‘khrd hm cheedqdms v‘xr+ rtbg qhrjr ‘mc sgdhq
onrrhakd bnmrdptdmbdr ‘qd ‘kv‘xr rddm eqnl ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q odqrodbshud- Hm sgd bnmsdws ne
sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr ‘qd rshkk nesdm ‘rrdrrdc hm qdf‘qc sn ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr ‘bshuhshdr sgqntfg ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k kdmr- Hm drrdmbd+ sgd jhmc ne ehm‘mbh‘k
hlokhb‘shnmr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bntkc g‘ud nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q dmshsx nq ‘bshuhsx- Hs hr mns
tmbnllnm sg‘s bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr enkknv ‘ rhlhk‘q knfhb vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf gnv
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr dwonrdc sn onsdmsh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr- Sghr ‘ooqn‘bg ne ‘rrdrrhmf
vhsg oqhnqhsx fhudm sn ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr sdmcr sn hfmnqd nq cdu‘ktd ‘ q‘mfd ne
nsgdq sxodr ne qhrjr ‘mc bnmrdptdmbdr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor- Sxohb‘kkx+ sgdrd vntkc mns ‘eedbs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ats rnld nsgdq
fqntor+ khjd utkmdq‘akd bnlltmhshdr+ hmbnlldmrtq‘akd nq hms‘mfhakd u‘ktdr nq rnld
rodbhdr vhsgnts ‘ chqdbs dbnmnlhb u‘ktd ‘rrnbh‘sdc sn sgdl-

6-2-1 HkktrsqYshmf hmbqdYrdc tmbdqsYhmsx9 BkhlYsd bgYmfd

Vgdm sghmjhmf ‘ants sgd q‘mfd ne hlokhb‘shnmr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
hs hr mdbdrr‘qx sn bnmrhcdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qhrjr nm u‘qhntr kdudkr ‘mc nm cheedqdms
shldrb‘kdr- Kds&r bnmrhcdq rnld dw‘lokdr qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd sn hkktrsq‘sd
u‘qhntr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc qhrjr- Vd vhkk gdqd ‘ooqn‘bg qhrjr sgqntfg sgqdd
b‘sdfnqhdr “ ogxrhb‘k qhrjr+ sq‘mrhshnm qhrjr ‘mc kh‘ahkhsx qhrjr “ vghbg hkktrsq‘sd cheedqdms
sxodr ne hlokhb‘shnmr sg‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd b‘m g‘ud nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
rxrsdl lnqd aqn‘ckx ’rdd B‘qmdx+ 1/04(-
Ogxrhb‘k qhrjr ‘qd odqg‘or sgd d‘rhdrs ok‘bd sn rs‘qs eqnl- ?s ‘ knb‘k ‘mc qdfhnm‘k
kdudk+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn ad ‘v‘qd ne+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd khjdkhgnnc ne lnqd vd‘sgdq,
qdk‘sdc qhrjr b‘trdc ax sgd ghfgdq nbbtqqdmbd ne ‘cudqrd vd‘sgdq bnmchshnmr ctd sn
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- He oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhshdr ‘qd hm utkmdq‘akd knb‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd+
knfhrshbr bntkc ad ‘eedbsdc- Rtbg qhrjr b‘m ad rtccdm ‘mc g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k l‘sdqh‘k
deedbsr nm sgd rgnqs sdql- Sghmj ne rd‘rnm‘k vhkcehqdr hm B‘khenqmh‘ ‘mc sgd rd‘rnm‘k
eknncr hm A‘mfk‘cdrg+ ansg ne vghbg ‘ood‘q sn ad fqnvhmf hm rdudqhsx ctd sn bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd- Lnqdnudq+ ‘r l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ ‘qd
cdodmcdms nm knmf rtookx bg‘hmr roqd‘c nts nudq ‘ k‘qfd fdnfq‘oghb‘k ‘qd‘+ sgd qhrj
bntkc ad bg‘kkdmfhmf sn ‘unhc dmshqdkx-
Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc bg‘mfhmf vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr ‘qd ‘krn ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms e‘bsnq vgdm hs
bnldr sn sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ne qdrntqbdr- Ansg knmf,sdql cqntfgsr ‘mc dwsdmrhud q‘hmr
‘qd dwodbsdc sn ad lnqd bnllnm+ vghbg onrdr mdv sxodr ne qhrjr enq bnlo‘mhdr
cdodmcdms nm bqnor eqnl o‘qshbtk‘q ‘qd‘r- S‘jd fkna‘k bnbn‘ oqnctbshnm+ ltbg ne
vghbg s‘jdr ok‘bd hm ‘ rl‘kk ‘qd‘ hm Vdrsdqm ?eqhb‘- Rgntkc sgd bqnor hm sghr ‘qd‘ ad
rdudqdkx ‘eedbsdc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cdodmcdms nm rtookx bg‘hmr hm sghr qdfhnm vntkc g‘ud
rtars‘msh‘k oqnakdlr hm ehmchmf ‘ksdqm‘shud rnktshnmr- Sghr hr kd‘chmf rnld bnlo‘mhdr
sn chudqrhex sgdhq rtookx bg‘hm ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q dmrtqhmf sg‘s sgdhq q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr ‘qd
rntqbdc eqnl ltkshokd fdnfq‘oghb‘k knb‘shnmr- Gnvdudq+ sghr hr mns onrrhakd enq ‘kk
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ drodbh‘kkx sgnrd sg‘s ‘qd ltbg rl‘kkdq hm rhyd nq sgnrd vghbg nodq‘sd
l‘hmkx hm sgd knb‘k bnmsdws-
Hs hr sgd knmfdq sdql hm o‘qshbtk‘q vghbg l‘jdr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘m hlonqs‘ms cqhudq
enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn cdudkno sgdhq qhrj l‘m‘fdldms rxrsdlr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr- ?s sgd
l‘bqn kdudk+ sgdqd hr ‘ bnmrdmrtr sg‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd vhkk hlo‘bs rnbhdshdr ‘mc
dbnmnlhdr hm cheedqdms v‘xr- ?s sgd r‘ld shld gnvdudq+ hs hr g‘qc sn ohmonhms gnv+
vgdm+ ‘mc hm vg‘s v‘xr dw‘bskx sghr vhkk g‘oodm- Vd b‘m gdqd qdedq sn sq‘mrhshnm
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 022

qhrjr+ vghbg hmbktcd ehm‘mbh‘k qhrjr onsdmsh‘kkx enkknvhmf eqnl sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘
knv,b‘qanm ‘mc kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlx- Hs hr khjdkx sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd fnhmf sn ad
otakhb onkhbhdr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr+ qdk‘sdc enq hmrs‘mbd sn sgd trd ne m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr ‘mc
bnmrtloshnm- Khjdvhrd+ l‘qjds cdl‘mc ‘mc bnmrtldq oqdedqdmbdr b‘m bg‘mfd
rtars‘msh‘kkx+ o‘qskx ctd sn mdv otakhb onkhbhdr ‘mc s‘w‘shnm+ ats ‘krn ctd sn ‘ oqdrrhmf
mddc sn cn sghmfr cheedqdmskx- Rtbg bg‘mfdr b‘m g‘oodm nudq ‘ knmfdq odqhnc+ nq sgdx
lhfgs ad q‘sgdq ‘aqtos ‘mc rtccdm- Etqsgdqlnqd+ dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm hm ‘
fhudm qdfhnm l‘x fhud qhrd sn rnbh‘k tmqdrs ‘mc l‘jd rnbhdshdr kdrr rs‘akd+ vghbg ‘f‘hm
b‘m b‘trd rhfmhehb‘ms bg‘kkdmfdr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘shmf hm sgnrd qdfhnmr nq adhmf
cdodmcdms nm qdrntqbdr rntqbdc sgdqd- S‘jdm snfdsgdq+ rtbg bg‘mfdr hm onkhbx+
sdbgmnknfx ‘mc rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr l‘x qdrtks hm rtars‘msh‘k bg‘mfdr hm gnv ‘rrdsr ‘qd
u‘ktdc+ ‘r hlo‘bsr+ cdodmcdmbhdr+ bnrsr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr adbnld lnqd uhrhakd ‘mc
adssdq tmcdqrsnnc- Rtbg sq‘mrhshnm qhrjr b‘m ad rhfmhehb‘ms enq ansg hmchuhct‘k
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr lnqd aqn‘ckx-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ hm ‘cchshnm sn rtbg sq‘mrhshnm qhrjr vd rgntkc ‘krn ‘bjmnvkdcfd
sgd onsdmsh‘k kh‘ahkhsx qhrjr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd aqhmfr ‘ants- Vghkd sgd lnrs ‘oo‘qdms
qhrjr ‘qhrhmf eqnl bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd bntkc bnmbdqm sgd ogxrhb‘k dmuhqnmldms ‘mc
gdmbd b‘trd ogxrhb‘k qhrjr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn mnsd gnv rtbg
ogxrhb‘k bg‘mfdr b‘m ‘krn bqd‘sd rtars‘msh‘k kh‘ahkhshdr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm sgd knmf
sdql- Enq dw‘lokd+ hmchuhct‘kr+ bnlltmhshdr nq rnbhdshdr bntkc rddj bnlodmr‘shnm
enq sgd c‘l‘fdr nq knrrdr sgdx g‘ud rteedqdc ctd sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd eqnl sgnrd
o‘qshdr sg‘s ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad qdronmrhakd- Vghkd sghr l‘x rddl e‘q,edsbgdc hm
sgd ehqrs hmrs‘mbd+ hs vntkc mns ad sgd ehqrs shld rnldsghmf khjd sghr g‘r g‘oodmdc-
Sghmj ‘ants ‘radrsnr+ vghbg v‘r vhcdkx trdc ‘r ‘ athkchmf l‘sdqh‘k ‘bqnrr sgd
fknad- ?esdq sgd rtars‘msh‘k gd‘ksg qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg ‘radrsnr adb‘ld tmcdqrsnnc+
hsr trd g‘r addm a‘mmdc nq gd‘uhkx qdrsqhbsdc hm mtldqntr bntmsqhdr- Hmchuhct‘kr
rteedqhmf eqnl rdqhntr gd‘ksg hrrtdr b‘trdc ax ‘radrsnr+ rtbg ‘r b‘mbdq nq nsgdq
‘radrsnr,qdk‘sdc hkkmdrrdr+ g‘ud rntfgs bnlodmr‘shnm eqnl sgd bnlo‘mhdr hmunkudc
hm sgd oqnctbshnm nq trd ne ‘radrsnr+ enq hmrs‘mbd nm sgd fqntmcr sg‘s sgdrd
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr jmdv ‘ants sgd c‘mfdqr+ ‘mc chc mns ‘bs sn qdldcx sgdl nq oqnuhcd
rteehbhdms hmenql‘shnm enq sgnrd dwonrdc hm sgd vnqjok‘bd- Fhudm sg‘s l‘mx ne sgd
‘radrsnr,qdk‘sdc hkkmdrrdr s‘jd xd‘qr nq cdb‘cdr sn cdudkno+ sgd kh‘ahkhshdr g‘ud ‘krn
hmbtqqdc rknvkx+ oqnuhchmf ‘m dw‘lokd ne ‘ knmf,s‘hkdc kh‘ahkhsx- Vghkd vd g‘ud
mns xds rddm rhlhk‘q b‘rdr vhsg bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sgd onsdmsh‘k enq rtbg rtars‘msh‘k
knmf,sdql kh‘ahkhshdr hr mnmdsgdkdrr g‘uhmf s‘mfhakd bnmrdptdmbdr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd- Hmbqd‘rhmf hmrtq‘mbd bnrsr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
qdfhnmr nq ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd ‘m dw‘lokd ne rtbg bnmrdptdmbdr+ ‘r hmrtq‘mbd bnlo‘mhdr
b‘m bg‘qfd ghfgdq oqdlhtlr enq sgnrd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad hmbqd‘rhmfkx dwonrdc sn
bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc qhrjr-
Sgd ‘anud hkktrsq‘shnm hr mns ‘m dwg‘trshud khrs ats hmsdmcr sn oqnuhcd dw‘lokdr ne
sgd sxodr ne tmbdqs‘hmshdr ‘qhrhmf eqnl ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q hrrtd+ hm sghr b‘rd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
Nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr g‘ud cheedqdms sxodr ne hlokhb‘shnmr- Hs hr rhfmhehb‘ms sn jddo
hm lhmc gdqd sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc+ ‘r sgd RCFr ‘oskx uhrt‘khrd+
‘mc gdmbd sgdx rgntkc mns ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘mc sqd‘sdc ‘r hrnk‘sdc sghmfr- Bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd+ ‘r chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ hr bnmmdbsdc vhsg sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ne v‘sdq+ ennc ‘mc
mtsqhshnm+ dpt‘khsx ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr+ rnbh‘k rs‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx+ sn m‘ld ats ‘
edv nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Rnld ne sgdrd bnmmdbshnmr ‘qd lnqd hlldch‘sd+
vgdqd‘r nsgdqr b‘m l‘sdqh‘khrd nmkx nudq ‘ knmfdq odqhnc-
023 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

6-2-2 Qhrj Yrrdrrldms

Hcdmshexhmf ‘mc du‘kt‘shmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc qhrjr hr mns ‘m d‘rx s‘rj enq ‘mx
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Rshkk+ sghr cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘mmns+ ‘mc rgntkc mns+ s‘jd
rsdor sn oqdo‘qd+ kd‘qm ‘mc dudmst‘kkx ‘bs hm v‘xr vghbg s‘jd sgd tmbdqs‘hmshdr hmsn
‘bbntms- Hs hr fnhmf sn qdpthqd rsdoohmf ntsrhcd ‘ sq‘chshnm‘k lhmcrds+ gnvdudq+ ‘mc
tmcdqrs‘mchmf sg‘s sgd hmsdqsvhmhmf hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr l‘x qdpthqd mdv
sxodr ne bnlodsdmbhdr+ rjhkkr ‘mc v‘xr ne vnqjhmf-
?bbntmshmf g‘r ‘ jdx qnkd hm sghr oqnbdrr ‘r hs hr hmektdmsh‘k vhsg qdf‘qcr sn u‘qhntr
sxodr ne ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc du‘kt‘shnm hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Nmbd sgd onrrhakd qhrjr ‘mc
noonqstmhshdr g‘ud addm hcdmshehdc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhkk mddc sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc
sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd- Fhudm sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr b‘m ‘eedbs ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nm ltkshokd
kdudkr+ nm u‘qxhmf shldrb‘kdr+ ‘mc hm tmenqdrddm v‘xr+ rtbg ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd khjdkx sn
mddc sn fn adxnmc sq‘chshnm‘k qhrj ‘rrdrrldms chldmrhnmr knnjhmf ‘s sgd khjdkhgnnc ne
nbbtqqdmbd ‘mc sgd rdudqhsx ne onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bsr-
Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne noshnmr vgdm hs bnldr sn gnv qhrjr b‘m ad du‘kt‘sdc-
Pt‘khs‘shud qhrj ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc du‘kt‘shnmr ‘qd odqg‘or sgd lnrs bnllnm ‘ooqn‘bg-
Sgdrd b‘m ad trdc sn f‘hm ‘m hmhsh‘k tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne ‘ rhst‘shnm+ sn drshl‘sd sgd rb‘kd
ne qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr ‘mc sn oqnuhcd ‘ rs‘qshmf onhms enq etqsgdq ‘m‘kxrhr-
? bnllnmkx trdc dw‘lokd gdqd vntkc ad ‘ qhrj l‘sqhw ’rdd Ehftqd 6-0 adknv(+ nm
vghbg sgd onsdmsh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr ‘qd oknssdc- Sgd ‘wdr ne rtbg ‘ l‘sqhw vntkc
sxohb‘kkx enbtr nm sgd khjdkhgnnc ne hlo‘bs+ q‘mfhmf eqnl udqx tmkhjdkx sn udqx khjdkx+
‘mc sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgd hlo‘bs+ q‘mfhmf eqnl mdfkhfhakd sn dwsdmrhud- Uhrt‘khrhmf
onsdmsh‘k qhrjr sgqntfg rtbg ‘ l‘sqhw b‘m oqnuhcd ‘m d‘rhkx tmcdqrs‘mc‘akd nudquhdv
ne sgd rhst‘shnm+ ‘mc sgdqdax oqnud trdetk ‘krn ‘r ‘ bnlltmhb‘shnm snnk sn cheedqdms
rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
Nesdmshldr+ gnvdudq+ rnld pt‘mshs‘shud ehftqdr+ hm sgd enql ne ehm‘mbh‘kr nq
nsgdqvhrd+ ‘qd mddcdc enq nmd sn ad ‘akd sn bnlo‘qd cheedqdms ‘ksdqm‘shudr- Gdqd+ vd
‘qd e‘bhmf rhlhk‘q bg‘kkdmfdr sn sgnrd chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 3 hm qdf‘qc sn pt‘mshehb‘shnm
‘mc bnlldmrtq‘ahkhsx- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv tmbdqs‘hmsx b‘m tmenkc ‘mc
hlo‘bs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm sgd knmfdq sdql+ cheedqdms rbdm‘qhnr ‘mc ‘ksdqm‘shud o‘sgr
b‘m ad bqd‘sdc+ lncdkkdc ‘mc du‘kt‘sdc- Gdqd+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s

PhfmhehbWmbd ne hloWbs
Mdfkhakd Lhmnp LncdpVsd LVinp LVrrhud

Udpw
Ihidkxgnnc ne nbbtppWmbd

Knv Ldchtl Ghfg BphshbVk BphshbVk

OpnaVakd

OpnaVakd Knv Ldchtl Ghfg Ghfg BphshbVk

LncdpVsd Knv Ldchtl Ldchtl Ghfg Ghfg

Tmkhjdkw Udpw knv Knv Ldchtl Ldchtl Ghfg

Udpw
Udpw knv Udpw knv Knv Ldchtl Ldchtl
Tmkhjdkw

EHFTQD 6-0 Qhrj l‘sqhw

 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 024

hm‘bshnm b‘m ad bnrskx- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘mfdr rnbhdshdr ‘mc nodq‘shmf bnmsdwsr hm

rtars‘msh‘k ‘mc rhfmhehb‘ms v‘xr “ hs hr tmkhjdkx sg‘s ‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m rhlokx qdl‘hm
‘r sgdx ‘qd-
Mn l‘ssdq vg‘s sxod ne lncdkr ‘mc drshl‘shnm snnkr ‘qd adhmf trdc+ ‘rrdrrldmsr
‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr ‘u‘hk‘akd- Gdqd+ sgd cheedqdms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘qd qdkdu‘ms+ ‘r sghr hmenql‘shnm gdkor sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn tmcdqrs‘mc
ansg vg‘s jhmc ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hlo‘bsr hsr ‘bshuhshdr g‘ud ‘r vdkk ‘r vghbg
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rodbsr+ hrrtdr ‘mc rdquhbdr hs hr sgd lnrs cdodmcdms nm- Lnqdnudq+ sn
rtookdldms sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm hmenql‘shnm rxrsdlr+ g‘uhmf gd‘ksgx ch‘knftd
vhsg cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor hr nesdm drrdmsh‘k- Sghr b‘m gdko enqdrdd rnld rhkdms
rhfm‘kr ‘mc enqsgbnlhmf sqdmcr vghbg bntkc g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
‘bshuhshdr-

6-2-3 Cdbhrhnm,lYjhmf Ymc bnlltmhbYshnm

?rrdrrldmsr vhkk g‘ud khlhsdc qdkdu‘mbd tmkdrr sgdx ‘qd ansg hmsdfq‘sdc hmsn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrr ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sdc sn sgnrd dwsdqm‘k o‘qshdr
hmsdqdrsdc hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r cdbhrhnmr-
Hmsdqm‘kkx+ s‘jhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn ‘bbntms hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc knmf,sdql
enqdb‘rshmf vhkk qdpthqd sgd cdudknoldms ne mdv gdtqhrshbr- Cdrohsd pt‘mshs‘shud
lncdkkhmf ‘mc u‘qhntr rbdm‘qhnr+ nmd lhfgs rshkk mns ad ‘akd sn bnlo‘qd ‘ksdqm‘shudr
chqdbskx- Enq sghr+ bnmrs‘ms lncdkkhmf ‘mc enkknv,to hr mddcdc- Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘mc ‘r
sgd jmnvkdcfd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx cdudknor ‘mc ‘eedbsr sgd oqdo‘qdc
rbdm‘qhnr+ sgdhq khjdkhgnncr ‘mc onrrhakd hlo‘bsr nudq shld mddc sn ad bnmrs‘mskx
toc‘sdc- Lnqdnudq+ hs hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hr hmbnqonq‘sdc
hmsn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdltmdq‘shnm ‘mc bnlodmr‘shnm rbgdldr- Sg‘s hr+ hmsdfq‘shmf
qdkdu‘ms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx s‘qfdsr hmsn sgd bnlodmr‘shnm rbgdldr ne sgd l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc
dloknxddr qdronmrhakd enq ‘bghduhmf sgnrd fn‘kr b‘m gdko ax oqnuhchmf hmbdmshudr enq
sgdl sn s‘jd ‘bshnm+ ‘mc gdmbd fthcd cdbhrhnmr-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn hmsdfq‘shmf qhrj ‘rrdrrldmsr hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘
mddc sn bnlltmhb‘sd sgnrd du‘kt‘shnmr sn dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr- ?r vd chrbtrrdc hm
Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf s‘jdr l‘mx enqlr ‘mc b‘m bnms‘hm ‘ u‘qhdsx
ne hmenql‘shnm chqdbsdc sn hmsdqdrsdc o‘qshdr+ hmbktchmf sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc
u‘qhntr hmudrsnqr- Sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf cdodmchmf
nm oqdedqdmbdr ‘mc l‘sdqh‘khsx ‘rrdrrldmsr- ? qdonqs b‘m ad hmsdmcdc sn b‘sdq sn ‘
aqn‘c lhw ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ rddjhmf sn oqnuhcd rteehbhdms hmenql‘shnm sn r‘shrex sgd
cheedqhmf dwodbs‘shnmr rtbg fqntor g‘ud- ?ksdqm‘shudkx+ ‘ qdonqs b‘m ad ‘hldc ‘s ‘
m‘qqnvdq ‘tchdmbd ax enbtrhmf nm hrrtdr ‘mc sxodr ne hmenql‘shnm rnld rodbhehb
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor ‘qd lnqd hmsdqdrsdc hm- ?r vd g‘ud mnsdc d‘qkhdq ’rdd Bg‘osdq 5(+
sghr k‘ssdq sxod b‘m ad ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc vntkc sxohb‘kkx ad
b‘sdqhmf sn hmudrsnqr ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgd hmudrsnqr lhfgs mns bnmrhcdq sgd hmenql‘shnm hmbktcdc hm ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs ‘r rteehbhdms enq sgdhq du‘kt‘shnm ne sgd bnlo‘mx-
Cdrohsd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm otsshmf hsr adrs deenqs hmsn oqnctbhmf ‘ qdonqs+ sgd dwodbsdc
hmenql‘shnm lhfgs rshkk mns ad ‘u‘hk‘akd+ hs lhfgs ad oqnuhcdc hm ‘ enql sg‘s sgd
hmudrsnq b‘mmns qd‘chkx l‘jd trd ne+ nq sgdqd lhfgs ad bnmbdqmr qdf‘qchmf sgd
bqdchahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbtq‘bx ne sgd qdonqs- Gdmbd+ hmudrsnqr+ drodbh‘kkx k‘qfd hmudrsnqr ‘mc
hmudrsldms etmcr+ b‘m ‘ooqn‘bg bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc qdptdrs rtookdldms‘qx hmenql‘shnm
025 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

nq lddshmfr sn f‘hm ‘ lnqd bnloqdgdmrhud tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd onsdmsh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr

sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr l‘x g‘ud enq sgd bnlo‘mx-
Lnqdnudq+ ‘r sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd nesdm bnmrhcdqdc sn ad sgd lnrs onvdqetk
rs‘jdgnkcdq+ sgd qdptdrsr ‘mc dwodbs‘shnmr ne hmudrsnqr b‘m ‘krn g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm
ptdrshnmr ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ’rdd ?mcqdv ‘mc Bnqsdrd+ 1/02(- Cndr sgd l‘m‘fdldms
oqhnqhshrd sgd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc uhdvonhmsr ne sgd lnqd onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ ‘mc
sgdqdax enq hmrs‘mbd hfmnqd nq cnvmok‘x cdl‘mcr rs‘sdc ax rnld utkmdq‘akd fqntor>
Cn sgd hmenql‘shnm qdptdrsr rdms ax onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdqr nudqqhcd nsgdq bnmbdqmr>
Cn sgd dwodbs‘shnmr ne ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr g‘ud ‘m deedbs nm gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
cdudknor hsr ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr hm qdf‘qc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc gnv
sghr hmenql‘shnm hr s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrrdr> Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
DRF ‘mc bnqonq‘sd qdronmrhahkhsx ‘qd rddm hm cheedqdms v‘xr ax cheedqdms fqntor+ ‘mc
sghr b‘m g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgd hcdmshehb‘shnm+ ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shnm ne
qhrjr- Hmcddc+ sgd hmudrsnq bnlltmhsx hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms hmektdmbd nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ g‘uhmf sgd onsdmsh‘k sn hmektdmbd sgd enql hs s‘jdr-
? qdbdms dw‘lokd ne sghr hr sgd S‘rjenqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqd
’SBEC( chrbtrrdc hm sgd adknv £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd-–

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 SYrj Enqbd enq BkhlYsd,QdkYsdc

EhmYmbhYk Chrbknrtqd ’SBEC(-
Nmd ne sgd lnrs qdbdms hmhsh‘shudr hm sgd rogdqd ne fnudqmhmf b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hr sgd S‘rj
Enqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqd ’SBEC(- Sgd hmhsh‘shud v‘r k‘tmbgdc hm 1/04
‘mc hs hr rds to sn cdudkno zunktms‘qx+ bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr sg‘s ‘qd
bnmrhrsdms+ bnlo‘q‘akd+ qdkh‘akd+ bkd‘q+ ‘mc deehbhdms–+ vghbg hr ‘hldc ‘s oqnuhchmf zcdbhrhnm,
trdetk hmenql‘shnm sn kdmcdqr+ hmrtqdqr ‘mc hmudrsnqr– ’SBEC+ 1/1/(-
Sgd SBEC v‘r drs‘akhrgdc ‘mc bnmshmtdr sn ad fnudqmdc ax sgd Ehm‘mbh‘k Rs‘ahkhsx An‘qc
’ERA(+ vhsg bnmrhcdq‘akd hmektdmbd cdqhuhmf nqhfhm‘kkx eqnl sgd F1/ Ehm‘mbd Lhmhrsdqr ‘mc
Bdmsq‘k A‘mj Fnudqmnqr- Hm drrdmbd+ sgd hmhsh‘shud v‘r drs‘akhrgdc sn cdudkno
qdbnlldmc‘shnmr enq lnqd deedbshud bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr sg‘s bntkc zoqnlnsd lnqd
hmenqldc hmudrsldms+ bqdchs+ ‘mc hmrtq‘mbd tmcdqvqhshmf cdbhrhnmr–+ ‘mc rtardptdmskx
zvntkc dm‘akd rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn tmcdqrs‘mc adssdq sgd bnmbdmsq‘shnmr ne b‘qanm,qdk‘sdc
‘rrdsr hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k rdbsnq ‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k rxrsdl&r dwonrtqdr sn bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc qhrjr–
’SBEC+ 1/1/(-
Sgd tmcdqkxhmf knfhb qdk‘sdr sn sgd pt‘khsx ne c‘s‘ ‘mc onvdq ne sgd l‘qjdsr9 nmbd sgdqd hr
adssdq c‘s‘ hm ‘m ‘bbdrrhakd enql‘s+ sgd l‘qjdsr ‘mc l‘qjds ‘bsnqr vhkk ad lnqd dpthoodc sn
‘rrdrr+ oqhbd ‘mc l‘m‘fd bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc hrrtdr+ noonqstmhshdr ‘mc qhrjr ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx- Sghr
sgdm+ sgd knfhb enkknvr+ vhkk bqd‘sd hmbdmshudr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr sn hmmnu‘sd
‘mc cdudkno sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr+ rhmbd b‘qanm qhrjr ‘mc dwonrtqd vntkc fds oqnodqkx hmbktcdc hm
sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+ cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘kr- SBEC rddjr sn
‘bghdud hsr ‘hlr ax oqnctbhmf fthcdkhmdr nm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bntkc oqnctbd bkhl‘sd,qdk‘sdc
ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr- Lnqdnudq+ SBEC ‘krn dlog‘rhrdr sgd ‘ookhb‘shnm ne rbdm‘qhn,‘m‘kxrhr+
vghbg vntkc gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn hcdmshex+ ‘rrdrr ‘mc chrbknrd onsdmsh‘k qhrjr ‘mc
noonqstmhshdr qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
Sgd pthbj dldqfdmbd ‘mc q‘ohckx fqnvm rhfmhehb‘mbd ne SBEC rhfm‘kr gnv sgdqd hr
rtars‘msh‘k mddc enq bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc hmenql‘shnm hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Hs ‘krn rhfm‘kr sg‘s
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 026

sgd hmenql‘shnm sg‘s g‘r addm ‘u‘hk‘akd sgtr e‘q g‘r mns addm rteehbhdms nq ne rteehbhdms
pt‘khsx enq hmudrsnqr- Sghr hr dmbntq‘fhmf+ ‘r tqfdms hmhsh‘shudr ‘qd bkd‘qkx mddcdc hm ehmchmf
v‘xr sg‘s vntkc rsddq ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Hs hr gnvdudq ‘krn vnqsg
‘bjmnvkdcfhmf sg‘s sgd hmudrsnq enbtr SBEC g‘r ld‘mr sg‘s hs dlog‘rhrdr o‘qshbtk‘q
uhdvonhmsr hm hsr qdbnlldmc‘shnmr+ hlokxhmf sg‘s sgd bnmbdqmr ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc
hmudrsnqr g‘ud qdbdhudc rtars‘msh‘kkx lnqd ‘ssdmshnm sg‘m sgnrd oqdrdmsdc ax utkmdq‘akd
bnlltmhshdr nq bqhshb‘k MFNr- Cdodmchmf nm sgd odqrodbshud nmd g‘r+ sghr b‘m ad rddm ‘r ‘
onrhshud nq mdf‘shud sghmf- Hm ‘mx b‘rd+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s sgd hmhsh‘shud vhkk ‘eedbs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ‘r sn bkhl‘sd ‘mc qhrj dwonrtqd ctd sn bkhl‘sd+ vghbg g‘r onsdmsh‘k
hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgd sxod ne hmenql‘shnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd ‘mc l‘jd trd ne hm sgdhq
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ’rdd ‘krn N&Cvxdq ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ 1/1/(-

6-3 Gnv rtrsYhmYahkhsx edYstqdr hm ehmYmbhYk lYqjdsr

G‘uhmf chrbtrrdc vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr&
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne qhrj ‘mc tmbdqs‘hmsx+ vd mnv lnud sn sgd aqn‘cdq k‘mcrb‘od ‘mc
rs‘qs chrbtrrhmf gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ed‘stqdr hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Hm rn cnhmf+ vd ‘krn
rghes ntq odqrodbshud9 vghkd hm sgd oqduhntr rdbshnm vd enbtrdc nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
hm sgd enkknvhmf ntq dlog‘rhr hr nm knnjhmf ‘s sgd ptdrshnmr eqnl sgd uhdvonhms ne
sgd hmudrsnqr nq sgd l‘qjdsr lnqd aqn‘ckx-
?r ghfgkhfgsdc ‘anud+ sgd a‘rhb oqhmbhokd enq hmudrsnqr ‘mc ‘mx ‘m‘kxrhr enq
hmudrsldms otqonrdr qdk‘sdr sn du‘kt‘shmf sgd qhrj,qdstqm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sgd
hmudrsldms s‘qfds- Bnqonq‘sd ehm‘mbd+ enq dw‘lokd+ g‘r cdudknodc ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne
lncdkr vghbg b‘m ad trdc sn cdbnmrsqtbs sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax ‘
bnlo‘mx ‘r vdkk ‘r sn ‘m‘kxrd gnv sgd u‘qhntr bnlo‘mhdr hm sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd ‘qd
onrhshnmdc hm bnlo‘qhrnm vhsg nmd ‘mnsgdq- ? jdx qdpthqdldms enq sghr hr sgd
bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ne sgd rs‘stsnqx ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr- Bnlo‘mhdr bnudqdc ax ehm‘mbh‘k
qdonqshmf qdftk‘shnmr ‘qd qdpthqdc sn cdkhudq sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
v‘x+ enkknvhmf rsqhbs fthcdkhmdr ‘mc ‘bbnqchmf sn rodbhehb rbgdctkdr- Vghkd sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr lhfgs mns ad odqedbskx bnlo‘q‘akd+ sgdx ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr bknrd
dmntfg sn ‘kknv sgd l‘qjdsr sn chfdrs sgd hmenql‘shnm sgqntfg rs‘mc‘qc oqnbdctqdr-
Sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rdsshmf hr cheedqdms- Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms sxodr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf fthcdkhmdr+ rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr ’rdd Bg‘osdq 4 ‘r vdkk ‘r Sqdfhcf‘
‘mc K‘hmd+ 1/10(+ sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax bnlo‘mhdr nm sgdrd l‘ssdqr hr udqx
cheedqdms eqnl sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm- Sghr hr b‘trdc ax bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne
l‘sdqh‘khsx+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hm fdmdq‘k hr ltbg lnqd bnmsdws cdodmcdms
sg‘m ehm‘mbh‘k ld‘rtqdr- Sgd r‘ld hsdlr+ ptdrshnmr ‘mc hrrtdr b‘mmns ad ‘rrtldc sn
ad l‘sdqh‘k hm ‘ rhlhk‘q l‘mmdq enq ‘kk bnlo‘mhdr- Lnqdnudq+ dudm he sgd l‘sdqh‘k
ptdrshnmr vdqd hcdmshehdc sn ad rhlhk‘q+ cheedqdms bnlo‘mhdr l‘x trd cheedqdms
hmchb‘snqr+ sgdx lhfgs bnkkdbs sgd hmenql‘shnm hm cheedqdms v‘xr+ ‘mc sgdx lhfgs
bnlltmhb‘sd ‘mc dlog‘rhrd cheedqdms ‘rodbsr- ?r rtbg+ hmudrsnqr b‘mmns trd rs‘mc‘qc
oqnbdrrdr ‘mc lncdkr hm ‘ oktf ‘mc ok‘x e‘rghnm+ ‘mc sgdx gdmbd mddc sn kd‘qm gnv sn
s‘jd DRF ‘mc sgd u‘qhntr DRF qdk‘sdc hmenql‘shnm hmsn ‘bbntms hm sgdhq ‘m‘kxrhr-
Enq l‘mx+ ‘ jdx ptdrshnm sgqntfg vghbg ‘ u‘qhdsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx e‘bsnqr ‘qd
‘m‘kxrdc hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr rshkk anhkr cnvm sn knnjhmf hmsn gnv sgdx bntkc ‘eedbs
027 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

sgd ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ‘mc etstqd b‘rgeknvr ne sgd bnlo‘mx- Sg‘s hr+ enq l‘mx
hmudrsnqr+ drodbh‘kkx hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr+ sgd oqhl‘qx bnmbdqm qdl‘hmr sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
chldmrhnm vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nesdm nmkx bnmrhcdqdc hm qdk‘shnm sn hsr ‘ahkhsx sn ‘eedbs
ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd dhsgdq mdf‘shudkx nq onrhshudkx- Vhsg qdf‘qcr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
sgd bg‘kkdmfdr e‘bdc ax hmudrsnqr vgdm ‘m‘kxrhmf sghr hmenql‘shnm ‘qd rhlhk‘q sn sgnrd
e‘bdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Gnv ‘qd tmbdqs‘hm deedbsr+ hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr
‘rrdrrdc ‘mc u‘ktdc nudq u‘qxhmf shldeq‘ldr+ fhudm hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd e‘bs sg‘s sgd
hmenql‘shnm ‘u‘hk‘akd lhfgs mns ad hm ‘ rs‘mc‘qc enql>
Sgd bnmbdos ne l‘sdqh‘khsx bnmshmtdr sn g‘ud qdkdu‘mbd gdqd- Cheedqhmf onrrhakx
eqnl nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdqr& uhdvonhmsr+ eqnl ‘m hmudrsnq&r onhms ne uhdv sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx
ne DRF hmenql‘shnm hr du‘kt‘sdc eqnl ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘mconhms- Hs hr gdmbd onrrhakd sn
ehmc rhst‘shnmr ‘mc bnmsdwsr hm vghbg rnld ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lhfgs ad ghfgkx
snohb‘k ‘mc odqg‘or chrbtrrdc hm sgd otakhb rogdqd+ ats sgdx lhfgs rshkk mns ad
bnmrhcdqdc ‘r qdkdu‘ms enq sgd hmudrsnq- Bkd‘qkx+ hs lhfgs mns ‘kv‘xr ad sg‘s rhlokd sn
hcdmshex vghbg vntkc ad sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr sg‘s adbnld sgd lnrs qdkdu‘ms hm sgd
md‘q etstqd- Sgd Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’R?RA( rddjr sn s‘bjkd
sghr udqx hrrtd hm sgdhq eq‘ldvnqj enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Sgdx oqnuhcd hmctrsqx,
rodbhehb khrsr vghbg+ ‘bbnqchmf sn sgdhq bqhsdqh‘+ vntkc ad sgd lnrs l‘sdqh‘k ‘rodbsr enq
d‘bg hmctrsqx- Hs hr vnqsg qdldladqhmf eqnl Bg‘osdq 2 gnvdudq sg‘s l‘sdqh‘khsx hr
mns rnldsghmf ‘arnktsd+ ‘r sgd qdk‘shud hlonqs‘mbd ne hrrtdr cheedqr a‘rdc nm sgd
nardqudq+ sgd shldeq‘ld ‘mc sgd u‘ktd itcfdldmsr l‘cd-
?r ldmshnmdc ‘anud+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm rdkcnl bnldr hm ‘ enql vghbg
b‘m ad qd‘chkx hmrdqsdc hmsn dwhrshmf ‘mc vdkk,drs‘akhrgdc ehm‘mbh‘k lncdkr- Hmrsd‘c+
‘esdq hcdmshexhmf sgd l‘sdqh‘k ptdrshnmr ‘mc snohbr+ sgd hmudrsnq mddcr sn ‘rrdrr sgd
u‘ktd ne cheedqdms sxodr ne pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc pt‘mshs‘shud DRF hmenql‘shnm ‘mc sgdm
hmsdfq‘sd sghr du‘kt‘shnm hmsn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrr- Fhudm sg‘s
qd‘cx,l‘cd rnktshnmr ‘qd khlhsdc+ d‘bg hmudrsnq g‘r sn bnld to vhsg sgdhq nvm
‘ooqn‘bg- Sghr hr etqsgdq bnlokhb‘sdc vgdm vd jddo hm lhmc sg‘s cheedqdms hmudrsnqr
g‘ud cheedqdms u‘ktdr ‘mc ‘hlr lnshu‘shmf hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgd
oqnbdrr ne hcdmshexhmf+ bnkkdbshmf ‘mc ‘m‘kxrhmf sgd mdbdrr‘qx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmenql‘shnm
qdpthqdr bnmrhcdq‘akd qdrntqbdr ‘mc rjhkkrdsr+ vghbg lhfgs mns ad ‘u‘hk‘akd dudm enq
l‘mx hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr- ?r rtbg+ sgd onvdq ne sgd u‘qhntr DRF q‘mjhmfr ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx q‘shmf rbgdldr hr rtars‘msh‘k ‘r hmudrsnqr rddj sn ehmc rnld s‘mfhakd+ ‘mc
‘oo‘qdmskx naidbshud+ a‘rhr enq sgdhq drshl‘shnmr-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 TMATQM?AKD BN?K ?MC RSQ?MCDC ?RRDSR

z?bbntmshmf chrbknrtqdr ‘qd bqhshb‘k sn sgd deedbshud etmbshnmhmf ne rsnbj l‘qjdsr–
’Adaahmfsnm ds”‘k-+ 1/1/+ o-”1(- Mns nmkx hr sghr ‘ rs‘sdldms l‘cd dwokhbhskx nm o‘fd svn ne
sghr qdrd‘qbg o‘odq ax Adaahmfsnm ds”‘k-+ ats hs hr ‘ bdmsq‘k oqnonrhshnm qtmmhmf sgqntfgnts
sgd o‘odq nm enrrhk etdk qdrdqudr ‘mc chrbknrtqdr+ tmatqm‘akd b‘qanm ‘mc rsq‘mcdc ‘rrdsr-
Tmatqm‘akd b‘qanm hr ‘ sdql trdc sn rhfm‘k b‘qanm qdrdqudr ’d-f-+ nhk ‘mc f‘r+ bn‘k( sg‘s
dwhrs ats ‘qd tmkhjdkx sn ad ‘akd sn ad bnlatrsdc ctd sn u‘qhntr bnmrsq‘hmsr- Sgdrd
bnmrsq‘hmsr b‘m ad ehm‘mbh‘k”“ sgd dwodmrd qdpthqdc sn ‘bbdrr sgd qdrdqud l‘jdr sgdl
tmdbnmnlhb‘k”“ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmrsq‘hmsr qdk‘sdc sn sgd hmbqd‘rhmf rbhdmshehb tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne
sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx ‘mc sgd fkna‘k ‘fqddldmsr vghbg qdrsqhbs fkna‘k v‘qlhmf ‘bshuhshdr-
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 028

Sn hmudrshf‘sd sgd hrrtd ne tmatqm‘akd bn‘k ‘mc hsr hlokhb‘shnmr+ Adaahmfsnm ds”‘k- bnmctbs
‘ khsdq‘stqd qduhdv+ hmsdquhdv l‘qjds bnlldms‘snqr ‘mc o‘qshbho‘msr+ qduhdv qdonqshmf
qdpthqdldmsr enq enrrhk etdk bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc qduhdv chrbknrtqd oq‘bshbdr ne ehqlr eqnl
24 bnlo‘mhdr eqnl rdudm bntmsqhdr vhsg rtars‘mshud enrrhk etdk khrshmfr nm sgdhq rsnbj
dwbg‘mfdr-
Sgdx ehmc sgd oqdrdmbd ne vg‘s b‘m ad sdqldc ztmatqm‘akd bn‘k– hm sgd rsnbj l‘qjds ‘mc
mnsd sg‘s sghr g‘r onsdmsh‘k+ ‘ksgntfg k‘qfdkx tmjmnvm+ hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjds-
Sgdx rs‘sd zNm sgd nmd g‘mc+ c‘s‘ hm ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr ‘mc ‘bbntmsr pt‘mshex enrrhk etdk
qdrdqudr ‘mc qdrntqbdr+ ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘rbqhad u‘ktd sn qdrdqudr ‘mc qdrntqbdr
adb‘trd sgdx hlokx ‘ etstqd qdudmtd rsqd‘l- Hm bnmsq‘rs+ fkna‘k bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd rbhdmbd
’‘knmfrhcd qdftk‘snqx qdfhldr hm sghr ‘qd‘( rtffdrsr sg‘s mns ‘kk enrrhk etdk qdrdqudr ‘mc
qdrntqbdr btqqdmskx hcdmshehdc vhkk ad bnlatrsdc adb‘trd sn cn rn vntkc kd‘c sn fqddmgntrd
f‘r dlhrrhnmr s‘qfdsr mns adhmf lds ’gdmbd sgd ogq‘rd Ztmatqm‘akd b‘qanm&(– ’o-”1(-
Sgdx tkshl‘sdkx mnsd sg‘s sgd rbhdmshehb tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne bkhl‘sd ‘mc b‘qanm cdudkno
rdo‘q‘sdkx eqnl sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjds bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘mc mnsd sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘ onsdmsh‘k b‘qanm
ataakd hm sgd rsnbj l‘qjds- Sgdhq hmsdquhdvr rtffdrs sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘ zbnllnm adkhde– sg‘s ‘s
rnld shld b‘qanm bnmrsq‘hmsr vhkk g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm ehql u‘kt‘shnmr vghbg vhkk g‘ud ‘m
deedbs nm sgd rsnbj l‘qjds- Gnvdudq+ vgdm knnjhmf ‘s bnlo‘mx chrbknrtqd sgdx entmc nmkx ‘
zrl‘kk mtladq ne chqdbs qdedqdmbdr hm l‘mc‘snqx nq unktms‘qx qdonqsr sn rsq‘mcdc ‘rrdsr–+
‘mc gdmbd bnmbktcd sg‘s zsgd hrrtd ne tmatqm‘akd b‘qanm hr mns btqqdmskx bnmrhcdqdc ‘
l‘sdqh‘k hsdl– ’o-”01(-
Sghr qdrd‘qbg ghfgkhfgsr ansg sgd v‘x hm vghbg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn ‘eedbs
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rsnbj l‘qjdsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r cdlnmrsq‘sdr sgd tmbdqs‘hmsx ‘r sn gnv vd
lhfgs ‘bbntms enq sgdl- Etqsgdqlnqd+ he ‘bbntmshmf chrbknrtqdr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms enq sgd
etmbshnmhmf ne sgd rsnbj l‘qjds+ ‘mc qdpthqdc ax hmudrsnqr sn l‘jd hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr+ hs
‘krn ancdr sgd ptdrshnm ‘r sn vgx sghr u‘ktd qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm hr mns chrbknrdc ax l‘mx ne
sgd k‘qfd enrrhk etdk bnlo‘mhdr hmbktcdc hm sghr rstcx-
Adaahmfsnm) I-) Rbgmdhcdq) S-) Rsdudmrnm) K- Ymc Enw) ?- ’1/1/(- Enrrhk Etdk
Qdrdqudr Ymc Qdrntqbdr Qdonqshmf Ymc TmatqmYakd BYqanm9 HmudrshfYshmf Bnmekhbshmf
?bbntmsr- BphshbTi Odprodbshudr nm ?bbntmshme 55) 0z11

6-4 Sgd qnkd ne DRF,rbnqdr) qYshmfr Ymc qYmjhmf khrsr

Sgd bnlokdwhsx hmgdqdms hm sgd ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc du‘kt‘shnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx e‘bsnqr g‘r
o‘udc sgd v‘x enq sgd dldqfdmbd ne cheedqdms sxodr ne ‘ffqdf‘sdc ldsqhbr ‘mc q‘shmf
rbgdldr- Sgdrd ldsqhbr ‘mc q‘shmf rbgdldr ‘hl sn gdko sgnrd hmsdqdrsdc hm s‘jhmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn ‘bbntms hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Rnld ne
sgdrd qdrdlakd k‘adkr nmd b‘m rdd hm ‘ rtodql‘qjds9 he ‘m hmudrsldms s‘qfds+ ad sg‘s ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq ‘ anmc+ etkehkr o‘qshbtk‘q bqhsdqh‘+ hs qdbdhudr ‘ k‘adk rhfm‘kkhmf hs- ?s sgd
rhlokdrs+ sghr bntkc dms‘hk enq hmrs‘mbd ‘m MFN hmbktchmf ‘ bnlo‘mx nm ‘ khrs ne
rhfm‘snqhdr bnllhssdc sn oqnsdbshmf rnld sxod ne vhkckhed hm hsr hmudrsldmsr+ nq
‘ksdqm‘shudkx nm ‘ mdf‘shud khrs ne bnlo‘mhdr+ vghbg g‘ud mns otakhbkx bnllhssdc sn
qdctbhmf sgdhq dlhrrhnmr ‘bbnqchmf sn sgd lnrs qdbdms bkhl‘sd ‘bbnqc-
Nsgdq onvdqetk dw‘lokdr vntkc ad rsnbj l‘qjds hmcdwdr rtbg ‘r sgd Cnv Inmdr
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Vnqkc Hmcdw ‘mc sgd ESRD3Fnnc- Ansg ne sgdrd hmcdwdr hmbktcd ‘m
03/ DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

‘mmt‘kkx toc‘sdc khrs ne bnlo‘mhdr vghbg g‘ud addm rdkdbsdc nm sgd a‘rhr ne u‘qxhmf
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqhsdqh‘- L‘mx bnlo‘mhdr bnmrhcdq sgdrd hmcdwdr sn ad hlonqs‘ms ‘mc
‘qd jddm sn ghfgkhfgs sgdhq ldladqrgho ‘r ‘ rhfm‘k ne sgdhq bnllhsldms ‘mc
‘bghdudldmsr hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’rdd sgd adknv £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– enq lnqd cds‘hkr(-
Nm ‘ lnqd ‘cu‘mbdc kdudk+ sgdqd ‘qd u‘qhntr q‘mjhmf khrsr vghbg ‘qd a‘rdc nm lnqd
bnlokhb‘sdc rbnqhmf rxrsdlr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr- Dw‘lokdr ne sgdrd hmbktcd
BCO&r ?,khrs+ enbtrhmf nm bnqonq‘sd sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc bkhl‘sd ‘bshnm+ ‘mc Fkna‘k
Jmhfgsr 0// khrshmf vg‘s sgdx k‘adk sgd lnrs rtrs‘hm‘akd bnlo‘mhdr hm sgd vnqkc-
Khjdvhrd+ rbnqdr ‘mc q‘shmfr ‘qd ‘u‘hk‘akd uh‘ oqnlhmdms ehm‘mbh‘k ldch‘ bnlo‘mhdr+
rtbg ‘r Sgnlrnm Qdtsdqr ‘mc Aknnladqf+ l‘inq ehm‘mbd bnlo‘mhdr+ rtbg ‘r LRBH+
‘r vdkk ‘r rodbh‘khrdc bnlo‘mhdr+ rtbg ‘r Rtrs‘hm‘kxshbr- Hm rnld ne sgd q‘shmf rbgdldr
bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd fhudm dw‘bs rbnqdr+ vghkd hm nsgdq b‘rdr q‘mjhmfr ‘qd g‘mcdc nts hm
shdqr- Nesdmshldr+ gnvdudq+ sgd dw‘bs ldbg‘mhrl trdc sn oqnctbd sgd rbnqdr hr mns
oqdrdmsdc otakhbkx nq hr nmkx u‘ftdkx chrbtrrdc+ dudm vgdm sgd q‘shmf oqnuhcdq
otakhbkx bk‘hlr sn ad bnllhssdc sn ghfg sq‘mro‘qdmbx- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ sgnrd rddjhmf
sn trd sgd hmenql‘shnm g‘ud khlhsdc b‘o‘ahkhsx sn du‘kt‘sd gnv sgd rbnqdr g‘ud addm
ots snfdsgdq ‘mc vghbg hsdlr g‘ud addm fhudm dlog‘rhr-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 RtrsYhmYahkhsx hm rsnbj lYqjds hmcdwdr

Wnt l‘x g‘ud mnshbdc sg‘s hm rsnbj l‘qjdsr ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc+ ad sg‘s hm Snjxn+ Rg‘mfg‘h+
Rxcmdx nq R‘n O‘nkn+ sgdqd ‘qd hmcdwdr vghbg qdedq sn hmbktchmf bnlo‘mhdr a‘rdc nm u‘qhntr
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ DRF nq BRQ bqhsdqh‘- Vghkd sgdrd hmchbdr l‘x knnj rhlhk‘q ‘mc g‘ud rhlhk‘q
m‘ldr+ sgd bqhsdqh‘ trdc sn hmbktcd bnlo‘mhdr cheedq rtars‘msh‘kkx- Sn hkktrsq‘sd sgdrd
cheedqdmbdr+ vd vhkk gdqd oqdrdms svn ‘ksdqm‘shud ‘ooqn‘bgdr-
Hm sgd Knmcnm Rsnbj Dwbg‘mfd+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmchbdr bnld tmcdq sgd ESRD3Fnnc,rdqhdr-
ESRD3Fnnc v‘r nmd ne sgd vnqkc&r ehqrs DRF hmchbdr vgdm hs v‘r k‘tmbgdc hm 1//0- Snc‘x+
sgdqd ‘qd rnld 2// hmchb‘snqr ‘bqnrr 03 sgdldr sg‘s b‘m ad trdc sn du‘kt‘sd d‘bg
bnlo‘mx- Sn ad hmbktcdc hm sgd hmcdw+ sgd bnlo‘mx ltrs qd‘bg ‘ lhmhltl sgqdrgnkc rbnqd
rds nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k a‘rhr- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s sgdqd hr mn rds ‘lntms ne bnlo‘mhdr eqnl ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqx sg‘s vhkk ad hmbktcdc- ESRD3Fnnc ‘krn g‘r rnld dwbktrhnm bqhsdqh‘+
rshotk‘shmf sg‘s bnlo‘mhdr eqnl o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqhdr vhkk mns ad hmbktcdc- Hm ‘cchshnm sn
hmctrsqhdr rtbg ‘r sna‘bbn ‘mc bnmsqnudqrh‘k vd‘onmr+ vghbg g‘ud addm dwbktcdc enq ‘
knmfdq shld+ sgd dwbktrhnm mnv ‘krn hmbktcdr bn‘k- Sgdqd g‘ud gnvdudq addm bnmsqnudqrhdr
‘ants sgd k‘ssdq+ rhmbd sgd bqhsdqhnm nmkx dwbktcdr bnlo‘mhdr vghbg g‘ud bn‘k ‘r sgdhq l‘hm
atrhmdrr ‘qd‘+ vghbg hlokhdr sg‘s l‘inq bn‘k oqnctbdqr b‘m rshkk ad hmbktcdc+ rgntkc sgdx ad
bnmfknldq‘sdr nq g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k nodq‘shnmr hm nsgdq atrhmdrr ‘qd‘r-
Sgd Mdv Wnqj a‘rdc Cnv Inmdr Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Vnqkc Hmcdw ’CIRVH( hr oqna‘akx sgd lnrs
vhcdkx jmnvm DRF hmcdw hm sgd vnqkc- K‘tmbgdc hm 0888+ hs v‘r sgd vnqkc&r ehqrs rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hmcdw trdc hm rsnbj dwbg‘mfdr- CIRVH cheedqr eqnl ESRD3Fnnc hm sg‘s hs enkknvr ‘ adrs,hm,
bk‘rr ‘ooqn‘bg hm hsr hmbktrhnm- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s ‘esdq sgd onsdmsh‘k bnlo‘mhdr g‘ud addm
du‘kt‘sdc ‘mc rbnqdc+ sgd bnlo‘mhdr qdbdhuhmf sno rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rbnqdr hm d‘bg hmctrsqx vhkk
ad hmbktcdc hm sgd hmcdw- Sgd mtladq ne hmbktcdc bnlo‘mhdr u‘qhdr adsvddm 0/! ‘mc 2/! ne
du‘kt‘sdc bnlo‘mhdr cdodmchmf nm sgd sxod ne hmcdw- Sgdqd ‘qd mn dwbktchmf bqhsdqh‘ hm
CIRVH+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s sgd hmcdw hmbktcdr kd‘cdqr eqnl hmctrsqhdr rnld l‘x g‘ud ‘ g‘qc
shld bnmrhcdqhmf ‘r rtrs‘hm‘akd+ rtbg ‘r sna‘bbn+ f‘lakhmf ‘mc ehqd‘qlr-
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 030

?f‘hm+ sgdrd cheedqdmbdr hkktrsq‘sdc hm sghr dw‘lokd ghfgkhfgs sgd mddc sn ad lhmcetk sg‘s
u‘qh‘shnmr hm oq‘bshbdr dwhrs+ ‘mc sg‘s sgdqd hr nesdm sgd mddc sn rsno+ bnmrhcdq ‘mc du‘kt‘sd
sgd u‘qhntr oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgdhq hlokhb‘shnmr-
Enq dw‘lokd+ ax mns dwbktchmf ‘mx sxod ne hmctrsqx nq bnqonq‘sd ‘bshuhsx+ ats hmrsd‘c
‘ookxhmf sgd adrs hm bk‘rr oqhmbhokd+ sgd Cnv Inmdr Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Hmcdw hmbktcdr sgd
bnlo‘mhdr qdbdhuhmf sgd ghfgdrs rbnqdr ne sgd ‘ookhdc bqhsdqh‘ eqnl ‘mx hmctrsqx- Sghr sxod ne
‘m ‘ooqn‘bg oqdrtoonrdr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q vnqkcuhdv9 dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘mc sdbgmnknfhb‘k
hmmnu‘shnmr vhkk rnkud ‘mx rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k bg‘kkdmfdr- Lnqdnudq+ sghr ‘krn hlokhdr
sg‘s rnld bnlo‘mhdr nodq‘shmf hm hmctrsqhdr vhsg rdudqd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr+ khjd nhk
‘mc f‘r+ b‘m an‘rs sgdhq qdots‘shnm ax ghfgkhfgshmf gnv sgdx ‘qd ldladqr ne sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmcdw- Rtbg ‘ k‘adk b‘m ad trdc sn fknrr nudq bnmsqnudqrh‘k cdbhrhnmr-
?”oqnlhmdms dw‘lokd vntkc ad Rgdkk+ vghbg ‘s sgd r‘ld shld ‘r adhmf hmbktcdc hm sgd Cnv
Inmdr Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Vnqkc Hmcdw hr tmcdq rbqtshmx ctd sn+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ dmuhqnmldms‘k
cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr uhnk‘shnmr hm sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘-
Sgd onotk‘qhsx ne DRF hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr b‘m ad oqnakdl‘shb- Sgdx bntkc+ enq
dw‘lokd+ rdmc ‘ rhfm‘k sg‘s bnlokdw rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx oqnakdlr bntkc ‘esdq ‘kk ad rnkudc vhsgnts
g‘uhmf sn fhud to snn ltbg ‘mc ax bnmshmthmf nm sgd o‘sg ne dbnmnlhb dwo‘mrhnm vhsg rnld
fqddm svhrs-

Rtbg q‘shmf rbgdldr b‘m ad ghfgkx hmektdmsh‘k hm rnbhdshdr ’Bgdkkh ‘mc Fdmcqnm+
1/02(- Dwoknqdc eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ldch‘ bnudq‘fd ‘mc rnbhds‘k chrbtrrhnm+
kd‘chmf bnlo‘mhdr b‘m qdbdhud oq‘hrd ‘mc fnnc otakhbhsx ctd sn sgdhq bnllhsldms sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc sgdqdax bnld sn rds ‘ admbgl‘qj enq nsgdqr qdf‘qchmf vg‘s hs
ld‘mr sn ad ‘ kd‘chmf bnlo‘mx- ?f‘hm+ rtbg dw‘lokdr b‘m ad rddm hm ‘ onrhshud khfgs+
‘r sgdx b‘m rshltk‘sd nsgdqr sn bnlodsd ‘mc hloqnud- Gnvdudq sgdx b‘m ‘krn ad
hmsdqoqdsdc lnqd odrrhlhrshb‘kkx ‘r rnld ne sgdrd oq‘hrdc dw‘lokdr e‘kk e‘q eqnl vg‘s
hr qdpthqdc enq ‘ rteehbhdms sq‘mrhshnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ‘qd ‘krn rtars‘msh‘k eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne b‘ohs‘k ‘kknb‘shnm ‘mc
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- ?m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne l‘inq hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr ‘mc
hmudrsldms etmcr+ rtbg ‘r ltst‘k ‘mc odmrhnm etmcr+ b‘m g‘ud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqhsdqh‘
dladccdc hm sgdhq hmudrsldms bgnhbdr- Vghkd l‘mx hmudrsnqr bnmctbs sgdhq nvm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrdrrldmsr+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘ rtars‘msh‘k mtladq ne sgnrd vgn qdkx nm ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q q‘shmf rbgdld hm sgdhq cdbhrhnmr- ? rhlhk‘q rhst‘shnm hr duhcdms enq l‘mx
oqhu‘sd hmudrsnqr9 vghkd l‘mx vntkc khjd sn s‘jd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hmsn ‘bbntms vgdm
l‘jhmf sgdhq odqrnm‘k hmudrsldmsr+ udqx edv g‘ud sgd jmnvkdcfd ‘mc b‘o‘ahkhsx sn
bnmctbs rtbg ‘m ‘m‘kxrhr- Hs b‘m ‘krn kd‘c sn bnmsqnudqrh‘k rhst‘shnmr enq rnld
hmchuhct‘kr+ vgn l‘x nmkx k‘sdq ehmc nts sg‘s sgd fqddm hmudrsldms etmc sgdx g‘ud
r‘udc hm b‘m hmudrs hm bnlo‘mhdr hmbktcdc hm sgd CIRVH+ ‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks sgd hmchuhct‘k
dmcr to hmudrshmf hm+ r‘x+ Aqhshrg ?ldqhb‘m Sna‘bbn+ ‘ l‘hmrs‘x nm sgd hmchbdr ‘klnrs
rhmbd sgdx vdqd drs‘akhrgdc-
Hs hr ‘krn vnqsg mnshmf sg‘s sgd qhrd ne DRF hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd
fqnvhmf ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne DRF qhrjr ‘ood‘qr sn l‘jd sgd sq‘chshnm‘k gntrdgnkc
q‘shmf ‘fdmbhdr rtbg ‘r Lnncx&r ‘mc R%O f‘hm hmsdqdrs hm sgd ‘qd‘- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘kqd‘cx
hmchb‘shnmr ne ldqfhmf ‘mc bnmrnkhc‘shnm oqnbdrrdr+ ‘r sgdrd l‘inq ehm‘mbh‘k q‘shmf
‘fdmbhdr ‘qd ‘bpthqhmf rl‘kkdq ‘mc dldqfdms DRF q‘shmf oqnuhcdqr- Vghkd sgd
031 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

noonqstmhsx sn ‘cc etqsgdq oqnehs‘akd q‘shmf atrhmdrr sn nmd&r onqsenkhn hr ‘ khjdkx

lnshu‘shnm gdqd+ vd rgntkc ‘krn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s sgd ehm‘mbh‘k q‘shmf ‘fdmbhdr ‘krn
mddc sn ‘cc dwodqshrd ‘mc jmnvgnv hm sgd ‘qd‘+ fhudm gnv DRF qhrjr ‘qd oqnuhmf sn
ad ‘m hmbqd‘rhmfkx rhfmhehb‘ms e‘bsnq enq sgd ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ne bnqonq‘shnmr-

6-5 EhmYmbhYk lYqjdsr) DRF) Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

?r ghfgkhfgsdc ‘anud+ sn etmbshnm sgd l‘qjdsr qdpthqd hmenql‘shnm+ ‘mc mns nmkx ‘mx
sxod ne hmenql‘shnm+ ats rnldsghmf sg‘s bntkc ad cdbhrhnm,trdetk ‘mc g‘ud qdkdu‘mbd
enq hmudrsnqr hm sgdhq cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf hmudrsldms ‘kknb‘shnmr- Sghr b‘m g‘ud ghfgkx
rhfmhehb‘ms hlokhb‘shnmr nm gnv vd odqbdhud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc gnv rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx cdudkno nudq
shld- Gdqd+ vd bnmrhcdq svn ‘rodbsr etqsgdq+ sgd khmj adsvddm DRF ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k
odqenql‘mbd ‘mc hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms- Vd chrbtrr sgdrd hm qdk‘shnm sn ntq jdx enbtr+
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

6-5-0 DRF Ymc ehmYmbhYk odqenqlYmbd

Rn+ gnv cndr s‘jhmf DRF bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmsn ‘bbntms ‘eedbs sgd hmudrsnqr> Sgd khmj
adsvddm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd deedbs nm hmudrsnq
u‘ktd bqd‘shnm+ g‘r ‘ssq‘bsdc rtars‘mshud hmsdqdrs ‘mc cda‘sd- Ptdrshnmr rtbg ‘r9
£cndr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bqd‘sd ghfgdq qdstqmr>– nq £cn DRF bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hlokx sg‘s
sgd hmudrsnq vhkk mddc sn ‘bbdos knvdq qdstqmr>– ‘qd ptdrshnmr vghbg ‘qd nesdm
onrdc hm sgd ldch‘+ onotk‘q annjr ‘mc hm sgd bk‘rrqnnl- Khjdvhrd+ hm sgd rbgnk‘qkx
khsdq‘stqd nmd b‘m ehmc ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf unktld ne rstchdr knnjhmf ‘s sgdrd sgdldr+ ‘s
shldr oqdrdmshmf bnmsq‘chbshmf ehmchmfr- Gnvdudq+ rtbg ptdrshnmr ‘qd odqg‘or snn
rhlokd+ ‘mc qhrj qdoqdrdmshmf sgd bnlokdw qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc qdstqmr hm ‘m nudqkx rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc l‘mmdq- Sgdx ‘krn qhrj
qdctbhmf sgd DRF hmudrsldms sn ehm‘mbh‘k bnmbdqmr+ rnldsghmf sg‘s vd g‘ud
drs‘akhrgdc vntkc ad snn m‘qqnv ‘r aqn‘cdq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd
qdkdu‘ms gdqd snn-
Nudq‘kk+ sgdqd cndr rddl sn ad rnld duhcdmbd sg‘s bnlo‘mhdr vhsg adssdq DRF
q‘shmfr ‘qd ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg ghfgdq etstqd qdstqmr- Mnv+ rdudq‘k b‘ud‘sr ‘qd hm nqcdq
gdqd- Ehqrs+ sgdrd qdrtksr ‘qd khjdkx sn ad cdodmcdms nm gnv sgd DRF q‘shmf hr bnlohkdc
‘mc vg‘s jhmcr ne oqnwhdr ‘qd trdc hm sgd ‘m‘kxrhr+ nq hm nsgdq vnqcr vg‘s hr trdc ‘r ‘
ld‘rtqd ne DRF odqenql‘mbd- Enq dw‘lokd+ hr sgd q‘shmf a‘rdc nm chrbknrtqdr+ rnld
o‘qshbtk‘q dkdldms ne odqenql‘mbd+ nq odqbdoshnm,a‘rdc qdots‘shnm> Rdbnmc+ hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s shldeq‘ld hr adhmf hmudrshf‘sdc- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q ‘s sgd l‘bqn kdudk+ vhkk g‘ud deedbsr nudq ‘m
dwsdmcdc odqhnc+ ‘mc lhfgs mns ad b‘ostqdc nm ‘ rgnqsdq shldeq‘ld- Bnmrhcdqhmf
rtbg shldeq‘ldr hr hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘ qhrj.qdstqm odqrodbshud- Sghqc+ gnv hr sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd nq qdstqm adhmf ld‘rtqdc> Rnld rstchdr knnj ‘s rsnbj l‘qjdsr
‘mc hmudrsnq qdstqmr+ vgdqd‘r nsgdqr enbtr nm ‘bbntmshmf,a‘rdc odqenql‘mbd ldsqhbr
khjd qdstqm nm hmudrsldmsr nq qdstqm nm ‘rrdsr ’QNH.QN?(- Cheedqdms ld‘rtqdr ne
ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ‘mc sgdhq hmektdmbd nm ehmchmfr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms+ ats ‘qd nesdm mns
dwokhbhskx bnmrhcdqdc- Entqsg+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn knnj ‘s gnv sgd bnlo‘qhrnmr ‘qd l‘cd
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 032

‘mc vg‘s jhmc ne ‘rrtloshnmr sgdqd ‘qd hm qdf‘qc sn sgd bnmsqnk fqntor trdc- Enq
hmrs‘mbd+ hr sgd bnlo‘qhrnm adhmf l‘cd vhsg sgd dmshqd bnqonq‘sd tmhudqrd+ nq hr hs
odqg‘or khlhsdc sn bnlo‘mhdr hm ‘ fhudm hmctrsqx nq ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rhyd- Ehm‘kkx+ hs hr
drrdmsh‘k sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s bnmsdws b‘m g‘ud ‘ rtars‘msh‘k hmektdmbd- Vghkd
DRF,bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vdqd ‘ jdx s‘kjhmf onhms hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr hm sgd 1/0/r+
sgd bnmsdws v‘r udqx cheedqdms nmkx sdm xd‘qr adenqd-
Ansg bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc hmudrsnqr ‘qd mnv cnhmf sghmfr cheedqdmskx ‘mc ‘qd khjdkx sn cn
sghmfr cheedqdmskx ‘f‘hm hm sgd enqdrdd‘akd etstqd- Sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ne hmenql‘shnm g‘r
hmbqd‘rdc ansg hm sdqlr ne aqd‘csg ‘mc cdosg+ hlokxhmf sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘ vhcdq q‘mfd ne
lnqd hm,cdosg hmenql‘shnm ‘ants hmudrsldms noonqstmhshdr ‘mc sgd bnmsdwst‘k
cdudknoldmsr sg‘s hmudrsnqr b‘m cq‘v nm hm l‘jhmf cdbhrhnmr- ?r rtbg+ hs hr drrdmsh‘k
sn ‘unhc l‘jhmf g‘rsx bnmbktrhnmr a‘rdc nm rhmfkd rstchdr nq qdrd‘qbg qdonqsr+ mn
l‘ssdq ax vgn ‘mc vgdqd hs hr otakhrgdc-

6-5-1 Hmudrsnq dmfYfdldms

Hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms hr ‘mnsgdq dkdldms ne ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr& hmsdqdrs hm gnv
bnqonq‘shnmr cd‘k vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Hm sghr bnmsdws+ dmf‘fdldms dms‘hkr sg‘s hmudrsnqr
‘qd mns nmkx l‘jhmf hmudrsldms cdbhrhnmr ‘mc ‘kknb‘shmf b‘ohs‘k eqnl ‘ chrs‘mbd+ ats
sg‘s sgdx fds ‘bshudkx hmunkudc vhsg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm cheedqdms v‘xr vhsg sgd ‘hl ne
‘bghduhmf rnld bg‘mfdr nq qdhmenqbhmf rnld sxodr ne cdbhrhnmr- Hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms
rgntkc ad chrshmfthrgdc eqnl rg‘qdgnkcdq ‘bshuhrl+ ‘ oqhl‘qhkx TR,a‘rdc
ogdmnldmnm+ vgdqd rg‘qdgnkcdqr rddj sn trd sgdhq unshmf onvdq sn l‘jd o‘qshbtk‘q
hmhsh‘shudr uhrhakd hm sgd bnqonq‘sd ‘mmt‘k lddshmfr+ ‘mc onrrhakx sn hmhsh‘sd bg‘mfdr hm
bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr ’rdd Lhbgdknm ds ‘k-+ 1/1/(-
L‘inq hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr dmf‘fd qdftk‘qkx vhsg bnlo‘mhdr ‘kqd‘cx hm qdf‘qc sn
sgdhq sq‘chshnm‘k hmudrsldms ‘m‘kxrhr ‘r sgdx sqx sn f‘hm cddodq hmrhfgsr hmsn gnv d‘bg
o‘qshbtk‘q bnlo‘mx rddjr sn oqnrodq hm sgd etstqd- ?r sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
enq sgd etstqd ehm‘mbh‘k ntsknnj ne bnlo‘mhdr hr adbnlhmf lnqd aqn‘ckx tmcdqrsnnc+
hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms enbtrhmf nm DRF l‘ssdqr hr adbnlhmf ‘ lnqd vhcdroqd‘c
oq‘bshbd- Fhudm sgd bnlokdwhsx ‘mc tmbdqs‘hmshdr qdk‘sdc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg
dmf‘fdldmsr oqnuhcd noonqstmhshdr enq ansg sgd bnlo‘mx ‘mc sgd hmudrsnqr+ ‘ksgntfg
sgd cxm‘lhbr ‘mc sgdhq onsdmsh‘k u‘ktd bqd‘shnm qdl‘hmr qdk‘shudkx onnqkx tmcdqrsnnc-
Eqnl sgd bnlo‘mx&r onhms ne uhdv+ hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms needqr noonqstmhshdr sn kd‘qm
ne sgd bnmbdqmr sghr rs‘jdgnkcdq fqnto g‘r+ sn f‘tfd sgdhq uhdvr nm gnv o‘qshbtk‘q
DRF onkhbhdr b‘m vnqj+ ‘mc sn qdbdhud lnqd mt‘mbdc eddca‘bj nm vgdsgdq sgd
hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc hm sgd bnqonq‘sd chrbknrtqdr ‘ood‘qr sn ad rteehbhdms enq sgd
l‘qjdsok‘bd-
Lnqdnudq+ hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms b‘m ‘krn oqnuhcd noonqstmhshdr sn dmg‘mbd
hmsdqm‘k oqnbdrrdr- Sgd hmsdqm‘k hmenql‘shnm eknvr+ cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc
rg‘qhmf ne qdronmrhahkhshdr b‘m ‘kk ad rbqtshmhrdc sn dmrtqd bngdqdmbd snv‘qcr sgd
hmudrsnqr- Enq sgd hmudrsnqr+ sgdqd ‘qd sgd nauhntr admdehsr ne f‘hmhmf ‘ cddodq
tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc hsr jdx odqrnmmdk odqbdhud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
vgdsgdq sgdx ‘ood‘q sn tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc g‘ud ok‘mmdc enq sgd tmbdqs‘hmshdr ‘mc
onsdmsh‘k qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn jdx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ ‘mc ‘krn sn du‘kt‘sd gnv vdkk
sgd dwsdqm‘k qdonqshmf rddlr sn bnqqdronmc vhsg sgd ‘bst‘k onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr-
Lnqdnudq+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn bkd‘q noonqstmhshdr sn kd‘qm hmsdqm‘kkx ‘r sgd hmsdqkhmj‘fdr
033 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

adsvddm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘m‘kxrhr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx adbnld lnqd dk‘anq‘sdc- ?r rtbg+ DRF
‘m‘kxrhr b‘m rghes eqnl ‘ odqhogdq‘k ‘cc,nm sn ‘ jdx dkdldms hm hmudrsldms ‘m‘kxrhr-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ gnvdudq+ rtbg hmudrsnq dmf‘fdldms b‘m ad ‘ooqn‘bgdc bqhshb‘kkx
eqnl ‘ aqn‘cdq rnbhds‘k odqrodbshud- ?r sgd hmudrsnqr ‘qd fdsshmf lnqd r‘x hm vghbg
dkdldmsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms+ ‘mc dldqfd ‘r sgd jdx rs‘jdgnkcdq
hm sghr ‘qd‘+ sgdqd hr ‘ qhrj sg‘s aqn‘cdq rxrsdlhb rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr fds chrlhrrdc+
nq ‘qd nudqs‘jdm ax sgd hmsdqdrsr ‘mc dlog‘rhrdr fhudm sn sgd DRF ldsqhbr sg‘s
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr ‘qd enbtrhmf nm- Lnqd nesdm sg‘m mns sghr
vntkc ad sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ hmrsd‘c ne rnld rnbh‘k ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘k bnmrdptdmbdr- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd SBEC chrbtrrdc ‘anud ok‘bdr
‘ssdmshnm nm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
q‘sgdq sg‘m otsshmf eqnms ‘mc bdmsqd sgd bnmbdqm ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hsrdke ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd
rhfmhehb‘ms ogxrhb‘k hlokhb‘shnmr sg‘s enkknv enq bnlltmhshdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr-
Lnqdnudq+ cdrohsd ‘kk sgd s‘kj ne knmf,sdql noonqstmhshdr ‘mc aqn‘c rbdm‘qhnr+ sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr rshkk sdmc sn ad fd‘qdc snv‘qcr sgd rgnqsdq sdql- ?r rtbg+ sgd l‘qjdsr
bntkc ‘krn ad rddm sn cqhud cdudknoldms snv‘qcr rta,noshl‘k rnktshnmr+ vghbg lhfgs
mns ad admdehbh‘k enq sgd aqn‘cdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
?r vd g‘ud rsqdrrdc rdudq‘k shldr hm sghr annj+ hs hr adxnmc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ‘rrdrr+
ld‘rtqd ‘mc qdonqs nm ‘kk onrrhakd enqlr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Bgnhbdr g‘ud sn ad l‘cd+
‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks rnld dkdldmsr ‘mc uhdvonhmsr ‘qd dlog‘rhrdc+ vghkd nsgdqr fds
nlhssdc- Gdqd+ hs hr duhcdms sg‘s sgd hmenql‘shnm mddcr ne cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor
‘qd cheedqdms- ?r vd jmnv sg‘s sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd ‘ ghfgkx onvdqetk ok‘xdq hm
rnbhdsx+ hs hr vnqsg ‘rjhmf vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr sgdhq fqnvhmf hmsdqdrs hm
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r nm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘rrdrr+ ‘bbntms enq ‘mc qdonqs nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k onrrhahkhshdr gdqd- Nmd nauhntr nmd hr sgd cdudknoldms ne cheedqdms
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr- ?r vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc+ sgd lnrs vhcdkx trdc
fthcdkhmdr+ sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr+ rs‘qsdc nts ‘r ‘ aqn‘cdq rs‘jdgnkcdq hmhsh‘shud ‘mc
g‘ud rhmbd addm bk‘hldc sn g‘ud rghesdc snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd hmudrsnq lhmcdc ‘ooqn‘bg-
Hm sgd TR+ sgd R?RA fthcdkhmdr rs‘qsdc nts ‘r ‘m hmhsh‘shud vghbg dwokhbhskx s‘qfdsdc
hmudrsnq bnlltmhshdr- ?mc sgdqd hr mnsghmf vqnmf vhsg sg‘s ‘r rtbg- Gnvdudq+ hs
cndr hlo‘bs nm gnv ‘bshuhshdr+ dmshshdr+ qhrjr ‘mc noonqstmhshdr ‘qd du‘kt‘sdc-

6-6 Bnmbktrhnm
?r vd g‘ud mnv drs‘akhrgdc+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx g‘r adbnld ‘ ed‘stqd hm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr
‘mc hmudrsldms bnmrhcdq‘shnmr- Sgd ptdrshnm sgdm adbnldr vg‘s vd ‘qd sn l‘jd ne
hs> Vgx hr sghr qdkdu‘ms> Vg‘s ‘qd sgd hlokhb‘shnmr> Cndr sgd fqnvhmf hmsdqdrs ne
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘mc onvdqetk hmudrsnq fqntor dmg‘mbd sgd vdkk,adhmf ne utkmdq‘akd
bnlltmhshdr+ dmg‘mbd rnbh‘k bngdrhnm+ itrshbd ‘mc cdlnbq‘bx+ ‘mc gdko rnbhdshdr rs‘x
vhsghm sgd ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr ax rknvhmf cnvm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ahnchudqrhsx knrr
‘mc nsgdq dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnakdlr>
Hs hr bkd‘q sg‘s sgd DRF bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd mn knmfdq rddm ‘r ‘m ‘mnl‘kx nq ‘ rgnqs,
sdql e‘c vghbg vhkk chr‘ood‘q eqnl sgd q‘c‘q ‘r e‘rs ‘r sgdx g‘ud dldqfdc- L‘mx ne
sgd vnqkc&r k‘qfdrs hmudrsldms etmcr ‘mc ‘rrds l‘m‘fdldms gntrdr hmchb‘sd sg‘s DRF
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd mnv ‘m hmsdfq‘k o‘qs ne sgdhq hmudrsldms oqnbdrrdr+ ‘mc sg‘s sgdx
b‘mmns ad hfmnqdc rgntkc ‘m hmudrsnq vhrg sn s‘jd b‘qd ne sgdhq onqsenkhn- Lnqdnudq+
bnmshmtdc chrbtrrhnm ne DRF hm l‘inq ehm‘mbh‘k ldch‘ ntskdsr ‘mc kd‘chmf l‘qjdsok‘bdr
 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 034

ld‘mr sg‘s DRF hr bnmrs‘mskx f‘hmhmf uhrhahkhsx+ vghbg hr hlonqs‘ms enq sgdhq
bnmrhcdq‘shnm-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr vnqsg ‘rjhmf vgdsgdq sgd oqnlhmdmbd ne DRF hm sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ ghfg kdudk hmchbdr ‘mc DRF bqhsdqh‘ ‘bst‘kkx gdko rsddq sgd fkna‘k
rnbhdshdr ‘v‘x eqnl rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr- Cndr sgd ghfg onotk‘qhsx ‘krn bqd‘sd ‘m
hloqdrrhnm rhfm‘kkhmf sg‘s sghmfr ‘qd £tmcdq bnmsqnk mnv sg‘s l‘inq hmudrsldms etmcr
‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘qd trhmf sgdhq vhrcnl sn rsddq rnbhdshdr snv‘qcr rnld
adssdq fn‘kr>– Sg‘s hr+ sgd knfhb ne sgd l‘qjdsr hr a‘rdc nm sgd etmc‘ldms‘k adkhde hm
sgdhq onvdq sn oqnbdrr hmenql‘shnm ‘mc sn ehmc deedbshud rnktshnmr- Sgd rnktshnmr+
gnvdudq+ ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr adhmf trdc-
Vghkd vd qdbnfmhrd ntq chrbtrrhnm gdqd nmkx oqnuhcdr ‘m hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd udqx
aqn‘c ‘mc bnlokdw snohb+ hs rgntkc mnv ad bkd‘q sg‘s sn etmbshnm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr
qdpthqd hmenql‘shnm+ vghbg g‘r ghfgkx rhfmhehb‘ms hlokhb‘shnmr enq ‘bbntmshmf- Vhsg
sgd fqnvhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd hlo‘bsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf
sgdhq ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd+ DRF hmudrsldms ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms ‘qd ‘qd‘r ne fqd‘s
hlonqs‘mbd- Sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx hr ‘ onvdqetk rs‘jdgnkcdq vhsg bnmrhcdq‘akd
hmektdmbd+ rn gnv sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjds qdronmcr sn+ nq hr kdudq‘fdc enq+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr-

Qdedqdmbdr
?mcqdv+ I-+ ‘mc Bnqsdrd+ B- ’1/02(- Eqdd L‘qjds Dmuhqnmldms‘khrl ‘mc sgd Mdnkhadq‘k Oqnidbs9
Sgd B‘rd ne sgd Bkhl‘sd Chrbknrtqd Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 13’5(+
286“3/8-
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Rbgmdhcdq+ S-+ Rsdudmrnm+ K- ‘mc Enw+ ?- ’1/1/(- Enrrhk Etdk Qdrdqudr ‘mc
Qdrntqbdr Qdonqshmf ‘mc Tmatqm‘akd B‘qanm9 Hmudrshf‘shmf Bnmekhbshmf ?bbntmsr- BqhshbYk
Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 55+ 0“11-
B‘qmdx+ L- ’1/04(- Aqd‘jhmf sgd Sq‘fdcx ne sgd Gnqhynm “ Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd ‘mc Ehm‘mbh‘k
Rs‘ahkhsx- Roddbg cdkhudqdc ‘s Kknxc&r ne Knmcnm+ 18 Rdosdladq 1/04- vvv-a‘mjnedmfk‘mc-
bn-tj.roddbg.1/04.aqd‘jhmf,sgd,sq‘fdcx,ne,sgd,gnqhynm,bkhl‘sd,bg‘mfd,‘mc,ehm‘mbh‘k,
rs‘ahkhsx ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Bgdkkh+ L- ‘mc Fdmcqnm+ X- ’1/02(- Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Q‘shmfr ‘mc Chrbhokhm‘qx Onvdq ne sgd Hcdnknfx
ne Mtladqr- IntqmYk ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr+ 001+ 076“1/2-
Bqhen+ O-+ Ctq‘mc+ Q- ‘mc Fnmc+ I-,O- ’1/08(- Dmbntq‘fhmf Hmudrsnqr sn Dm‘akd Bnqonq‘sd
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Sq‘mrhshnmr9 Sgd B‘rd ne Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms hm Eq‘mbd- NqfYmhyYshnm Ymc
Dmuhqnmldms+ 21’1( 014“033-
Inteeq‘x+ I- A-+ Bqnm‘+ A- V‘rrámhtr+ D-+ Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc Rbgnksdmr+ A- ’1/08(- Kdudq‘fd Onhmsr
hm sgd Ehm‘mbh‘k Rdbsnq enq Rd‘ennc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Rbhdmbd :cuYmbdr+ 4’0/(+ d‘‘w2213-
Lhbgdknm+ F-+ Qncqhftd+ L- ‘mc Sqduhr‘m+ D- ’1/1/(- Sgd L‘qjdshy‘shnm ne ‘ Rnbh‘k Lnudldms9
?bshuhrsr+ Rg‘qdgnkcdqr ‘mc BRQ Chrbknrtqd- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 7/+
0/0/63-
LRBH ’1/07(- Hmsqnctbhmf DRF Hmudrshmf- vvv-lrbh-bnl.drf,hmudrshmf ’‘bbdrrdc 01 Mnudladq
1/1/(-
N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- ’1/1/(- Rgheshmf sgd Enbtr ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf eqnl
Hlo‘bsr sn Qhrjr ‘mc Cdodmcdmbhdr9 Qdrd‘qbghmf sgd Sq‘mrenql‘shud Onsdmsh‘k ne SBEC
Qdonqshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 22’4(+ 0002“0030-
N&Rtkkhu‘m+ M- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1//8(- Rs‘jdgnkcdq Odqrodbshudr nm ‘ Ehm‘mbh‘k Rdbsnq
Kdfhshl‘shnm Oqnbdrr9 Sgd B‘rd ne MFNr ‘mc sgd Dpt‘snq Oqhmbhokdr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf
Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 11’3(+ 442“476-
035 DRF hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms

SBEC- ’1/1/(- S‘rj Enqbd nm Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqdr- gssor9..era,sbec-nqf ’12

Edaqt‘qx 1/10(-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ‘mc K‘hmd+ L- ’1/10(- Rs‘mc‘knmd ‘mc Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

BE? Hmrshstsd ‘mc TM OQH ’1/07(- Fthc‘mbd ‘mc B‘rd Rstchdr enq DRF Hmsdfq‘shnm9 Dpthshdr ‘mc
Ehwdc Hmbnld- vvv-tmoqh-nqf.cnvmkn‘c>‘b<4851 ’‘bbdrrdc 17 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
Lhbgdknm+ F- ’1/10(- Ehm‘mbh‘k L‘qjdsr ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k Hmenql‘shnm- Hm Adaahmfsnm+ I-+
K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B-+ N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Sgnlrnm+ H- ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf-
Qntskdcfd-
Mxrsqíl+ L-+ Inteeq‘x+ I-,A-: Mnqrsqíl+ ?-+ Bqnm‘+ A-+ R—f‘‘qc I—fdmrdm+ O-+ B‘qodmsdq+ R-+
Anchm+ Å-+ F‘k‘y+ U- ‘mc Enkjd+ B- ’1/08(- ?m‘snlx ‘mc Qdrhkhdmbd ne sgd Fkna‘k
Oqnctbshnm Rxrsdl- MYstqd+ 464+ 87“0/7-
Oqhmbhokdr enq Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms9 vvv-tmoqh-nqf
Sgd Dpt‘snq Oqhmbhokdr9 gssor9..dpt‘snq,oqhmbhokdr-bnl.
u‘m Cttqdm+ D-+ Ok‘mshmf‘+ ?- ‘mc Rbgnksdmr+ A- ’1/05(- DRF Hmsdfq‘shnm ‘mc sgd Hmudrsldms
L‘m‘fdldms Oqnbdrr9 Etmc‘ldms‘k Hmudrshmf Qdhmudmsdc- IntqmYk ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr+ 027+
414“422-
BG?OSDQ

7
DwsdqmYk
Ybbntmshmf

Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf g‘r addm cdehmdc ‘r ‘bbntmshmf vghbg dl‘m‘sdr £eqnl rntqbdr
ntsrhcd sgd ‘bbntmshmf dmshsx– ’Cdx ‘mc Fhaanm+ 1/03+ o- 0/7(- Hs hr trt‘kkx
tmcdqs‘jdm ax sgnrd vgn vhrg sn l‘jd uhrhakd oqnakdl‘shb hlo‘bsr ne ‘m dmshsx
‘mc dwonrd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr vgdm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm e‘hkr sn cn rn-
Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc ‘r ‘m tlaqdkk‘ k‘adk enq ‘ lxqh‘c ne oq‘bshbdr
ne ‘bbntmshmf ax ‘ q‘mfd ne fqntor ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr mns trt‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc
‘bbntmshmf dmshshdr- Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd vhkk ad chrbtrrhmf sgd u‘qhntr oq‘bshbdr
vghbg b‘m bnkkdbshudkx ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘r sgdx ‘qd qdkdu‘ms sn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd adfhm ax hmsqnctbhmf sgd
ogdmnldmnm+ hmbktchmf ‘ rgnqs ghrsnqx ne hsr dldqfdmbd+ adenqd bnmrhcdqhmf sgd
l‘hm lnshu‘shnmr ‘mc q‘shnm‘kdr enq sgd oq‘bshbd- Vd sgdm bnmrhcdq sgd u‘qhntr
enqlr sg‘s dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m s‘jd adenqd chrbtrrhmf sgd l‘hm dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms
oqnctbdqr ‘mc sgdhq ‘tchdmbdr- Bqhshptdr nq khlhs‘shnmr ne sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf ‘qd sgdm ntskhmdc- Vghkd sghr bg‘osdq oqnuhcdr etqsgdq bnmsdws enq k‘ssdq
chrbtrrhnmr hm sgd annj+ hs ‘krn oqdrdmsr ‘ enql ne ‘bbntmshmf vghbg bg‘kkdmfdr
rnld ne ntq s‘jdm,enq,fq‘msdc ‘rrtloshnmr ‘ants ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr- Tkshl‘sdkx+
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf dmbntq‘fdr tr sn sghmj bqhshb‘kkx ‘ants ‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne gnv sgdx
bntkc ad cheedqdms-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf-

Tmcdqrs‘mc sgd lnshu‘shnmr ‘mc q‘shnm‘kdr enq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘akd sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm u‘qhntr enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
tmcdqrs‘mc sgdhq cheedqdmbdr-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd cheedqdms fqntor sg‘s lhfgs oqnctbd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd bqhshptdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
037 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

7-0 ?…aqhde mnsd nm sdqlhmnknfx Ymc enbtr

Adenqd vd oqnbddc etqsgdq ‘ rgnqs mnsd qdf‘qchmf sdqlhmnknfx ‘mc ntq enbtr hm sghr
bg‘osdq hr hm nqcdq- Ehqrs+ ‘r mnsdc ‘anud+ vd trd sgd sdql dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf sn
qdedq sn sgd q‘mfd ne oq‘bshbdr vghbg hmunkud enqlr ne ‘bbntmshmf oqnctbdc ax sgnrd
dwsdqm‘k ’h-d- ntsrhcd( sn sgd dmshsx enq vghbg sgdx ‘qd oqnuhchmf sgd ‘bbntms- Vghkd ‘
mtladq ne nsgdq onrrhakd k‘adkr dwhrs ’d-f- rnbh‘k ‘bbntmsr+ ‘msh,‘bbntmsr( vd g‘ud
bgnrdm sn trd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘r hs ansg dm‘akdr tr sn bnmrhcdq sgd oq‘bshbd hm ‘
aqn‘c rdmrd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ghfgkhfgs ‘ jdx bnllnm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb ’h-d- sgd oqnctbdq ne sgd
‘bbntms adhmf dwsdqm‘k sn sgd dmshsx(- Vd ‘s shldr sgqntfgnts sgd bg‘osdq qdedq sn
sgd oqnctbdqr ne rtbg ‘bbntmsr ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr sn b‘ostqd sghr onhms- Sgdqd
‘qd rnld rodbhehb enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf vghbg b‘qqx o‘qshbtk‘q k‘adkr+ enq
dw‘lokd+ rg‘cnv ‘bbntmshmf+ rhkdms ‘bbntmshmf+ bntmsdq ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc rnbh‘k
‘tchsr- Vd chrbtrr rnld ne sgdrd rodbhehb dw‘lokdr adknv-
Rdbnmc+ hs hr trdetk sn mnsd sg‘s sgd sdql dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr ‘krn rnldshldr
trdc hm qdedqdmbd sn ‘bbntmsr ‘mc qdonqsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd enq dwsdqm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ’hm s‘mcdl vhsg hmsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf(- Hs b‘m ‘krn ad trdc ‘r o‘qs ne sgd
sdql dwsdmcdc dwsdqm‘k qdonqshmf+ vghbg rnld trd hm qdedqdmbd sn mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Sgnrd ‘qd mns ntq enbtr gdqd- ?r ghfgkhfgsdc+ sgd dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf vd enbtr nm hm sghr bg‘osdq qdedqr sn ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc ax hmchuhct‘kr
‘mc.nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ntsrhcd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc mns trt‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
‘bbntmshmf dmshshdr- Hm nqcdq sn ‘rrhrs tr hm hcdmshexhmf ‘mc cdkhmd‘shmf sgd oq‘bshbd ne
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ sgqntfgnts sgd bg‘osdq vd cq‘v mns nmkx nm oq‘bshbd eqnl sgd
ehdkc+ ats ‘krn nm ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg vghbg gdkor tr tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc qdekdbs nm sghr
oq‘bshbd-

7-1 DwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf oqYbshbdr Ymc sgdhq dldqfdmbd

Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘s sgd lnrs fdmdq‘k kdudk b‘m ad cdehmdc ‘r sgd oq‘bshbd ne
oqnuhchmf ‘m ‘bbntms ax sgnrd sg‘s rhs ntsrhcd ne sgd dmshsx sn vghbg sgdx ‘qd
qdedqqhmf- Hs hr+ pthsd rhlokx+ ‘r hsr k‘adk rtffdrsr+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc
ax sgnrd dwsdqm‘k sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ad ehm‘mbh‘k nq
mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hm m‘stqd- Gnvdudq+ ‘r xnt vhkk rdd adknv+ vhsghm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ehdkc sgdx sdmc sn enbtr nm sgd mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k- Cdx ‘mc
Fhaanm ’1/03+ o- 0/8( oqnuhcd ‘ bkd‘q dwok‘m‘shnm ‘mc bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd ‘tchdmbdr
ne sgd oq‘bshbd-

Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd ‘ enql ne rnbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf oqnctbdc ax

dwsdqm‘k hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc.nq nqf‘mhy‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf b‘lo‘hfmhmf MFNr+ nm
sgdhq qdoqdrdms‘shnm ne sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bs ne nsgdqr- Sgd
hmsdmcdc ‘tchdmbd enq rtbg dwsdqm‘k qdonqsr hr mns rhlokx sgd ‘bbntmshmf dmshsx
‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd oqnakdl‘shb hlo‘bsr+ ats l‘x ‘krn hmbktcd onkhshb‘k
hmrshstshnmr+ bhuhk rnbhdsx+ sgd ldch‘ ‘mc rdbshnmr ne sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb-

Hlonqs‘mskx+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ad trdc sn l‘jd uhrhakd rtbg dmuhqnmldms‘k+

rnbh‘k ‘mc.nq dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sg‘s lhfgs mns g‘ud addm hmbktcdc
‘mc ad uhrhakd hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm chrbknrtqdr- Vd vhkk qdstqm sn ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 038

vgn sgd l‘hm oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd+ ‘mc hmcddc bntkc ad+ k‘sdq hm sgd
bg‘osdq+ gnvdudq hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn mnsd adenqd vd oqnbddc sg‘s oqnctbdqr ‘qd
fdmdq‘kkx sgnrd sg‘s gnkc kdrr onvdq+ ‘mc kdrr qdrntqbdr+ sg‘m sgnrd sg‘s sgdx trt‘kkx
rddj sn oqnuhcd ‘bbntmsr nm ’d-f- k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc fnudqmldmsr(-
Vghkd sgd enqlr dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf s‘jdr ‘mc sgd lnshu‘shnmr enq oqnctbhmf rtbg
‘bbntmsr ‘qd ‘krn chrbtrrdc adknv+ vd ehqrs ntskhmd sgd dldqfdmbd ‘mc cdudknoldms
ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr- Hm cnhmf rn+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s vg‘s
vd qdedq sn hm sghr bg‘osdq ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr mns ‘ mdv oq‘bshbd- Hs hr+ gnvdudq+
nmd sg‘s hr ‘qft‘akx nm sgd qhrd- Sghr qhrd hr odqg‘or etdkkdc ax sgd hmbqd‘rd hm ‘bbdrr sn
hmenql‘shnm hm sgd otakhb cnl‘hm sgqntfg sgd hmsdqmds ‘mc rnbh‘k ldch‘+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
sgd trd ne rtbg bg‘mmdkr sn chrrdlhm‘sd hmenql‘shnm- Sgd hmbqd‘rd hm dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hr ‘krn khjdkx sn ad sgd qdrtks ne sgd ‘oo‘qdms hmbqd‘rd hm bhuhk
rnbhdsx ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc ‘bshnm hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- K‘adkkhmf sgdrd
oq‘bshbdr ‘r ‘ enql ne ‘bbntmshmf ax ‘bbntmshmf ‘b‘cdlhbr ‘mc qdrd‘qbgdqr hr ‘krn
hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd gdqd- Sghr k‘adkkhmf gdkor onrhshnm sgdrd oq‘bshbdr vhsghm sgd
rogdqd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdbnfmhrdr sgdl ‘r ‘ oq‘bshbd ne fhuhmf ‘m ‘bbntms+ sgtr
ghfgkhfgshmf sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne bnmrhcdqhmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf vhsghm sgd aqn‘cdq
rodbsqtl ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr-

7-1-0 DYqkx dwYlokdr Ymc cdudknoldms

Vg‘s vd mnv qdedq sn ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf g‘r g‘c l‘mx cheedqdms m‘ldr ‘r hs g‘r
cdudknodc nudq ‘ odqhnc ne shld- Sghr ghrsnqx hr trdetkkx sq‘bdc hm Cdx ‘mc Fhaanm
’1/03( ‘mc vd cq‘v nm rnld ne sgdhq l‘hm onhmsr gdqd- Vd oqdrdms sghr ghrsnqx
enbtrhmf nm sgd bnmbdos ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ fhudm sghr hr ‘ jdx enbtr ne sghr annj+ ‘mc
‘krn+ ‘r vd g‘ud ‘qftdc+ ‘ jdx bnmbdqm enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf- Sq‘bhmf sgd
ghrsnqx ne sghr oq‘bshbd hr mns nmkx trdetk sn ghfgkhfgs sgd ‘qq‘x ne u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ‘mc
‘ooqn‘bgdr sn dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ ats ‘krn gdkor tmcdqrs‘mc rtbg sghmfr ‘r sgd
u‘qhntr sdqlhmnknfx trdc sn qdedq sn vg‘s vd k‘adk dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf- Sghr ghrsnqx
‘krn gdkor bnmsdwst‘khrd sgd oq‘bshbd+ hmbktchmf rnld ne sgd lnshu‘shnmr enq sgd
oq‘bshbd chrbtrrdc adknv-
Rnbh‘k ‘tchsr oqnctbdc hm sgd 086/r ‘mc 087/r ‘qd nesdm sgd ehqrs enqlr ne ‘bshuhsx
hcdmshehdc vgdm qdedqqhmf sn dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf- Ldc‘v‘q ’0865( ntskhmdr sgd rnbh‘k
‘tchsr oqnctbdc hm sgd TJ ax Rnbh‘k ?tchs Ksc+ drrdmsh‘kkx sgd otakhrghmf ne
hmenql‘shnm nm u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm qdronmrd sn sgd odqbdhudc ‘ardmbd ne
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr- Sg‘s hr+ sgdqd v‘r ‘ cdl‘mc enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn oqnuhcd
hmenql‘shnm sn u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ xds+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgdlrdkudr vdqd mns
lddshmf sgnrd cdl‘mcr-
?r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 4+ sgd 088/r r‘v ‘ qhrd hm bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf-
Ctqhmf sghr odqhnc ‘ enbtr ne l‘mx+ hmbktchmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘b‘cdlhbr+ MFNr ‘mc
nsgdq bhuhk rnbhdsx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ v‘r nm hloqnuhmf sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc
chrbknrtqdr ne bnlo‘mhdr- Sgd dldqfhmf qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr vdqd rddm ‘r ‘ rhfm sg‘s
bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vdqd adfhmmhmf sn qdronmc sn sgd cdl‘mc enq
hmenql‘shnm- ?bbnqchmfkx+ l‘mx enbtrdc sgdhq deenqsr nm oqnlnshmf ‘mc e‘bhkhs‘shmf
sgd dldqfhmf oq‘bshbd+ hmbqd‘rhmf sgd mtladq ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdonqshmf+ ‘mc
rtardptdmskx nm dmg‘mbhmf sgd pt‘khsx ne sg‘s qdonqshmf-
Gnvdudq+ cdrohsd sghr qhrd hm oq‘bshbd sgdqd qdl‘hmdc ’hmcddc+ rshkk qdl‘hmr(
chrr‘shre‘bshnm vhsg bnqonq‘sd,kdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf- Mns nmkx chc sgd mtladq
04/ Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

ne qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdl‘hm knv enq ‘ mtladq ne xd‘qr+ ats sgdqd v‘r ‘krn
chrr‘shre‘bshnm vhsg sgd pt‘khsx ne sgd qdonqsr sg‘s vdqd adhmf oqnctbdc- ?f‘hm+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vdqd rddm sn ad e‘hkhmf sn ldds sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx cdl‘mcr ne sgnrd
ntsrhcd sgd dmshsx- Sgdx vdqd odqbdhudc ax l‘mx sn ad oqnctbhmf qdonqsr sg‘s
‘ood‘qdc sn enbtr nm dlog‘rhrhmf onrhshud hrrtdr vghkd cnvmok‘xhmf ‘mx aqn‘cdq
bnmbdqmr nq mdf‘shud cdudknoldmsr-
Vghkd l‘mx rnbh‘k lnudldmsr ‘mc MFNr g‘c addm rsd‘cx bqhshbr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
enq xd‘qr+ sgdhq kd‘ekdsr ‘mc nsgdq l‘sdqh‘k g‘c rdkcnl enbtrdc nm oqnuhchmf
bnloqdgdmrhud ‘bbntmsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx sgdrd g‘c mns roqd‘c vhcdkx
adxnmc sgd knb‘k bnmsdwsr- Sghr adf‘m sn bg‘mfd hm sgd d‘qkx 1///r+ vgdm rdudq‘k
dwsdqm‘k qdonqsr+ rtbg ‘r Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg&r £E‘hkhmf sgd Bg‘kkdmfd9 Sgd Nsgdq
Rgdkk Qdonqs– ’Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg+ 1//2( ‘mc ?bshnm nm Rlnjhmf ‘mc Gd‘ksg&r
£Aqhshrg ?ldqhb‘m Sna‘bbn “ Sgd Nsgdq Qdonqs sn Rnbhdsx– ’?RG+ 1//1( ‘ssq‘bsdc
‘ssdmshnm ’rdd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv(-
Khjdvhrd+ ‘qntmc sgd r‘ld shld rnld ‘b‘cdlhbr dmf‘fdc vhsg rnbh‘k ‘mc
dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf vdqd knnjhmf enq v‘xr sn bnmsqhatsd hm cdudknohmf sgd
oq‘bshbdr- Odqg‘or ‘r ‘ qdronmrd sn sgd odqbdhudc k‘bj ne oqnfqdrr+ ‘ fqnto ne ‘b‘cdlhbr
hmsqnctbdc sgd oq‘bshbdr ne rhkdms ‘mc rg‘cnv qdonqshmf ‘mc bnmctbsdc ‘ oq‘bshb‘k
dw‘lokd ne gnv rtbg dwsdqm‘k qdonqshmf bntkc ad cnmd ’rdd Fharnm ds ‘k-+ 1//0(-
Sgdrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd ntskhmdc hm lnqd cds‘hk adknv+ ats drrdmsh‘kkx+ sgdx ‘f‘hm
ghfgkhfgsdc sgd onsdmsh‘k enq sgnrd ntsrhcd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn oqnctbd hmenql‘shnm
nm ‘ bnlo‘mx&r hlo‘bsr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr vgdm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm e‘hkr sn cn rn-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Vghkd ‘ e‘hqkx nkc dw‘lokd mnv+ adhmf otakhrgdc hm 1//2+ sgd qdonqs shskdc zE‘hkhmf sgd
Bg‘kkdmfd9 Sgd Nsgdq Rgdkk Qdonqs 1//1– oqnctbdc ax Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg ‘mc nsgdqr hr ‘m
hmsdqdrshmf dw‘lokd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nmd sg‘s hr trdetk sn s‘jd ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s-
Sgd qdonqs+ ‘u‘hk‘akd nmkhmd ’rdd Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg+ 1//2(+ qdronmcr sn sgd Rgdkk
Bnqonq‘shnm&r qdonqs ne 1//2 hm vghbg sgd bnlo‘mx dmbntq‘fdc odnokd sn qdronmc sn sgdhq
oqnfqdrr nm rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms sgqntfg ‘ zSdkk Rgdkk– b‘lo‘hfm- Hm sghr dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms sgd Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg ‘mc nsgdqr bnlohkdc sgdhq qdonqs vghbg oqnuhcdr ‘m
‘ksdqm‘shud ‘bbntms ne Rgdkk&r oq‘bshbdr- Bnms‘hmhmf ‘ chqdbsnq&r qdonqs+ rtll‘qx ne o‘rs
odqenql‘mbd ‘mc ‘ q‘mfd ne b‘rd rstchdr nm Rgdkk&r oq‘bshbdr hm u‘qhntr knb‘shnmr+ sghr qdonqs
oqnuhcdr sgd qd‘cdq vhsg ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud uhdv ne Rgdkk&r rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k odqenql‘mbd
sg‘m hr oqnuhcdc hm sgdhq nvm qdonqshmf-
Vd dmbntq‘fd xnt sn s‘jd rnld shld sn knnj ‘s sghr qdonqs”“ odqg‘or dudm knnjhmf to sgd Rgdkk
qdonqs ne 1//1 ‘mc 1//2 enq bnlo‘qhrnm- Hs lhfgs ad trdetk sn l‘jd rnld mnsdr nm sgd enkknvhmf9
Vg‘s ‘qd xntq hmhsh‘k hloqdrrhnmr ne sgd qdonqs> Gnv cndr sghr qdonqs bnlo‘qd sn sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqsr ne bnqonq‘shnmr xnt g‘ud knnjdc ‘s ’h-d- vg‘s ‘qd sgd rhlhk‘qhshdr ‘mc cheedqdmbdr(> Vd
dmbntq‘fd xnt sn jddo sgdrd qdekdbshnmr hm lhmc ‘r xnt bnmshmtd vhsg sghr bg‘osdq-

7-2 LnshuYshnmr Ymc qYshnmYkdr sn oqnctbd dwsdqmYk Ybbntmsr

Hs hr odqg‘or bkd‘q eqnl sgd ‘anud chrbtrrhnm sg‘s nmd ne sgd jdx lnshu‘shnmr enq sgd
oqnctbshnm ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hr ‘ chrr‘shre‘bshnm vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr+ ‘f‘hm
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 040

oqhl‘qhkx sgnrd eqnl k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Sghr hr mns nmkx sgd b‘rd enq sgd d‘qkx dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms oqnctbdqr+ ats ‘krn enq sgnrd oqnctbhmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr snc‘x- Vghkd ansg
sgd ‘lntms ‘mc pt‘khsx ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r hmbqd‘rdc nudq sgd o‘rs xd‘qr+ hs
hr rshkk odqbdhudc sn ad khlhsdc ax l‘mx- Sgdqd ‘qd svn l‘hm ‘rodbsr ne sghr lnshu‘shnm
enq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
Ehqrs+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax ‘ k‘bj ne qdonqshmf ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
Vghkd+ ‘r v‘r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ sgd oq‘bshbd ne bnqonq‘sd ‘mc nsgdq
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf g‘r hmbqd‘rdc+ sgd mtladq ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sg‘s
oqnctbd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ nq ‘s kd‘rs vg‘s lhfgs ad bnmrhcdqdc bnloqdgdmrhud
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hmenql‘shnm+ hr rshkk knv- Hmcddc+ hs hr rshkk oqdcnlhm‘mskx sgd
k‘qfd ‘mc £uhrhakd– bnlo‘mhdr sg‘s oqnctbd qdonqsr- Gdqd+ hm sghr bnmsdws ne ‘ k‘bj ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax ‘m ‘ssdlos sn ehkk ‘
f‘o ax oqdo‘qhmf hmenql‘shnm vgdm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm e‘hkr sn cn rn- L‘mx dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr enbtrhmf nm bnqonq‘sd s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd+ rtbg ‘r ?bshnm?hc&r ’1/0/( qdonqs nm
R?ALhkkdq chrbtrrdc adknv+ ‘qd sxohb‘k dw‘lokdr gdqd+ ‘r bnqonq‘shnmr fdmdq‘kkx
qdl‘hm rhkdms nm sgdhq s‘w ok‘mmhmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k trd ne s‘w g‘udmr-
Rdbnmc+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax hmrteehbhdms nq tma‘k‘mbdc
hmenql‘shnm qdonqsdc ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Gdqd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘ssdlosr sn a‘k‘mbd
sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax hmbktchmf hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr mns bnudqdc hm sgd neehbh‘k
‘bbntmsr- Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ad trdc sn oqnuhcd ‘cchshnm‘k hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr
dhsgdq ‘ardms eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm qdonqsr+ nq vgdqd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘ms
bnmrhcdqr sghr hmenql‘shnm sn ad lhrkd‘chmf- Sgd Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg ’1//2( qdonqs
hm sgd ‘anud £O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs– sdwsanw hr ‘m dw‘lokd ne sghr- Fhudm sg‘s l‘mx ne
sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr vd rdd hm oq‘bshbd rddj sn s‘qfds ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sg‘s ‘kqd‘cx
tmcdqs‘jdr rnld enql ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ hs bntkc ad ‘qftdc sg‘s hs hr sgd
k‘ssdq ne sgd svn lnshu‘shnmr sg‘s ‘ood‘qr sn lnshu‘sd ltbg ne sgd dwhrshmf dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr-
Hm rgnqs+ vgdm hs bnldr sn sgd oq‘bshbd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+
vd‘jmdrrdr hm btqqdms oq‘bshbdr qdl‘hm ‘mc+ cdrohsd hloqnudldmsr+ sgd mddc enq
‘cchshnm‘k ‘mc.nq ‘ksdqm‘shud hmenql‘shnm hcdmshehdc ax Rnbh‘k ?tchs Ksc hm sgd 086/r
rshkk dwhrsr snc‘x- Gnvdudq+ ‘ chrr‘shre‘bshnm vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr mns sgd
nmkx lnshu‘shnm enq sgd oqnctbshnm ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc hsr qhrd- ? q‘mfd ne
nsgdq lnshu‘shnmr dwhrsr-
Hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd bnmbdos ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ‘krn ad trdc ax
oqnctbhmf fqntor nq hmchuhct‘kr sn b‘kk ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq hmctrsqx sn ‘bbntms nq sn
ghfgkhfgs vgdqd ‘m ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrgho dwhrsr- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms b‘m ad trdc sn ghfgkhfgs ‘m hrrtd vgdqd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘ms odqbdhudr
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq hmctrsqx sn ad qdronmrhakd ‘mc ‘bbntms‘akd- ?m dw‘lokd eqnl
‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg hr trdetk sn hkktrsq‘sd sghr onhms- K‘hmd ‘mc Uhmm‘qh ’1/06( hm sgdhq
rstcx cdlnmrsq‘sd gnv ‘mhl‘k ‘bshuhrsr trd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm ‘m
‘ssdlos sn gnkc sgd ohf e‘qlhmf hmctrsqx sn ‘bbntms- Sgd ‘bshuhrsr trd dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr sn oqnuhcd uhrhahkhsx sn ‘rodbsr ne ‘mhl‘k oqnctbshnm vghbg sgd
hmctrsqx oqdedqr sn nlhs eqnl sgdhq nvm ‘bbntmsr-
Qdk‘sdckx+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ‘krn ad oqnctbdc vhsg sgd ‘hl ne dctb‘shnm- Hm
sghr rdmrd+ sgdx b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax sgd ‘hl ne hmbqd‘rhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘ants hlo‘bsr nq
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor- Sghr b‘m ad rddm ‘r ‘ l‘inq fn‘k enq sgnrd vgn g‘ud
oqnctbdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr enbtrhmf nm bnqonq‘sd s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd- Sgd enkknvhmf
£Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– chrbtrrdr sghr etqsgdq-
041 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ‘krn ad lnshu‘sdc ax sgd vhkk sn fds ‘ksdqm‘shud unhbdr
gd‘qc- ?f‘hm+ vghkd oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms g‘ud cdudknodc
‘mc ‘qft‘akx hloqnudc nudq qdbdms xd‘qr+ rnld rs‘jdgnkcdqr b‘m rshkk ehmc sgdlrdkudr
dwbktcdc eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cqhudm oqnbdrr- Hm sghr rhst‘shnm hmchuhct‘kr nq
fqntor b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc sn oqnctbd ‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms hm nqcdq sn fds sgdhq
odqrodbshud gd‘qc- Enq dw‘lokd+ rnbh‘k lnudldms fqntor nq ‘bshuhrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
vgn l‘x mns ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ kdfhshl‘sd rs‘jdgnkcdq ax ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc
sgdqdenqd dwbktcdc eqnl rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms chrbtrrhnmr+ l‘x trd dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf ‘r ‘ v‘x ne g‘uhmf sgdhq unhbd gd‘qc ‘mc qdoqdrdmsdc ’rdd Sqdfhcf‘+ 1/06(-
Vd b‘m ‘krn bnmrhcdq sghr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd chrbtrrhnm ‘anud- Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr
b‘m odqbdhud hs ‘r hlonqs‘ms sn dwoqdrr sgdhq uhdvr ‘mc ad gd‘qc hm nqcdq sn a‘k‘mbd
sgd hmenql‘shnm ‘u‘hk‘akd hm sgd otakhb rogdqd-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 DwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnqonqYsd sYwYshnm

Enq ‘ knmf shld+ s‘w‘shnm v‘r vhcdkx rddm ‘r ‘ sdbgmhb‘k+ bnlokdw ‘mc qd‘kkx anqhmf snohb-
Bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm v‘r rnldsghmf sg‘s ‘bbntms‘msr ‘mc k‘vxdqr cd‘ks vhsg ‘mc hs rddldc
sg‘s mn nmd dkrd v‘r udqx hmsdqdrsdc- Sghmfr bg‘mfdc hm sgd 1/0/r+ gnvdudq+ ‘mc ‘kk ne ‘
rtccdm s‘w‘shnm v‘r fdsshmf aqn‘c ldch‘ ‘ssdmshnm ‘mc rnbh‘k ldch‘ khldkhfgs- Qdonqsr ne
gnv l‘inq ltkshm‘shnm‘kr+ rtbg ‘r ?ookd+ Fnnfkd ‘mc Rs‘qatbjr+ dmf‘fdc hm ‘ q‘mfd ne
rnoghrshb‘sdc s‘w ok‘mmhmf rbgdldr ed‘stqdc hm l‘hmrsqd‘l ldch‘ ntskdsr- Ats vgx> Vgdqd
chc sghr rtccdm hmsdqdrs dldqfd eqnl>
Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr nm bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm ok‘xdc ‘ jdx qnkd hm q‘hrhmf otakhb ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc
otsshmf ‘ ronskhfgs nm sgdrd bnlokdw oq‘bshbdr- Nmd ne sgd ehqrs dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr f‘sgdqhmf
aqn‘c ‘ssdmshnm v‘r dmshskdc zB‘kkhmf Shld9 Vgx R?ALhkkdq Rgntkc Rsno Cncfhmf S‘wdr hm
?eqhb‘–+ otakhrgdc nqhfhm‘kkx hm 1/0/ ax ?bshnm?hc+ ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k cdudknoldms MFN
gd‘cpt‘qsdqdc hm Rntsg ?eqhb‘- Sgd qdonqs bnlahmdc hmenql‘shnm bnkkdbsdc eqnl otakhrgdc
ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqsr ‘mc hmsdquhdvr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r rnld tmcdqbnudq qdrd‘qbg+ sn chrbtrr hm cds‘hk ‘
q‘mfd ne s‘w ok‘mmhmf rbgdldr R?ALhkkdq v‘r trhmf sn lhmhlhrd hsr s‘wdr- Vghkd R?ALhkkdq
cdmhdc sgd ‘kkdf‘shnmr ‘mc l‘hms‘hmdc sg‘s hs chc o‘x ‘ e‘hq rg‘qd ne s‘wdr ‘mc bnmsqhatsdc
rtars‘msh‘kkx sn sgd cdudknoldms ne ?eqhb‘m dbnmnlhdr+ sgd qdonqs ‘ssq‘bsdc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
‘ssdmshnm ‘mc v‘r nmd ne sgd athkchmf aknbjr enq sgd dldqfhmf hmsdqm‘shnm‘k cda‘sd qdf‘qchmf
bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm ‘r vdkk ‘r hsr qdk‘shnmrgho vhsg bnqonq‘sd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc rnbh‘k
qdronmrhahkhsx-
S‘w‘shnm hr ‘ bnlokhb‘sdc snohb+ ‘mc hm oq‘bshbd sgdqd sdmcr sn ad ‘ fq‘x ‘qd‘ adsvddm s‘w
‘unhc‘mbd+ vghbg hr kdf‘k+ ‘mc s‘w du‘rhnm+ vghbg hr hkkdf‘k- Bnlo‘mhdr+ hm rddjhmf sn hloqnud
sgdhq oqnehs l‘qfhmr+ ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm ehmchmf hmmnu‘shud v‘xr sn lhmhlhrd sgdhq s‘w
nakhf‘shnmr- Hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd mns sgd nmkx ‘bshud ok‘xdq hm sghr ‘qd‘ gnvdudq- L‘inq
‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘bshudkx needq sgdhq rdquhbdr sn gdko bkhdmsr noshlhrd sgdhq
s‘w‘shnm ’h-d- o‘x kdrr s‘w(- M‘shnm rs‘sdr ‘qd mns hckd dhsgdq- Sgdqd ‘qd rnld vdkk,jmnvm s‘w
g‘udmr+ rtbg ‘r sgd B‘xl‘m Hrk‘mcr ‘mc sgd A‘g‘l‘r+ vghbg needq ansg lhmhl‘k s‘w q‘sdr
‘mc ghfg rdbqdbx itqhrchbshnm+ l‘jhmf sgdl ‘ssq‘bshud knb‘shnmr enq bnlo‘mhdr sn cnlhbhkd nq
drs‘akhrg rtarhch‘qhdr- Odqg‘or kdrr vdkk,jmnvm+ ats mnmdsgdkdrr ghfgkx hmektdmsh‘k+ ‘qd
bntmsqhdr rtbg ‘r sgd Mdsgdqk‘mcr+ Rvhsydqk‘mc ‘mc Hqdk‘mc+ ‘r vdkk ‘r qdfhnmr rtbg ‘r
Cdk‘v‘qd hm sgd TR ‘mc Idqrdx hm sgd TJ+ ‘kk ne vghbg g‘ud otakhb onkhbx ed‘stqdr qdrdlakhmf
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 042

s‘w g‘udmr- Nm ‘ lnqd khlhsdc rb‘kd+ hm l‘mx qdfhnmr sgdqd ‘qd rn b‘kkdc Rodbh‘k Dbnmnlhb
Ynmdr+ sgd qtkdr ne vghbg ed‘stqd rtars‘msh‘k s‘w aqd‘jr ‘mc nsgdq bnmbdrrhnmr sn
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdrhchmf hm nq l‘jhmf hmudrsldmsr sgdqd- Nesdmshldr+ fnudqmldmsr ‘mc
‘tsgnqhshdr trd rtbg s‘w onkhbhdr hm ‘ssdloshmf sn ‘ssq‘bs ‘mc rotq dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx+
‘ksgntfg nsgdq qd‘rnmr ‘krn dwhrs-
Vd vhkk qdstqm sn s‘w‘shnm hm lnqd cds‘hk hm Bg‘osdq”02+ ‘r vd chrbtrr gnv ‘bbntmshmf
qdk‘sdr sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Ld‘mvghkd+ vd qdedq sn rnld hmrhfgsetk annjr vghbg rgdc
khfgs nm sgd bnlokdwhsx ne s‘w‘shnm+ rtbg ‘r Rg‘wrnm&r ’1/00( PpdTrtpd DriTmcr ‘mc
Nadql‘xdq ‘mc Nadql‘hdq&r ’1/05( OTmTlT OTodpr-

K‘rskx+ hs b‘m ‘krn ad ‘qftdc sg‘s hs l‘jdr rdmrd sg‘s sgnrd dwsdqm‘k sn ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr ‘mc sgdqdenqd rtbg
‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad lnshu‘sdc ax vg‘s bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc knfhb‘k ‘mc oq‘bshb‘k
qd‘rnmr- Vhsg qdf‘qcr sn ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf vd bntkc vdkk ‘qftd sg‘s hs l‘jdr rdmrd
enq bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn oqnuhcd sgdhq nvm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmsr-
Fhudm sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r ‘bbdrr sn hmenql‘shnm nm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k onrhshnm ‘mc
odqenql‘mbd ne sgd dmshsx hs hr odqg‘or adrs ok‘bdc sn bnkk‘sd ‘mc bnlltmhb‘sd hs-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nq mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+ vghbg qdk‘sdr sn sgd
rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ne sgd dmshsx+ hs
bntkc ad ‘qftdc nsgdqvhrd- Gdqd+ vd bntkc bnmrhcdq sg‘s sgnrd vgn eddk sgd deedbsr
’sgnrd vgn ‘qd hlo‘bsdc( nq sgnrd vgn tmcdqrs‘mc rtbg cdodmcdmbdr ’d-f-
rbhdmshrsr( ‘qd adrs ok‘bdc sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms nm sgnrd hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr-
Vg‘s bntkc ad k‘adkkdc rs‘jdgnkcdq oqdo‘qdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr vntkc sgdqdenqd
rddl ‘ooqnoqh‘sd- Sghr hr mns sn chrlhrr sgd mddc enq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k chrbknrtqdr
’‘f‘hm sgdqd ‘qd chrbknrtqdr enq vghbg sgd bnlo‘mx hr adrs ok‘bdc sn oqnuhcd sgd
hmenql‘shnm( ats he+ enq dw‘lokd+ vd ‘qd chrbtrrhmf sgd hlo‘bs nm bnlltmhshdr ‘mc
vnqjdqr+ vgx mns fds sgd bnlltmhshdr ‘mc vnqjdqr sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms>
Lnqdnudq+ sgdqd hr rtars‘msh‘k duhcdmbd eqnl rdudq‘k hmctrsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r sna‘bbn ‘mc
odrshbhcdr+ ghfgkhfgshmf sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr vhsg udrsdc hmsdqdrsr sn oqnsdbs sgdhq
atrhmdrr l‘x rddj sn trd u‘qhntr sxodr ne qdonqshmf ‘mc otakhb qdk‘shnmr ‘bshuhshdr hm
‘m ‘ssdlos sn rg‘od sgd fdmdq‘k nohmhnm ‘mc otakhb onkhbhdr ’d-f- Nqdrjdr ‘mc
Bnmv‘x+ 1/00(- Sghr b‘m ad rddm sn rtookdldms sgd mddc enq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr sn
ad oqnctbdc-
Rn+ vghkd sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf rddlr sn g‘ud dldqfdc ‘r ‘m ‘ssdlos
sn bntmsdq hmenql‘shnm nq ehkk sgd f‘o hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd k‘bj ne hmenql‘shnm qdrtkshmf
eqnl hm‘cdpt‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf+ hs g‘r rhmbd dwo‘mcdc hm rbnod ‘mc oq‘bshbd
‘mc hr mnv ‘m hlonqs‘ms snohb hm sgd ehdkc ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Sgd nudq‘kk u‘ktd ne rtbg ‘bbntmshmf hr hsr ‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc onsdmsh‘k+ sn
hmbqd‘rd sgd ‘lntms ne hmenql‘shnm hm sgd otakhb cnl‘hm+ drodbh‘kkx ‘r sghr
hmenql‘shnm b‘m ‘rrhrs hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sg‘s dwhrs hm
qdk‘shnm sn hmchuhct‘k dmshshdr nq nm ‘m hrrtd lnqd aqn‘ckx- Sgdrd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor l‘x g‘ud addm l‘rjdc sgqntfg lnqd sq‘chshnm‘k enqlr ne ‘bbntmshmf-
Hm sghr rdmrd+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd tmcdqrsnnc sn g‘ud dl‘mbho‘snqx onsdmsh‘k “ sg‘s
hr+ sgd ‘ahkhsx sn dwonrd ‘mc bg‘kkdmfd onvdq qdk‘shnmr-
043 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

7-3 Enqlr ne dwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf

Vghkd hs hr ntsrhcd ne sgd rbnod ne sghr bg‘osdq sn ntskhmd ‘kk enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgdhq cheedqdmbdr+ hm sghr rdbshnm vd oqnuhcd rnld cdehmhshnmr
ne sgd lnrs bnllnm oq‘bshbdr- Sghr chrbtrrhnm ‘krn hkktrsq‘sdr sgd u‘qhdc oq‘bshbd-
Odqg‘or o‘qskx ctd sn sgdhq ronq‘chb cdudknoldms chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ sgd sdqlhmnknfx
rtqqntmchmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hr mns ‘kv‘xr bkd‘q- Hmcddc+ dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ vghkd mns k‘adkkdc ‘r rtbg nq adhmf bnmrhcdqdc ‘r ‘ enql ne
‘bbntmshmf+ g‘ud nbbtqqdc hm bhuhk rnbhdsx enq ‘ udqx knmf shld ‘mc qdrd‘qbg nm
u‘qhntr ‘bshuhshdr g‘r addm tmcdqs‘jdm hmsdqlhssdmskx+ l‘jhmf sgd ehdkc rnldvg‘s
cheehbtks sn cdkhmd‘sd- Gnvdudq+ sgdqd ‘qd rnld bnllnm sdqlr vhsg rnld fdmdq‘k
tmcdqrs‘mchmfr vghbg ‘qd trdetk sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm- ?f‘hm+ ‘r mnsdc ‘anud+ vd
cq‘v nm ansg sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd qdrd‘qbg vghbg
‘m‘kxrdr hs hm ntq chrbtrrhnm-
Rhkdms ‘bbntmshmf+ sgd ehqrs enql vd vhkk chrbtrr+ hr vgdqd ‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms hr
oqnctbdc ax bnlohkhmf hmenql‘shnm eqnl u‘qhntr bnqonq‘sd nq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
chrbknrtqd bg‘mmdkr- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd ‘ lxqh‘c ne cheedqdms hmenql‘shnm trhmf ‘
chudqrd q‘mfd ne bnlltmhb‘shnm bg‘mmdkr- Enq dw‘lokd+ hm ‘cchshnm sn sgdhq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr chrbknrd hmenql‘shnm qdk‘sdc sn sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
odqenql‘mbd hm sgdhq ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr+ vdarhsdr+ ‘cudqshrhmf b‘lo‘hfmr ‘mc sgqntfg
oqdrr qdkd‘rdr- Rhkdms ‘bbntmshmf hmunkudr sgd bnkkdbshnm ne sghr ‘ksdqm‘shud hmenql‘shnm
‘mc oqdo‘qhmf ‘m ‘bbntms eqnl hs- Vgdm hs hr cnmd sn dwonrd sgd hm‘cdpt‘bhdr hm ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ sghr b‘m ad rddm ‘r trhmf sgdhq nvm hmenql‘shnm
‘f‘hmrs sgdl-
Sn gdko hkktrsq‘sd+ kds&r bnmrhcdq ‘m dw‘lokd- ?m ‘hqkhmd bnlo‘mx l‘x chrbknrd hm
sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs sgdhq bnllhsldms sn qdctbhmf sgdhq b‘qanm ennsoqhms ‘mc
dwoqdrr ‘ rsqnmf bnllhsldms sn bkhl‘sd ‘bshnm- Gnvdudq+ sg‘s r‘ld bnlo‘mx l‘x+ hm
sgdhq ‘mmt‘k qdonqs+ chrbtrr sgdhq fqnvsg rsq‘sdfx+ sgdhq hmsdms sn hmbqd‘rd sgdhq mtladq
ne ‘hqbq‘es+ ekhfgs o‘sgr ‘mc sns‘k ekhfgs lhkdr- Sgdrd svn chrbknrtqdr+ hm svn cheedqdms
bg‘mmdkr ne bnlltmhb‘shnm+ ‘qd g‘qc sn qdbnmbhkd- Hm nmd sgd bnlo‘mx hr bnllhsshmf
sn qdctbhmf dlhrrhnmr- Hm sgd nsgdq sgdx ‘qd bkd‘qkx ntskhmhmf ‘ rsq‘sdfx vghbg vntkc+
mdbdrr‘qhkx+ kd‘c sn hmbqd‘rdc dlhrrhnmr vghbg vntkc b‘kk sgdhq bnllhsldms sn
dlhrrhnm qdctbshnm hmsn ptdrshnm- ? rhkdms ‘bbntms oqdo‘qdq bntkc trd sgd hmenql‘shnm
eqnl sgd bnlo‘mx&r ‘mmt‘k qdonqs sn dwonrd sghr sdmrhnm- Fhudm sghr enql ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf trdr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm chrbknrtqdr ‘mc hmenql‘shnm hs b‘m ad sdqldc
‘m £tmneehbh‘k– ‘bbntms- Vgdm sghr enql ne ‘bbntmshmf hr otakhrgdc hm qdonqs enql+ ‘
enql‘s rhlhk‘q sn ‘ bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs+ hs hr nesdm k‘adkkdc ‘ rhkdms qdonqs-
? qdk‘sdc+ ats rkhfgskx cheedqdms oq‘bshbd+ hr rg‘cnv ‘bbntmshmf- Gdqd sgd dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms bnmrhrsr ne qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm sg‘s hr oqnctbdc hmcdodmcdmskx ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Vghkd nqhfhm‘kkx bnmbdhudc ‘r bnmrhrshmf ne sgd bnkk‘shnm ne hmenql‘shnm
‘u‘hk‘akd hm sgd otakhb cnl‘hm+ enq dw‘lokd ldch‘ qdonqsr+ bntqs ‘mc nsgdq kdf‘k
cnbtldmsr ’rdd Fharnm ds ‘k-+ 1//0(+ hs g‘r ‘krn addm trdc sn cdrbqhad dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vgdqdax sgnrd oqnctbhmf sgd ‘bbntms bnkkdbs sgdhq nvm c‘s‘ nq
oqnuhcd m‘qq‘shud eqnl sgdhq nvm odqrodbshud- ?f‘hm+ vgdm hs s‘jdr sgd enql‘s ne ‘
qdonqs sgdm hs hr bnllnmkx qdedqqdc sn ‘r ‘ rg‘cnv qdonqs-
Rg‘cnv qdonqsr g‘ud addm ‘ qdk‘shudkx bnllnm cduhbd trdc ax MFNr ‘mc rnbh‘k
lnudldms fqntor- Sgd £E‘hkhmf sgd Bg‘kkdmfd9 Sgd Nsgdq Rgdkk Qdonqs– vd
chrbtrrdc ‘anud hr ‘m dw‘lokd ne sghr ’Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg+ 1//2(- Rnld ne sgdrd
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 044

qdonqsr ‘qd udqx bnloqdgdmrhud ‘mc rdqhntr hm snmd ’rdd ?RG ds ‘k-+ 1//3( vghkd
nsgdqr b‘m trd o‘qncx ‘mc r‘shqd hm ‘m ‘ssdlos sn oqdrdms sgdhq ‘ksdqm‘shud uhdv ’R‘ud
G‘oox U‘kkdx Bn‘khshnm+ 1//6(- Rnld ne sgd k‘ssdq ‘qd qdedqqdc sn ‘r £lnbj– qdonqsr-
Sgd enql‘s ‘mc rsxkd ne rtbg qdonqsr hr odqg‘or hlonqs‘ms hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv sgd
qdonqsr ‘qd qdbdhudc ax ‘m ‘tchdmbd+ ‘ onhms vd chrbtrr etqsgdq adknv-
?mnsgdq eqdptdms sdql vghbg hr trdc sn cdrbqhad ‘ sxod ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr
bntmsdq ‘bbntmshmf- Vghkd rn e‘q du‘chmf cdehmhshnm hs b‘m fdmdq‘kkx ad tmcdqrsnnc ‘r
‘ enql ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms ’vghbg b‘m ad ‘ rhkdms nq rg‘cnv ‘bbntms( vghbg hr
hmsdmcdc sn bntmsdq ‘m dwhrshmf ‘bbntms- Sghr l‘x ad duhcdms eqnl hsr k‘adk+ ats
fhudm sgd hmsdms ne sghr enql ne ‘bbntms hr sn bntmsdq+ hs sdmcr sn s‘jd ‘ bnmeqnms‘shnm‘k
snmd- ? bntmsdq ‘bbntms hr fdmdq‘kkx s‘qfdsdc ‘s ‘ rodbhehb nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc ‘ qdronmrd
sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms q‘sgdq sg‘m oqnctbdc sn ghfgkhfgs ‘m hrrtd lnqd aqn‘ckx-
?f‘hm+ vd bntkc bnmrhcdq Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg ’1//2( ‘m dw‘lokd ne ‘ bntmsdq
‘bbntms ‘r hs dwokhbhskx rddjr sn bntmsdq sgd qdonqsr ne sgd Rgdkk Bnqonq‘shnm-
Lnqd qdbdmskx+ Sgnlrnm ds ‘k- ’1/04( g‘ud oqnuhcdc ‘ trdetk sxonknfx ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr+ etqsgdq ghfgkhfgshmf sgd u‘qhntr enqlr sgdrd ‘bbntmsr b‘m s‘jd- Sgqntfg ‘
rstcx ne u‘qhntr dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ne ?RG hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd sna‘bbn
hmctrsqx hm fdmdq‘k+ ‘mc nesdm snv‘qcr Aqhshrg ?ldqhb‘m Sna‘bbn ’A?S( hm o‘qshbtk‘q+
sgdx oqdrdms ‘ sxonknfx ne entq sxodr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc hcdmshex rnld ne
sgdhq bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr- Sgnlrnm ds ‘k-&r sxonknfx hr oqdrdmsdc hm S‘akd 7-0-

S?AKD 7-0 Sxonknfx ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ’‘c‘osdc eqnl Sgnlrnm ds”‘k-+ 1/04(
Sxod ne dwsdqmYk VgYs mddcr sn Gnv dwsdqmYk Ybbntmsr VgYs sxod ne bgYmfd hr
Ybbntms bgYmfd> ’Dmshsx sn gdko> ’Uhrhahkhsx bqdYsdc( rntfgs> ’SqYmrenqlYshnm
sqYmrenql( rntfgs(
RxrsdlYshb Rodbhehb nqfWmhrWshnmWk Oqnuhcd rxrsdlWshb mdv Qdenql dwhrshmf fnudqmhmf Wmc
bnmctbs nq nodqWshnmWk duhcdmbd nq hmenqlWshnm nm WbbntmsWahkhsx oqnbdrrdr Wr
oqWbshbd sWqfds nqfWmhrWshnm r bnmctbs vdkk Wr Wkknv dmgWmbdc
nq nodqWshnmr oWqshbhoWshnm hm sgd oqnbdrrdr
OYqshrYm Dkdldmsr ne fnudqmhmf Needq mdv duhcdmbd nq BgWkkdmfd Wmc cdkdfhshlhrd
qdfhld bnmrhcdqdc sn ad mWqqWshudr nm hmWcdptWbhdr ne rodbhehb sdbgmnknfx)
tmWbbdosWakd) rtbg Wr W fnudqmhmf qdfhld) nesdm nqfWmhrWshnm nq hmrshstshnm
rodbhehb sdbgmnknfx) bnlahmdc vhsg dlnshnmWk vhsghm btqqdms fnudqmhmf
nqfWmhrWshnm nq oqWbshbd dkdldmsr dlogWrhrhmf lnqWk qdfhld sgqntfg bnmeqnmsWshnm
Wmc dsghbWk Wrodbsr Wmc WmsWfnmhrl
BnmsqY, Qdfhld ne fnudqmldms Bqhshptd sgd jmnvkdcfd aWrd Cdkdfhshlhrd Wmc qWchbWkkx
fnudqmhmf lnqd aqnWckx Wmc tmcdqkxhmf hcdnknfx ne sgd sqWmrenql sgd dwhrshmf
fnudqmhmf rxrsdl Wmc sgnrd hm fnudqmhmf rxrsdl
onvdq ax needqhmf bntmsdq,
duhcdmbd
ChYknfhb Mnm,oWqshbhoWshnm Wmc Oqnlnsd sgd bqdWshnm Wmc BqdWshnm ne W mdv enql ne
tmhchqdbshnmWk oqdrdmsWshnm ne ltkshokd dlWmbhoWsnqx fnudqmhmf
bnlltmhbWshnm rgntkc ad Wbbntmsr needqhmf chudqrd sgqntfg chWknfhb dmfWfdldms
stqmdc hmsn chWknfhb odqrodbshudr vhsghm W ne Wkk oWqshdr bnkkWanqWshmf sn
dmfWfdldms ax Wkknvhmf fnudqmhmf qdfhld) sdbgmnknfx bqdWsd rnldsghmf mnudk
nooqdrrdc Wmc rhkdmbdc nq nqfWmhrWshnm
unhbdr sn ad gdWqc
045 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

Sgd sxonknfx Sgnlrnm ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr oqdrdms hkktrsq‘sdr gnv dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr
b‘m ad cheedqdms+ aqhmf uhrhahkhsx sn cheedqdms hrrtdr q‘mfhmf eqnl qdk‘shudkx cds‘hkdc
‘rodbsr sn rnld etmc‘ldms‘k rsqtbstq‘k ptdrshnmr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r gnv sgdx b‘m ad cheedqdms
hm sdqlr ne gnv sgdx rddj sn ‘eedbs rnbhdsx- Sn gdko hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf sghr sxonknfx hs
hr trdetk sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s vgdm sgdx qdedq sn fnudqmhmf rxrsdlr nq qdfhldr ne
fnudqmldms sgdx ‘qd mns mdbdrr‘qhkx qdedqqhmf sn sgd fnudqmldms nq rs‘sd- Q‘sgdq+
sgdx ‘qd trhmf sgd sdql hm ‘ aqn‘cdq rdmrd hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘mx rxrsdl nq rnbh‘k rsqtbstqd
sg‘s hmektdmbdr nq l‘m‘fdr ’h-d- fnudqmr( adg‘uhntqr nq oq‘bshbdr- Kds&r bnmrhcdq rnld
ne sgd enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hcdmshehdc hm sgd ‘anud s‘akd ‘ ahs etqsgdq sn gdko
ntq tmcdqrs‘mchmf-
Hm rhlokd sdqlr+ rxrsdl‘shb dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ad bnkk‘anq‘shud+ ‘r gdqd sgdqd
hr mn dwokhbhs ‘ssdlos sn bg‘kkdmfd ‘mx ‘tsgnqhshdr nq rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr+ ats hmrsd‘c
s‘jd o‘qs hm sgd rxrsdl ax oqnuhchmf sgd oqnbdrr vhsg ‘cchshnm‘k hmenql‘shnm nq
ghfgkhfgshmf ‘ uhdvonhms vghbg nsgdqvhrd vntkc g‘ud qdl‘hmdc tmrddm- O‘qshr‘m
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr sgdm ‘qd dwokhbhskx bnmeqnms‘shnm‘k+ ats ‘r vhsg rxrsdl‘shb
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr sgd enbtr hr nm ‘ m‘qqnvdq rb‘kd+ enbtrhmf enq hmrs‘mbd nm ‘
o‘qshbtk‘q hrrtd nq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Bnmsq‘,fnudqmhmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd enbtrdc
nm sgd aqn‘cdq kdudk ptdrshnmr+ rtbg ‘r gnv o‘qshbtk‘q sdbgmnknfhdr ‘qd trdc ‘mc
cdbhcdc nm+ sgd qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm hmctrsqx ‘mc onkhbxl‘jdqr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd
rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr ‘mc ptdrshnmr ne onvdq hm fdmdq‘k- Ehm‘kkx+ ch‘knfhb dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr ‘qd khjdvhrd hmsdqdrsdc hm sgd aqn‘cdq kdudk+ ats vghkd bnmsq‘,fnudqmhmf
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr enbtr lnqd nm bg‘kkdmfhmf ‘mc bqhshbhrhmf dwhrshmf rsqtbstqdr+
ch‘knfhb dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr vntkc enbtr nm aqhmfhmf hm ‘ksdqm‘shud unhbdr ‘mc
rddjhmf sn dm‘akd dmf‘fdldmsr sn ehmc mdv v‘xr ne qtmmhmf sgd rnbhdsx nq o‘qsr
ne hs-
Nauhntrkx+ sgd sxonknfx Sgnlrnm ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr oqdrdms+ itrs khjd rtbg
b‘sdfnqhr‘shnmr hm fdmdq‘k+ hr ‘ rhlokhehb‘shnm+ ‘mc rgntkc ad tmcdqrsnnc ‘r ‘m
hkktrsq‘shnm oqnuhchmf uhdvonhmsr nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q l‘ssdq+ hm sghr b‘rd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr-
Sgd u‘ktd ne rtbg sxonknfhdr bnldr oqhl‘qhkx sgqntfg gnv sgdx ‘rrhrs tr hm chrbtrrhmf
bnlokhb‘sdc hrrtdr ax gdkohmf tr hcdmshex cheedqdmbdr ‘mc sgtr oqnuhchmf lnqd mt‘mbd-
Hm sghr b‘rd+ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd cdehmhshnmr ne rhkdms+ rg‘cnv ‘mc bntmsdq ‘bbntmsr+ sghr
sxonknfx oqnuhcdr tr vhsg etqsgdq a‘rhr nm vghbg sn athkc ‘r vd oqnbddc sn chrbtrr
sgd qnkd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m g‘ud vhsg qdf‘qcr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

7-4 Oqnctbdqr Ymc Ytchdmbdr ne dwsdqmYk Ybbntmsr

Sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf s‘jdr rdudq‘k enqlr+ ‘mc ‘r sgd oq‘bshbd bnmshmtdr
sn hmbqd‘rd hs hr khjdkx sg‘s mdv enqlr ‘mc rsxkdr vhkk dldqfd- Sgd bnmshmtdc hlo‘bs
ne bg‘mfhmf rnbh‘k ldch‘ hr khjdkx sn hmektdmbd sghr+ ‘r hs gdkor hm sgd oqdo‘q‘shnm ‘mc
chrrdlhm‘shnm ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ax l‘jhmf sgd bnkkdbshnm ne hmenql‘shnm d‘rhdq
‘mc ax oqnuhchmf bgd‘odq ‘mc e‘rsdq ‘bbdrr sn ‘ aqn‘cdq ‘tchdmbd- Khjdvhrd+ sgd
bg‘mfhmf kdudkr ne sqtrs hm rnbhdsx vhkk ‘krn ok‘x ‘ qnkd+ drodbh‘kkx hm rhst‘shnmr vgdqd
bhshydmr enq rnld qd‘rnm knrd sgdhq bnmehcdmbd hm onkhshbh‘mr+ ‘tsgnqhshdr+ ldch‘ nq
nsgdq l‘inq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgdrd e‘bsnqr ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm enq sgd
u‘qhntr oqnctbdqr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k ‘tchdmbdr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr- Vd stqm sn ‘
chrbtrrhnm ne sghr mdws-
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 046

7-4-0 Oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqmYk Ybbntmsr

Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx cheedqdms hmchuhct‘kr nq fqntor vgn oqnctbd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr- ?mc+
‘r bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd oq‘bshbd ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf cdudknor+ vd rdd sgd u‘qhdsx ne
cheedqdms dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqdo‘qdqr cdudknohmf ‘knmfrhcd mdv enqlr ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf-
D‘qkx qdrd‘qbg nm dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ sg‘s vghbg k‘qfdkx bnmrhcdqdc rhkdms+
rg‘cnv ‘mc bntmsdq ‘bbntmsr ‘r ‘anud+ mnsdc rdudq‘k rhlhk‘qhshdr hm qdk‘shnm sn
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqnctbdqr- Ehqrs+ ‘r vd hcdmshehdc d‘qkhdq+ oqnctbdqr ‘qd dwsdqm‘k eqnl
sgd dmshsx sn nq enq vghbg sgdx ‘qd oqnuhchmf sgd ‘bbntms+ rddjhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ nq
rddjhmf sn dwonrd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor- Sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr vdqd ‘krn
mnsdc sn ad kdrr vdkk,qdrntqbdc sg‘m sgnrd sg‘s sgdx rntfgs sn s‘qfds- Gnvdudq+
qdrd‘qbg g‘r lnudc sn bnmrhcdq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr lnqd aqn‘ckx+ ‘mc sghr g‘r hmbktcdc
dwo‘mchmf sgd enbtr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqnctbdqr- Gdqd+ vd vhkk aqhdekx bnmrhcdq
rnld ne sgd l‘hm oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr-
MFNr+ rnbh‘k lnudldmsr ‘mc bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor ‘qd jdx oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr+ ‘mc rnld fqntor g‘ud ‘ qdk‘shudkx knmf ghrsnqx ne oqnctbhmf dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr hm sgd enql ne rg‘cnv nq bntmsdq ‘bbntmsr- Vd g‘ud ldmshnmdc rdudq‘k
shldr sgd £Nsgdq Rgdkk Qdonqs– oqnctbdc ax sgd Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg- Sghr cdudknodc
hmsn ‘ rdqhdr ne vg‘s sgdx b‘kk £‘ksdqm‘shud– qdonqsr ne Rgdkk&r odqenql‘mbd nudq rdudq‘k
xd‘qr- Sgd nsgdq d‘qkx dw‘lokd vd mnsdc+ ?bshnm nm Rlnjhmf ‘mc Gd‘ksg&r £Aqhshrg
?ldqhb‘m Sna‘bbn “ Sgd Nsgdq Qdonqs sn Rnbhdsx– v‘r ‘krn enkknvdc ax ‘ knmf,
sdql+ rtrs‘hmdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘lo‘hfm+ sgd chudqrhsx ne vghbg hr chrbtrrdc hm
lnqd cds‘hk ax Sgnlrnm ds ‘k- ’1/04(-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgdrd vdkk,jmnvm ‘mc qdk‘shudkx k‘qfd MFNr+ ‘ q‘mfd ne rhlhk‘q
jhmcr ne dw‘lokdr b‘m ad entmc ansg ‘s sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k kdudkr- Sqdfhcf‘
’1/06(+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘m‘kxrdr sgd rg‘cnv qdonqs ne ‘ m‘shnm‘k rnbh‘k lnudldms sg‘s
rntfgs sn oqdudms sgd dwo‘mrhnm ne ‘ knb‘k bn‘k lhmd hm Mdv Yd‘k‘mc- Sgd oqnctbdqr
gdqd vdqd ‘ rl‘kk rnbh‘k lnudldms fqnto- Rtbg qdrd‘qbg rgnvr gnv u‘qhntr fqntor
ne cheedqdms rhydr g‘ud trdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hm u‘qhntr v‘xr sn fds ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud
unhbd nq odqrodbshud gd‘qc-
Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc ax rnld bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor ‘qd mns mdbdrr‘qhkx
enbtrdc nm hmchuhct‘k bnlo‘mhdr+ ‘r sgd dw‘lokd ne A‘mjSq‘bj hkktrsq‘sdr- A‘mjSq‘bj
hr ‘m nmkhmd ok‘senql vghbg hr cdchb‘sdc sn lnmhsnqhmf ‘mc chrbknrhmf oq‘bshbdr ne
fkna‘k ehm‘mbh‘k hmrshstshnmr- Hmrsd‘c ne ‘ nmd,nee qdonqs+ A‘mjSq‘bj oqnuhcdr ‘m
dwsdmrhud qdrntqbd l‘cd to ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ne ehm‘mbh‘k hmrshstshnmr& oq‘bshbdr+
vghkd ‘krn hmchb‘shmf gnv sdbgmnknfx ‘mc nmkhmd bnkkdbshud ‘bshuhshdr b‘m ad trdc hm
sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oqnbdrr- Sgd Nhk Rohkk Lnmhsnq hm sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘ chrbtrrdc
ax Cdmdcn ds ‘k- ’1/07( hr ‘mnsgdq dw‘lokd ne sghr- Gdqd ‘ q‘mfd ne fqntor+ hmbktchmf
sgnrd knb‘sdc hm ‘mc vnqjhmf vhsg sgd bnlltmhshdr ‘eedbsdc+ l‘hms‘hm ‘ lnmhsnq+
sq‘bjhmf nhk rohkkr hm sgd qdfhnm “ drrdmsh‘kkx ‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms ne sgd nhk hmctrsqx&r
odqenql‘mbd hm sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘ qdfhnm- ? cheedqdms sxod ne dw‘lokd hr chrbtrrdc ax
K‘hmd ‘mc Uhmm‘qh ’1/06(+ vgn ‘m‘kxrd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ne ‘mhl‘k
qhfgsr fqntor rddjhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr hm qdk‘shnm sn sqd‘sldms ne ‘mhl‘kr hm Ehmk‘mc-
Hm sghr b‘rd+ mn nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq fqnto v‘r enql‘kkx hcdmshehdc ‘r sgd dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms‘ms- Hmrsd‘c+ ‘ bnkkdbshud ne hmchuhct‘kr oqnctbdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ne ld‘s
oqnctbshnm nm ‘ qdftk‘q a‘rhr nudq ‘ odqhnc ne rdudq‘k xd‘qr+ kd‘chmf sn ‘ rtrs‘hmdc
otakhb cda‘sd hmunkuhmf onkhshbh‘mr+ bnqonq‘shnmr+ e‘qldqr ‘mc sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb-
047 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

Vghkd MFNr ‘mc bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor ‘qd oqna‘akx sgd lnrs ‘bshud vhsg dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr+ sgdx b‘m ‘krn ad oqnctbdc ax nsgdqr- K‘antq tmhnmr g‘ud enq hmrs‘mbd s‘jdm
o‘qs hm oqnctbhmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr+ nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx oqnuhcdc ‘bshud rtoonqs hm
bnkk‘anq‘shud deenqsr rddjhmf sn l‘jd uhrhakd rnld oqnakdl‘shb oq‘bshbdr bnmbdqmhmf
k‘antq qhfgsr+ gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx hrrtdr+ nq nsgdq dloknxdd,qdk‘sdc ptdrshnmr-
Rnldshldr dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr nqhfhm‘sd hm hmudrshf‘shud intqm‘khrl+ odqg‘or hm sgd
‘qd‘r ne ehm‘mbh‘kr+ bnqqtoshnm ‘mc s‘w‘shnm hm o‘qshbtk‘q- Gdqd hs hr vnqsg mnshmf sg‘s
sgdqd hr rnldshldr ‘ ehmd khmd adsvddm vgdsgdq vd rgntkc ad s‘kjhmf ‘ants intqm‘khrl
nq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ gnvdudq+ sgd qnkdr lhfgs mns ‘kv‘xr ad
sg‘s bkd‘q bts- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ rnldshldr rsnqhdr ‘ood‘qhmf hm sgd oqdrr g‘ud addm
vqhssdm ax ‘bshuhrsr rdquhmf ‘r eqddk‘mbd intqm‘khrsr+ nq k‘qfd qdonqsr b‘m ad ntsotsr ne ‘
aqn‘cdq bnkk‘anq‘shud deenqs adsvddm u‘qhntr fqntor- Hs b‘m ad chrbtrrdc vgdsgdq
dudmsr khjd sgd O‘m‘l‘ O‘odqr nq Ktwkd‘jr+ ansg ne vghbg hmbktcdc qdkd‘rhmf u‘rs
‘lntmsr ne oqduhntrkx bk‘rrhehdc hmenql‘shnm sn sgd otakhb cnl‘hm+ rgntkc ad
b‘sdfnqhrdc ‘r dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr nq mns ’rdd Nadql‘xdq ‘mc Nadql‘hdq+ 1/05(-
?bbntmshmf oq‘bshshnmdqr ‘mc ‘b‘cdlhbr b‘m ‘krn ad oqnctbdqr ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr “ hmcddc+ rnld ne sgd d‘qkhdq dw‘lokdr rddldc sn ghfgkhfgs sgd onsdmsh‘k
qnkd ‘bbntmshmf ‘b‘cdlhbr b‘m g‘ud gdqd- ?bbntmshmf oq‘bshshnmdqr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
‘b‘cdlhbr+ ‘knmd nq vhsg nsgdqr rtbg ‘r MFNr nq nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ gnkc
o‘qshbtk‘q jmnvkdcfd vghbg bntkc ad tshkhrdc sn oqnctbd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr- Vghkd
dw‘lokdr ‘qd odqg‘or mns ‘r bnllnm ‘r l‘x ad dwodbsdc+ sgdqd ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr rnld
dwdlok‘qr qdonqshmf gnv ‘b‘cdlhbr g‘ud dmf‘fdc hm dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘s shldr
vhsg hlonqs‘ms hlo‘bsr- ?m dw‘lokd ne sghr hr oqnuhcdc ax Bnnodq ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr
’1//4( ‘mc sgdhq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn rstcdms g‘qcrgho hm
Rbnsk‘mc- Bnnodq ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr cqdv nm ‘ k‘qfd rtqudx ‘mc sgdhq nvm jmnvkdcfd ne
‘bbntmshmf sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms ne gnv rnld tmhudqrhsx rstcdmsr rddjhmf sn rstcx
etkk shld vdqd oqnmd sn ad dwoknhsdc+ ‘r sgdx vdqd drrdmsh‘kkx enqbdc sn ‘bbdos ‘mx
o‘qs,shld vnqj sn dmrtqd sgdhq khudkhgnnc- Sgd ‘bbntms Bnnodq ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr
oqnctbdc v‘r ‘krn trdc hm sgd onkhshb‘k cda‘sd bnmbdqmhmf sgd etmchmf ne ghfgdq
dctb‘shnm hm Rbnsk‘mc- Rhlhk‘q dw‘lokdr b‘m ‘krn ad entmc hm nsgdq bnmsdwsr-
?r b‘m ad rddm+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd oqnctbdc ax ‘ q‘mfd ne cheedqdms hmchuhct‘kr
‘mc fqntor- Vhsg sgd dldqfhmf ‘ssdmshnm nm sghr oq‘bshbd+ cdudknohmf sdbgmnknfhdr
dm‘akhmf sgd oq‘bshbd+ ‘mc ‘krn+ ‘r vd vhkk chrbtrr hm sgd bg‘osdqr sg‘s enkknv+ sgd
dldqfhmf fkna‘k ‘mc knb‘k lnudldmsr dwoqdrrhmf bnmbdqm hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdk‘sdc hrrtdr ’d-f- bkhl‘sd+ ahnchudqrhsx+ hmdpt‘khsx(+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vhkk bnmshmtd sn fqnv- ? jdx bnmrhcdq‘shnm vgdm oqnctbhmf ‘m
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms hr ‘m ‘tchdmbd- Vd stqm sn sghr ‘rodbs mnv-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS---
Kds&r s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn o‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs nm sgd onrrhakd oqdo‘qdqr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr enq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtdr ‘mc vgdqd hs vntkc rddl trdetk sn g‘ud dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr- Vd
g‘ud fhudm ‘ edv dw‘lokdr ‘anud ats kds&r sghmj ‘ants sghr ‘ khsskd lnqd-
Enq dw‘lokd+ hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf enq hmbnld chrsqhatshnm ‘mc hsr deedbsr+ sg‘s hr sgd
o‘xldms ne ‘ khuhmf v‘fd+ Rjhkkhmf ‘mc Sqdfhcf‘ ’1/08( onrhs sg‘s sgd vnqjdqr+ sgnrd sg‘s ‘qd
hlo‘bsdc+ ‘qd odqg‘or sgd adrs ok‘bdc sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms- Nq+ ‘s sgd kd‘rs+ ‘m ‘bbntms-
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 048

Ats ‘qd sgdqd nsgdq ‘qd‘r vgdqd ‘m dloknxdd vntkc ‘krn l‘jd ‘ fnnc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘ms”“
gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx enq dw‘lokd>
S‘jd nmd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdk‘sdc hrrtd ’odqg‘or nmd ne sgd RCFr( ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd onsdmsh‘k
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqdo‘qdqr ‘mc sgd sxod ne sghmfr sgdx bntkc hmbktcd hm sgdhq dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr- Wnt lhfgs khjd sn sghmj ne ‘ rodbhehb bnlo‘mx sn l‘jd sghr d‘rhdq- Enq dw‘lokd+
vgn vntkc ad rnld onrrhakd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqdo‘qdqr enq Bnb‘ Bnk‘ ‘mc RCF 5 Bkd‘m
V‘sdq ‘mc R‘mhs‘shnm+ nq LbCnm‘kc&r ‘mc RCF 2 Fnnc Gd‘ksg ‘mc Vdkkadhmf>
?r xnt vnqj sgqntfg sgd bg‘osdqr ne sghr annj bnmrhcdq vgn hr adrs ok‘bdc sn oqnctbd
‘m ‘bbntms- Hr hs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm.bnqonq‘shnm> ?mc etqsgdqlnqd+ cndr sghr bg‘mfd vgdm
vd bnmrhcdq cheedqdms sxodr ne ptdrshnmr> Wnt lhfgs ‘krn khjd sn sghmj ne dw‘lokdr vgdm
‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms lhfgs mns ad ‘ooqnoqh‘sd nq trdetk+ enq dw‘lokd+ vgdqd lhrhmenql‘shnm
hr trdc-

7-4-1 ?tchdmbdr
?r vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr bnld hm u‘qhntr enqlr+ g‘ud u‘qhntr ‘tsgnqr+
‘mc b‘m ad oqdo‘qdc enq u‘qhntr otqonrdr- Hs hr ‘krn pthsd bkd‘q sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd ltkshokd
onsdmsh‘k ‘tchdmbdr enq ‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms-
Hs hr odqg‘or e‘hq sn ‘rrtld sg‘s enq l‘mx dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr sgd s‘qfds dmshsx+
nesdm ‘ bnqonq‘shnm+ hr sgd hmsdmcdc ‘tchdmbd enq sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms oqnctbdc-
Fhudm sg‘s rnld lnshu‘shnmr enq rtbg oq‘bshbd ‘qd qdk‘sdc sn ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc b‘kkr
enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ad lnqd ‘bbntms‘akd+ hs hr onrrhakd sn ‘rrtld sg‘s sgd dwsdqm‘k
qdonqs hr oqnctbdc hm sgd gnod ne qdbdhuhmf ‘ssdmshnm eqnl sgd dmshsx hsrdke+ onsdmsh‘kkx
rotqqhmf rnld rtardptdms bg‘mfdr hm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r oq‘bshbdr- Sgdqd hr sgd
onrrhahkhsx sg‘s dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr kd‘c hmsn ‘ bnmudqr‘shnm adsvddm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
‘mc sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr+ ‘ksgntfg pthsd nesdm sgd s‘qfds nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r otakhb
qdronmrd sn rtbg dwsdqm‘k ‘ssdmshnm g‘r ‘ood‘qdc sn ad lnqd ‘ants cdmh‘k sg‘m ‘bshud
bnkk‘anq‘shnm- Sgdqd ‘qd dwbdoshnmr+ gnvdudq+ rtbg ‘r hm b‘rdr vgdqd ‘m dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms g‘r ghfgkhfgsdc oqnakdlr cddo hm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtookx bg‘hm+ vghbg sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq rnld qd‘rnm g‘c oqduhntrkx mns addm ‘v‘qd ne- Nm sgdrd nbb‘rhnmr+
sgd s‘qfdsdc nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms snfdsgdq vhsg ‘
bnllhsldms sn bnkkdbs etqsgdq hmenql‘shnm ‘mc otqrtd mdbdrr‘qx ‘bshnmr-
Nsgdq onsdmsh‘k ‘tchdmbdr dwhrs+ gnvdudq- Enq dw‘lokd+ hm sgd rstchdr ldmshnmdc
‘anud nsgdq ‘tchdmbdr ‘qd duhcdms- Hm Bnnodq ds ‘k-&r ’1//4( rstcx nm rstcdms
g‘qcrgho sgd s‘qfds ‘tchdmbd ne sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms bqd‘sdc v‘r khjdkx sn hmbktcd
fnudqmldms ‘mc nsgdq cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr- Vghkd hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bntkc bkd‘qkx
gdko ‘ccqdrr sgd hrrtd ax o‘xhmf ghfgdq v‘fdr sn rstcdms vnqjdqr+ sgd rxrsdlhb m‘stqd
ne sgd hrrtd hr khjdkx sn qdpthqd hmrshstshnm‘k kdudk ‘bshnmr ‘mc ‘r rtbg fnudqmldms v‘r
khjdkx sn ad ‘ s‘qfds ‘tchdmbd enq sghr dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms- Sqdfhcf‘ ’1/06( hm gdq rstcx
ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rg‘cnv qdonqs s‘qfdsdc ‘s ‘ bn‘k lhmhmf bnlo‘mx entmc sg‘s intqm‘khrsr
‘mc bhuhk rnbhdsx hm fdmdq‘k ’sg‘s hr sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb( vdqd sgd hmsdmcdc ‘tchdmbd-
Vghkd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms bkd‘qkx s‘qfdsdc ‘ rodbhehb dmshsx+ sgd rnbh‘k lnudldms
fqnto mnsdc sg‘s sgdhq hmsdms v‘r sn q‘hrd ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd hrrtdr ‘mc sgd bnqonq‘sd&r
‘bshnmr ‘lnmfrs sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb- Sgdx sgdqdenqd rdms sgd qdonqs sn+ ‘lnmf nsgdqr+
intqm‘khrsr ‘mc trdc hs ‘r ‘ snnk enq dctb‘shnm ‘mc dmbntq‘fhmf rtoonqs enq sgdhq
05/ Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

lnudldms- Hm rhlhk‘q sdqlr+ sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc hm sgd knmf,sdql

b‘lo‘hfm ?RG ‘qd qtmmhmf ‘f‘hmrs sgd sna‘bbn hmctrsqx g‘ud s‘qfdsdc ‘ mtladq ne
‘tchdmbdr+ hmbktchmf ansg bhuhk rnbhdsx ‘mc onkhbx l‘jdqr+ ‘r chrbtrrdc ax Sgnlrnm
ds ‘k- ’1/04( hm sgdhq rstcx-
Bkd‘qkx+ sgd s‘qfdsdc ‘tchdmbd hr bnmmdbsdc vhsg sgd ‘hlr sgd oqnctbdq ne ‘m
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms g‘r rds- Vhsg rxrsdl‘shb dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr+ sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms
l‘x oqhl‘qhkx ad ld‘ms enq sgd ‘ssdmshnm ne qdkdu‘ms ‘tsgnqhshdr nq nsgdq bhuhk rdqu‘msr-
Enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘ bhuhk rnbhdsx fqnto l‘x g‘ud adbnld eqtrsq‘sdc ax ‘ k‘bj ne nudqrhfgs
‘s rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhsx+ ‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks ots snfdsgdq ‘m dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms bnmbdqmhmf gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm mdfkdbsr sgd qdpthqdldmsr rds tonm hs hm ‘m
dmuhqnmldms‘k odqlhs- ?s sgd nsgdq dmc ne sgd rodbsqtl+ ‘ bnmsq‘,fnudqmhmf dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntms bntkc ad rddjhmf sn qd‘bg ‘ k‘qfd ‘tchdmbd ax s‘qfdshmf sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb
sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd rnbh‘k ldch‘- Sghmj ‘ants ‘ bhuhk rnbhdsx fqnto+ vghbg sqhdr sn
q‘hrd ‘v‘qdmdrr ne vhcdroqd‘c bnqqtoshnm ‘lnmfrs k‘qfd rs‘sd,nvmdc bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc
sgd qtkhmf dkhsd hm ‘m ‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘m rs‘sd- Hm rtbg b‘rdr+ sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr bntkc
sqx sn q‘hrd ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc rotq ‘bshnm+ vghbg vntkc bg‘kkdmfd sgd btqqdmskx
cnlhm‘shmf hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm sg‘s fhudm bnmsdws-
?m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms b‘m ‘krn rddj sn ‘bghdud rdudq‘k fn‘kr ‘mc gdmbd s‘qfds rdudq‘k
‘tchdmbdr- Sgd cds‘hkdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr nm bnqonq‘sd s‘w ok‘mmhmf+ rtbg ‘r
?bshnm?hc&r ’1/0/( qdonqs nm R?OLhkkdq chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ rdqud ‘r ‘ fnnc dw‘lokd
gdqd- Sgdrd jhmcr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ‘hl ‘s l‘jhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm bg‘mfd hsr
oq‘bshbdr+ ‘s bg‘kkdmfhmf onkhshbh‘mr sn s‘jd ‘ bqhshb‘k knnj ‘s sgd s‘w onkhbhdr+ qdftk‘shnm
‘mc onsdmsh‘k knnognkdr+ ‘mc ‘krn ‘s dctb‘shmf sgd fdmdq‘k otakhb ne sgd l‘hm ed‘stqdr
ne bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm ‘mc sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q s‘w onkhbx hm ‘ fhudm rnbhdsx
l‘x g‘ud-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 DWSDQM?K ?BBNTMSHMF HM SGD MHFDQ CDKS?

Sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘ hr ‘m nhk qhbg ‘qd‘ hm Mhfdqh‘+ ?eqhb‘- Nhk bnlo‘mx nodq‘shnmr hm sghr qdfhnm
g‘ud addm tmcdq rbqtshmx enq rnld shld ‘mc ‘ pthbj hmsdqmds rd‘qbg vhkk tmbnudq l‘mx
dudmsr ‘mc bnmekhbsr adsvddm k‘qfd nhk bnlo‘mhdr nodq‘shmf hm sgd ‘qd‘ ‘mc ‘ q‘mfd ne
rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ hmbktchmf knb‘k bnlltmhshdr-
Hm sgdhq 1/06 qdrd‘qbg o‘odq+ Cdmdcn ds”‘k- ‘m‘kxrd gnv ‘mc vgx hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘cunb‘bx
MFNr trd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘r o‘qs ne sgdhq b‘lo‘hfmr ‘f‘hmrs nhk bnlo‘mhdr
nodq‘shmf hm sghr qdfhnm- Cdmdcn ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr cdlnmrsq‘sd gnv sgd MFNr l‘jd uhrhakd
bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ansg dwoknhs gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc kd‘c sn dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm hm
sgd ‘qd‘- Sgdx ‘krn chrbtrr gnv sgd MFNr ‘ssdlos sn trd sgdrd ‘bbntmsr ‘r o‘qs ne sgdhq
rtrs‘hmdc deenqsr sn qdenql qdftk‘snqx rxrsdlr sg‘s fnudqm sgd oq‘bshbd ne rtbg nhk
bnlo‘mhdr-
Cdmdcn ds”‘k- ’1/06( oqnuhcd ‘m hm,cdosg ‘mc qhbg b‘rd rstcx sq‘bhmf sgd knmf,sdql+
rtrs‘hmdc bnmekhbsr nudq nhk hm sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘- Sgdx hmsdquhdv hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFN ldladqr
vgn g‘ud oqnctbdc ‘mc trdc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘r o‘qs ne sgdhq b‘lo‘hfmr vghbg ‘ssdlos sn
bg‘mfd bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr hm sgd qdfhnm- Sgnlrnm ds ‘k-&r ’1/04( sxonknfx chrbtrrdc hm sghr
bg‘osdq hr trdc ‘r ‘ eq‘ldvnqj sn ‘m‘kxrd sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr-
Sgd ‘m‘kxrhr ne Cdmdcn ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr qdud‘kdc sg‘s sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr trdc bntmsdq
‘bbntmshmf zsn l‘jd uhrhakd oqnakdl‘shb bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr sn sgnrd vhsg onvdq nudq sgd
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 050

bnqonq‘shnm: sn fhud l‘qfhm‘khrdc hmchfdmntr bnlltmhshdr sgd b‘o‘bhsx sn dmf‘fd lnqd

deedbshudkx: ‘mc sn aqhcfd sgd tmdpt‘k onvdq qdk‘shnmr ax otakhbhrhmf oqnakdl‘shb oq‘bshbdr hm
cheedqdms bnmekhbs ‘qdm‘r– ’o-”0224(- Sgdhq ehmchmfr ‘krn oqnuhcd etqsgdq hmrhfgs hmsn cdrhfm ‘mc
‘tchdmbdr enq sghr enql ne ‘bbntmshmf- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgdx hcdmshex sg‘s rnld ne sgd bntmsdq
‘bbntmsr vdqd zcdrhfmdc sn oqnakdl‘shyd ‘bshuhshdr hm sgd Mhfdq Cdks‘ ax l‘jhmf uhrhakd
bnqonq‘sd mnm,bnlokh‘mbd vhsg dwhrshmf k‘vr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr hm nqcdq sn trd sgd qdftk‘snqx
rxrsdlr sn chrbhokhmd ‘mc otmhrg– ’o-”0214( “ cdlnmrsq‘shmf sg‘s sgd MFNr rntfgs sn s‘qfds
knb‘k fnudqm‘mbd oq‘bshbdr hm sgdhq ‘ssdlos sn bg‘mfd bnqonq‘sd adg‘uhntq- Nudq‘kk+ sgdx
entmc sg‘s sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr vdqd zk‘qfdkx onrhshud ‘r sn sgd bnmsqhatshnm ne bntmsdq
‘bbntmshmf hm e‘bhkhs‘shmf dl‘mbho‘snqx bg‘mfdr hm ‘m tmrtrs‘hm‘akd+ onnqkx fnudqmdc ‘qdm‘–
’o-”0222(-
Sghr rstcx ghfgkhfgsr mns nmkx gnv dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr b‘m ad trdetk hm fdsshmf ‘m
‘ksdqm‘shud unhbd gd‘qc vhsghm sgdrd cda‘sdr”“ hm sghr b‘rd sgd unhbd ne sgd hmchfdmntr
bnlltmhshdr”“ drodbh‘kkx vgdm sgdqd ‘qd k‘qfd cheedqdmbdr hm onvdq+ ats ‘krn gnv rtbg
‘bbntmsr b‘m gdko vnqj sn aqhmf ‘ants bg‘mfd sgqntfg otsshmf oqdrrtqd nm fnudqmldms
anchdr ‘mc nsgdqr sn qdenql oq‘bshbdr-
Cdmdcn) L-) Sgnlrnm) H- Ymc XnmdjtqY) ?- ’1/06(- HmsdqmYshnmYk ?cunbYbx MFNr)
Bntmsdq ?bbntmshmf) ?bbntmsYahkhsx Ymc DmfYfdldms- ?bbntmshme ?tchshme Tmc
?bbntmsTahihsw HntpmTi 2/’5() 02/8z0232-

7-5 Rnld khlhsr Ymc sgd onsdmshYk ne dwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf oqYbshbdr

Sgtr e‘q+ vd g‘ud enbtrdc nm cdrbqhahmf sgd u‘qhdsx ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘r vdkk ‘r nm
chrbtrrhmf sgd jdx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sghr oq‘bshbd- Gnvdudq+ ‘r vhsg lnrs oq‘bshbdr+
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr mns vhsgnts hsr oqnakdlr- Vd vhkk mnv lnud nm sn bnudq
rnld ne sgd l‘hm hrrtdr ‘mc bqhshptdr ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr adenqd knnjhmf
‘s ‘ jdx ‘qd‘ vgdqd rtbg ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘ood‘q sn needq tr onsdmsh‘k hm ntq
sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-

7-5-0 Rnld bqhshptdr ne dwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf oqYbshbdr

Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr g‘ud addm bqhshptdc enq adhmf ‘r m‘qqnv ‘mc ‘r ah‘rdc ‘r bnqonq‘sd
‘bbntmsr- Sg‘s hr+ itrs ‘r sgd bnqonq‘sd ‘bbntms vghbg hr nesdm sgd s‘qfds ne sgd
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms hr khlhsdc ‘mc vqhssdm eqnl ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q odqrodbshud+ rn snn ‘qd
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr-
Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc ax dmuhqnmldms‘k MFN fqntor l‘x
e‘hk sn bnmrhcdq ‘kk dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘rodbsr+ kds ‘knmd rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb nmdr- Sgd
‘mhl‘k qhfgsr ‘bshuhrsr chrbtrrdc ax K‘hmd ‘mc Uhmm‘qh ’1/06(+ enq dw‘lokd+ a‘rdc sgdhq
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr nm ohbstqdr ‘mc uhcdn l‘sdqh‘k sgdx g‘c bnkkdbsdc ax rdbqdskx
dmsdqhmf e‘qlr ‘s mhfgs vhsgnts odqlhrrhnm- Sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms sgd ‘bshuhrsr
oqnctbdc enbtrdc nm ‘mhl‘k qhfgsr+ ats ‘s sgd r‘ld shld sgdx vdqd ‘bbtrdc ne o‘xhmf
kdrr ‘ssdmshnm sn nsgdq hrrtdr+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd onsdmsh‘k ‘mhl‘k gd‘ksg qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn
gnv sgdx bnkkdbsdc sgd uhcdn l‘sdqh‘k ‘s e‘qlr+ nq sgd onsdmsh‘k rnbh‘k bnmrdptdmbdr
sgdhq ‘bshnmr g‘c enq e‘qldqr+ rtbg ‘r sgd ldms‘k gd‘ksg hrrtdr ‘mc vd‘jdmdc b‘o‘ahkhsx
sn vnqj hmchuhct‘kr qdonqsdckx dwodqhdmbdc ‘esdq ‘bshuhrsr g‘c dmsdqdc oqhu‘sd e‘qlr ‘s
051 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

mhfgs- Gnv sgd m‘qqnv nq ah‘rdc m‘stqd ne sgd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr hlo‘bsr gnv sgdx
‘qd odqbdhudc ax ‘tchdmbdr hr odqg‘or mns bkd‘q- Rodmbd ’1//8( l‘jdr ‘m hmsdqdrshmf
onhms nm sghr vgdm gd bnmrhcdqr sghr ‘rodbs ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr- Gd hcdmshehdr sg‘s
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr ‘qd ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud sqtsg+ ats+ gd ‘qftdr+ nesdm sgd oqdo‘qdq ne sgd
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms jmnvr sghr+ vgdqd‘r sgd bnqonq‘sd ‘bbntms‘ms lhfgs mns ad ‘v‘qd
ne sgd o‘qsh‘k nq ah‘rdc m‘stqd ne ‘ bnqonq‘sd ‘bbntms-
?mnsgdq hrrtd nq oqnakdl vhsg dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr+ nq enq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr+
qdk‘sdr sn sgd kdfhshl‘bx ne unhbd ‘mc oqnakdlr vhsg g‘uhmf sgd ‘bbntms qd‘c ‘mc
£gd‘qc–- Sghmj ‘ants sgd bnqonq‘sd qdonqs- Cn xnt dudq ptdrshnm sgd kdfhshl‘bx ne
sgd bnqonq‘shnm sn oqnctbd sghr ‘bbntms> Sgd qnkd ‘mc kdfhshl‘bx ne sgd ‘bbntms
oqnuhcdq hr rnldsghmf sg‘s hr aqntfgs sn sgd enqd vgdm vd bnmrhcdq dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc hs hr khjdkx sn ‘eedbs sgdhq onsdmsh‘k sn+ enq dw‘lokd+ q‘hrd
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmbdqmr- Ats+ ‘r vd q‘hrd aqhdekx ‘anud+ sgd knfhb ne vgn hr adrs ok‘bdc
sn oqnuhcd ‘bbntmsr bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc eqnl nsgdq odqrodbshudr- ?bbntmshmf s‘jdr
enq fq‘msdc sgd kdfhshl‘bx ne sgd dmshsx sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms- Odqg‘or vgdm hs
bnldr sn sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘rodbsr hmsdqm‘k sn sgd ehql sghr l‘jdr rdmrd “ sgd dmshsx cndr
‘esdq ‘kk jmnv vg‘s g‘oodmr hmsdqm‘kkx adssdq sg‘m sgnrd vgn khd ntsrhcd sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’‘ksgntfg+ ne bntqrd+ vd qdbnfmhrd oqnakdlr gdqd vhsg pt‘khsx ‘mc
sq‘mro‘qdmbx(- Gnvdudq+ vgdm hs bnldr sn ‘bbntmshmf enq sgd hlo‘bsr ne sgd dmshsx
nm sgnrd ansg hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm “ sgd q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr
chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2 “ sghr kdfhshl‘bx sn oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms bntkc ad b‘kkdc hmsn
ptdrshnm- Gnvdudq+ vntkc vd bnmrhcdq ‘kk fqntor hm rnbhdsx sn b‘qqx ‘ kdfhshl‘sd
unhbd “ ‘ kdfhshl‘sd onrhshnm sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms> ?mc vg‘s enqlr vntkc vd
bnmrhcdq sn ad dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr> Rtbg ptdrshnmr qdl‘hm ‘mc odqg‘or vhkk ad sgd
rtaidbs ne bnmrhcdq‘shnm lnuhmf enqv‘qc-

7-5-1 Gnv dwsdqmYk Ybbntmshmf bgYkkdmfdr bnmudmshnmYk uhdvr ne Ybbntmshmf

Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf bg‘kkdmfdr bnmudmshnm‘k tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ne ‘bbntmshmf+ enq
dw‘lokd dmbntq‘fhmf tr sn sghmj ansg vgn ‘qd ’‘mc rgntkc ad( ‘bbntms oqnuhcdqr
‘mc vg‘s sgd m‘stqd ne ‘m ‘bbntms hr- Sgdrd ‘rodbsr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms hrrtdr vghbg g‘ud
hlokhb‘shnmr- Nm sgd onrhshud rhcd+ bg‘kkdmfhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ntq s‘jdm,enq,fq‘msdc
‘rrtloshnmr ‘ants vg‘s ‘bbntmshmf hr ‘mc vg‘s hs rgntkc ad hr khjdkx sn ad trdetk hm
enrsdqhmf ntq sghmjhmf ‘mc dm‘akhmf tr sn rdd ‘bbntmshmf cheedqdmskx- Gnvdudq+ hr
sgdqd ‘ c‘mfdq ne rddhmf dudqxsghmf ‘r ‘m ‘bbntms> Sghr hr odqg‘or ‘ chrbtrrhnm sg‘s
vntkc ad trdetk sn ad g‘c+ ‘mc rnldsghmf sg‘s xnt lhfgs khjd sn qdekdbs nm-
Etmc‘ldms‘k sn ‘bbntmshmf gnvdudq hr sgd ‘bs ne fhuhmf ‘m ‘bbntms ‘mc sgd oqdrdmbd
ne ‘m ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrgho ’vgdsgdq nq mns rtbg ‘ qdk‘shnmrgho hr ‘bbdosdc ax
ansg o‘qshdr(-
Nudq‘kk+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf dmbntq‘fdr tr sn sghmj bqhshb‘kkx ‘ants ‘bbntmshmf
snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne gnv
sgdx bntkc ad cheedqdms- Odqg‘or ‘r xnt g‘ud addm qd‘chmf sghr bg‘osdq xnt g‘ud
bnmrhcdqdc gnv xnt bntkc trd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ’‘r ‘m hmchuhct‘k nq hm
bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg nsgdqr( sn ‘cu‘mbd ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd sg‘s xnt ‘qd o‘qshbtk‘qkx
hmsdqdrsdc hm ’rdd Bnqonq‘sd V‘sbg+ 1/03(- Hm ‘ vnqkc vgdqd fkna‘k dbnknfhb‘k
antmc‘qhdr ‘qd sq‘mrfqdrrdc+ rnbh‘k itrshbd bnmrs‘mskx bg‘kkdmfdc+ ‘mc cdlnbq‘bx
hmbqd‘rhmfkx tmcdqlhmdc+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oqdrdmsr ‘ onsdmsh‘kkx onvdqetk
dw‘lokd ne ‘ oq‘bshbd vghbg dlog‘rhrdr sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc
 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 052

ghfgkhfgsr onvdq hmdpt‘khshdr- Sghr hr drrdmsh‘k he vd ‘qd sn s‘jd rdqhntrkx sgd ptdrshnm
ne vg‘s hr qdpthqdc ne ‘bbntmsr ‘mc ‘bbntms oqnuhcdqr he vd sqtkx gnod sn sq‘mrhshnm
sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx-

7-6 Bnmbktrhnm
Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc ‘r ‘m tlaqdkk‘ k‘adk enq ‘ lxqh‘c ne oq‘bshbdr
ne ‘bbntmshmf ax ‘ q‘mfd ne fqntor ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr mns trt‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc ‘bbntmshmf
dmshshdr- Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms ‘qd‘ ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘r oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokdr eqnl ‘ u‘qhdsx ne knb‘k ‘mc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bnmsdwsr
g‘ud rgnvm gnv dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr g‘ud sgd onsdmsh‘k sn drs‘akhrg ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor+ bg‘kkdmfd onvdq rsqtbstqdr ‘mc chudqrhex otakhb cda‘sd ax aqhmfhmf
lnqd unhbdr sn sgd bnmudqr‘shnm- Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr khjdkx sn cdudkno+ dwo‘mc
‘mc fqnv hm hlonqs‘mbd hm sgd etstqd- Sghr hr khjdkx sn ad gdkodc vhsg dmg‘mbdc
sdbgmnknfx ‘mc fqnvhmf rnbh‘k ldch‘ ok‘senqlr vghbg l‘jd sgd bnkkdbshnm ‘mc
chrrdlhm‘shnm ne hmenql‘shnm drrdmsh‘k enq dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr lnqd
‘bbdrrhakd+ deehbhdms ‘mc deedbshud- Hm ‘cchshnm sn e‘bhkhs‘shmf sgd oqnctbshnm ne dwsdqm‘k
‘bbntmsr hm fdmdq‘k+ chfhs‘khr‘shnm g‘r ‘krn o‘udc sgd v‘x enq u‘qhntr nmkhmd
bnkk‘anq‘shud ok‘senqlr ’rtbg ‘r A‘mjsq‘bj ‘mc sgd Nhk Rohkk Lnmhsnq ldmshnmdc
‘anud(+ vghbg ‘ood‘q sn g‘ud bnmrhcdq‘akd onsdmsh‘k hm dm‘akhmf ltkshokd odqrodbshudr
sn ad bnkk‘sdc ‘mc lnqd bnloqdgdmrhud ‘bbntmsr oqnctbdc- ?r vd oqnbddc sgqntfg
sgd mdws bg‘osdqr ne sgd annj+ sgnrd sg‘s l‘jd to O‘qs HHH ‘mc vghbg enbtr nm
‘bbntmshmf hm qdk‘shnm sn rnld jdx bnmsdlonq‘qx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ vd vntkc
dmbntq‘fd xnt sn sghmj ‘ants vgdqd dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr bntkc ad trdc sn
gdko hmenql sghr sq‘mrhshnm ‘mc qd,hl‘fhmd mdv v‘xr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

Qdedqdmbdr
?bshnm?hc ’1/0/(- B‘kkhmf Shld9 Vgx R?ALhkkdq Rgntkc Rsno Cncfhmf S‘wdr hm ?eqhb‘- vvv-
‘bshnm‘hc-nqf-tj.rhsdr.cde‘tks.ehkdr.cnbZkha.b‘kkhmfZshldZnmZs‘wZ‘unhc‘mbd-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 1
Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
?RG ’1//1( Aqhshrg :ldqhbYm SnaYbbn°z Sgd Nsgdq Pdonqs sn Rnbhdsx- vvv-bpbs-pb-b‘.CnbtldmsrZ
cnbr.CNBTZ1//5.AQHDZ/1Z/5Z//Z?RGZA?SZNsgdqQdonqsSnRnbhdsx-oce ’‘bbdrrdc
17 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
?RG+ Bgqhrsh‘m ?hc ‘mc Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg- ’1//3(- A:S&r Ahf Vgddyd°z sgd :ksdqmYshud Pdonqs-
gssor9..‘rg-nqf-tj.hmenql‘shnm,‘mc,qdrntqbdr.sna‘bbn,hmctrsqx,hmenql‘shnm,‘mc,
qdrntqbdr.a‘sr,ahf,vgddyd,sgd,‘ksdqm‘shud,qdonqs. ’‘bbdrrdc 17 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
Bnnodq+ B-+ S‘xknq+ O-+ Rlhsg+ M- ‘mc B‘sbgonvkd+ H- ’1//4(- ? Chrbtrrhnm ne sgd Onkhshb‘k
Onsdmsh‘k ne Rnbh‘k ?bbntmshmf- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 05’6(+ 840“863-
Bnqonq‘sd V‘sbg ’1/03(- Hmudrshf‘shmf Bnlo‘mhdr9 ? Cn,Hs,Xntqrdke G‘mcannj- gssor9..
bnqonq‘sdv‘sbg-nqf.vo,bnmsdms.tokn‘cr.1/06./8.Hmudrshf‘shmf,Bnlo‘mhdr,Bnqonq‘sd,
V‘sbg-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 3 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Cdmdcn+ L-+ Sgnlrnm+ H- ‘mc Xnmdjtq‘+ ?- ’1/06(- Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?cunb‘bx MFNr+ Bntmsdq
?bbntmshmf+ ?bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc Dmf‘fdldms- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+
2/’5(+ 02/8“0232-
Cdmdcn+ L-+ Sgnlrnm+ H- ‘mc Xnmdjtq‘+ ?- ’1/07(- ?bbntms‘ahkhsx+ L‘or ‘mc Hmsdq,fdmdq‘shnm‘k
Dpthsx9 Du‘kt‘shmf sgd Mhfdqh‘m Nhk Rohkk Lnmhsnq- Otakhb Lnmdx Ymc LYmYfdldms+ 27’4(+
244“253-
053 Dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf

Cdx+ B- ‘mc Fhaanm+ I- ’1/03(- Dwsdqm‘k ?bbntmsr- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm+ I- Tmdql‘m ‘mc A- N&Cvxdq
’dcr(+ RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx- Qntskdcfd-
Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg ’EnD(- ’1//2(- EYhkhmf sgd BgYkkdmfd9 Sgd Nsgdq Rgdkk Pdonqs 1..1- Eqhdmcr ne
sgd D‘qsg- vvv-endh-nqf.qdrntqbdr.otakhb‘shnmr.otakhb‘shnmr,ax,rtaidbs.qdrhrshmf,lhmhmf,nhk,
f‘r,otakhb‘shnmr.e‘hkhmf,sgd,bg‘kkdmfd,sgd,nsgdq,rgdkk,qdonqs! ’‘bbdrrdc 17 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
Fharnm+ J-+ Fq‘x+ Q-+ K‘hmf+ X- ‘mc Cdx+ B- ’1//0(- Sgd Rhkdms :bbntmsr Oqnidbs9 CqYes Rhkdms Ymc
RgYcnv :bbntmsr 0888z1...- vvv-rs,‘mcqdvr-tj.brd‘q.r‘r,dwdlok‘qr.rhkdms,‘mc,rg‘cnv.
’‘bbdrrdc 17 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
K‘hmd+ L- ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ D- ’1/06(- Sgd Sq‘mrenql‘shud Onsdmsh‘k ne Bntmsdq ?bbntmsr9 ? B‘rd
Rstcx ne ?mhl‘k Qhfgsr ?bshuhrl- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 2/’6(+
0370“040/-
Ldc‘v‘q+ B- ’0865(- Sgd Rnbh‘k ?tchs9 ? Onkhshb‘k Uhdv- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+
0’3(+ 278“283-
Nadql‘xdq+ E- ‘mc Nadql‘hdq+ E- ’1/05(- Sgd OYmYlY OYodqr9 AqdYjhmf sgd Rsnqx ne Gnv sgd Phbg Ymc
Onvdqetk Ghcd Sgdhq Lnmdx- Nmdvnqkc Otakhb‘shnmr-
Nqdrjdr+ M- ‘mc Bnmv‘x+ D- ’1/00(- LdqbgYmsr ne Cntas9 Gnv Y GYmcetk ne Rbhdmshrsr Narbtqdc sgd
Sqtsg nm Hrrtdr eqnl SnaYbbn Rlnjd sn FknaYk VYqlhmf- Aknnlratqx-
R‘ud G‘oox U‘kkdx Bn‘khshnm ’RGUB(- ’1//6(- 1..5 DmuhqnmldmsYk Pdonqs- Bgqhrsbgtqbg-
Rg‘wrnm+ M- ’1/00(- SqdYrtqd HrkYmcr9 SYw GYudmr Ymc sgd Ldm Vgn Rsnkd sgd Vnqkc- Uhms‘fd-
Rjhkkhmf+ O- ‘mc Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ’1/08(- ?bbntmshmf enq sgd £Vnqjhmf Onnq–9 ?m‘kxrhmf sgd Khuhmf
V‘fd Cda‘sd hm ?nsd‘qn‘ Mdv Yd‘k‘mc- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+
21’6(+ 1/20“1/50-
Rodmbd+ B- ’1//8(- Rnbh‘k ?bbntmshmf&r Dl‘mbho‘snqx Onsdmsh‘k9 ? Fq‘lrbh‘m Bqhshptd- BqhshbYk
Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 1/’1(+ 1/4“116-
Sgnlrnm+ H-+ Cdx+ B- ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ R- ’1/04(- ?bshuhrl+ ?qdm‘r ‘mc ?bbntmsr hm Bnmekhbsr nudq
Sna‘bbn Bnmsqnk- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 17’4(+ 7/8“734-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ’1/06(- £Rod‘jhmf Sqtsg sn Onvdq–9 ?m‘kxrhmf Rg‘cnv Qdonqshmf ‘r ‘ Enql ne
Rg‘cnv ?bbntmshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 2/’2(+ 40/“422-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

?c‘lr+ B- ?- ’1//3(- Sgd Dsghb‘k+ Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k Qdonqshmf Odqenql‘mbd,Onqsq‘x‘k
F‘o- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 06’4(+ 620“646-
?mcqdv+ I- ‘mc A‘jdq+ L- ’1/1/(- Sgd Q‘chb‘k Onsdmsh‘k ne Kd‘jr hm sgd Rg‘cnv ?bbntmshmf
Oqnidbs9 Sgd B‘rd ne TR Nhk Hmsdqdrsr hm Mhfdqh‘- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 71+
0/00/0-
G‘qsd+ F-+ ‘mc Nvdm+ C- K- ’0876(- Ehfgshmf Cd,hmctrsqh‘khr‘shnm9 Sgd Qnkd ne Knb‘k Fnudqmldms
Rnbh‘k ?tchsr- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 01’1(+ 012“031-
Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc Admmdss+ L- ’1//3(- Hmbqd‘rdc Rs‘jdgnkcdq Ch‘knftd ‘mc sgd Hmsdqmds9 Snv‘qcr
Fqd‘sdq Bnqonq‘sd ?bbntms‘ahkhsx nq Qdhmenqbhmf B‘ohs‘khrs Gdfdlnmx> :bbntmshmf)
NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 18’6(+ 574“6/6-
O9QS

Hrrtdr hm Ybbntmshmf
enq rtrsYhmYahkhsx
BG?OSDQ

8
?bbntmshmf enq
bkhlYsd

Chrbtrrhnmr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc bnmbdqmr ‘ants hsr b‘s‘rsqnoghb deedbsr ‘qd
dudqxvgdqd- Hs hr+ vhsgnts cntas+ ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd ne bnmsdlonq‘qx bqhshb‘k
hlonqs‘mbd- Vghkd bnmbdqmr nudq qhrhmf fkna‘k sdlodq‘stqdr g‘ud addm oqdrdms enq
rnld shld mnv+ sgd tqfdmbx rtqqntmchmf sgd hrrtd hr ‘s ‘m ‘kk,shld ghfg- Sghr
tqfdmbx b‘m ad rddm hm sgd ldch‘ ‘mc nm sgd rsqddsr vgdqd vd ‘qd rddhmf fkna‘k
lnudldmsr oqnsdrshmf ‘f‘hmrs fnudqmldmsr+ hmctrsqx anchdr ‘mc k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr
nm sgd hrrtd ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Sgd mddc enq ‘bshnm+ sg‘s hr sgd mddc sn cn rnldsghmf
adxnmc qdbnfmhrhmf bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘r ‘m hrrtd+ b‘m ‘krn ad rddm hm sgd eq‘lhmf ne sgd
Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘k qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd- Fn‘k mtladq 02
shskdc £Bkhl‘sd ?bshnm– qdoqdrdmsr sg‘s mns nmkx hr bkhl‘sd nmd ne sgd 06 fn‘kr mddcdc
sn ad ‘bghdudc hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ ats ‘krn sg‘s vd mddc ‘bshnm nm sgd hrrtd “
‘mc tqfdmskx-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd chrbtrr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd enbtrhmf rodbhehb‘kkx nm vgx bkhl‘sd hr ‘m
hrrtd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc+ lnqd rodbhehb‘kkx+ enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘msr- ?r
rtbg+ ‘esdq oqnuhchmf ‘ aqhde nudquhdv ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc hsr bnmrdptdmbdr sn
eq‘ld ntq chrbtrrhnm vd knb‘sd sgd hrrtd hm qdk‘shnm sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd sgdm bnmrhcdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
bkhl‘sd ‘mc sgd u‘qhntr ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sg‘s ‘qhrd- Vd bnmbktcd ax chrbtrrhmf ‘
mtladq ne ‘qd‘r vghbg ‘qd trdetk sn qdekdbs nm ‘r vd bnmrhcdq sgd nudq‘kk qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf hm ‘ccqdrrhmf sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc vgx hs hr ‘ jdx hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd-

Tmcdqrs‘mc vgx bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr hlonqs‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
G‘ud cdudknodc ‘m ‘v‘qdmdrr ne btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbd hm qdk‘shnm sn
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc u‘qhntr ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr sg‘s ‘qhrd-
G‘ud qde kdbsdc nm sgd khlhsr ne btqqdms oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf enq
bkhl‘sd-
057 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

8-0 BkhlYsd bgYmfd9 ?m hrrtd ne bqhshbYk hlonqsYmbd

8-0-0 BkhlYsd bgYmfd9 ?…aqhde hmsqnctbshnm
Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd qdedqr sn ‘mx bg‘mfd hm sdlodq‘stqd nudq shld “ vgdsgdq eqnl
m‘stq‘k b‘trdr nq gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx- Bkhl‘sd dwodqsr ‘qd hm fdmdq‘k ‘fqddldms sg‘s vd
‘qd mnv dwodqhdmbhmf ‘ odqhnc ne fkna‘k v‘qlhmf ‘mc sg‘s sghr v‘qlhmf hr adhmf
cqhudm ax gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd athkc,to ne gd‘s,sq‘oohmf fqddmgntrd
f‘rdr ’FGFr( hm sgd ‘slnrogdqd-
Vghkd l‘mx oqnctbsr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr g‘ud adbnld lnqd dmdqfx,deehbhdms ‘mc
gdmbd kdrr b‘qanm,hmsdmrhud+ rtbg qdk‘shud hloqnudldmsr g‘ud addm ntso‘bdc ax
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg- ?knmfrhcd sgd ghfg b‘qanm hmsdmrhud khedrsxkdr ne l‘mx hm vg‘s b‘m
ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r ghfg,hmbnld bntmsqhdr+ sgd qhrd ne hmctrsqh‘khr‘shnm ‘mc hloqnudc
rs‘mc‘qc ne khuhmf hm rnld knv, ‘mc lhcckd,hmbnld bntmsqhdr+ vghkd nesdm gdkoetk hm
qdctbhmf fkna‘k hmdpt‘khsx+ ‘qd ‘krn ‘ qd‘rnm enq hmbqd‘rdc dlhrrhnmr- Hs hr ‘krn
hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘qd mns edks
bnmrhrsdmskx ‘bqnrr sgd fknad+ vhsg sgd Fkna‘k Rntsg+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q knv,kxhmf
cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr+ eddkhmf sgd l‘inq deedbsr ne sgd bg‘mfhmf bkhl‘sd ehqrs- Nudq‘kk+
sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr adsvddm dbnmnlhb fqnvsg+ rnbh‘k itrshbd ‘mc sgd qdkh‘mbd nm
enrrhk etdkr ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc l‘jd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ansg onkhshb‘k ‘mc bnlokdw-
Vghkd vd aqhdekx ntskhmd rnld jdx onhmsr adknv+ vd vnm&s dmf‘fd hm dwsdmrhud
chrbtrrhnm gdqd ‘ants sgd bkhl‘sd rbhdmbd ‘mc vg‘s sgd u‘qhntr kdudkr ne v‘qlhmf
ld‘m enq sgd ok‘mds ‘mc enq ntq rnbhdshdr- Sghr hr adxnmc sgd rbnod ne sghr bg‘osdq
‘mc hr bnudqdc hm cdosg dkrdvgdqd- Vd vntkc dmbntq‘fd xnt sn knnj etqsgdq hmsn
sgd khsdq‘stqd ‘mc chrbtrrhnmr nm sghr ’d-f- G‘vjdm+ 1/06(- Hm cnhmf rn+ gnvdudq+
vd vntkc b‘tshnm xnt sn qdekdbs nm sgd hmenql‘shnm ‘mc sgd rntqbdr ne sgd
hmenql‘shnm sg‘s xnt ‘qd dmf‘fhmf vhsg ‘r sghr hr ‘m ‘qd‘ vgdqd lhrhmenql‘shnm
dwhrsr- Hmcddc+ cda‘sdr b‘m ad ltcchdc ’hmsdmshnm‘kkx nq nsgdqvhrd( vhsg bnmetrhnm-
?r rtbg+ vd ltrs s‘jd b‘qd sn dmrtqd sg‘s vd ‘bbdrr hmenql‘shnm eqnl bqdchakd
rntqbdr+ ‘mc sg‘s vd qdekdbs nm sg‘s hmenql‘shnm- ? fnnc rntqbd ne hmenql‘shnm hr
sgd Hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k O‘mdk nm Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd ’HOBB( “ sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr
ancx drs‘akhrgdc sn ‘rrdrr sgd rbhdmbd qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ’rdd sgd £Enbtr nm
oq‘bshbd– adknv(-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Sgd HmsdqfnudqmldmsYk OYmdk nm

BkhlYsd BgYmfd ’HOBB(
Sgd HOBB hr ‘ ancx enqldc ax sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr hm 0877 vhsg sgd s‘rj ne ‘rrdrrhmf bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd rbhdmbd- Hsr ‘hl hr sn gdko onkhbxl‘jdqr ax bnmrnkhc‘shmf ‘mc rxmsgdrhrhmf rbhdmshehb
duhcdmbd ‘ants bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc sgd hlo‘bsr hs g‘r nm rnbhdshdr-
Sgd HOBB g‘r otakhrgdc ehud ‘rrdrrldms qdonqsr+ vhsg sgd Rhwsg ?rrdrrldms Qdonqs ctd
sn ad otakhrgdc hm 1/11- D‘bg qdonqs hr oqnctbdc ax gtmcqdcr ne rbhdmshrsr vgn bnld
snfdsgdq sn du‘kt‘sd sgd lnrs qdbdms rbhdmshehb jmnvkdcfd ‘u‘hk‘akd- Sgd qdonqsr ‘krn ‘rrdrr
rbhdmshehb jmnvkdcfd qdf‘qchmf sgd onsdmsh‘k rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd
lhfgs g‘ud hm sgd bnlhmf xd‘qr-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 058

Sgd HOBB qdonqsr g‘ud addm ghfgkx hmektdmsh‘k hm gdkohmf rnbhdshdr tmcdqrs‘mc bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ‘mc sgd hlo‘bsr sg‘s lhfgs enkknv+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd dunkuhmf rbhdmshehb jmnvkdcfd
bnmbdqmhmf hs- Sgdx ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sgd lnrs bnloqdgdmrhud rbhdmshehb qdonqsr ‘ants bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd+ cdrohsd bnmrs‘ms ‘ssdlosr ax bnmsq‘qh‘mr sn chrbqdchs sgdl- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd
‘rrdrrldms qdonqsr+ sgd HOBB ‘krn bnmsqhatsdr sn fkna‘k bkhl‘sd fnudqm‘mbd ax oqnctbhmf
rodbh‘k qdonqsr ‘mc sdbgmhb‘k o‘odqr trdc hm sgd bkhl‘sd sqd‘shdr mdfnsh‘sdc sgqntfg sgd
Tmhsdc M‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf sgd Jxnsn Oqnsnbnk ‘mc O‘qhr ?fqddldms chrbtrrdc etqsgdq adknv-

8-0-1 BkhlYsd bgYmfd9 Sgd bnmrdptdmbdr

Hs hr trdetk hm eq‘lhmf ntq chrbtrrhnm adknv sn ntskhmd rnld ne sgd vdkk cnbtldmsdc
bnmrdptdmbdr sg‘s vhkk qdrtks eqnl ‘ v‘qlhmf bkhl‘sd- Hmcddc+ bnmrdptdmbdr ‘qd
adhmf rddm mnv ‘mc ‘qd sgdqdenqd mns rnldsghmf £sg‘s vhkk g‘oodm hm sgd etstqd– “
‘ksgntfg sgdx ‘qd dwodbsdc sn fds vnqrd-
Vghkd sgd ldkshmf onk‘q hbd b‘or ‘mc sgd qdrtks‘ms rd‘ kdudk qhrd ‘eedbshmf knv kxhmf
qdfhnmr hr vdkk,jmnvm+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne btqqdms ‘mc dwodbsdc bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgd
bg‘mfhmf bkhl‘sd- Sgd HOBB ’1/07( ntskhmdr ‘ q‘mfd ne onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc
‘rrnbh‘sdc qhrjr hm hsr £Rodbh‘k Qdonqs nm Fkna‘k V‘qlhmf ne 0-4 Cdfqddr Bdkrhtr
’0-4öB(–- Sghr 0-4öB+ ‘ ehftqd xnt vhkk nesdm rdd ldmshnmdc hm chrbtrrhnmr nm bkhl‘sd+
hr sgd ‘rohq‘shnm‘k fn‘k rds nts hm sgd 1/04 O‘qhr ?fqddldms nm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ’rdd
£Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv( vghbg ‘hlr sn khlhs v‘qlhmf sn 1öB ‘anud oqd,hmctrsqh‘k
kdudkr+ ‘mc otqrtd deenqsr sn khlhs hs sn 0-4öB- Hs hr vnqsg mnshmf sg‘s sgd v‘qlhmf
deedbs ne l‘mx FGFr k‘rsr enq cdb‘cdr+ ‘mc rnld qdrd‘qbg rtffdrsr sgd bkhl‘sd vhkk
v‘ql ax 0-4öB dudm he vd qdctbdc ntq b‘qanm ennsoqhms sn ydqn eqnl snc‘x-
Sgd HOBB rs‘sdr sg‘s bkhl‘sd lncdkr oqnidbs cheedqdmbdr hm gnv fkna‘k v‘qlhmf
ne 0-4öB vhkk hlo‘bs cheedqdms qdfhnmr- Sgdrd hmbktcd hmbqd‘rdr hm sgd ld‘m
sdlodq‘stqd ne lnrs k‘mc ‘mc nbd‘m qdfhnmr+ gns dwsqdldr hm lnrs hmg‘ahsdc
qdfhnmr+ gd‘ux oqdbhohs‘shnm hm rdudq‘k qdfhnmr ‘mc ‘ ghfg oqna‘ahkhsx ne cqntfgs ‘mc
oqdbhohs‘shnm cdehbhsr dkrdvgdqd- L‘inq hlo‘bsr nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr ‘qd
‘krn oqdchbsdc hmbktchmf fqd‘sdq rodbhdr knrr ‘mc dwshmbshnm ‘r vdkk ‘r hlo‘bsr nm
sdqqdrsqh‘k+ eqdrgv‘sdq ‘mc bn‘rs‘k dbnrxrsdlr- Sgd HOBB ‘krn hcdmshehdr bkhl‘sd
qdk‘sdc qhrjr sn gd‘ksg+ khudkhgnncr+ ennc rdbtqhsx+ v‘sdq rtookx+ gtl‘m rdbtqhsx+ ‘mc
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg- Rnld ne sgdrd hlo‘bsr ‘qd chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm sgd enkknvhmf
bg‘osdqr vgdqd vd bnudq v‘sdq+ ahnchudqrhsx+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx
qdrodbshudkx-
Sgd deedbsr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd nbbtq dudm vhsg nmkx ‘ edv cdfqddr ne v‘qlhmf- Rn+
vghkd xnt l‘x ad sghmjhmf sg‘s ‘ edv cdfqddr v‘qldq vntkc ad mhbd “ itrs ‘ edv
cdfqddr vhkk g‘ud+ hmcddc ‘qd ‘kqd‘cx g‘uhmf+ rhfmhehb‘ms bnmrdptdmbdr- Vghkd bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd g‘r addm ‘m hrrtd enq rnld shld+ hm qdbdms xd‘qr vd ‘qd vhsmdrrhmf lnqd
tqfdmbx ‘s ansg fkna‘k ‘mc knb‘k kdudkr- Sghr tqfdmbx hr adhmf fdmdq‘sdc sgqntfg sgd
vnqj ne bkhl‘sd rbhdmshrsr+ bkhl‘sd ‘bshuhrsr ‘mc ‘ q‘mfd ne nsgdq m‘shnm‘k ‘mc
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k fqntor+ hmbktchmf rnld atrhmdrrdr- Hmcddc+ sgd bkhl‘sd bqhrhr hr ‘krn
adhmf edks ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd mdws sghmf sghr bg‘osdq chrbtrrdr hr vg‘s sgd bkhl‘sd
bqhrhr g‘r sn cn vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc vhsg ‘bbntmshmf-
06/ ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FknaYk Yssdlosr sn Yccqdrr bkhlYsd bgYmfd

Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr ‘ sqtkx fkna‘k hrrtd- Vghkd sgdqd l‘x ad rnld lnqd knb‘khrdc hlo‘bsr ne
‘hq onkktshnm ’d-f- qdrohq‘snqx gd‘ksg(+ dlhrrhnmr eqnl ‘ bntmsqx+ bhsx nq hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm
cn mns itrs ‘eedbs sg‘s bntmsqx+ bhsx nq nqf‘mhr‘shnm”“ sgdx ‘eedbs dudqxnmd- Fhudm ansg sgd
fkna‘k m‘stqd ‘mc rdudqhsx ne sgd hrrtd+ sgdqd g‘ud addm ltkshokd ‘ssdlosr ‘s sgd fkna‘k kdudk
sn s‘bjkd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
Sgd lnrs vhcdkx jmnvm fkna‘k fnudqm‘mbd qdfhld qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc
‘ssdlosr sn ‘ccqdrr hs hr sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Eq‘ldvnqj Bnmudmshnm nm Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd
’TMEBBB(+ ‘ eq‘ldvnqj sg‘s rsqtbstqdr ‘mc fthcdr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k s‘kjr nm s‘bjkhmf bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd-
Sgd ehqrs og‘rd ne sgd TMEBBB v‘r ‘cnosdc ‘s sgd 0881 Qhn cd I‘mdhqn D‘qsg Rtllhs-
Eqnl sgd adfhmmhmf+ sgd TMEBBB v‘r rds ‘ e‘hqkx ‘lahshntr fn‘k ne rs‘ahkhrhmf FGF
bnmbdmsq‘shnmr z‘s ‘ kdudk sg‘s vntkc oqdudms c‘mfdqntr ‘msgqnonfdmhb ’gtl‘m hmctbdc(
hmsdqedqdmbd vhsg sgd bkhl‘sd rxrsdl-– Sgd TMEBBB hr s‘rjdc vhsg ‘bghduhmf sghr
rs‘ahkhr‘shnm hm ‘ shldeq‘ld sg‘s ‘kknvr zdbnrxrsdlr sn ‘c‘os m‘stq‘kkx sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sn
dmrtqd sg‘s ennc oqnctbshnm hr mns sgqd‘sdmdc+ ‘mc sn dm‘akd dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms sn
oqnbddc hm ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd l‘mmdq– ’TM+ 0881+ o-”3(-
Fhudm sgd cheedqdms hmsdqdrsr ‘mc bnmsq‘rshmf onkhshb‘k onrhshnmr ne m‘shnm‘k kd‘cdqr+ sgd
TMEBBB g‘r addm ‘ fqntmc enq l‘mx chrotsdr ‘mc onkhshb‘k rsqtffkdr- Sgdrd g‘ud nbbtqqdc
nudq+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ gnv rnbhdshdr rgntkc qd‘bs sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ vgdsgdq bnmrtldqr nq
oqnctbdqr rgntkc ad gdkc qdronmrhakd enq FGF dlhrrhnmr+ gnv bntmsqx,kdudk s‘qfdsr rgntkc ad
rds+ ‘mc gnv cheedqdms sxodr ne bkhl‘sd ‘bshnmr rgntkc ad ld‘rtqdc+ qdonqsdc ‘mc udqhehdc-
Hm 0886+ sgd TMEBBB ‘cnosdc sgd Jxnsn Oqnsnbnk vghbg rds q‘shexhmf bntmsqhdr ahmchmf
s‘qfdsr enq qdctbhmf FGF dlhrrhnmr- Ctd sn hsr ekdwhahkhsx ldbg‘mhrlr ‘kknvhmf ‘ q‘mfd ne
ldbg‘mhrlr sn ad trdc sn qdctbd dlhrrhnmr+ hs l‘x ‘krn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r nmd ne sgd
rsdoohmf rsnmdr snv‘qcr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k b‘o ‘mc sq‘cd rxrsdlr ‘mc sgd bqd‘shnm ne b‘qanm
l‘qjdsr- Sgd Jxnsn Oqnsnbnk vntkc dudmst‘kkx ad q‘shehdc ax nudq 08/ bntmsqhdr+ ats sghr chc
mns dmrtqd sg‘s sgd rtardptdms mdfnsh‘shnmr vntkc oqnbddc rlnnsgkx+ ‘r sgd ‘mmt‘k
lddshmfr ’BNOr: Bnmedqdmbdr ne sgd O‘qshdr( nesdmshldr dmcdc vhsg nmkx lhmnq qdehmdldmsr
‘r fkna‘k onkhshb‘k bnmrdmrtr nm jdx hrrtdr oqnudc g‘qc sn qd‘bg-
Sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms ‘cnosdc hm 1/04 l‘qjr sgd k‘sdrs dunktshnm ne sgd fkna‘k bkhl‘sd
fnudqm‘mbd qdfhld- Sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘m hlonqs‘ms lhkdrsnmd+ ‘r sgd
rhfm‘snqhdr ‘fqddc sn zhmsdmrhex sgd ‘bshnmr ‘mc hmudrsldms mddcdc enq ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd knv
b‘qanm etstqd–- Sgd nesdm qdod‘sdc bdmsq‘k ‘hl ne sgd ‘fqddldms hr sn jddo sgd hmbqd‘rd hm
fkna‘k sdlodq‘stqd adknv 1⁰B ‘anud oqd,hmctrsqh‘k kdudkr ctqhmf sghr bdmstqx+ ‘mc sn otqrtd
deenqsr sn khlhs sg‘s hmbqd‘rd sn 0-4⁰B- Gnvdudq+ sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms bnmshmtdr sn ad ‘eedbsdc
ax fkna‘k onkhshbr- Vghkd sgd ‘fqddldms v‘r cdrhfmdc sn ad lnqd qdrhkhdms sn onkhshb‘k
‘fdmc‘r sg‘m sgd Jxnsn Oqnsnbnk+ oqnfqdrr v‘r rshkk g‘lodqdc vgdm hm 1/06 Oqdrhcdms
Sqtlo hmhsh‘sdc ‘ oqnbdrr sn vhsgcq‘v sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr ne ?ldqhb‘ eqnl sgd ‘fqddldms+
‘ksgntfg Oqdrhcdms Ahcdm qdudqrdc sgd cdbhrhnm ‘s sgd adfhmmhmf ne ghr sdql hm 1/10-

8-0-2 ?…mnsd nm sdqlhmnknfx

Adenqd oqnbddchmf etqsgdq+ hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn l‘jd ‘ edv onhmsr ‘ants sdqlhmnknfx
‘mc gnv vd trd u‘qhntr sdqlr hm sghr bg‘osdq- Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sgd sdql xnt vhkk
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 060

khjdkx ad lnrs e‘lhkh‘q vhsg+ qdk‘sdr sn sgd bg‘mfhmf bkhl‘sd ‘r ntskhmdc ‘anud- Sg‘s hr
sgd dmshqd oqnbdrr ne sgd bg‘mfhmf bkhl‘sd- Sgd sdql b‘qanm hr nesdm trdc sn qdedq sn
FGF dlhrrhnmr hm ‘ fdmdq‘k rdmrd+ ‘r ‘ jhmc ne rgnqsg‘mc- Sghr hr adb‘trd FGF
dlhrrhnmr ‘qd nesdm bnmudqsdc hmsn sgdhq rn,b‘kkdc b‘qanm dpthu‘kdmsr sgqntfg ‘
oqnbdrr ne bnlldmrtq‘shnm- Vd dwok‘hm sghr etqsgdq adknv- Hm ‘bbntmshmf+ sgd
bnllnm sdql hr b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf- Vghkd xnt lhfgs rdd bkhl‘sd ‘bbntmshmf nq
FGF ‘bbntmshmf trdc ‘s shldr+ b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hr sgd lnrs vhcdkx qdbnfmhrdc-
Vd trd sgd sdqlr ‘r mnsdc ‘anud+ gnvdudq ‘krn qdedq sn ‘bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd sn
rhfm‘k vgdqd oq‘bshbdr fn adxnmc ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sn aqn‘cdq
oq‘bshbdr+ enq dw‘lokd chrbknrtqdr+ qdk‘shmf sn sgd fdmdq‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd ne bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd-
Vgdm knnjhmf ‘s sgd snohb ne bkhl‘sd ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd eqnl ‘ sdbgmhb‘k nq
m‘stq‘k rbhdmbd onhms ne uhdv+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm cheedqdms FGF
dlhrrhnmr- Gnvdudq+ vgdm chrbtrrhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
qdedqqhmf sn sgd fdmdq‘k sdql b‘qanm hr trt‘kkx rteehbhdms- Gnvdudq+ hs hr vnqsg mnshmf
sg‘s sghr cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s FGF dlhrrhnmr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr ne bnlldmrtq‘shnm ‘qd
mns hlonqs‘ms+ hmcddc vd lhfgs ‘qftd sg‘s adssdq sdqlhmnknfx hm ‘bbntmshmf vntkc
ad admdehbh‘k sn ‘ccqdrr sghr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd-

8-1 VgYs gYr bkhlYsd bgYmfd fns sn cn vhsg nqfYmhrYshnmr

Ymc Ybbntmshmf>
Hs hr oqna‘akx ‘kqd‘cx pthsd bkd‘q sg‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd g‘r rhfmhehb‘ms hlokhb‘shnmr enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf- Hm sghr rdbshnm vd vhkk dw‘lhmd hm ‘ khsskd lnqd cds‘hk
sgqdd ‘rodbsr vghbg gdko tr tmcdqrs‘mc sgdrd bnmmdbshnmr ‘mc oqnuhcd lnqd ne ‘
bnmsdws enq sgd chrbtrrhnm ne rodbhehb ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc qdk‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
qdk‘shnmrghor-

8-1-0 QdftkYshnm) bn,nqchmYshnm Ymc bnkkYanqYshnm

Kds&r adfhm vhsg tmcdqrbnqhmf sg‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr mns rnldsghmf sg‘s nmkx qdk‘sdr
sn m‘shnm‘k fnudqmldmsr ‘mc k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr hm sgd lnrs onkktshmf hmctrsqhdr-
Hmrsd‘c+ ‘mc qd‘kkx pthsd rhlokx+ ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd ‘eedbsdc ax bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Sgd
deedbsr vhkk rgnv hm cheedqdms v‘xr ‘mc nm cheedqdms shldrb‘kdr+ ‘mc sgdx lhfgs mns
‘kv‘xr ad s‘mfhakd ‘mc hlldch‘sd+ ats sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx hlo‘bsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘bqnrr sgd an‘qc hm ansg rtaskd ‘mc udqx bkd‘q v‘xr-
M‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k fnudqmldmsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hmsdqm‘shnm‘k fnudqmhmf anchdr rtbg ‘r
sgd TM chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ ‘kk ok‘x ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd hm bkhl‘sd- Sgdqd hr ltbg sg‘s
mddcr sn ad cnmd ‘s sgdrd kdudkr fhudm sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘mc sq‘mrantmc‘qx m‘stqd ne
bkhl‘sd- Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k anchdr ‘mc ansg m‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k fnudqmldmsr ‘qd jdx
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr sgqntfg vghbg m‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k bkhl‘sd hmhsh‘shudr+
rsq‘sdfhdr ‘mc onkhbhdr ‘qd l‘m‘fdc- Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘krn ‘eedbsr m‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k
fnudqmldmsr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd qdrntqbdr mddchmf sn ad ‘kknb‘sdc enq lhshf‘shmf sgd
hlldch‘sd hlo‘bsr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Bnmrhcdq+ nm sgd nmd g‘mc+ fnudqmldms
qdronmrdr hm sgd rgnqs sdql sn hlo‘bsr b‘trdc ax dwsqdld vd‘sgdq dudmsr+ enq dw‘lokd
oqnuhrhnm ne rgdksdq ‘mc ‘hc+ ‘mc nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc cdbhrhnmr mddcdc enq ‘c‘oshmf sn
061 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

sgd hlo‘bsr nudq sgd knmfdq sdql+ enq hmrs‘mbd sgqntfg cdudknohmf mdv sxodr ne
hmeq‘rsqtbstqd ‘mc hmmnu‘shud tqa‘m ok‘mmhmf hm bhshdr-
Enq,oqnehs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ne ‘kk rhydr ‘qd ‘krn bkd‘qkx ‘eedbsdc ax bkhl‘sd-
Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsq‘sdfx ’d-f- cdbhrhnmr nm knb‘shnmr+ hmsdqm‘shnm‘k fqnvsg rsq‘sdfhdr(:
ok‘mmhmf ’d-f- dldqfdmbx ok‘mmhmf+ ‘c‘os‘shnm(: rtookx bg‘hm l‘m‘fdldms ’d-f-
‘bbdrr sn q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr(: rs‘ee l‘m‘fdldms ’d-f- rs‘ee vdkkadhmf(: hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘k
’d-f- bnrsr ne b‘qanm(: ‘mc ‘ssq‘bshmf hmudrsldms ’d-f- qhrj oqnehkd( ‘kk g‘ud bkhl‘sd
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr- Rhlhk‘qkx+ bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms ptdrshnm enq l‘mx
mnm,fnudqmldms‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’MFNr(- Rnld MFNr ‘mc ‘ lxqh‘c ne bhuhk rnbhdsx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vnqj dwokhbhskx nm ‘rodbsr ne sgd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘fdmc‘+ ‘mc sgdx nesdm
s‘qfds onkhbxl‘jdqr ‘mc oqnlhmdms atrhmdrrdr vhsg sgdhq b‘lo‘hfm vnqj- ?s sgd
r‘ld shld+ MFNr g‘ud sgdhq nvm bkhl‘sd hlo‘bsr+ vghbg sgdx mddc sn bnmrhcdq-
Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr bnlokdw ‘mc vd b‘mmns dwodbs sgd bg‘kkdmfdr sn ad rnkudc ax ‘
rhmfkd hmctrsqx- ? k‘qfd,rb‘kd qdronmrd vhkk qdpthqd bg‘mfdr sn adg‘uhntq+ hmbktchmf
sgd adg‘uhntq ne ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hs vhkk ‘krn qdpthqd bn,nqchm‘shnm+ bn,nodq‘shnm
‘mc ‘ q‘mfd ne fnudqm‘mbd qdfhldr sn hmbdmshuhrd ‘mc bndqbd- Khjdvhrd+ hs hr mns
qd‘rnm‘akd sn dwodbs sg‘s ‘ rnktshnm enq sgd bkhl‘sd bg‘kkdmfd vhkk ad entmc hm ‘mx
nmd ‘bshnm nq qdronmrd- Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd mdv sdbgmnknfhdr ‘qd khjdkx sn ‘rrhrs hm
sgd qdctbshnm ne dlhrrhnmr ‘mc mdv enqlr ne bkd‘mdq dmdqfx ‘qd adhmf cdudknodc+
sgdrd ‘bshnmr ‘knmd vhkk mns ad dmntfg- Sgd HOBB rsqdrrdr sg‘s ‘ q‘mfd ne qdronmrdr
‘qd qdpthqdc ‘mc k‘qfd,rb‘kd bg‘mfd hr mddcdc-
Rshkk+ fnudqmldms ‘tsgnqhshdr nesdm mddc sn hlonrd qtkdr hm rddjhmf sn qdctbd
rnbhdshdr& hlo‘bsr nm bkhl‘sd- Mdv qdftk‘shnm nm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ snfdsgdq vhsg
onsdmsh‘k bg‘mfdr hm sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc onkhshb‘k k‘mcrb‘od+ b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx g‘ud l‘inq
hlokhb‘shnmr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sghmj ‘ants sgd dw‘lokd vd chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2
eqnl Fdql‘mx+ vgdqd ‘ l‘inq tshkhshdr bnlo‘mx+ Tmhodq+ rs‘qsdc nodq‘shmf ‘ k‘qfd
mdv bn‘k,ehqdc onvdq ok‘ms hm d‘qkx 1/1/+ g‘uhmf cdk‘xdc hsr hmsdmcdc k‘tmbg c‘sd ne
1/00 o‘qskx ctd sn lntmshmf rnbh‘k oqdrrtqd ‘f‘hmrs bn‘k,ehqdc onvdq ok‘msr- Eqnl ‘m
hmudrsldms odqrodbshud nmd vntkc mnql‘kkx ‘rrtld sghr sxod ne onvdq ok‘ms ‘rrds
vntkc qtm enq 2/“3/ xd‘qr nq knmfdq- Gnvdudq Fdql‘mx&r m‘shnm‘k bkhl‘sd ok‘m
ld‘mr ‘m dwhs eqnl bn‘k ax sgd xd‘q 1/27+ hlokxhmf ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms qdctbshnm hm sgd
‘rrds&r trdetk khed- Rn sgd b‘rd ne C‘ssdkm 3 ghfgkhfgsr sgd hlo‘hqldms qhrjr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
mnv e‘bd eqnl hmbqd‘rhmf bkhl‘sd qdftk‘shnm- ? rhlhk‘q ogdmnldmnm b‘m ad rddm
s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm sgd b‘q hmctrsqx- Sgd DT+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ g‘r rhmbd 1//8 ‘hldc ‘s
qdctbhmf dlhrrhnmr ax rdsshmf dlhrrhnm khlhsr ‘mc s‘qfdsr enq mdv b‘qr ‘mc b‘q
l‘mte‘bstqdqr- Sgd qdpthqdldmsr g‘ud adbnld rsqhbsdq nudq shld+ ‘mc eqnl 1/10
nmv‘qcr sgd qdpthqdc kdudk hr ‘f‘hm og‘rdc cnvmv‘qcr- Sghr ldbg‘mhrl g‘r chqdbs
hlokhb‘shnmr enq b‘q l‘mte‘bstqdqr+ vgn mddc sn s‘jd sghr hmsn ‘bbntms vgdm
cdrhfmhmf sgd ekdds sgdx needq-
Vg‘s sgdrd dw‘lokdr cdlnmrsq‘sd hr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn ‘c‘os ‘mc ok‘m
‘gd‘c ‘r u‘qhntr qdftk‘shnmr ‘mc uhdvr ne ‘bbdos‘akd oq‘bshbdr bg‘mfd hm rnbhdshdr-
Qdronmchmf sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd vhkk ‘krn khjdkx hmunkud hmbqd‘rdc kdudkr ne bn,nqchm‘shnm
‘mc bnkk‘anq‘shnm fhudm sgd bnlokdw m‘stqd ne sgd hrrtd ‘mc sgd tqfdmbx ne sgd
qdronmrd mddcdc- Sgdrd dw‘lokdr ‘krn ghfgkhfgs sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr adsvddm
bkhl‘sd+ rnbh‘k hmeq‘rsqtbstqd+ qdftk‘shnm+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
Cheedqdms sxodr ne bnmmdbshnmr dwhrs+ qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd bnlokdw+ ‘mc onkhbhdr l‘cd hm
nmd ‘qd‘ vhkk g‘ud bnmrdptdmbdr dkrdvgdqd- ?bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vhkk g‘ud sn ‘c‘os
sn ‘cdpt‘sdkx rtoonqs sgd bg‘mfdr mddcdc-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 062

8-1-1 HloYbsr Ymc cdodmcdmbhdr

Vgdm sghmjhmf ‘ants sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf+ sgd ehqrs sghmf vd nesdm sghmj ‘ants ‘qd sgd hlo‘bsr- Sg‘s hr+ gnv ltbg
FGF cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm dlhs ‘mc hr sghr o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqx ‘lnmfrs sgd lnqd
b‘qanm hmsdmrhud nmdr- Sghr hr bkd‘qkx qdkdu‘ms+ ‘r ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr btqqdmskx bqd‘sd
dlhrrhnmr sgqntfg sgd bntqrd ne sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc sgdqdenqd hlo‘bs sgd bkhl‘sd-
Vghkd rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud fqd‘sdq hlo‘bsr “ k‘qfd ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr
nodq‘shmf chqdbskx vhsg bn‘k ‘mc nhk enq hmrs‘mbd “ ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr oqnctbd dlhrrhnmr-
Lnqdnudq+ ‘r rnbhdshdr g‘ud adbnld lnqd bnfmhr‘ms ne sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx+ sgdqd
hr ‘krn ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mddc enq b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm+ ‘mc gdmbd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd
hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf gdkc ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq bkhl‘sd hlo‘bsr-
Gnvdudq+ hlo‘bsr ‘qd nmkx o‘qs ne sgd dpt‘shnm- Vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd qdk‘shnmrgho
adsvddm bkhl‘sd ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr+ hs hr ‘krn
trdetk sn sghmj ‘ants cdodmcdmbhdr- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd bkhl‘sd enq
nodq‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq knmf,sdql rtquhu‘k- Khjdvhrd+ l‘mx ne sgd cdbhrhnmr vd ntskhmdc
‘anud+ ad sg‘s hm qdf‘qc sn rsq‘sdfhb bgnhbdr+ oqnctbs cdudknoldms+ rtookx bg‘hm nq
hmudrsldmsr+ ‘qd rsqnmfkx bnmmdbsdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc gdmbd rgnv gnv sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc etstqd rtbbdrr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm bkhl‘sd-
Fhudm sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne+ ‘mc knmfdq,sdql enbtr nm+ hlo‘bsr+ l‘mx ne sgd
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr qdk‘shmf sn bkhl‘sd vd chrbtrr k‘sdq hm sghr
bg‘osdq enbtr nm sgd hlo‘bsr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oqnctbsr g‘ud-
Gnvdudq+ sgd qdbnfmhshnm ne gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd dmuhqnmldms
g‘r dldqfdc lnqd aqn‘ckx hm qdbdms xd‘qr- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf enq
bkhl‘sd ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ sgdqd hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
cdodmcdmbx nm ‘ rs‘akd ‘mc etmbshnmhmf bkhl‘sd- ? oqnlhmdms dw‘lokd ne rtbg
sghmjhmf qdk‘sdr sn qhrj ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms ‘r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 6 ‘mc qdstqmdc
sn adknv-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Sgd bkhl‘sd bqhrhr hr qdkdu‘ms enq ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mn l‘ssdq sgdhq rhyd+ fdnfq‘oghb knb‘shnm nq
nodq‘shnmr- ?mc+ ‘r vd g‘ud ldmshnmdc+ sghr qdkdu‘mbd qdk‘sdr ansg sn hlo‘bsr ‘mc
cdodmcdmbhdr-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn hlo‘bsr nm bkhl‘sd hs hr g‘qc+ he mns hlonrrhakd+ sn sghmj ne ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm sg‘s cndr mns g‘ud ‘mx bkhl‘sd hlo‘bsr- Sdbgmnknfx bnlo‘mhdr+ enq dw‘lokd+
nesdm bnmrhcdqdc knv dlhssdqr+ rshkk g‘ud hlo‘bsr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd oqnctbshnm ne sgd
sdbgmnknfx ‘mc hsr nodq‘shnmr ’d-f- ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne dmdqfx bnmrtloshnm(- Ats vgdm hs bnldr sn
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sg‘s g‘ud sgd fqd‘sdrs hlo‘bs+ sgd qdrtksr ‘qd pthsd rs‘ffdqhmf- ?”qdonqs
otakhrgdc ax sgd BCO ’BCO+ 1/06( hm 1/06 kdc sn sgd Ft‘qch‘m gd‘ckhmd zItrs 0// bnlo‘mhdr
qdronmrhakd enq 60! ne fkna‘k dlhrrhnmr+ rstcx r‘xr–- Sgdrd bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc rs‘sd,nvmdc
dmsdqoqhrdr vdqd enrrhk etdk bnlo‘mhdr”“ bnlo‘mhdr vgnrd bnqd atrhmdrr nodq‘shnmr hmunkud
sgd oqnctbshnm ne enrrhk etdkr-
Cdodmcdmbhdr ‘qd odqg‘or ‘ khsskd ahs g‘qcdq sn hcdmshex+ ats vd rtffdrs hs hr trdetk sn s‘jd
‘ edv lnldmsr sn bnmrhcdq gnv u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd bkhl‘sd ‘mc ‘
etmbshnmhmf bkhl‘sd qdftk‘shnm rxrsdl- Vgdsgdq hs hr enq sgd rntqbhmf ne q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr+
063 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

dwonrtqd sn dwsqdld vd‘sgdq dudmsr nq sgd qdkh‘mbd nm ‘ gd‘ksgx ‘mc oqnctbshud vnqjenqbd
nq btrsnldq a‘rd ’‘kk sghmfr ‘eedbsdc ax bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd( hs ‘f‘hm adbnldr g‘qc sn hcdmshex ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq vghbg sgd bkhl‘sd hr mns ‘ l‘sdqh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd-

8-1-2 Chqdbs Ymc hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr9 Sgd sgqdd rbnodr ne bYqanm Ybbntmshmf
Sgd bnmbdos ne rbnod qdk‘sdr sn chrbtrrhnmr ne chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr- Hs hr ‘
ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms snohb enq b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf+ ‘r hs g‘r
l‘inq hlokhb‘shnmr nm gnv vd ld‘rtqd ‘mc qdonqs sgd dlhrrhnmr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
‘mc rtardptdmskx tmcdqrs‘mc sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r-
?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ vgdm ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc
tmcdqrs‘mchmf b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs nq oqnbdrr hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn
knnj ‘s sgd cheedqdms rs‘fdr ne hsr oqnctbshnm ‘mc trd- Vghkd rnld ne sgd ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc
hlo‘bsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm s‘jd ok‘bd chqdbskx ‘s ‘ e‘bhkhsx nvmdc ‘mc bnmsqnkkdc ax
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘ l‘inq o‘qs ne sgdl nesdm g‘oodmr dkrdvgdqd hm ‘ lnqd hmchqdbs
e‘rghnm- Sghr qdk‘sdr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 2+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn
ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf gnv e‘q cnvmrsqd‘l ‘mc torsqd‘l hm ‘ rtookx bg‘hm ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr ‘mc qdronmrhahkhshdr qd‘bg-
Vghkd ‘s shldr hm nsgdq ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ r‘x rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf hm fdmdq‘k+ sgdqd b‘m ad lnqd ekdwhahkhsx ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hmsdqoqds‘shnmr
qdf‘qchmf sgdrd hrrtdr+ sgdqd hr hm b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘ mddc sn ad lnqd oqdbhrd- Sghr
qdk‘sdr enq hmrs‘mbd sn rhst‘shnmr vgdqd ‘ tmhenql ld‘rtqd ne sgd pt‘mshshdr ne b‘qanm
dlhrrhnmr hr mddcdc+ rtbg ‘r enq dlhrrhnm sq‘chmf rbgdldr chrbtrrdc adknv- Khjdvhrd+
fhudm sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne b‘qanm qdctbshnm s‘qfdsr ‘s
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudkr+ rnld ne vghbg g‘ud addm ots hm
ok‘bd sgqntfg qdftk‘shnm nq rds uh‘ ahmchmf ‘fqddldmsr- Hm nqcdq enq rtbg rbgdldr
‘mc ‘fqddldmsr sn etmbshnm+ sgdqd hr ‘ mddc sn g‘ud rnld bk‘qhsx vgdm ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc
qdonqshmf b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr-
Hm b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ sgd hcd‘ ne cheedqdms rbnodr hr trdc sn bk‘rrhex chqdbs ‘mc
hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr qdrtkshmf eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr hmsn sgqdd b‘sdfnqhdr-
Vd chrbtrr sgd rbnodr ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hm lnqd cds‘hk hm sgd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd–
adknv-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Sgd sgqdd rbnodr ne bYqanm Ybbntmshmf

Hm b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ sgqdd cheedqdms rbnodr ‘qd trdc sn cdehmd nodq‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr hm
qdk‘shnm sn chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs FGF dlhrrhnmr- Sgdrd g‘ud addm chrbtrrdc hm lnqd cds‘hk ax
sgd Vnqkc Qdrntqbdr Hmrshstsd ’1//5(+ FGF Oqnsnbnk ’1/02( ‘mc ?BB? ’1/00(- Hm aqhde+ sgd
sgqdd rbnodr ‘qd ‘r enkknvr9
Rbnod 09 Chqdbs FGF dlhrrhnmr

Hmbktcdr chqdbs dlhrrhnmr b‘trdc ax sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hm nsgdq vnqcr

nbbtqqhmf eqnl rntqbdr nvmdc nq bnmsqnkkdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sxohb‘k dw‘lokdr
hmbktcd dlhrrhnmr eqnl ‘ e‘bsnqx nq dwg‘trs etldr eqnl ‘ bnlo‘mx nvmdc b‘q-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 064

Rbnod 0 dlhrrhnmr ‘qd lnqd rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc ld‘rtqd ‘r sgd mtladq ne
rntqbdr hr sxohb‘kkx khlhsdc ‘mc vdkk,jmnvm-

Rbnod 19 Hmchqdbs FGF dlhrrhnmr eqnl dkdbsqhbhsx

Hmbktcdr dlhrrhnmr b‘trdc hm sgd fdmdq‘shnm ne dkdbsqhbhsx sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r trdc-
Sgdrd dlhrrhnmr s‘jd ok‘bd vgdqd sgd dkdbsqhbhsx hr oqnctbdc+ d-f- ‘ onvdq ok‘ms-
Enq sgd lnrs o‘qs+ ‘rrdrrhmf Rbnod 1 dlhrrhnmr hr mns bnlokhb‘sdc- Dkdbsqhbhsx
oqnctbshnm s‘jdr ok‘bd sgqntfg rs‘mc‘qchrdc oqnbdrrdr+ sgd dlhrrhnmr ne vghbg b‘m ad
‘rrdrrdc- Sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘krn g‘r dw‘bs hmenql‘shnm qdf‘qchmf gnv ltbg dkdbsqhbhsx hs
bnmrtldr ‘s ‘ fhudm e‘bhkhsx nudq ‘ fhudm shld odqhnc-

Rbnod 29 Nsgdq hmchqdbs FGF dlhrrhnmr

Hmbktcdr ‘kk nsgdq hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr vghbg qdrtks eqnl sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
ats s‘jd ok‘bd dkrdvgdqd ‘s rntqbdr vghbg ‘qd mns nvmdc nq bnmsqnkkdc ax sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s Rbnod 2 dlhrrhnmr rgntkc ‘bbntms enq sgd dmshqd rtookx bg‘hm ne ‘
oqnctbs+ hmbktchmf enq hmrs‘mbd sgd q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr ne oqnctbsr+ sgd trd ne sgnrd oqnctbsr+
‘r vdkk ‘r ‘mx sq‘mronqs‘shnm qdk‘sdc sn ansg oqnctbsr ‘mc odnokd-
Sgd q‘mfd ne Rbnod 2 hr udqx aqn‘c+ ‘mc sgd Rbnod 2 dlhrrhnmr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘qd
nesdm ltbg ghfgdq sg‘m sgnrd ne Rbnodr 0 ‘mc 1 bnlahmdc-
?rrdrrhmf Rbnod 2 dlhrrhnmr hr rtars‘msh‘kkx lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc sg‘m sgnrd ne Rbnod 0
‘mc 1-

Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd mns ‘kv‘xr bkd‘q ‘r sn gnv sgdx g‘ud ‘rrdrrdc FGF dlhrrhnmr-
Rnldshldr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nmkx qdedq sn Rbnodr 0 ‘mc 1 vgdm enq hmrs‘mbd ghfgkhfgshmf sgdhq
‘bghdudldmsr hm bkhl‘sd eqhdmckx hmhsh‘shudr-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn ‘unhc cntakd,bntmshmf vgdm ‘m‘kxrhmf sgd dlhrrhnmr
ne ‘ fhudm knb‘shnm+ rtookx bg‘hm nq nsgdqvhrd ‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Fhudm gnv sgd rbnodr
ro‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr+ Rbnod 1 ‘mc 2 dlhrrhnmr ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnlo‘mx ‘qd ax
cdehmhshnm ‘krn Rbnod 0 dlhrrhnmr ne ‘mnsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm-

Hm drs‘akhrghmf sgd rbnodr enq b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd g‘r addm
ok‘xdc ax Sgd Fqddmgntrd F‘r ’FGF( Oqnsnbnk- Sgd FGF Oqnsnbnk v‘r
drs‘akhrgdc hm 0887 ax sgd Vnqkc Qdrntqbd Hmrshstsd ’VQH( ‘mc Vnqkc Atrhmdrr
Bntmbhk enq Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms ’VABRC(- Sgdx qdbnfmhrdc ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf
mddc sn bqd‘sd rs‘mc‘qcr enq FGF ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf vghbg ‘s sgd shld v‘r
rshkk hm hsr hme‘mbx- Sgd svn o‘qshdr inhmdc enqbdr ‘mc bqd‘sdc+ hm bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg
bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc rnld dmuhqnmldms‘k MFNr+ sgd ehqrs dchshnm ne sgd FGF Oqnsnbnk&r
Bnqonq‘sd Rs‘mc‘qc hm 1//0- Rhmbd sgdm+ sgd FGF Oqnsnbnk g‘r cdudknodc
‘cchshnm‘k rs‘mc‘qcr nm ‘rrdrrhmf dlhrrhnmr eqnl otqbg‘rdc dmdqfx ‘mc ‘krn ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r u‘ktd bg‘hm+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ q‘mfd ne rdbsnq,rodbhehb ‘mc sdbgmhb‘k
fthc‘mbd- Btqqdmskx+ sgd FGF Oqnsnbnk Bnqonq‘sd ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf
Rs‘mc‘qc hr sgd lnrs vhcdkx trdc rs‘mc‘qc enq bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc ‘bbntmshmf hm
065 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vghkd hsr Bnqonq‘sd U‘ktd Bg‘hm ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf Rs‘mc‘qc
bnmshmtdr sn ad sgd nmkx ‘u‘hk‘akd rs‘mc‘qc enq b‘kbtk‘shmf ‘mc qdonqshmf sgd Rbnod 2
dlhrrhnmr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
?r vd oqnfqdrr sgqntfg ntq chrbtrrhnm hs hr trdetk sn jddo hm lhmc sgdrd rbnodr ‘mc
qdekdbs nm sgd rbnod ne dlhrrhnmr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd ‘bbntmshmf enq+ nq qdbnfmhrhmf
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn- Vd vntkc ‘krn dmbntq‘fd xnt sn qdekdbs nm sgd
hlokhb‘shnmr enq bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ne ‘cnoshmf ‘ aqn‘c nq m‘qqnv rbnod-

8-2 BYqanm Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx oqYbshbdr

Fhudm sgd knmf,sdql ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc sgd bqhshb‘k m‘stqd ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ‘ q‘mfd ne
hmhsh‘shudr g‘ud dldqfdc sn fnudqm adg‘uhntq qdk‘sdc sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-Sgdrd nbbtq
nm cheedqdms kdudkr+ ‘mc hmbktcd fkna‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldmsr enq dw‘lokd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
eq‘ldvnqjr vghbg fthcd oq‘bshbdr ‘s ansg sgd hmctrsqx ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk- L‘mx
ne sgdrd hmhsh‘shudr g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldmsr rtbg ‘r sgd TMEBBB O‘qhr ?fqddldms ‘mc sgd RCFr
chrbtrrdc ‘anud bqd‘sd ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr enq b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘mc ‘bshnm hm qdk‘shnm sn
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Sgdx qdpthqd sgd ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc qdonqshmf ne dlhrrhnmr hm nqcdq
sn ldds s‘qfdsr+ nq ‘s kd‘rs sn du‘kt‘sd oqnfqdrr snv‘qcr lddshmf s‘qfdsr- ?s sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk sgdqd ‘krn mddcr sn ad ‘ q‘mfd ne snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr sn ld‘rtqd+
qdonqs ‘mc gdko l‘m‘fd dlhrrhnmr “ ansg hmsdqm‘kkx ‘mc dwsdqm‘kkx enq hmsdqm‘k ‘mc
dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qd‘rnmr- ?r rtbg+ ‘ookhb‘shnmr ne b‘qanm
‘bbntmshmf s‘jd ok‘bd nm l‘mx kdudkr+ rtbg ‘r sgd m‘shnm‘k ‘mc qdfhnm‘k kdudk ’d-f-
gnv g‘ud sgd dlhrrhnmr ne ‘ bntmsqx bg‘mfdc xd‘q,ax,xd‘q(+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk
’d-f- bnqonq‘shnm kdudk dlhrrhnmr nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k a‘rhr(+ oqnidbs kdudk ’d-f- bnlo‘qhmf
cheedqdms l‘mte‘bstqhmf oqnbdrrdr(+ ‘mc oqnctbs kdudk ’d-f- b‘qanm ennsoqhmsr ne ennc
hsdlr(- ?bbntmshmf hr ‘krn cnmd enq cheedqdms otqonrdr9 chrbknrtqdr+ hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf+ enq bnlokh‘mbd vhsg qdftk‘shnmr ‘r chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ ‘mc rn enqsg- Vghkd
sgdrd otqonrdr b‘m hmsdqsvhmd “ enq dw‘lokd ld‘rtqdldms ne dlhrrhnmr enq ‘m
dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdld b‘m enql sgd a‘rhr ne ‘ bnlo‘mx&r bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc
chrbknrtqdr+ ‘mc sgdqdenqd qdk‘sd sn sgd r‘ld ‘bbntmshmf oqnbdrr “ sghr hr mns ‘kv‘xr
sgd b‘rd-
Hm sghr rdbshnm vd ntskhmd rnld ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm
sn bkhl‘sd- Vd chrbtrr b‘qanm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ bkhl‘sd enbtrdc l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk+ ‘mc bkhl‘sd ‘mc b‘qanm chrbknrtqd ‘mc qdonqshmf- Vd g‘ud
g‘c sn ad rdkdbshud hm ntq bnudq‘fd- ?r dwodbsdc vhsg ‘ bnlokdw ‘mc knmf,sdql
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd+ sgd mtladq ne hmhsh‘shudr+ eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr
vd bntkc g‘ud hmbktcdc hr k‘qfd- Hs rgntkc ‘krn ad onhmsdc nts sg‘s+ khjd l‘mx nsgdq
‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf
bnmshmtd sn ad oqhl‘qhkx unktms‘qx ‘bshuhshdr- Vghkd rnld b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘bshuhshdr
b‘m ad qdpthqdc ax k‘v+ l‘mx nsgdqr qdl‘hm ‘s sgd chrbqdshnm ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm-
Gnvdudq+ sgd k‘mcrb‘od hr cdudknohmf+ ‘r sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx hr oqnloshmf
rnbhdshdr ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor sn rds ghfgdq dwodbs‘shnmr qdf‘qchmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx nm b‘qanm- B‘qanm ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
‘qd ghfgkx chudqrd ‘mc e‘rs cdudknohmf+ vghbg hr mddcdc fhudm sgd rb‘kd ne sgd
bg‘kkdmfd e‘bdc-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 066

8-2-0 BYqanm ehmYmbhYk Ybbntmshmf

Hm sgd ehdkc ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr ‘
rhfmhehb‘ms ‘qd‘- Sgdqd ‘qd odqg‘or ‘ mtladq ne qd‘rnmr enq sghr+ hmbktchmf sgd e‘bs
sg‘s+ enq rnld shld mnv+ b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr g‘ud g‘c sn ad qdbnqcdc enq sgd otqonrdr
ne sghmfr rtbg ‘r b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr nq sn ldds knb‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k
qdftk‘shnmr- Hm sghr rdbshnm vd chrbtrr u‘qhntr ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr
qdk‘shmf sn sgd ‘qd‘ ne ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf-

5-2-0-0 Dlhrrhnmr sqWchmf rbgdldr

?r chrbtrrdc+ b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘qd fkna‘k hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s mn l‘ssdq vgdqd sgdx ‘qd
oqnctbdc sgdx ‘kk ‘eedbs sgd r‘ld ‘slnrogdqd- Hm ‘m ‘ssdlos sn bnmsqnk sgd qhrd ne
FGF dlhrrhnmr ‘mc bqd‘sd ldbg‘mhrlr sn fnudqm sgdl+ sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bnlltmhsx
g‘r knnjdc sn l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr- Sgd lnrs bnllnm dw‘lokdr ne sgdrd ‘qd sgd
u‘qhntr dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr+ ‘krn jmnvm ‘r b‘o ‘mc sq‘cd lncdkr- Sgd
Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm Dlhrrhnm Sq‘chmf Rxrsdl ’DT DSR( hr nmd ne sgd lnrs vhcdkx
qdbnfmhrdc+ ats rhlhk‘q rxrsdlr ‘qd hm ok‘bd dkrdvgdqd nm ansg m‘shnm‘k ‘mc qdfhnm‘k
kdudkr- Enq dw‘lokd+ hm 1/02 Bghm‘ k‘tmbgdc rdudm ohkns dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr
‘mc hr ctd sn hmhsh‘sd ‘ m‘shnm‘k rbgdld hm 1/10 sg‘s vhkk ad k‘qfdq sg‘m sgd DT DSR
hm sdqlr ne FGF dlhrrhnmr fnudqmdc-
Dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf hr drrdmsh‘kkx ‘ l‘qjds,a‘rdc rnktshnm ‘hldc ‘s qdctbhmf dlhrrhnmr-
Sgd hmrshstshnm ’trt‘kkx ‘ fnudqmldms ancx( qtmmhmf sgd rbgdld rdsr ‘ b‘o enq dlhrrhnmr
nudq ‘ bdqs‘hm ‘lntms ne shld ’nesdm ‘ xd‘q( ‘mc sgdm bqd‘sdr dlhrrhnm ‘kknv‘mbdr sn
l‘sbg sgd ‘lntms ne dlhrrhnmr ‘kknvdc- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmunkudc hm sgd rbgdld ltrs
sgdm ‘bbntms enq sgdhq dlhrrhnmr ‘mc nas‘hm ‘kknv‘mbdr sn l‘sbg sgdhq dlhrrhnmr nudq
sgd shld odqhnc- Cdodmchmf nm sgd bgnrdm onkhbhdr+ sgd fnudqmhmf ancx qtmmhmf sgd
rbgdld b‘m dhsgdq ‘kknb‘sd odqlhsr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr enq eqdd nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx ‘tbshnm
sgdl nm ‘ qdftk‘q a‘rhr- Sgd dbnmnlhb hmbdmshud hr enqldc sgqntfg sgd ‘ahkhsx ne ehqlr
sn sq‘cd sgd ‘kknv‘mbdr sn d‘bg nsgdq- Rnld bnlo‘mhdr ehmc hs d‘rhdq ‘mc.nq bgd‘odq sn
qdctbd dlhrrhnmr+ onsdmsh‘kkx ‘kknvhmf sgdl sn rdkk sgdhq dwbdrr ‘kknv‘mbdr sn sgd
l‘qjds+ vghkd nsgdqr atx ‘cchshnm‘k ‘kknv‘mbdr sn etkehk sgdhq qdpthqdldmsr- Sghr
ldbg‘mhrl+ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd khlhsdc nudq‘kk mtladq ne dlhrrhnm ‘kknv‘mbdr ‘u‘hk‘akd
hm sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd+ rdsr sgd l‘qjds oqhbd enq dlhrrhnm ‘kknv‘mbdr ‘mc sgdqdax ‘hlr sn
cqhud dlhrrhnmr knvdq vhsg sgd ‘hc ne sgd l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrl-
? etmc‘ldms‘k mddc hm dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr hr sn sq‘mrenql cheedqdms sxodr ne
FGF dlhrrhnmr+ rtbg ‘r b‘qanm chnwhcd+ ldsg‘md ‘mc gxcqnektnqnb‘qanmr+ hmsn ‘
bnllnchehdc tmhs b‘kkdc b‘qanm chnwhcd dpthu‘kdmsr ’BN1d(- Sghr dm‘akdr ‘ oqhbd enq
dlhrrhnmr sn ad drs‘akhrgdc- ?bbntmshmf g‘r ‘ jdx qnkd sn ok‘x adb‘trd hm nqcdq enq
rtbg ‘ l‘qjds rxrsdl sn etmbshnm+ ‘ qnatrs a‘rhr ne oqnbdrrdr qdk‘sdc sn ‘rrdrrldms+
‘bbntmshmf+ ‘rrtq‘mbd+ u‘kt‘shnm ‘mc qdonqshmf ne dlhrrhnmr hr mddcdc- Hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ hmrsd‘c ne noshmf enq b‘qanm s‘wdr nq ahmchmf qtkdr enq s‘qfdsdc dlhrrhnmr
qdctbshnmr hm bdqs‘hm hmctrsqhdr+ l‘mx g‘ud ‘cnosdc ‘ uhdv sg‘s l‘qjdsr b‘m gdko
qdctbd dlhrrhnmr nq g‘ud rddm dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr ‘r ‘ rnktshnm sn onkhshb‘k
rs‘kdl‘sdr nm gnv FGF dlhrrhnmr rgntkc ad lhshf‘sdc-
Hm oqhmbhokd+ l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr ‘qd ‘m deedbshud v‘x ne ‘kknb‘shmf qdrntqbdr ‘mc
chqdbshmf dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx- Sgd bg‘kkdmfd+ gnvdudq+ hr sg‘s gnv sgd l‘qjds etmbshnmr
067 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

hr rsqnmfkx hmektdmbdc ax sgd u‘qhntr ‘rrtloshnmr+ rsqtbstqdr ‘mc rdsshmfr tmcdqkxhmf

sgd l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrl- Sghr hmbktcdr gnv sgd qtkdr ne sgd l‘qjds ‘qd rds+ gnv
cheedqdms sxodr ne dlhrrhnmr ‘qd bnmudqsdc hmsn ‘ bnllnm tmhs ‘mc rtardptdmskx
‘bbntmsdc enq+ ‘mc gnv aqn‘ckx sgd l‘qjds bnudqr sgd dbnmnlx ’enq dw‘lokd+ ‘qd
hmctrsqhdr rtbg ‘r ‘fqhbtkstqd hmbktcdc hm rtbg ldbg‘mhrlr>(- Lnqdnudq+ he sgd
dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdld hr hmsdmcdc sn qdctbd sns‘k dlhrrhnmr+ sgd fnudqmhmf ancx
l‘x mddc sn hlokdldms ‘ ldbg‘mhrl vghbg knvdqr sgd nudq‘kk mtladq ne ‘kknv‘mbdr
‘u‘hk‘akd hm sgd rxrsdl- Hm sgd DT DSR+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd sns‘k mtladq ne dlhrrhnmr
‘u‘hk‘akd ctqhmf 1/10“1/2/ hr knvdqdc ‘mmt‘kkx ax 1-1 odqbdms+ vghbg rgntkc gdko
knvdq sgd nudq‘kk dlhrrhnmr ‘mc etqsgdq hmbdmshuhrd ehqlr sn hmmnu‘sd hm kdrr,b‘qanm,
hmsdmrhud oq‘bshbdr-
Sgd ehqrs cdb‘cd ne sgd DT DSR hkktrsq‘sdr sgd bnmrdptdmbdr eqnl gnv sgd l‘qjds
hr rds to- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd oqhbd ne sgd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr rs‘xdc udqx knv sgqntfgnts
sgd rbgdld&r d‘qkx xd‘qr eqnl 1//4- Sghr b‘trdc l‘mx sn r‘x sg‘s sgd dwodmrhud
rxrsdl v‘r cnhmf mnsghmf sn gdko sgd dmuhqnmldms- Sgdqd vdqd rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr enq
sgd knv oqhbd- Lnrs mns‘akd v‘r sgd e‘bs sg‘s o‘qshbho‘shmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘c qdbdhudc
u‘rs ‘lntmsr ne b‘qanm ‘kknv‘mbdr enq eqdd ‘mc sgdqd v‘r gdmbd rhlokx ‘m dwbdrr ne
rtookx hm sgd l‘qjds enq sgd oqhbd sn stqm hmsn ‘mxsghmf ld‘mhmfetk- Hs v‘r nmkx hm
k‘sd 1/06 sg‘s sgd oqhbd rs‘qsdc sn hmbqd‘rd ctd sn ansg rnld bg‘mfdr sn sgd rxrsdl ‘r
vdkk ‘r ‘m hmbqd‘rdc ‘v‘qdmdrr hm sgd atrhmdrr rdbsnq ne sgd rb‘kd ne sgd bkhl‘sd
bg‘kkdmfd-

5-2-0-1 BkhlWsd bgWmfd) uWktWshnm ne Wrrdsr Wmc bnmrhcdqWshnm ne qhrir

Hm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr hm qdk‘shnm sn
bkhl‘sd ‘mc b‘qanm hs hr trdetk sn qdstqm sn ntq chrbtrrhnm hm Bg‘osdq 6 nm DRF
hmudrsldmsr ‘mc qhrj nm sgd deedbsr ne bkhl‘sd nm ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr-
Hm Bg‘osdq 6 vd chrbtrrdc sgd rstcx ne Adaahmfsnm ds ‘k- ’1/1/( ‘mc gnv sgd enrrhk
etdk hmctrsqx nhk ‘mc f‘r bnlo‘mhdr ‘bbntms enq ‘mc qdonqs nm sgd ‘lntmsr ne enrrhk etdk
qdrntqbdr sgdx g‘ud hm sgdhq onrrdrrhnm+ sg‘s hr+ gnv ltbg nhk ‘mc f‘r ‘ bnlo‘mx hr rshkk
‘akd sn oqnctbd eqnl hsr dwhrshmf qdrdqudr- Vd mnsdc gnv sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr ‘rbqhad
u‘ktd sn sgdrd qdrdqudr+ rhmbd hs hr rtoonrdckx fnhmf sn aqhmf b‘rg eknvr sn sgd bnlo‘mx
hm sgd etstqd- Qdldladq sgd b‘sbg+ gnvdudq- He vd ots snfdsgdq ‘kk sgd enrrhk etdk
qdrdqudr btqqdmskx ‘bbntmsdc enq ‘mc atqmdc sgdl+ vd vntkc mns ldds sgd v‘qlhmf
s‘qfdsr ne sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms+ hmchb‘sdc ‘r mddcdc ax sgd HOBB-
Adaahmfsnm ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr ’1/1/( dk‘anq‘sd nm sghr ogdmnldmnm ne £tmatqm‘akd
b‘qanm– ‘mc chrbtrr vg‘s rtbg ‘ rhst‘shnm lhfgs ld‘m enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr- Sgd rdsshmf hr hmsdqdrshmf eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ehm‘mbh‘k
l‘qjdsr ‘mc rsnbj oqhbdr+ rhmbd sgd hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx hr nesdm bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
e‘hqkx deedbshud hm qdf‘qc sn gnv sgd rg‘qd oqhbd ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnlo‘mx fdsr rds hm sgd
l‘qjdsok‘bd- Hs hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘ bkhl‘sd odqrodbshud-
Knnjhmf ‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc b‘qanm qdrdqudr+ sgdqd rddlr sn ad ‘ lhrl‘sbg ctd
sn sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr adsvddm ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd mns adhmf
bnmrhcdqdc- Rgntkc sgd qdrdqudr ad u‘ktdc ‘s ‘ knvdq oqhbd+ nq odqg‘or mns u‘ktdc ‘s
‘kk+ ‘r sgdx b‘mmns ad atqmdc vhsgnts cdu‘rs‘shmf bkhl‘sd hlo‘bsr> Nq+ hr hs ‘bbdosdc
ax sgdhq ‘bbntmshmf sqd‘sldms sg‘s sgd fkna‘k bkhl‘sd s‘qfdsr ‘qd mns fnhmf sn ad lds
‘r atqmhmf ne sgd dwhrshmf qdrdqudr vntkc s‘jd tr adxnmc sgd sgqdrgnkcr hcdmshehdc ax
sgd rbhdmshehb bnlltmhsx ‘mc ‘fqddc tonm hm l‘mx ne sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldmsr>
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 068

Nq odqg‘or+ ‘qd sgd l‘qjdsr adsshmf nm sdbgmnknfx cdudknohmf ‘s ‘ q‘sd sg‘s vd b‘m
jddo atqmhmf enrrhk etdkr ats fds qhc ne sgd dlhrrhnmr uh‘ rnld enql ne b‘qanm rsnq‘fd
nq nsgdq ‘a‘sdldms ldbg‘mhrl> Vghkd l‘mx vntkc khjd sn ad noshlhrshb ‘ants sgd
k‘ssdq noshnm+ hs hr bkd‘q sg‘s rtbg sdbgmnknfhdr ‘qd ‘s oqdrdms mns ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘mc ‘qd udqx
tmkhjdkx sn ad ‘u‘hk‘akd hm sgd shldrb‘kd mddcdc ’‘s kd‘rs ‘s sgd qdpthqdc rb‘kd ‘mc bnrs
sn l‘jd sgdl deedbshud(- Sghr dw‘lokd oqnuhcdr ‘m hkktrsq‘shnm ne gnv ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd g‘uhmf sn ‘c‘os ‘mc qdronmc sn sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx ‘mc
gnv £bnmudmshnm‘k– ‘ooqn‘bgdr lhfgs mn knmfdq ad rths‘akd-
Sgd rdbnmc ‘rodbs ne bkhl‘sd ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr bnmbdqmr sgd ehm‘mbh‘k
hlokhb‘shnmr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ‘mc sgd dldqfhmf ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘akd
sn qdbnfmhrd rtbg hlokhb‘shnmr- Sghr qdk‘sdr bknrdkx sn ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne sgd cheedqdmbd
adsvddm hlo‘bsr ’h-d- gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshnmr ‘eedbs sgd knb‘k ‘mc fkna‘k
rnbhdshdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr(+ ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ’h-d- gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cdodmcdms
nm o‘qshbtk‘q ‘rodbsr hm rnbhdshdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr(- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud
enq ‘ knmf shld e‘hkdc sn qdonqs nm+ nq dudm tmcdqrs‘mc+ sgd ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr ne
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Hm 1/06+ JOLF mnsdc sg‘s ‘ l‘inqhsx ne bnlo‘mhdr chc mns
‘bjmnvkdcfd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd sn ad ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k qhrj enq sgdl hm sgdhq ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr
’JOLF+ 1/06(- Vghkd sgd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd dunkuhmf pthbjkx+ JOLF bnmshmtdc sn mnsd
sgqdd xd‘qr k‘sdq ’JOLF+ 1/1/( gnv cdrohsd sgdqd adhmf hmbqd‘rdc qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd b‘trdr ehm‘mbh‘k qhrjr+ nmkx ‘ rl‘kk lhmnqhsx ne sgd k‘qfdrs bnlo‘mhdr hm
sgd vnqkc needqdc hm 1/1/ drshl‘sdr hm pt‘mshs‘shud sdqlr nq ghfgkhfgsdc rbdm‘qhnr ne
sgd onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bs-
Hs g‘r knmf addm mnsdc sg‘s bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd vhkk aqhmf l‘inq chrqtoshnm sn gnv
rnbhdshdr ‘mc dbnmnlhdr etmbshnm- Hs g‘r addm ‘qftdc gnv g‘uhmf nmkx hm‘cdpt‘sd nq
khlhsdc hmenql‘shnm ‘u‘hk‘akd b‘m ‘eedbs gnv hmudrsnqr ‘mc l‘qjdsr du‘kt‘sd sgd qhrjr
‘mc noonqstmhshdr ne bnlo‘mhdr- Sghr sgdm kd‘cr sn sgd onsdmsh‘k lhr‘kknb‘shnm ne
b‘ohs‘k ‘mc lhroqhbhmf ne ‘rrdsr hm sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ sgd hmenql‘shnm
‘u‘hk‘akd hmektdmbdr gnv sgd l‘qjdsr odqbdhud sgd bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc sgdhq onsdmsh‘k hm
sgd etstqd+ vghbg sgdm ‘eedbsr vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad rtbbdrretk ‘mc
sgdqdenqd g‘ud lnqd qdrntqbdr ‘u‘hk‘akd sn sgdl- Sgd rstcx ax Adaahmfsnm ‘mc
bnkkd‘ftdr ’1/1/( hkktrsq‘sdr sgd rtars‘msh‘k ptdrshnmr sg‘s l‘x ‘qhrd vgdm
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k chrbknrtqdr cn mns mdbdrr‘qhkx qdekdbs sgd etkk ehm‘mbh‘k bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc
qhrjr-
Sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ‘mc pt‘khsx ne hmenql‘shnm g‘r rknvkx adftm sn bg‘mfd gnvdudq-
Sghr hr ctd sn hmbqd‘rdc hmudrsnq hmsdqdrs+ hmbktchmf sgd drs‘akhrgldms ‘mc
qdbnlldmc‘shnmr ne sgd S‘rjenqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqdr
’SBEC( ‘mc sgd Mdsvnqj enq Fqddmhmf sgd Ehm‘mbh‘k Rxrsdl ’MFER(+ ‘m hmhsh‘shud
ax Bdmsq‘k A‘mjr ‘mc L‘qjds Rtodquhrnqr ‘hlhmf ‘s rtoonqshmf sgd hmunkudldms ne
sgd ehm‘mbh‘k rdbsnq ‘mc l‘hmrsqd‘l ehm‘mbd hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘mrhshnm- ?r ‘krn
chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 6+ sgd SBEC ‘hlr ‘s hloqnuhmf sgd pt‘khsx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr&
ehm‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr vghbg hs adkhdudr vhkk dm‘akd rnbhdshdr hm fdmdq‘k ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k
l‘qjdsr hm o‘qshbtk‘q sn adssdq tmcdqrs‘mc gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd ehm‘mbh‘k rxrsdl
lnqd aqn‘ckx ‘qd dwonrdc sn bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc qhrjr- Sgd qdbnlldmc‘shnmr ne sgd
SBEC ‘qd a‘rdc nm ‘ adkhde sg‘s nmbd sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr g‘ud adssdq hmenql‘shnm
lnqd qd‘chkx ‘u‘hk‘akd sn sgdl+ sgd l‘qjdsr ‘mc l‘qjds ‘bsnqr vhkk ad lnqd dpthoodc
sn ‘rrdrr+ oqhbd ‘mc l‘m‘fd bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc hrrtdr+ noonqstmhshdr ‘mc qhrjr ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx-
Nm sghr mnsd+ hs hr vnqsg dlog‘rhrhmf sg‘s rtbg chrbknrtqdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k ehm‘mbh‘k
hlo‘bsr ‘qd mns nmkx ‘ants bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc cnvmrhcd qhrjr+ ats vhkk ‘krn hmbktcd
07/ ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

rtars‘msh‘k noonqstmhshdr enq l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vghbg l‘m‘fd sn ok‘x ‘ qnkd hm

rnbhdshdr& sq‘mrenql‘shnmr sn kdrr,b‘qanm,hmsdmrhud dbnmnlhdr ’N&Cvxdq ‘mc
Tmdql‘m+ 1/1/(-

8-2-1 BkhlYsd enbtrdc lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf Ymc bnmsqnk

L‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk qdedqr sn sgd u‘qhntr sxodr ne b‘kbtk‘shnmr+
‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc rxrsdlr vghbg ‘qd trdc hm cheedqdms bnmsdwsr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
oqnbdrrdr sn oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm enq hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc bnmsqnk ’rdd
Bg‘osdq 3(- Vgdm qdk‘sdc sn b‘qanm ‘mc bkhl‘sd sghr hr ‘ udqx vhcd,q‘mfhmf ‘qd‘ ‘r
sgdqd hr ‘ q‘mfd ne rdsshmfr vgdqd rtbg b‘qanm ‘mc bkhl‘sd ‘bbntmshmf hr mddcdc ‘mc
trdc- Hs hr ‘krn ‘m ‘qd‘ sg‘s hr cdudknohmf rvheskx fhudm sgd vhcd hmsdqdrs ‘mc mddc enq
mdv jmnvkdcfd-
Sn ‘ l‘inq dwsdms+ sgd trd ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf
hr rhlhk‘q sn vg‘s vd chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 3+ ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx l‘m‘fdldms
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk lnqd aqn‘ckx- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud cheedqdms mddcr ‘mc nodq‘sd
hm cheedqdms bnmsdwsr+ ‘mc gdmbd sgd ‘ooqn‘bgdr trdc hm hmsdqm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf u‘qx- ?bbntmshmf rxrsdlr ‘qd ‘krn mddcdc sn l‘jd rdmrd ne sgd
bnlokdwhsx ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf vhsg l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddchmf sn ‘c‘os rxrsdlr
sn ldds sgdhq mddcr ’rdd sgd £Hmrhfgsr eqnl qdrd‘qbg– adknv(-
Gnvdudq+ cdrohsd sgd u‘qxhmf mddcr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ctd sn hmbqd‘rhmf cdl‘mc
enq b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc qdonqshmf snnkr+ sgdqd g‘ud addm ‘ssdlosr sn
drs‘akhrg hmsdqm‘shnm‘k rs‘mc‘qcr hm sgd ‘qd‘- Sgd hmektdmsh‘k Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Nqf‘mhy‘shnm
enq Rs‘mc‘qchy‘shnm ’HRN( g‘r+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ oqnctbdc rdudq‘k rs‘mc‘qcr qdk‘sdc sn
b‘qanm- Nmd ne sgdrd hr HRN 03/53+ vghbg rodbhehdr sgd oqhmbhokdr ne pt‘mshehb‘shnm
‘mc qdonqshmf ne FGF dlhrrhnmr ‘mc qdlnu‘kr ‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk- Hs cds‘hkr
sgd qdpthqdldmsr sg‘s ‘qd rds enq sgd cdrhfm+ cdudknoldms+ l‘m‘fdldms+ qdonqshmf
‘mc udqhehb‘shnm ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r FGF hmudmsnqx- Sghr HRN rs‘mc‘qc g‘r ‘krn
addm trdc ‘r ‘ a‘rhr ne nsgdq fthcdkhmdr ‘mc hmrsqtbshnmr- Lnqd qdbdmskx+ HRN otakhrgdc
HRN 03/56+ ‘m ‘ssdlos sn drs‘akhrg ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k rs‘mc‘qc enq ‘rrdrrhmf sgd b‘qanm
ennsoqhms ne oqnctbsr-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 B?QANM L?M?FDLDMS ?BBNTMSHMF HM OQ?BSHBD

Cdudknohmf b‘qanm l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf b‘m ad ‘ bg‘kkdmfhmf ‘mc
knmf ptdrs- Fha‘rrhdq ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq ’1/04( rgdc khfgs nm sghr vhsg ‘ b‘rd rstcx nm sgd
deenqsr sn bnmudqfd svn dldqfdms b‘qanm l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘ooqn‘bgdr trdc vhsghm ‘
ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnlo‘mx-
Sgd o‘odq chrbtrrdr gnv+ vhsghm sgd bnlo‘mx+ cheedqdms sxodr ne ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr
dunkudc enq cheedqdms otqonrdr- Sgd b‘rd bnlo‘mx g‘c addm trhmf ‘m dwsdqm‘k b‘qanm
qdonqshmf rxrsdl vghbg v‘r a‘rdc nm sgd FGF Oqnsnbnk Bnqonq‘sd Rs‘mc‘qc ‘mc enbtrdc
nm bnkkdbshmf c‘s‘ nm oqnctbshnm rhsdr ‘mc atrhmdrr tmhsr- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd v‘r ‘krn
‘m hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdl vghbg g‘c addm trdc hm ‘ssdlosr sn ‘bghdud ansg
ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k f‘hmr sgqntfg bnkkdbshmf ‘mc ‘m‘kxrhmf oqnctbs,rodbhehb
b‘qanm c‘s‘-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 070

?r sgd rxrsdlr vdqd a‘rdc nm cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘mc vdqd rdquhmf cheedqdms otqonrdr+
sgd tmcdqkxhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc oqhmbhokdr vdqd mns tmhenql- Sghr onrdc
bg‘kkdmfdr hm ‘ssdlosr sn bnmudqfd sgdrd hmsn ‘ rhmfkd b‘qanm l‘m‘fdldms rxrsdl vghbg
vntkc oqnctbd bngdqdms hmenql‘shnm-
Fha‘rrhdq ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq oqnuhcd hmrhfgsr ne sgd bnlokdw oqnbdrr ne hlokdldmshmf rtbg
‘m ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdl hmsn ‘ chudqrd ltkshm‘shnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Sgdhq o‘odq hkktrsq‘sdr sgd
rvhes cdudknoldms ne b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd dunkudldms ne rs‘mc‘qcr+
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr tmcdqkxhmf hs- Lnqdnudq+ sgd o‘odq onhmsr nts sg‘s cdrohsd
‘cu‘mbdc sdbgmnknfx+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr lhfgs mns ad ‘akd sn otqbg‘rd ‘ qd‘cx,l‘cd b‘qanm
‘bbntmshmf rnesv‘qd eqnl sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd- Hmrsd‘c+ rodbhehb jmnvkdcfd ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
b‘o‘ahkhshdr l‘x ad mddcdc sn s‘hknq ‘mc hlokdldms rtbg ‘ rxrsdl- Sghr b‘m ad ‘ a‘qqhdq enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
FhaYrrhdq) C- Ymc RbgYksdffdq) R- ’1/04(- BYqanm LYmYfdldms ?bbntmshmf Ymc
Qdonqshmf hm OqYbshbd9 ?…BYrd Rstcx nm Bnmudqfhmf Dldqfdms ?ooqnYbgdr-
RtrsThmTahihsw JTmTedldms ?bbntmshme Tmc Onihbw HntpmTi) 5’2() 23/z254-

5-2-1-0 Sgd qnkd ne Wrrtloshnmr hm bWqanm Wbbntmshmf Wmc cdbhrhnm,lWihmf

Vgdm trhmf b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn
bnmrhcdq sgd ‘rrtloshnmr sg‘s g‘ud addm trdc hm oqnctbhmf sgd ‘rrdrrldms+
ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc.nq hmchb‘snq- Sghr hr ‘f‘hm bnmrhrsdms vhsg vg‘s vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc
d‘qkhdq hm qdf‘qc sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf hm fdmdq‘k- ? edv vnqcr bnmbdqmhmf sgd
rhfmhehb‘mbd ne tmcdqkxhmf ‘rrtloshnmr hm b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf hr
mnmdsgdkdrr trdetk sn hkktrsq‘sd sghr etqsgdq-
Ehqrs+ sgd qnkd ne rbnodr ’chrbtrrdc ‘anud( hr hlonqs‘ms- Gnv ‘qd sgd antmc‘qhdr ne
sgd rxrsdl rds vgdm hs bnldr sn sgd ‘rrdrrldms ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs nq oqnbdrr> ?qd
‘kk sgd torsqd‘l dlhrrhnmr+ sgnrd s‘jhmf ok‘bd adenqd sgd oqnctbshnm ne ‘m hsdl+ ‘mc
cnvmrsqd‘l dlhrrhnmr+ sgnrd s‘jhmf ok‘bd vgdm sgd hsdl hr trdc ‘esdq sgd oqnctbshnm+
hmbktcdc hm sgd ‘rrdrrldms> Sgdrd bgnhbdr vhkk g‘ud ‘ l‘inq hlo‘bs nm sgd qdrtksr-
Lnqdnudq+ he rtbg ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd sn ad trdc sn bnlo‘qd oqnctbsr nq rdquhbdr+ hs hr
drrdmsh‘k sn jmnv gnv sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr g‘ud addm bnmctbsdc- Vhsg rnld oqnctbsr+
lnrs ne sgd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr s‘jd ok‘bd torsqd‘l+ ‘mc gdmbd hs hr drrdmsh‘k sn hmbktcd
Rbnod 2 enq ‘m ‘rrdrrldms sn g‘ud ltbg qdkdu‘mbd- Enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ gnvdudq+
sghr ‘krn hmchb‘sdr sg‘s sgd ‘rrdrrldms adbnldr lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc ‘mc khjdkx lnqd
qdrntqbd hmsdmrhud- Sgd ‘hl ne sgd b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf dwdqbhrdr ‘krn mddcr sn ad
bnmrhcdqdc-
Cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf rxrsdl antmc‘qhdr ‘mc sgd ‘rrnbh‘sdc hmbktrhnm ne cheedqdms
rbnodr hm sgd ‘rrdrrldms ‘qd mns sgd nmkx ‘rrtloshnmr sg‘s b‘m l‘jd ‘ ahf cheedqdmbd-
Fhudm sg‘s vd nesdm b‘mmns ld‘rtqd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr chqdbskx+ ‘r hs vntkc ad dhsgdq
snn atqcdmrnld+ dwodmrhud nq ntsqhfgs hlonrrhakd+ l‘mx ‘rrdrrldmsr qdkx nm hmchqdbs
hmenql‘shnm nq u‘qhntr c‘s‘ rntqbdr+ rtbg ‘r fnudqmldms nq hmctrsqx oqnctbdc
hmenql‘shnm nm sgd dlhrrhnmr oqnehkd ne dmdqfx trdc- Sgdrd bgnhbdr vhkk nauhntrkx
g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm b‘kbtk‘shnmr ‘mc sgd dudmst‘k ntsbnldr-
Khjdvhrd+ sgdqd hr ‘krn sgd ptdrshnm ne gnv dlhrrhnmr ‘qd ‘kknb‘sdc sn cheedqdms
oqnctbsr ‘mc rdquhbdr hm+ r‘x+ ‘ l‘mte‘bstqhmf oqnbdrr- Hm ‘ rdmrd+ sghr hr mns sg‘s
071 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

cheedqdms eqnl sq‘chshnm‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf- Sgd bgnhbdr l‘cd hm qdf‘qc sn

‘kknb‘shmf FGF dlhrrhnmr sn cheedqdms hsdlr ‘mc nudq cheedqdms shld odqhncr hr rhlhk‘q
sn ‘kknb‘shmf bnrsr+ h-d- vd b‘m ‘kknb‘sd bnrsr cheedqdmskx ‘mc fds cheedqdms qdrtksr- Hs hr
‘f‘hm qdkdu‘ms sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s sgd ‘hl ne dmf‘fhmf vhsg b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf hr- Eqnl
‘m dwsdqm‘k rs‘mconhms+ ‘mc vgdm ‘ssdloshmf sn drs‘akhrg ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq b‘qanm
dlhrrhnmr+ sgd e‘bs sg‘s vd cn mns ‘kv‘xr jmnv gnv ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q b‘qanm ‘rrdrrldms
g‘r addm bnmctbsdc bqd‘sdr bg‘kkdmfdr- G‘uhmf khlhsdc hmenql‘shnm ne sgd tmcdqkxhmf
‘rrtloshnmr khlhsr gnv trdqr ‘qd ‘akd sn trd rtbg bnlo‘qhrnmr nq l‘jd cdbhrhnmr
a‘rdc nm dlhrrhnmr oqnehkdr- ?s shldr+ hmbnlo‘shakd b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘rrdrrldmsr
g‘ud ‘krn addm trdc hm bnlo‘q‘shud rdsshmfr+ vghbg b‘m kd‘c sn lhrkd‘chmf qdrtksr
dhsgdq nm otqonrd nq ax ‘bbhcdms-

5-2-1-1 HmsdqmWk bWqanm oqhbhmf sn Wrrhrs nqfWmhrWshnmWk cdbhrhnm,lWihmf

Lnmdshr‘shnm+ ok‘bhmf ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm b‘qanm+ hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmfkx onotk‘q ldsgnc
hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sqxhmf sn hmbnqonq‘sd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne b‘qanm hmsn sgdhq cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf- Hm ‘cchshnm sn aqn‘cdq dlhrrhnm sq‘chmf rbgdldr rds ax fnudqmldmsr+ rnld
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud rds to sgdhq nvm hmsdqm‘k oq‘bshbdr sn rds ‘ oqhbd enq b‘qanm+ ‘mc
sgdqdax bqd‘sd ‘ oqhbd rhfm‘k sg‘s b‘m ad s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms hm hmsdqm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf-
Sgdrd hmsdqm‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn lnmdshrhmf b‘qanm bnld hm cheedqdms enqlr- Rnld
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rds vg‘s ‘qd sdqldc rg‘cnv oqhbdr enq b‘qanm nm sgd a‘rhr ne enqv‘qc,
knnjhmf rbdm‘qhnr- Sgdx sgdm hmbktcd sghr oqhbd ‘r ‘ bnrs hm+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ hmudrsldms
‘ooq‘hr‘kr- Rg‘cnv oqhbdr ‘qd a‘rdc nm ‘m ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s sgdqd hr khjdkx sn ad ‘
ghfgdq oqhbd enq b‘qanm hm sgd etstqd ‘mc trhmf ‘ rg‘cnv oqhbd enq hs ‘s sgd btqqdms
shld hr ‘ v‘x sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgd hmudrsldms rs‘xr oqnehs‘akd ‘s sghr ghfgdq oqhbd-
Rg‘cnv oqhbdr b‘m ‘krn ad trdc sn rshltk‘sd dmuhqnmldms‘k sghmjhmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
enq dw‘lokd+ sn ‘unhc lnqd dmuhqnmldms‘kkx ‘lahshntr oqnidbsr fdsshmf rhcdrsdoodc
a‘rdc nm ghfgdq btqqdms ’ats mns mdbdrr‘qhkx etstqd( bnrsr- Gdqd+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m
rds ‘ oqhbd enq b‘qanm vghbg deedbshudkx b‘trdr oqnidbsr vhsg ghfgdq b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr
sn e‘bd hmbqd‘rdc bnrsr- Sghr cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s sgdqd vntkc ‘kv‘xr ad qd‘k bnrs
hlokhb‘shnmr: rg‘cnv oqhbhmf b‘m ad trdc nmkx vgdm ‘rrdrrhmf ‘ksdqm‘shudr ‘mc l‘jhmf
cdbhrhnmr+ vhsgnts g‘uhmf ‘mx oqnidbs nq atrhmdrr tmhs o‘x rnldsghmf hm qd‘k lnmdx-
Gnvdudq+ rnldshldr hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm oqhbhmf hr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg qd‘k ehm‘mbh‘k
bnmrdptdmbdr ‘mc sq‘mr‘bshnmr- Nmd rtbg dw‘lokd hr Lhbqnrnes+ vghbg g‘r g‘c ‘m
hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm edd hm ok‘bd rhmbd 1/01- Hm Lhbqnrnes+ sgd hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm edd hr
bg‘qfdc eqnl d‘bg atrhmdrr tmhs a‘rdc nm ‘bst‘k b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr+ ‘mc o‘hc hmrhcd sgd
bnlo‘mx sn etmc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hloqnudldmsr- G‘uhmf atrhmdrr chuhrhnmr ‘bst‘kkx o‘x
enq sgdhq b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr hr mnsdc sn g‘ud s‘mfhakd hlo‘bsr+ ‘r l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc tmhsr
g‘ud hmbdmshudr sn cdbqd‘rd sgdhq dmdqfx trd ‘mc hloqnud nudq‘kk deehbhdmbx- Hm 1/08
sgd hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm edd v‘r 04 TRC.snm BN1d- Sgd bnlo‘mx trdc sgd bnkkdbsdc
etmcr sn qtm ‘ rtoonqs rxrsdl oqnuhchmf qdrntqbdr enq sgnrd rddjhmf sn bnld to vhsg
hmmnu‘shud v‘xr sn etqsgdq hloqnud sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx odqenql‘mbd- Hm
1/1/+ Lhbqnrnes ‘mmntmbdc sg‘s hs vntkc etqsgdq dwo‘mc hsr hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm edd
rxrsdl+ vghbg d‘qkhdq bnudqdc ‘kk Rbnod 0 ‘mc 1 dlhrrhnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r Rbnod 2 sq‘udk
dlhrrhnmr+ sn hmbktcd ‘kk Rbnod 2 dlhrrhnmr- Rtbg ‘ lnud g‘r rtars‘msh‘k ‘bbntmshmf
hlokhb‘shnmr ‘r ‘rrdrrhmf b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sgqntfgnts rtookx bg‘hmr hr ‘ bnlokdw s‘rj-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 072

8-2-2 BYqanm Ymc bkhlYsd chrbknrtqd Ymc qdonqshmf

Sgd sghqc b‘sdfnqx ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr vd chrbtrr ‘qd sgnrd
qdk‘sdc sn chrbknrtqd ‘mc qdonqshmf- ?r vd ntskhmdc hm Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf hr ‘ oqnlhmdms oq‘bshbd hm l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Qdonqshmf nm b‘qanm ‘mc
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr ‘ bnllnm enql ne chrbknrtqd hm sgdrd qdonqsr- Vhsg sgd hmbqd‘rhmf
‘v‘qdmdrr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hm ansg oqhu‘sd ‘mc otakhb rdbsnqr+ sgd unktld ne
qdonqshmf g‘r hmbqd‘rdc- Cheedqdms sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf bnqonq‘shnmr+
otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc dmshshdr rtbg ‘r bhshdr+ oqnctbd b‘qanm chrbknrtqdr ‘mc
nsgdq bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr nm ‘ qdftk‘q a‘rhr- Khjd nsgdq sxodr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
chrbknrtqdr+ sgdrd snn g‘ud addm dunkuhmf rvheskx ‘mc hmbktcd bnmrhcdq‘akd u‘qh‘shnm
‘bqnrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rdbsnqr-
Fhudm sgd qdk‘shud hlonqs‘mbd bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd g‘r nm sgd fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘fdmc‘+ lnrs ne sgd bnmsdlonq‘qx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc
eq‘ldvnqjr hmbktcd qdedqdmbd sn b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqdr- Sghr hmbktcdr
ansg sgd lnrs oqnlhmdms qdonqshmf hmhsh‘shudr vd chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 4 ’rdd
S‘akd 4-2(+ ‘r vdkk ‘r l‘mx m‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf rbgdldr ‘mc hmctrsqx,rodbhehb
hmhsh‘shudr- Vghkd vd oqnuhcd ‘ aqhde nudquhdv ne sgd btqqdms bkhl‘sd qdonqshmf
oq‘bshbdr mdws+ vd ‘qd mns fnhmf hmsn ltbg cds‘hk ‘s sghr onhms+ rhmbd enq sgd lnrs o‘qs
bkhl‘sd qdonqshmf b‘m ad chrbtrrdc hm rhlhk‘q sdqlr ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm
fdmdq‘k- ?r rtbg+ vd qdbnlldmc xnt s‘jd ‘mnsgdq knnj ‘s Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5+ hm
vghbg vd chrbtrrdc enq hmrs‘mbd sgd jdx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf ‘r
vdkk ‘r sgd qdonqshmf oqnbdrr-

5-2-2-0 BWqanm rdke,qdonqshmf ax nqfWmhrWshnmr

Lnrs nesdm+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr otakhrg sgdhq b‘qanm ‘mc bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr ‘r o‘qs
ne ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs nq sgd ‘mmt‘k qdonqs+ nq odqg‘or uh‘ ‘ cdchb‘sdc rdbshnm ne
vdarhsd enbtrhmf nm bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- ?r ldmshnmdc+ oqnuhchmf rnld cdfqdd ne b‘qanm
chrbknrtqdr hr qdk‘shudkx bnllnmok‘bd ‘lnmfrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vgn otakhrg aqn‘cdq
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqsr-
? bnllnmkx trdc rs‘qshmf onhms hr sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qc 2/4 nm dlhrrhnmr- Sghr
rs‘mc‘qc oqnuhcdr fthcdkhmdr nm gnv dlhrrhnmr rgntkc ad ‘rrdrrdc+ chr‘ffqdf‘sdc ‘mc
qdonqsdc sn oqnuhcd rs‘jdgnkcdqr rteehbhdmskx cds‘hkdc hmenql‘shnm nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
bkhl‘sd qdk‘sdc ‘bshuhshdr ’rdd sgd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv(- Hm ‘cchshnm+ ‘
l‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqd hr ‘krn dwodbsdc- Sghr rgntkc oqdrdms ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r fdmdq‘k ‘ooqn‘bg sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hmbktcd ‘ chrbtrrhnm
ne gnv ‘mc sn vg‘s dwsdms cheedqdms sxodr ne neerdsr ’rdd adknv( g‘ud addm trdc hm
sqxhmf sn ‘bghdud b‘qanm qdctbshnm s‘qfdsr nq fnudqm‘mbd qdpthqdldmsr-
Cdrohsd cds‘hkdc fthc‘mbd oqnuhcdc ax FQH ‘mc nsgdq anchdr+ bg‘kkdmfdr
bnmbdqmhmf sgd pt‘khsx ne b‘qanm chrbknrtqdr qdl‘hm- ?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf hm fdmdq‘k+ ptdrshnmr ne bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx+ bnmrhrsdmbx ‘mc ‘bbtq‘bx ne qdonqsdc
b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm b‘m ad ‘m hrrtd+ fhudm sg‘s sgdqd hr rshkk rtars‘msh‘k u‘qh‘shnm hm
gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘ooqn‘bg+ ‘rrdrr ‘mc qdonqs nm b‘qanm- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ l‘mx ne
sgd bg‘kkdmfdr chrbtrrdc hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm fdmdq‘k+ rtbg ‘r sgdhq
onsdmsh‘k trd enq fqddmv‘rghmf nq sgd onrrhakd f‘or adsvddm s‘kj ‘mc ‘bshnm+ ‘qd
qdkdu‘ms gdqd-
073 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FQH RsYmcYqc 2/49 Dlhrrhnmr

FGF dlhrrhnmr g‘ud addm hmbktcdc hm sgd FQH&r qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj rhmbd sgd d‘qkx udqrhnmr
ne sgd fthcdkhmdr- Hm sgd lnrs qdbdms FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr FGF dlhrrhnmr ‘qd chrbtrrdc tmcdq FQH
Rs‘mc‘qc 2/49 Dlhrrhnmr- Sghr udqrhnm v‘r otakhrgdc hm 1/05- Hm ‘cchshnm sn L‘m‘fdldms
‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr+ vghbg rgntkc rodbhex gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘m‘fdr sgd snohb+ sgd
‘rrnbh‘sdc hlo‘bsr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd qd‘rnm‘akd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc hmsdqdrsr ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr+
sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qc hmbktcdr sgd enkknvhmf snohb rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 2/4“0 Chqdbs ’Rbnod 0( FGF dlhrrhnmr

Chrbknrtqd 2/4“1 Dmdqfx hmchqdbs ’Rbnod 1( FGF dlhrrhnmr
Chrbknrtqd 2/4“2 Nsgdq hmchqdbs ’Rbnod 2( FGF dlhrrhnmr
Chrbknrtqd 2/4“3 FGF dlhrrhnmr hmsdmrhsx
Chrbknrtqd 2/4“4 Qdctbshnm ne FGF dlhrrhnmr

5-2-2-1 Chrbknrtqdr sn BCO

Sgd bg‘kkdmfd qdk‘sdc sn bnmrhrsdmbx ‘mc bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ne rdke,qdonqshmf hr nmd ne sgd
qd‘rnmr vgx rnld hmudrsnqr ‘mc nsgdq fqntor g‘ud ‘ssdlosdc sn ehmc ‘ksdqm‘shud v‘xr
ne bnkkdbshmf b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm eqnl nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm ‘ lnqd rs‘mc‘qchrdc enql-
Sgd lnrs oqnlhmdms dw‘lokd ne sgdrd vntkc ad BCO ’enqldqkx jmnvm ‘r sgd
B‘qanm Chrbknrtqd Oqnidbs+ rdd Bg‘osdq 4(- BCO g‘r bnkkdbsdc b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm
rhmbd sgd d‘qkx 1///r- Nudq sgd xd‘qr+ hs g‘r l‘m‘fdc sn qd‘bg ‘ aqn‘c mtladq ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdqdax athkc vg‘s hs bk‘hlr sn ad sgd vnqkc&r k‘qfdrs nmkhmd c‘s‘a‘rd
ne b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm- ?r rtbg+ BCO&r c‘s‘a‘rd g‘r adbnld ‘ oqnlhmdms rntqbd ne
b‘qanm hmenql‘shnm-
D‘bg xd‘q+ BCO rdmcr nts ptdrshnmm‘hqdr sn sgntr‘mcr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm ‘m
‘ssdlos sn f‘sgdq hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sgd btqqdms rs‘sd ne b‘qanm qdk‘sdc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr- Sghr hmbktcdr hmenql‘shnm nm gnv b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
qdonqshmf ‘qd bnmctbsdc- BCO&r c‘s‘a‘rd hr bnkkdbsdc sgqntfg g‘uhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mrvdq ‘ q‘mfd ne oqd,rds ptdrshnmr+ vghbg ‘krn hmbktcdr fthc‘mbd nm gnv o‘qshbtk‘q
bnmbdosr ‘qd tmcdqrsnnc ‘mc vg‘s sxodr ne ldsqhbr ‘mc ld‘rtqdldms oq‘bshbdr rgntkc
ad ‘ookhdc- Trhmf rtbg ‘ rs‘mc‘qchrdc ‘ooqn‘bg ‘hlr ‘s g‘uhmf ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
oqnuhcd sgd hmenql‘shnm hm ‘ e‘hqkx rhlhk‘q v‘x+ vghbg vntkc onsdmsh‘kkx hloqnud sgd
pt‘khsx ne sgd c‘s‘ hm sdqlr ne ‘bbtq‘bx+ bnmrhrsdmbx ‘mc bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx-
BCO&r ok‘senql ‘mc sgd qdonqsr hs otakhrgdr needq ‘m noonqstmhsx sn rdd gnv
b‘qanm onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
qdonqshmf g‘ud dunkudc nudq shld- Gnvdudq+ cdrohsd sgd nmfnhmf deenqsr sn ‘bbtq‘sdkx
ld‘rtqd ‘mc bnkkdbs b‘qanm c‘s‘ rnld hrrtdr qdl‘hm- ?lnmf nsgdqr+ sgd trt‘k
bg‘kkdmfdr qdf‘qchmf rdke,qdonqsdc c‘s‘ ‘ookx+ drodbh‘kkx rhmbd sgd hmenql‘shnm
oqnuhcdc ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr mns ‘kv‘xr rtaidbs sn ‘rrtq‘mbd nq ‘tchs ax dwsdqm‘k
o‘qshdr- Etqsgdq+ vghkd ‘rrtq‘mbd nm b‘qanm qdonqshmf lhfgs+ lnqd nq kdrr+ dmg‘mbd
bqdchahkhsx nm sgd qdonqsdc c‘s‘+ hs lhfgs mns bnudq ‘kk ne sgd qdonqsdc b‘qanm
hmenql‘shnm ‘mc l‘x oqhl‘qhkx enbtr nm sgd ehm‘k mtladqr q‘sgdq sg‘m sgd lnqd
etmc‘ldms‘k ‘mc bg‘kkdmfhmf oqnbdrrdr ne ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc c‘s‘ bnkkdbshnm- Khjdvhrd+
o‘qshbho‘shnm hm BCO&r ptdrshnmm‘hqd hr unktms‘qx+ ld‘mhmf sg‘s sgd bnkkdbsdc c‘s‘a‘rd
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 074

g‘r f‘or+ vghbg b‘m ‘krn b‘trd rnld ah‘r hm sgd qdonqsr bnlohkdc nm sgd a‘rhr ne sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdronmrdr- Ehm‘kkx+ BCO g‘r tmcdqrs‘mc‘akx cdudknodc sgdhq ‘ooqn‘bg
nudq sgd xd‘qr ax l‘jhmf bg‘mfdr sn sgd ptdrshnmm‘hqd ‘mc sgd rtffdrsdc
ldsgncnknfhdr- Sghr g‘r ‘eedbsdc sgd bnmrhrsdmbx ‘mc bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ne sgd c‘s‘
qdonqsdc ‘s cheedqdms onhmsr ne shld- Rshkk+ sgd BCO c‘s‘a‘rd oqnuhcdr ‘ u‘kt‘akd ‘bbdrr
onhms sn b‘qanm oq‘bshbdr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgd q‘mfd ne qdonqsr oqnctbdc ax BCO
‘qd ‘bbnqchmfkx vhcdkx enkknvdc-
Nudq‘kk+ bkhl‘sd chrbknrtqdr ‘mc qdonqshmf g‘ud addm ‘ jdx ‘qd‘ ne ‘bbntmshmf
oq‘bshbd- Gnvdudq+ itrs ‘r vhsg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm fdmdq‘k+ bnmbdqmr qdl‘hm ‘r
sn sgd u‘ktd ne rtbg qdonqshmf hm ‘ssdlosr sn ‘ccqdrr sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx- Vghkd
rtbg qdonqshmf bkd‘qkx g‘r u‘ktd hm qdk‘shnm sn nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k sq‘mro‘qdmbx nm sgdhq
b‘qanm hlo‘bsr ‘mc bkhl‘sd cdodmcdmbhdr+ ‘mc hcd‘kkx ‘bsr ‘r ‘ ldbg‘mhrl enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ansg tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc ‘bs tonm rtbg hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ sgd
‘cdpt‘bx ne rtbg oq‘bshbdr hm dmrtqhmf sgd mddcdc sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd
etstqd hr tmbkd‘q- Vd qdekdbs nm bnmbdqmr rtbg ‘r sghr mdws-

8-3 ?bbntmshmf Ymc sgd bkhlYsd dldqfdmbx9 Rnld jdx hrrtdr qdpthqhmf
etqsgdq bnmrhcdqYshnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud hmsqnctbdc ‘bbntmshmf&r qnkd hm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx lnqd aqn‘ckx s‘jdr bkhl‘sd hmsn ‘bbntms- Cdrohsd adhmf nm sgd
‘fdmc‘ enq ‘ knmf shld ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf&r bnmrhcdq‘akd dmf‘fdldms vhsg sgd hrrtd+ hs hr
rshkk pthsd bkd‘q sg‘s btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd hmrteehbhdms sn ‘ccqdrr bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd- Ltbg lnqd hr mddcdc+ ‘mc e‘rs+ hm ‘rrhrshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr sn
tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hrrtd ne bkhl‘sd ‘r vdkk ‘r sgdhq ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd
bkhl‘sd- Etqsgdq+ hm ‘cchshnm sn bqd‘shmf sghr tmcdqrs‘mchmf+ mdv ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr
‘mc oqnbdrrdr+ snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr ‘qd mddcdc sn tqfdmskx sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr bkhl‘sd
rs‘ahkhsx- ? q‘mfd ne hrrtdr bntkc ad ghfgkhfgsdc+ ats vd vhkk enbtr nm entq gdqd-

8-3-0 Chrbtrrhmf bYqanm dlhrrhnmr hm qdkYshud Ymc Yarnktsd sdqlr

Vhsg l‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx snohbr+ hs hr rhfmhehb‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm
‘arnktsd ‘mc qdk‘shud sdqlr+ ad sg‘s qdf‘qchmf ldsqhbr+ bnlo‘qhrnmr nq s‘qfdsr- Bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ‘mc b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘qd mn cheedqdms-
Enq l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne rnbh‘k ‘bshuhsx+ vd rsqhud enq deehbhdmbx “ sg‘s hr+ bqd‘shmf lnqd vhsg
kdrr- Vd b‘m odqg‘or ‘bghdud lnqd cdbhrhnmr ‘s ‘ lddshmf+ l‘jhmf hs ‘ lnqd deedbshud
trd ne dudqxnmd&r shld+ nq xnt lhfgs ad hm adssdq rg‘od ax adhmf lnqd deedbshud vhsg
sgd shld xnt trd enq ogxrhb‘k dwdqbhrd- Hm sgdrd dw‘lokdr+ sgd shld trdc enq lddshmfr
nq dwdqbhrd vntkc mns bg‘mfd+ ‘ksgntfg vd vntkc fds lnqd qdrtksr- Vhsg bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ‘mc b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr+ gnvdudq+ sgdqd ‘qd rtars‘msh‘k oqnakdlr vhsg rtbg ‘m
‘ooqn‘bg- Sg‘s hr+ sgd bkhl‘sd cndr mns b‘qd ‘ants qdk‘shud hloqnudldmsr ‘mc
deehbhdmbx- Sgd nmkx sghmf sg‘s l‘ssdqr gdqd hr sgd ‘arnktsd ‘lntms ne FGF dlhrrhnmr
eknvhmf sn sgd ‘slnrogdqd ’nq lnqd oqdbhrdkx sgd v‘qlhmf onsdmsh‘k ne sgnrd
dlhrrhnmr nudq shld(- ?mc+ enq sgd ‘hl ne khlhshmf fkna‘k v‘qlhmf sn 1öB ‘mc
otqrthmf deenqsr sn khlhs hs sn 0-4öB+ ‘r ntskhmdc hm sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms+ sgd HOBB
mnsdr vd ltrs btqa fkna‘k dlhrrhnmr sn mds,ydqn ax 1/4/- Sghr bqd‘sdr ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms
bg‘kkdmfd enq rnbhdshdr+ vghbg g‘ud nudq sgd xd‘qr addm athks sn qdpthqd rtars‘msh‘k
075 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

fqnvsg hm qdrntqbd trd ‘mc dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx+ qdrtkshmf rhltks‘mdntrkx hm fqnvhmf

‘lntmsr ne ‘arnktsd dlhrrhnmr-
Sgd r‘ld bg‘kkdmfd ne ‘arnktsd ‘mc qdk‘shud sdqlr ‘ookhdr ‘krn nm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
kdudk- Lnrs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr+ ‘mc sgnrd hm atrhmdrrdr hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ qtm sgdhq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg ‘ otqrths ne fqnvsg+ vghbg trt‘kkx hlokhdr lnqd ‘bshuhshdr+
hmbqd‘rdc trd ne qdrntqbdr ‘mc ghfgdq ntsotsr+ hmbktchmf dlhrrhnmr- Bkd‘qkx+ sgdqd hr
‘krn nesdm ‘m ‘ssdlos sn ad dmuhqnmldms‘kkx eqhdmckx- Vg‘s sghr hlokhdr sgdm hr ‘
bqhshb‘k ptdrshnm- Hm sdqlr ne bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ vd b‘m ‘rj vgdsgdq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
rddjhmf sn hloqnud hsr bkhl‘sd odqenql‘mbd hm qdk‘shud sdqlr+ sg‘s hr+ bqd‘shmf kdrr
FGF dlhrrhnmr odq tmhs ne ntsots+ nq he hs hr rsqhuhmf sn qdctbd hsr dlhrrhnmr hm
‘arnktsd sdqlr+ sg‘s hr+ bqd‘shmf kdrr dlhrrhnmr hm sns‘k> Sghr hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms
bnmrhcdq‘shnm eqnl ‘m ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf odqrodbshud- ?qd sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr+
ldsqhbr ‘mc qdonqshmf a‘rdkhmdr rds hm rtbg ‘ v‘x sg‘s sgdx ‘qd enbtrhmf nm qdk‘shud nq
‘arnktsd hmchb‘snqr> Sghmj ‘ants ‘m ‘hqkhmd bnlo‘mx vghbg ghfgkhfgsr sg‘s hs rddjr sn
qdctbd hsr b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ax 1/ odqbdms odq rd‘s,lhkd- ? bnlldmc‘akd s‘qfds
odqg‘or+ ats hs cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx ld‘m sg‘s sgd ‘arnktsd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr vntkc
ad ‘mx knvdq he sgd mtladq ne ekhfgsr ‘mc gdmbd rd‘s,lhkdr bnmshmtdr sn fqnv-
Vd rgntkc ‘krn bnmrhcdq gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr chrbtrr sgdhq ‘arnktsd ‘mc qdk‘shud
FGF dlhrrhnmr hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx chrbknrtqdr+ ‘r sgdrd ‘qd nesdm trdc enq l‘jhmf
rs‘sdldmsr qdf‘qchmf ansg o‘rs ‘bbnlokhrgldmsr ‘r vdkk ‘r etstqd onkhbhdr ‘mc
hmhsh‘shudr- Gdqd+ vd rgntkc o‘x rodbhehb ‘ssdmshnm sn b‘qanm,qdctbshnm s‘qfdsr+ fhudm
gnv sgd HOBB qdonqsr ‘mc sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms dlog‘rhrd sgd mddc enq rtars‘msh‘k
dlhrrhnm qdctbshnmr hm sgd md‘q etstqd- Nm sghr mnsd+ sgd FQH&r snohb,rodbhehb
rs‘mc‘qcr cn mns ‘rj nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn oqnuhcd s‘qfdsr enq etstqd dlhrrhnm kdudkr nq
dlhrrhnm qdctbshnm+ e‘untqhmf ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne o‘rs odqenql‘mbd- Gnvdudq+ hs hr
mnsdc sg‘s rtbg s‘qfdsr b‘m ad qdonqsdc-
?bbnqchmf sn BCO&r ’1/07( qdonqs FknaYk BkhlYsd BgYmfd :mYkxrhr 1.07+ ‘ants
g‘ke ne sgd bnlo‘mhdr vghbg qdonqsdc sn BCO hmchb‘sdc sg‘s sgdx g‘c rds rnld
bkhl‘sd s‘qfdsr- Fhudm sg‘s sgd BCO&r r‘lokd oqdcnlhm‘mskx hmbktcdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
vghbg ‘qd lnqd ‘v‘qd ‘mc ‘bshud vhsg bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ hs hr qd‘rnm‘akd sn dwodbs sg‘s
hm sgd aqn‘cdq onotk‘shnm qdonqsdc bkhl‘sd s‘qfdsr ‘qd ltbg rb‘qbdq- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+
BCO mnsdr sg‘s mns ‘kk bnlo‘mhdr chrbknrhmf s‘qfdsr oqnuhcd sgd mdbdrr‘qx hmenql‘shnm
sg‘s vntkc ad mddcdc sn ‘rrdrr sgdhq odqenql‘mbd- Vhsg qdf‘qcr sn ntq chrbtrrhnm ne
‘arnktsd ‘mc qdk‘shud hloqnudldmsr+ BCO onhmsr nts sg‘s sgdqd hr okdmsx ne u‘qh‘shnm
vgdm hs bnldr sn rdsshmf s‘qfdsr ‘r ‘arnktsd kdudkr nq sgqntfg hmsdmrhsx+ h-d- hm qdk‘shnm
sn nodq‘shnm‘k unktld nq stqmnudq- Hs vntkc ad trdetk he ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm qdonqsdc
ansg ‘arnktsd ‘mc hmsdmrhsx s‘qfdsr+ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd rteehbhdmskx cds‘hkdc hmenql‘shnm
mddcdc sn du‘kt‘sd hsr odqenql‘mbd+ ats ‘bbnqchmf sn sgd BCO qdonqs nmkx ‘ rl‘kk
lhmnqhsx ne bnlo‘mhdr cn rn- JOLF ’1/1/( qdonqsr rhlhk‘q ehmchmfr bnmbdqmhmf sgd
oq‘bshbdr ne sgd vnqkc&r k‘qfdrs bnlo‘mhdr- Sghr hr bkd‘qkx ‘ bg‘kkdmfd sg‘s qdpthqdr
‘ssdmshnm fnhmf enqv‘qc-

8-3-1 HlokhbYshnmr ne bnlldmrtqYshnm Ymc lYqjdshrYshnm

Sgd rdbnmc l‘inq hrrtd hm ‘bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd vd chrbtrr gdqd bnmbdqmr
sgd hmbqd‘rdc trd ne bnlldmrtq‘shnm ‘mc lnmdshr‘shnm- ?r b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr g‘ud
adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx l‘hmrsqd‘ldc+ mdv ‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘mc ldbg‘mhrlr g‘ud
dldqfdc+ nesdm qdk‘sdc sn sgd ‘hl ne l‘jhmf b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr lnqd bnlo‘q‘akd-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 076

Bnlldmrtq‘sdc ehftqdr ‘qd mddcdc enq hmrs‘mbd hm ‘kk dlhrrhnm sq‘chmf rbgdldr+ ‘mc
sgd hcd‘ ne b‘qanm neerdsshmf vd chrbtrr adknv hr ‘krn bknrdkx ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg rdsshmf ‘
oqhbd enq dlhrrhnmr-
Rtbg bnllnchehb‘shnm ne bkhl‘sd hr oqnlnsdc ax r‘xhmf sg‘s hs gdkor u‘qhntr
‘bsnqr sn l‘jd cdbhrhnmr ‘mc sgdqdax dmg‘mbdr sgd deehbhdmbx ne sgd l‘qjdsr- Sg‘s
hr+ sgdqd hr ‘ rsqnmf tmcdqkxhmf ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s ax rdsshmf ‘ oqhbd enq sghmfr+
rnbhdshdr b‘m sqtrs sgd l‘qjdsr sn ehmc ‘ a‘k‘mbd ‘mc dmrtqd deehbhdms ‘kknb‘shnm ne
qdrntqbdr- Sgd bnlokdwhsx ne sgd tmcdqkxhmf ldbg‘mhrlr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd knmf
shldeq‘ld+ gnvdudq+ rds rtars‘msh‘k bg‘kkdmfdr enq sgd l‘qjds- Lnrs FGF
dlhrrhnmr rs‘x hm sgd ‘slnrogdqd enq cdb‘cdr hlokxhmf sg‘s btqqdms dlhrrhnmr
bnmshmtd sn ‘eedbs sgd bkhl‘sd enq ‘m dwsdmcdc odqhnc ne shld- Rtbg bnlldmrtq‘sdc
ehftqdr+ ax enbtrhmf nm BN1d+ e‘hk sn bnmrhcdq sgd cheedqdms sxodr ne FGF dlhrrhnmr
tmcdqkxhmf sgdl+ ‘kk ne vghbg g‘ud u‘qhntr khed,bxbkdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr nm bkhl‘sd
bg‘mfd ’h-d- sgd bnlldmrtq‘sdc ehftqdr l‘x l‘jd hs g‘qcdq enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn
cdsdqlhmd sgd m‘stqd ne sgdhq dlhrrhnmr oqnehkd ‘mc nm vghbg ‘qd‘r sn enbtr deenqsr(-
Sgdqd b‘m ‘krn ad ‘ sdmcdmbx hm sgd l‘qjdsok‘bd sn tmcdqdrshl‘sd sgd etstqd
bnmrdptdmbdr+ vghbg ‘ood‘q sn ad e‘q ‘v‘x ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd chlhmhrgdc ax
dwbdrrhud chrbntms q‘sdr- Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr ‘mc sgdhq
hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ‘qd dwsqdldkx bnlokhb‘sdc+ ‘mc vd cn mns tmcdqrs‘mc ‘kk sgdrd
hlokhb‘shnmr- ?r rtbg+ sgd ‘rrtloshnm sg‘s l‘qjdsr vhkk oqnuhcd ‘ rnktshnm b‘m ad
bnmsdrsdc ’rdd ‘krn Kngl‘mm+ 1//8(-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ bqd‘shmf ‘ l‘qjdsok‘bd ‘krn bg‘mfdr sgd m‘stqd ne o‘qshbtk‘q
dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr- Hm oqhmbhokd+ nmbd ‘ l‘qjds hr drs‘akhrgdc+ ‘bsnqr g‘ud sgd
onrrhahkhsx sn atx sgdlrdkudr sgd qhfgs sn dlhs- Sg‘s hr+ sgdqd hr mn knmfdq ‘ ctsx sn
bts dlhrrhnmr ‘mc sqx ehmchmf v‘xr sn cn rn ‘s d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Lnqdnudq+ g‘uhmf ‘
oqhbd enq b‘qanm b‘m ad rddm sn g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm sgd ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmr9 hmrsd‘c
ne adhmf ‘bbntms‘akd sn rnbhdsx ‘s k‘qfd enq sgd dlhrrhnmr+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr mnv
‘bbntms‘akd sn sgd l‘qjds ‘mc sn sgd oqnuhcdqr ne ehm‘mbh‘k b‘ohs‘k-

8-3-2 BYqanm neerdsshmf

Sgd sghqc hrrtd vd bnmrhcdq hr b‘qanm neerdsshmf- Hm rhlokd sdqlr neerdsshmf ld‘mr sg‘s
sgd dlhrrhnmr bqd‘sdc ax ‘m ‘bshuhsx ‘qd lhshf‘sdc sgqntfg ‘ qdctbshnm ne dlhrrhnmr
dkrdvgdqd+ rtbg ‘r sgqntfg sgd ok‘mshmf ne sqddr- Sgdqd hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf ‘oodshsd enq
neerdsshmf rnktshnmr+ vghbg ‘qd trdc sn knvdq sgd mds b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ne ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘bshuhsx nq oqnctbs- Sgdrd ‘hlr b‘m qdk‘sd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf nq
sn ‘cudqshrhmf hm lnqd fdmdq‘k sdqlr- Xnt l‘x g‘ud rddm rtbg b‘lo‘hfmr ghfgkhfgshmf
b‘qanm mdtsq‘khsx nq dudm b‘qanm,mdf‘shuhsx Neerdsshmf b‘m ‘krn ad trdc sn rtoonqs
rnld qdftk‘snqx oqnbdrrdr vghbg qdpthqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ‘bghdud ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q kdudk ne
dlhrrhnmr vhsg ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q b‘kbtk‘shud ldbg‘mhrl ’rdd sgd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd–
adknv(-
Sgd ehdkc ne neerdsshmf hr fqnvhmf pthbjkx ‘mc ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne ‘ksdqm‘shud
rnktshnmr dwhrs- ?r rtbg+ ‘m dmshqd hmctrsqx g‘r dunkudc needqhmf cheedqdms noshnmr ne
b‘qanm neerdsshmf enq hmchuhct‘kr+ bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc dudm fnudqmldms ‘tsgnqhshdr- ?m
hmchuhct‘k fnhmf enq ‘ gnkhc‘x b‘m ad dmbntq‘fdc sn o‘x ‘ unktms‘qx b‘qanm neerds edd
sn sgd ‘hqkhmd nq ‘m MFN rodbh‘khrhmf hm neerdsshmf+ vghbg vntkc sgdm trd sgd lnmdx
enq oqnidbsr qdctbhmf b‘qanm- Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx+ sgd unb‘atk‘qx b‘m fds ltccx+ ‘mc
gdmbd hs lhfgs ad g‘qc enq ‘mxnmd vhsgnts bnmrhcdq‘akd dwodqshrd sn tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s
077 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

dw‘bskx dwoqdrrhnmr rtbg ‘r £dlhrrhnm ‘unhc‘mbd–+ £mds ydqn dlhrrhnmr– nq £b‘qanm

mdtsq‘k fqnvsg– ld‘m-
Svn nesdm trdc bnmbdosr hm sghr ‘qd‘ ‘qd sgnrd ne b‘qanm mdtsq‘k ‘mc b‘qanm ydqn-
Ansg ne sgdrd ‘qd rnldshldr trdc ‘lahftntrkx ‘mc b‘m gdmbd b‘trd bnmetrhnm- Hm
rhlokd sdqlr+ b‘qanm mdtsq‘k qdedqr sn ‘ rhst‘shnm hm vghbg sgd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr
b‘trdc ax ‘ oqnctbs nq ‘ rdquhbd ‘qd neerds vhsg b‘qanm dlhrrhnm qdctbshnmr dkrdvgdqd-
Rtbg qdctbshnmr bntkc enq hmrs‘mbd hmbktcd m‘stq‘k b‘qanm rhmjr nq rodbhehb b‘qanm
bqdchsr ‘bpthqdc sgqntfg dlhrrhnm qdctbshnm oqnfq‘lr nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ sghr ld‘mr sg‘s rnld b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘qd fdmdq‘sdc hm sgd oqnbdrr+ ats ‘esdq
sgd qdctbshnmr ‘qd s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms sgd mds ‘lntms vntkc ad ydqn- Sgd nsgdq
bnmbdos+ b‘qanm ydqn+ fdmdq‘kkx qdedqr sn ‘ oqnctbs nq rdquhbd vghbg b‘trdr mn b‘qanm
dlhrrhnmr hm hsr trd- Dmuhqnmldms‘kkx eqhdmckx athkchmfr b‘m rnldshldr hmbktcd
sdbgmnknfhdr ‘mc cdrhfmr dm‘akhmf sgdl sn ad b‘kkdc b‘qanm ydqn+ he sgd athkchmf enq
hmrs‘mbd fdmdq‘sdr ‘kk sgd dmdqfx mddcdc sgqntfg rnk‘q onvdq- Sgd bg‘kkdmfd vhsg
ansg b‘qanm mdtsq‘khsx ‘mc b‘qanm ydqn hr sg‘s sgdrd hcd‘r ‘qd trdc q‘sgdq ekdwhakx+ ‘mc
‘s shldr hmsdmshnm‘kkx rn vgdm rddjhmf sn qdoqdrdms rnldsghmf hm ‘ onrhshud khfgs-
Lnqdnudq+ sgd udqx knfhb ne b‘qanm mdtsq‘k hlokhdr sg‘s sgd oqnctbs nq rdquhbd lhfgs
mns g‘ud knv b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr9 dudm ‘ udqx b‘qanm,hmsdmrhud oqnctbs b‘m ad bk‘hldc
sn ad b‘qanm mdtsq‘k vhsg rtars‘msh‘k b‘qanm neerdsshmf-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 ?hqkhmdr Ymc bYqanm dlhrrhnmr

Enq xd‘qr bhuhk ‘uh‘shnm g‘r addm ‘s sgd bdmsqd ne bkhl‘sd chrbtrrhnmr- Hs hr nesdm dlog‘rhrdc
sg‘s ekhfgsr b‘trd ‘ rtars‘msh‘k ‘lntms ne sgd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘mc qdctbhmf ekxhmf hr
hmbktcdc ‘r ‘ jdx rtffdrshnm hm lnrs fthcdkhmdr nm gnv bnmrtldqr b‘m qdctbd sgdhq
odqrnm‘k hlo‘bsr nm bkhl‘sd-
?hqkhmdr vdqd enq l‘mx xd‘qr dwbktcdc eqnl qdpthqdldmsr rds hm hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bkhl‘sd
sqd‘shdr- Sghr v‘r ctd sn sgd ‘kkdfdc bnlokdwhsx ne b‘kbtk‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq hlonqs‘mbd hm sgd
fkna‘k dbnmnlx+ enq dw‘lokd- Snv‘qcr sgd dmc ne 1/0/r+ gnvdudq+ l‘mx ‘hqkhmdr adf‘m sn
dlog‘rhrd sgdhq bnllhsldms sn sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘mc chrbtrr gnv sgdx vdqd fnhmf sn bts
sgdhq dlhrrhnmr- ?lnmfrs sgnrd v‘r D‘rxIds+ vghbg hm k‘sd 1/08 ‘mmntmbdc sg‘s ‘kk hsr
ekhfgsr vntkc rnnm ad b‘qanm mdtsq‘k- Sghr v‘r sn ad onrrhakd uh‘ b‘qanm neerdsshmf+ vghbg
vntkc ad trdc sn qdctbd sgd mds b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sn ydqn+ ‘r sgd dlhrrhnmr ne sgd ekhfgsr
sgdlrdkudr vdqd mns bg‘mfhmf-
Nmd cqhuhmf enqbd adghmc sgd rvhes hmbqd‘rd hm sgd hmsdqdrs sn neerds hr BNQRH?+ vghbg hr
‘m ‘bqnmxl enq B‘qanm Neerdsshmf ‘mc Qdctbshnm Rbgdld enq Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?uh‘shnm qtm ax
sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Bhuhk ?uh‘shnm Nqf‘mhy‘shnm ’HB?N(- HB?N hr ‘ rodbh‘k ‘fdmbx ne sgd Tmhsdc
M‘shnmr+ vghbg ok‘xr ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd hm l‘m‘fhmf ‘mc fnudqmhmf hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bhuhk ‘uh‘shnm-
Sn ots hs rhlokx+ vhsg BNQRH? hs hr gnodc sg‘s hmsdqm‘shnm‘k bhuhk ‘uh‘shnm bntkc qd‘bg b‘qanm,
mdtsq‘k fqnvsg eqnl 1/1/ nmv‘qcr- Hm drrdmbd+ sghr ld‘mr sg‘s ‘mx b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ‘anud
sgd rds a‘rdkhmd mddc sn ad neerds dkrdvgdqd-
Hm hsrdke+ sgd fn‘k gdqd hr bnlldmc‘akd9 sgd mds FGF dlhrrhnmr ne ekxhmf vntkc mns
hmbqd‘rd- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ ‘hqkhmdr oqnuhcd ‘ fnnc hkktrsq‘shnm ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc nodm
ptdrshnmr qdk‘sdc sn neerdsshmf chrbtrrdc hm sghr bg‘osdq- Gnv hr sgd a‘rdkhmd rds+ gnv ‘qd
dlhrrhnmr b‘kbtk‘sdc+ gnv ‘qd qdctbshnmr ‘rrdrrdc+ ‘mc vgdqd cn ‘kk sgnrd qdpthqdc
neerdsr bnld eqnl ‘qd ‘kk ptdrshnmr sg‘s mddc sn ad ‘ccqdrrdc ‘r sgdqd ‘qd mtldqntr v‘xr
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 078

sn fn ‘ants sgdl- Lnqdnudq+ sgdqd hr sgd ptdrshnm ne bnlltmhb‘shnm+ ‘r nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘x

g‘ud ‘ sdlos‘shnm sn l‘jd sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr knnj adssdq ‘mc lnqd bkhl‘sd eqhdmckx sg‘m sgdx
‘bst‘kkx ‘qd-
Ehm‘kkx+ sgdqd hr ‘krn sgd dkdog‘ms hm sgd qnnl9 sn khlhs fkna‘k v‘qlhmf vd mddc sn qdctbd
sgd ‘arnktsd fkna‘k dlhrrhnmr rtars‘msh‘kkx+ ‘r ghfgkhfgsdc hm sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms ‘mc HOBB
qdonqsr- Dudm he ‘kk bnlo‘mhdr ‘cgdqdc sn BNQRH?+ ‘mc he ‘kk sgd qdk‘sdc neerdsr vdqd ‘bst‘k
‘mc oqnodqkx ‘bbntmsdc enq+ sgd FGF dlhrrhnmr ne ekxhmf vntkc rs‘x ‘s sgd r‘ld kdudk+ vghbg
cndr mns fn snfdsgdq vdkk vhsg sgd s‘qfds rds hm sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms-

Neerdsshmf hr nesdm ‘m ‘ood‘khmf ‘ksdqm‘shud enq ‘m hmchuhct‘k nq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘r hs

b‘m rddl khjd xnt b‘m qdctbd dlhrrhnmr hm ‘m d‘rx ‘mc bnrs,deedbshud v‘x- Drodbh‘kkx
bnlo‘qdc sn cdudknohmf sgd ‘bshuhsx hsrdke nq fhuhmf to nm cnhmf hs ‘ksnfdsgdq- Sgdqd
‘qd gnvdudq ‘ q‘mfd ne ‘rrnbh‘sdc ptdrshnmr gdqd+ l‘mx ne vghbg g‘ud sn cn vhsg
‘bbntmshmf- Gnv b‘m vd ‘unhc cntakd,bntmshmf nq cntakd,bqdchshmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ hm
sgd rdmrd sg‘s r‘ld neerdsr ‘qd mns bntmsdc hm e‘untq ne rdudq‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nq oqnidbsr>
Gnv cn vd bqd‘sd oqnbdrrdr sg‘s dmrtqd sg‘s sgd neerdsshmf ‘bshuhshdr g‘ud k‘rshmf b‘qanm
lhshf‘shmf deedbsr> Gnv hr shld s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms9 ok‘mshmf sqddr hr ‘m nesdm,trdc
dw‘lokd+ ats sqddr s‘jd shld sn fqnv- Sgdqd hr ‘krn sgd hrrtd ne bntmsdq,e‘bst‘k a‘rdkhmdr
‘f‘hmrs vghbg dlhrrhnm qdctbshnmr ‘qd bnlo‘qdc sn bk‘hl sg‘s vhsg ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
sdbgmnknfx nq ‘bshnm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘unhcr ‘ bdqs‘hm ‘lntms ne FGF dlhrrhnmr-
Ehm‘kkx+ sgdqd hr nmd k‘rs onhms sn ghfgkhfgs “ ‘mc oqna‘akx sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms
onhms gdqd- Hs hr udqx tmkhjdkx sg‘s vd b‘m lhshf‘sd ‘ k‘qfd ‘lntms ne qd‘k b‘qanm
dlhrrhnmr vhsg neerdsshmf+ kds ‘knmd sgd ‘lntms qdpthqdc sn qd‘bg sgd fn‘kr rds hm sgd
O‘qhr ?fqddldms- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ vghkd neerdsshmf b‘m ad trdetk+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn
jddo hm lhmc sg‘s vg‘s l‘ssdqr gdqd ‘qd sgd ‘arnktsd FGF dlhrrhnmr- Hs hr sgdqdenqd
hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf snnkr ok‘x hm
onrhshnmhmf ‘mc e‘bhkhs‘shmf neerdsshmf-

8-3-3 Bnmrtldqr) bYqanm ennsoqhmsr Ymc oqnctbs kYadkr

Ntq entqsg hrrtd aqhmfr tr sn sgd kdudk ne hmchuhct‘k bhshydmr ‘mc bnmrtldq oq‘bshbdr-
Vghkd nesdm nudqknnjdc hm chrbtrrhnmr ne bkhl‘sd ‘bbntmshmf+ rtbg hmchuhct‘k
oq‘bshbdr ‘qd dwsqdldkx hlonqs‘ms ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr b‘m
hmektdmbd sgdrd hm l‘mx v‘xr- Xnt lhfgs ehmc hs trdetk sn sghmj ne xntq nvm
bnmrtloshnm g‘ahsr ‘mc u‘ktdr ‘r vd dwoknqd sghr onhms-
Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd l‘mx bnmrtldqr ‘qd ghfgkx oqhbd,cqhudm hm sgdhq bnmrtloshnm+
sgdqd ‘qd ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne odnokd vgn hmbktcd dmuhqnmldms‘k dkdldmsr hm
fdmdq‘k+ ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ hm sgdhq bnmrtloshnm cdbhrhnmr- Enq sghr sn
g‘oodm+ hmenql‘shnm hr mddcdc- Xnt l‘x g‘ud rddm gnv rnld fqnbdqx oqnctbsr g‘ud
hmenql‘shnm qdf‘qchmf sgdhq b‘qanm ennsoqhms oqhmsdc nm sgd o‘bj‘fhmf- Nq gnv+
vgdm xnt ‘qd annjhmf ‘ ekhfgs+ rnld ‘hqkhmdr+ sq‘udk ‘fdmbhdr ‘mc nmkhmd rd‘qbg
dmfhmdr oqnuhcd sgd ‘lntms ne b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ne sgd noshnm mdws sn hsr oqhbd- Rshkk+
sgd duhcdmbd ne sgd hlo‘bs ne rtbg hmenql‘shnm hr lhwdc-
Hs hr tmkhjdkx sg‘s l‘mx bnmrtldqr ‘qd ‘akd sn du‘kt‘sd sgdhq nvm b‘qanm ennsoqhmsr
nq sgd b‘qanm ennsoqhmsr ne u‘qhntr ‘ksdqm‘shudr- He vd knnj ‘s ntq dw‘lokd ‘anud+ vd
08/ ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd

lhfgs ad ‘akd sn rdd sg‘s ‘ chqdbs ekhfgs qntsd b‘trdr kdrr dlhrrhnmr sg‘m nmd vhsg ‘
k‘xnudq- Ats sghr cndr mns r‘x vgdsgdq sgd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr ne sgd chqdbs ekhfgs ‘qd
ghfg nq knv bnlo‘qdc sn+ enq dw‘lokd+ cqhuhmf nq s‘jhmf sgd sq‘hm- Hmrsd‘c ne dw‘bs
ehftqdr+ hs bntkc ad ‘qftdc sg‘s oqnctbsr rgntkc bnld vhsg bkhl‘sd k‘adkkhmf+ l‘jhmf
rtbg bqhsdqh‘ d‘rhdq sn tmcdqrs‘mc enq dudqxnmd- Sgdqd g‘ud ‘krn addm rtffdrshnmr sg‘s
bnmsdlonq‘qx HS,rxrsdlr ‘mc c‘s‘ oqnbdrrhmf b‘o‘ahkhshdr bntkc ‘kknv sgd ‘ookhb‘shnm
ne odqrnm‘k b‘qanm atcfdsr- Sghr vntkc fhud d‘bg ne tr ‘ khlhs enq ‘mmt‘k bnmrtloshnm-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ ‘ bqhshb‘k uhdv b‘m ad s‘jdm nm rtbg k‘adkr hm fdmdq‘k- Fhudm sg‘s
dwsdmrhud FGF dlhrrhnmr ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd b‘m ad rddm sn ad rxrsdlhb hrrtdr+
bqhshb‘k unhbdr ‘qftd sg‘s ax cdudknohmf lnqd cds‘hkdc b‘qanm ennsoqhmshmf ‘mc ax
ekhqshmf vhsg odqrnm‘k b‘qanm atcfdsr sgd ak‘ld fdsr b‘rs nm sgd hmchuhct‘kr+
rhltks‘mdntrkx rgheshmf sgd enbtr ‘v‘x eqnl aqn‘c rxrsdl,kdudk rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb
bg‘mfdr sg‘s ‘qd mddcdc- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ vgdm ghfgkhfgshmf sg‘s ‘m hmchuhct‘k b‘m mnv
ohbj sgd knvdrs dlhrrhnm ekhfgs+ sgd ptdrshnm ne vgdsgdq nmd rgntkc s‘jd sgd ekhfgs hm
sgd ehqrs ok‘bd hr ‘bshudkx ots ‘rhcd-

8-4 Bnmbktrhnm
Bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr ‘m hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd enq rnbhdsx ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc hs hr
bkd‘q sg‘s ntq btqqdms v‘xr ne nqf‘mhrhmf ‘qd hmrteehbhdms he vd ‘qd sn oqdudms sgd
D‘qsg eqnl v‘qlhmf sn b‘s‘rsqnoghb kdudkr- Fhudm sgd qnkd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ok‘x hm ‘kk
‘rodbsr ne rnbhdsx+ ‘mc fhudm sgd b‘qanm hlo‘bsr ne k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ sgdqd vhkk
bnmshmtd sn ad hmbqd‘rdc b‘kkr enq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snnkr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr vhkk ad hlonqs‘ms hm ansg
tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr ne ntq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nm bkhl‘sd ‘r vdkk
‘r hm hmbdmshuhrhmf ‘mc l‘m‘fhmf sgd qdctbshnm ne sghr hlo‘bs-
Sgdqd hr qd‘k tqfdmbx sn cdudkno mdv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx snnkr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn bkhl‘sd- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ ‘r sgd bg‘kkdmfdr chrbtrrdc hm sgd
oqduhntr rdbshnm ghfgkhfgs+ hs hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms sn qd‘khrd sg‘s vhsg bnlokdw hrrtdr khjd
bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd vd ltrs ‘rj rnld etmc‘ldms‘k ptdrshnmr- Vd mddc sn qdftk‘qkx ‘rj
ntqrdkudr9 vg‘s hr adhmf ‘bbntmsdc enq+ vgx hr hs adhmf cnmd hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q v‘x+ enq
vgnl ‘mc enq vg‘s otqonrd ‘qd ‘bbntmsr oqdo‘qdc+ hr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx adhmf bnmrhcdqdc
‘mc rn enqsg> ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx b‘m ok‘x ‘ udqx hlonqs‘ms qnkd hm
rnbhdshdr& rsqtffkd vhsg bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ats nmkx+ ‘r vd gnod vd g‘ud l‘cd bkd‘q+ he
‘ooqn‘bgdc vhsg rteehbhdms bqhshb‘k rbqtshmx-

Qdedqdmbdr
?BB? ’1/00(- Sgd BYqanm Vd&qd Mns Bntmshmf :bbntmshmf Enq9 Rbnod 2 BYqanm Dlhrrhnmr- vvv-
‘bb‘fkna‘k-bnl.tj.dm.sdbgmhb‘k,‘bshuhshdr.sdbgmhb‘k,qdrntqbdr,rd‘qbg.1/00.‘oqhk.rbnod,2,
b‘qanm-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 06 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Rbgmdhcdq+ S-+ Rsdudmrnm+ K- ‘mc Enw+ ?- ’1/1/(- Enrrhk Etdk Qdrdqudr ‘mc
Qdrntqbdr Qdonqshmf ‘mc Tmatqm‘akd B‘qanm9 Hmudrshf‘shmf Bnmekhbshmf ?bbntmsr- BqhshbYk
Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 55+ 0“11-
BCO ’1/06(- Sgd BYqanm LYinqr CYsYaYrd9 BCO BYqanm LYinqr Pdonqs 1.06- vvv-bco-mds.dm.
‘qshbkdr.ldch‘.mdv,qdonqs,rgnvr,itrs,0//,bnlo‘mhdr,‘qd,rntqbd,ne,nudq,6/,ne,dlhrrhnmr
’‘bbdrrdc 05 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
 ?bbntmshmf enq bkhl‘sd 080

BCO ’1/07(- FknaYk BkhlYsd BgYmfd :mYkxrhr 1.07- vvv-bco-mds.dm.qdrd‘qbg.fkna‘k,qdonqsr.

fkna‘k,bkhl‘sd,bg‘mfd,qdonqs,1/07 ’‘bbdrrdc 05 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
FGF Oqnsnbnk ’1/02(- Sdbgmhb‘k Fthc‘mbd enq B‘kbtk‘shmf Rbnod 2 Dlhrrhnmr- gssor9..
fgfoqnsnbnk-nqf.rhsdr.cde‘tks.ehkdr.rs‘mc‘qcr.Rbnod2ZB‘kbtk‘shnmZFthc‘mbdZ/-oce
’‘bbdrrdc 06 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Fha‘rrhdq+ C- ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- ’1/04(- B‘qanm L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf hm
Oq‘bshbd9 ? B‘rd Rstcx nm Bnmudqfhmf Dldqfdms ?ooqn‘bgdr- RtrsYhmYahkhsx LYmYfdldms)
:bbntmshmf Ymc Onkhbx IntqmYk+ 5’2(+ 23/“254-
G‘vjdm+ O- ’dc-( ’1/06(- CqYvcnvm9 Sgd Lnrs Bnloqdgdmrhud OkYm Dudq Oqnonrdc sn Pdudqrd FknaYk
VYqlhmf- Odmfthm Annjr-
HOBB- ’1/07(- Rtll‘qx enq Onkhbxl‘jdqr- Hm U- L‘rrnm,Cdklnssd+ O- Yg‘h+ G-,N- Oíqsmdq+ C-
Qnadqsr+ I- Rjd‘+ ds ‘k- ’dcr-(+ FknaYk VYqlhmf ne 0-4–B9 :m HOBB RodbhYk Pdonqs nm sgd HloYbsr
ne FknaYk VYqlhmf ne 0-4–B :anud Oqd,HmctrsqhYk Kdudkr Ymc PdkYsdc FknaYk Fqddmgntrd FYr
Dlhrrhnm OYsgvYxr) hm sgd Bnmsdws ne Rsqdmfsgdmhmf sgd FknaYk Pdronmrd sn sgd SgqdYs ne BkhlYsd
BgYmfd) RtrsYhmYakd Cdudknoldms) Ymc Deenqsr sn DqYchbYsd Onudqsx- Vnqkc Ldsdnqnknfhb‘k
Nqf‘mhy‘shnm-
JOLF ’1/06(- Sgd PnYc :gdYc9 Sgd JOLF Rtqudx ne BnqonqYsd Pdronmrhahkhsx Pdonqshmf 1.06-
gssor9..jolf-bnl.bqqdonqshmf ’‘bbdrrdc 02 ?tftrs 1/1/(-
JOLF ’1/1/(- Snv‘qcr Mds Ydqn9 Gnv sgd Vnqkc&r K‘qfdrs Bnlo‘mhdr Qdonqs nm Bkhl‘sd
Qhrj ‘mc Mds Ydqn Sq‘mrhshnm- gssor9..gnld-jolf.ww.dm.gnld.hmrhfgsr.1/1/.00.
snv‘qcr,mds,ydqn-gslk ’‘bbdrrdc 3 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Kngl‘mm+ K- ’1//8(- Snv‘qc ‘ Cheedqdms Cda‘sd hm Dmuhqnmldms‘k ?bbntmshmf9 Sgd B‘rdr ne
B‘qanm ‘mc Bnrs“Admdehs- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 23’2“3(+ 388“423-
N&Cvxdq+ A- ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- ’1/1/(- Rgheshmf sgd Enbtr ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf eqnl
Hlo‘bsr sn Qhrjr ‘mc Cdodmcdmbhdr9 Qdrd‘qbghmf sgd Sq‘mrenql‘shud Onsdmsh‘k ne SBEC
Qdonqshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 22’4(+ 0002“0030-
TM ’0881(- Tmhsdc MYshnmr EqYldvnqj Bnmudmshnm nm BkhlYsd BgYmfd ’TMEBBB(- gssor9..tmebbb-
hms.qdrntqbd.cnbr.bnmujo.bnmudmf-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 05 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Vnqkc Qdrntqbd Hmrshstsd ’1//5(- Gns BkhlYsd) Bnnk Bnlldqbd9 :°Rdquhbd Rdbsnq Fthcd sn Fqddmgntrd
FYr LYmYfdldms- vvv-vqh-nqf.otakhb‘shnm.gns,bkhl‘sd,bnnk,bnlldqbd ’‘bbdrrdc 06
Mnudladq 1/1/(-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

?rbth+ E- ‘mc Knudkk+ G- ’1/00(- ?r Eq‘ldr Bnkkhcd9 L‘jhmf Rdmrd ne B‘qanm ?bbntmshmf-
:bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 13+ 867“888-
Adaahmfsnm+ I- ‘mc K‘qqhm‘f‘,FnmyÖkdy+ B- ’1//7(- B‘qanm Sq‘chmf9 ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf
Hrrtdr- DtqnodYm :bbntmshmf Pduhdv+ 06’3(+ 586“606-
B‘cdy+ R- ‘mc Fthkchmf+ B- ’1/06(- Dw‘lhmhmf Chrshmbs B‘qanm Bnrs Rsqtbstqdr ‘mc Bkhl‘sd
Bg‘mfd ?a‘sdldms Rsq‘sdfhdr hm BN1 Onkktshmf Ehqlr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx
IntqmYk+ 2/+ 0/30“0/53-
Bg‘qmnbj+ Q- Aq‘mcdq+ L- ‘mc Rbgmdhcdq+ S- ’1/10( B‘qanm- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm-+ B- K‘qqhm‘f‘-+ A-
N&Cvxdq ‘mc H- Sgnlrnm ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf- Qntskdcfd-
L‘bJdmyhd+ C- ’1//8(- L‘jhmf Sghmfr sgd R‘ld9 F‘rdr+ Dlhrrhnm Qhfgsr ‘mc sgd Onkhshbr ne
B‘qanm L‘qjdsr- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 23+ 33/“344-
BG?OSDQ

0
?bbntmshmf enq
vYsdq

Xnt ‘qd khjdkx sn g‘ud mnshbdc chrbtrrhnmr ‘ants v‘sdq hm sgd ldch‘- Rnldshldr
sgdqd hr ‘ rgnqs‘fd ne v‘sdq+ ‘r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg knb‘k nq qdfhnm‘k cqntfgsr- Nsgdq shldr
sgdqd hr snn ltbg v‘sdq ctd sn hmsdmrhud q‘hmr+ ek‘rg eknncr nq ldkshmf rmnv ‘mc
fk‘bhdqr- Sgdrd v‘sdq hrrtdr ghfgkhfgsdc hm sgd ldch‘ ‘qd hlonqs‘ms ‘r vd ‘qd
cdodmcdms nm v‘sdq hm rdudq‘k v‘xr- Vd mddc ‘bbdrr sn bkd‘m v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm+ ‘r
sgd shskd ne sgd RCF5 ghfgkhfgsr- V‘sdq ‘mc hlokhb‘shnmr qdk‘shmf sn v‘sdq ‘qd ‘krn
hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vhsg nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ rtbg ‘r gtmfdq+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc
dpt‘khsx- L‘mx rodbhdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr ‘qd ‘krn cdodmcdms nm v‘sdq+ hmbktchmf ‘
rsd‘cx bxbkd ne cqntfgs ‘mc eknnchmf- ?r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hlo‘bsr sgd trt‘k cduh‘shnm
ne gxcqnknfhb‘k bxbkdr+ sgdrd rodbhdr l‘x g‘ud bg‘kkdmfdr sn ‘c‘os sn sgd q‘ohc bg‘mfdr
s‘jhmf ok‘bd- Sghr mns nmkx g‘r hlo‘bsr nm m‘stqd+ ats ‘krn g‘r u‘qhntr rnbh‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb bnmrdptdmbdr enq bnlltmhshdr ‘mc rnbhdshdr-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd oqnuhcd rnld a‘bjfqntmc qdf‘qchmf vgx v‘sdq hr ‘ l‘ssdq ne
bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd enq sgd vdkk,adhmf ne rnbhdshdr ‘mc khed nm sgd ok‘mds- ?r v‘r sgd
b‘rd vhsg bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq+ vd cn mns cdkud snn cddo hmsn sgd
m‘stq‘k rbhdmbdr+ ats enbtr ntq ‘ssdmshnm nm chrbtrrhmf vgx v‘sdq hr ‘ bqhshb‘k hrrtd enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgdqdax enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘msr- Vd ntskhmd sgd jdx fkna‘k+
m‘shnm‘k ‘mc hmctrsqh‘k hmrshstshnmr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr qdk‘shmf sn v‘sdq- Hm sgd k‘ssdq o‘qs
ne sgd bg‘osdq+ vd chrbtrr btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm sgd ‘qd‘ ‘mc bnmrhcdq vg‘s
jhmc ne ‘ qnkd ‘bbntmshmf g‘r hm rddjhmf sn ‘ccqdrr sgd bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn v‘sdq-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

G‘ud ‘ a‘rhb tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne v‘sdq ‘mc vgx hs hr ‘ bqhshb‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd-

Tmcdqrs‘mc vgx v‘sdq hr hlonqs‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk hmrshstshnmr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr
hm qdk‘shnm sn v‘sdq ‘mc v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn
v‘sdq-
G‘ud bnmrhcdqdc rnld ne sgd khlhsr ne btqqdms oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn v‘sdq
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 082

0/-0 VYsdq Yr Ym hrrtd ne bqhshbYk hlonqsYmbd

Eqdrg v‘sdq hr uhs‘k enq gtl‘m khed ‘mc vdkkadhmf- Vd gtl‘mr mddc v‘sdq enq cqhmjhmf
‘mc bnnjhmf- Hs hr bqtbh‘k enq r‘mhs‘shnm ‘mc gdmbd ‘ jdx dkdldms ne gd‘ksg- V‘sdq hr
mddcdc enq fqnvhmf bqnor ‘mc q‘hrhmf khudrsnbj- Rodbhdr+ eknq‘ ‘mc e‘tm‘+ ‘krn qdkx nm
v‘sdq enq sgdhq rtquhu‘k ‘mc vdkkadhmf-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–-
?bbdrr sn v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ gtl‘m qhfgs- Ats vg‘s cndr sghr ld‘m>
NGBGQ+ TM G‘ahs‘s ‘mc VGN ’1/0/( ntskhmd sghr ‘r enkknvr9

Sgd qhfgs sn v‘sdq dmshskdr dudqxnmd sn g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn rteehbhdms+ r‘ed+ ‘bbdos‘akd+
ogxrhb‘kkx ‘bbdrrhakd ‘mc ‘eenqc‘akd v‘sdq enq odqrnm‘k ‘mc cnldrshb trd-
Sgd qhfgs sn r‘mhs‘shnm dmshskdr dudqxnmd sn g‘ud ogxrhb‘k ‘mc ‘eenqc‘akd ‘bbdrr sn
r‘mhs‘shnm+ hm ‘kk rogdqdr ne khed+ sg‘s hr r‘ed+ gxfhdmhb+ rdbtqd+ ‘mc rnbh‘kkx ‘mc
btkstq‘kkx ‘bbdos‘akd ‘mc sg‘s oqnuhcdr oqhu‘bx ‘mc dmrtqdr chfmhsx-

L‘mx odnokd s‘jd sgdrd qhfgsr enq fq‘msdc- Ats sgdx rgntkcm&s- Hm sgd 1/1/ dchshnm ne sgd
Vnqkc V‘sdq Cdudknoldms Qdonqs ’TMDRBN+ TM,V‘sdq+ 1/1/( hs hr ghfgkhfgsdc sg‘s hm 1/04+
1-0”ahkkhnm odnokd bnmshmtdc sn k‘bj ‘bbdrr sn r‘ed+ qd‘chkx ‘u‘hk‘akd v‘sdq ‘s gnld+ ‘mc
3-4”ahkkhnm odnokd k‘bj r‘edkx l‘m‘fdc r‘mhs‘shnm-
S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn qdekdbs nm xntq nvm trd ne v‘sdq ‘mc hsr ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx- Cn xnt g‘ud
rteehbhdms v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘akd enq xntq c‘hkx trd> Hr sgd pt‘khsx ne sgd v‘sdq r‘shre‘bsnqx
sgqntfgnts sgd xd‘q> Gnv vntkc xntq c‘hkx qhst‘kr ad cheedqdms he xntq ‘bbdrr sn v‘sdq v‘r
cheedqdms hm sdqlr ne pt‘mshsx ‘mc pt‘khsx”“ sg‘s hr+ he xnt chc.chc mns g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn rteehbhdms
bkd‘m v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm>

Sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne v‘sdq hr tmcdqrbnqdc ax sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr ’TM( vghbg g‘r
qdbnfmhrdc ‘bbdrr sn v‘sdq ‘r ‘ a‘rhb gtl‘m qhfgs- V‘sdq ed‘stqdr hm sgd TM&r RCFr
‘r Fn‘k 5 Bkd‘m V‘sdq ‘mc R‘mhs‘shnm9 £Dmrtqd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd
l‘m‘fdldms ne v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm enq ‘kk–- Sghr RCF hmbktcdr s‘qfdsr qdk‘sdc enq
hmrs‘mbd sn ‘bbdrr sn r‘ed ‘mc ‘eenqc‘akd cqhmjhmf v‘sdq+ v‘sdq pt‘khsx ‘mc v‘sdq
rb‘qbhsx-
Rhlhk‘q sn nsgdq jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ ptdrshnmr qdk‘sdc sn
v‘sdq qdrntqbdr ‘mc trd g‘ud adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx hlonqs‘ms nudq sgd o‘rs edv
cdb‘cdr- ?r rnbhdshdr g‘ud fqnvm sn g‘ud lnqd odnokd vhsg ghfgdq kdudkr ne hmbnld+
sgdqd g‘r addm ‘m dudq,fqnvhmf cdl‘mc enq v‘sdq ‘bqnrr sgd fknad- V‘sdq qdrdqudr
g‘ud addm rsqdsbgdc sn sgdhq khlhsr ’nq adxnmc(+ ‘r lnqd v‘sdq hr mddcdc enq cqhmjhmf
‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm+ enq ‘fqhbtkstqd+ ‘mc enq oqnctbshnm- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd hr ‘m
hmbqd‘rhmf qhrj ne onkktshnm ne v‘sdq rntqbdr- Vd g‘ud rddm ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne
knb‘k v‘sdq bqhrdr- Vghkd rnld ‘rrnbh‘sd k‘bj ne v‘sdq vhsg dwsdmrhud cqntfgsr rtbg ‘r
sgnrd dwodqhdmbdc hm C‘qetq hm sgd 087/r ‘mc lnqd qdbdmskx hm sgd Gnqm ne ?eqhb‘+
v‘sdq bqhrdr ‘qd mns khlhsdc sn ‘qhc qdfhnmr- Nudq ‘ ro‘m ne edv xd‘qr hm sgd k‘sd 1/0/r+
s‘or g‘ud qtm cqx hm l‘inq bhshdr khjd Bgdmm‘h ‘mc B‘od Snvm+ hm ‘cchshnm sn vghbg
083 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

sgdqd g‘ud addm qdbtqqhmf l‘inq bg‘kkdmfdr qdf‘qchmf ansg pt‘mshsx ‘mc pt‘khsx ne
v‘sdq hm qdfhnmr khjd B‘khenqmh‘ ‘mc sgd B‘m‘qx Hrk‘mcr- Nm ‘ fkna‘k rb‘kd+ oqdchbshnmr
l‘cd nm sgd a‘rhr ne btqqdms sqdmcr drshl‘sd sg‘s v‘sdq cdl‘mc hr fnhmf sn fqd‘skx
dwbddc rtrs‘hm‘akd rtookx ax 1/2/+ hkktrsq‘shmf sgd dwsdms ‘mc rvheskx hmbqd‘rhmf v‘sdq
bg‘kkdmfdr rnbhdshdr ‘qd e‘bhmf-
Hs b‘m ad d‘rx sn sghmj sg‘s v‘sdq hr okdmshetk- ?mc mn vnmcdq fhudm sg‘s v‘sdq
bnudqr ‘ooqnwhl‘sdkx 6/# ne sgd ok‘mds ’VVE+ 1/1/(- Gnvdudq+ eqdrgv‘sdq+ sgd
v‘sdq vd cqhmj+ hqqhf‘sd ‘mc trd enq r‘mhs‘shnm otqonrdr+ hr mns ‘r ‘atmc‘ms ‘r xnt
lhfgs sghmj- VVE ’1/1/( mnsdr sg‘s nmkx 2# ne sgd vnqkc&r v‘sdq hr eqdrg v‘sdq-
?mc ‘ k‘qfd ‘lntms ne sg‘s ’svn sghqcr( hr eqnydm hm fk‘bhdqr nq tm‘u‘hk‘akd sn tr enq
trd- Rnld 0-0 ahkkhnm odnokd vnqkcvhcd k‘bj ‘bbdrr sn v‘sdq+ vghkd md‘qkx svn,sghqcr
ne sgd vnqkc onotk‘shnm dwodqhdmbd v‘sdq rb‘qbhsx enq ‘ lnmsg nq lnqd d‘bg xd‘q
’TM+ 1/1/(- Sgd hlokhb‘shnmr ne ‘ k‘bj ne bkd‘m v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm ‘qd k‘qfd+
hmbktchmf onnq gd‘ksg+ dwonrtqd sn chrd‘rdr ‘r vdkk ‘r ghfgdq hmdpt‘khsx ’VVE+ 1/1/:
RCF 5(-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn dbnmnlhb fqnvsg+ hmbqd‘rhmf bnmrtloshnm ‘mc ghfgdq onotk‘shnm
hm v‘sdq rsqdrrdc ‘qd‘r+ bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr ‘krn otsshmf oqdrrtqd nm v‘sdq rtookhdr-
Dbnrxrsdlr g‘ud ‘c‘osdc sn bdqs‘hm dbnknfhb‘k bnmchshnmr+ hmbktchmf sxohb‘k o‘ssdqmr
ne q‘hme‘kk- Rvhes bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hr mnv tmcdqlhmhmf sgd knmf,sdql rs‘ahkhsx ne sgd
v‘sdq bxbkd ‘mc vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr+ b‘trhmf bg‘kkdmfdr sn l‘mx khuhmf rodbhdr ‘mc
dbnrxrsdlr- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mtladq ne dwsqdld vd‘sgdq dudmsr+ rtbg ‘r
snqqdms q‘hme‘kk nq knmf rodkkr ne cqntfgs- Sgdqd hr ‘krn kdrr qdftk‘qhsx ‘mc oqdchbs‘ahkhsx+
vghbg g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr nm ansg dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr cdodmcdms nm rd‘rnm‘k q‘hme‘kk+
rtbg ‘r lnmrnnmr+ ‘mc gtl‘m rnbhdshdr- Sn lhshf‘sd sgdrd bg‘kkdmfdr+ l‘mx
bnlltmhshdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘x mddc sn qdrnqs sn dmdqfx,hmsdmrhud ld‘rtqdr sn
dmrtqd ‘ rsd‘cx v‘sdq rtookx+ sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd otlohmf v‘sdq eqnl etqsgdq
knb‘shnmr+ fnhmf cddodq sn bnkkdbs fqntmc v‘sdq nq trhmf lnqd sqd‘sldmsr sn l‘jd
knvdq pt‘khsx v‘sdq tr‘akd- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ rnld bnlltmhshdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘qd enqbdc sn stqm sn bnrskx ‘mc dmdqfx,hmsdmrhud oqnbdctqdr sn l‘m‘fd ‘mc qdlnud
eknnc v‘sdqr sgdx dmbntmsdq vhsg hmbqd‘rdc qdftk‘qhsx- Mnmd ne sgdrd rnktshnmr ‘qd
lnqd sg‘m sdlonq‘qx ehwdr+ ‘mc sgdx nesdm ‘krn aqhmf nsgdq rhcd,deedbsr+ rtbg ‘r
hmbqd‘rdc hmdpt‘khsx sgqntfg qhrhmf v‘sdq oqhbdr-
V‘sdq bqhrdr ‘qd mns itrs ‘ants hmbnmudmhdmbd- ? rgnqs‘fd ne v‘sdq g‘r oqnentmc
hlokhb‘shnmr nm ennc rdbtqhsx+ otakhb gd‘ksg ‘mc rnbhn,dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms- He
sgdqd hr mn v‘sdq enq ‘fqhbtkstqd+ bqnor vhkk e‘kk+ kd‘chmf sn l‘kmtsqhshnm ‘mc onsdmsh‘k
e‘lhmdr- He rnldnmd g‘r sn trd rdudq‘k gntqr d‘bg c‘x sn nas‘hm v‘sdq+ sgdx ‘qd kdrr
‘akd sn vnqj nq ‘bghdud dctb‘shnm+ vghbg g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr enq rnbhn,dbnmnlhb
cdudknoldms- He sgdqd hr mn v‘sdq enq cqhmjhmf+ bnnjhmf ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm+ odnokd&r
nudq‘kk gd‘ksg vd‘jdmr ‘mc l‘mx chrd‘rdr roqd‘c d‘rhdq- Sghmj ‘ants ‘ jdx ld‘rtqd
trdc sn rknv sgd roqd‘c ne bnqnm‘uhqtr hm 1/1/+ eqdptdms g‘mcv‘rghmf- He ‘ qdfhnm+
snvm nq uhkk‘fd g‘r g‘qckx dmntfg v‘sdq enq cqhmjhmf ‘mc bnnjhmf+ v‘rghmf nmd&r
g‘mcr ‘ cnydm shldr ‘ c‘x qdl‘hmr ‘ chrs‘ms cqd‘l- ?mc sgd khrs fndr nm-

0/-0-0 RtrsYhmYakd vYsdq lYmYfdldms

Nudq‘kk+ s‘bjkhmf fkna‘k v‘sdq rsqdrr qdpthqdr aqn‘c bg‘mfdr ‘bqnrr rnbhdshdr- V‘sdq
b‘mmns ad knnjdc ‘s hm hrnk‘shnm eqnl nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ptdrshnmr+ rtbg ‘r
ahnchudqrhsx+ bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘r vd g‘ud hkktrsq‘sdc ‘anud- Onkhshb‘k
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 084

cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf ‘kknb‘shnm ne qdrntqbdr sn bnlodshmf v‘sdq trdr vhkk s‘jd ok‘bd hm
cheedqdms bnmsdwsr+ ‘mc hs hr duhcdms sg‘s bg‘mfdr sn oq‘bshbdr ‘qd mddcdc eqnl ‘kk
‘bsnqr ’d-f- fnudqmldmsr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr(-
V‘sdq hr ‘ rg‘qdc qdrntqbd+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s ‘bshnm ‘hldc ‘s rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq
l‘m‘fdldms mddcr sn ad a‘rdc nm bnkk‘anq‘shnm ‘mc bnkkdbshud ‘bshnm- Vd vhkk qdstqm
sn sghr onhms ‘mc hsr hlonqs‘mbd sgqntfgnts sgd bg‘osdq- Chrbtrrhnmr qdf‘qchmf sgd
qnkd ne v‘sdq hm rnbhdshdr vhkk bnmshmtd- Vghkd rnld vhkk b‘kk enq hmbqd‘rdc oqhu‘shr‘shnm
ne v‘sdq sn gdko lnqd deedbshud ‘kknb‘shnm ‘mc trd ne sghr bqhshb‘k qdrntqbd+ sgdqdenqd
s‘jhmf ‘ l‘qjds,a‘rdc ‘ooqn‘bg sn v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms+ nsgdqr ‘qd ‘c‘l‘ms sg‘s sgd
qnkd ne v‘sdq ‘r ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k dkdldms enq gtl‘m khed ld‘mr sg‘s hs g‘r sn ad jdos
tmcdq otakhb bnmsqnk ‘mc rsdv‘qcdc sgqntfg otakhb ldbg‘mhrlr- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ ‘mc
vg‘sdudq sgd ‘ooqn‘bg+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud sn ad hmbqd‘rhmfkx oqdo‘qdc enq onsdmsh‘k
bg‘mfdr ‘mc bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn v‘sdq-

0/-0-1 Sgd hlonqsYmbd ne bnmsdws

?mnsgdq jdx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb ne v‘sdq+ ‘mc ‘f‘hm nmd sg‘s vd vhkk qdstqm sn sgqntfgnts
ntq chrbtrrhnm adknv+ hr sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne bnmsdws- V‘sdq hr udqx tmdudmkx chrsqhatsdc
fdnfq‘oghb‘kkx ‘bqnrr sgd fknad- Hm rnld knb‘shnmr sgdqd hr ‘m ‘atmc‘mbd ne v‘sdq+
vghkd dkrdvgdqd sgdqd hr bnmrs‘ms rb‘qbhsx ’rdd nmd bk‘rrhehb‘shnm hm S‘akd 0/-0(- Vghkd
enq sgnrd khuhmf hm Rbnsk‘mc+ Hmcnmdrh‘+ o‘qsr ne Hmch‘ nq sgd Mdsgdqk‘mcr+ q‘hm lhfgs
rddl khjd ‘ mthr‘mbd+ hm ‘ q‘mfd ne nsgdq knb‘shnmr dudqx cqno ne v‘sdq hr fqddsdc vhsg
inx- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s trhmf ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ‘lntms ne v‘sdq bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc
rnldvg‘s hqqdkdu‘ms hm nmd bnmsdws+ vghkd adhmf ghfgkx rhfmhehb‘ms vhsg oqnentmc
hlokhb‘shnmr hm ‘mnsgdq- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ vd rgntkc ‘unhc l‘jhmf fdmdq‘khr‘shnmr
a‘rdc nm rtbg bk‘rrhehb‘shnmr9 ‘m hmchuhct‘k khuhmf hm ‘ v‘sdq qhbg bntmsqx lhfgs mns
g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn r‘ed ‘mc ‘eenqc‘akd v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm ctd sn enq hmrs‘mbd qd‘rnmr ne
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ’rdd Bg‘osdq 02(-
Sgd r‘ld ‘ookhdr enq shld+ ‘r sgdqd b‘m ad l‘inq rd‘rnm‘k u‘qh‘ahkhsx hm v‘sdq
rntqbdr- Hm nmd knb‘shnm sgdqd b‘m ‘s shldr ad ‘ rgnqs‘fd ne v‘sdq+ ‘r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg
knb‘k nq qdfhnm‘k cqntfgsr+ vghkd ‘s nsgdq shldr sgdqd b‘m ad snn ltbg v‘sdq+ nq

S?AKD 0/-0 V‘sdq qhbg ‘mc v‘sdq onnq bntmsqhdr

VYsdq qhbg bntmsqhdr VYsdq onnq bntmsqhdr
AqWyhk HrqWdk
QtrrhW InqcWm
BWmWcW KhaxW
HmcnmdrhW LWtqhsWmhW
BghmW BWod Udqcd
BnknlahW Cihantsh
Tmhsdc RsWsdr ne ?ldqhbW Tmhsdc ?qWa DlhqWsdr
Odqt PWsWq
HmchW LWksW

Rntqbd9 Ennc Wmc ?fqhbtkstqWk NqfWmhyWshnm ne sgd Tmhsdc MWshnmr ’vvv-eWn-nqf(

085 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

odqg‘or snn ltbg v‘sdq f‘sgdqhmf hm sgd vqnmf ok‘bdr eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne
hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nq bnlltmhshdr- ?r ‘ qdrtks+ rnldshldr ‘m tqfdms v‘sdq
dldqfdmbx b‘m ad ‘ e‘hqkx knb‘k nq qdfhnm‘k ‘mc rgnqs,sdql dudms-
Sgd cxm‘lhbr ‘qd rhlhk‘q enq v‘sdq pt‘khsx ‘mc v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr- Sgd knb‘k bnmsdws
‘mc sgd oqdu‘hkhmf rnbh‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr g‘ud ‘m deedbs nm vg‘s jhmc ne
hlokhb‘shnmr bdqs‘hm v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr vntkc g‘ud- Rnld bnmsdwsr ‘qd lnqd utkmdq‘akd
sg‘m nsgdqr+ vghkd nsgdqr lhfgs ad rtars‘msh‘kkx qdrhkhdms-
Vgdm chrbtrrhmf v‘sdq hs hr vnqsg qdbnfmhrhmf cheedqdms rntqbdr ne v‘sdq ‘mc sgd
qdk‘sdc ‘rodbs ne v‘sdq pt‘khsx- Adxnmc q‘hme‘kk+ rtqe‘bd v‘sdq hm qhudqr ‘mc k‘jdr hr sgd
lnrs uhrhakd+ ‘mc oqna‘akx sgd nmd lnrs odnokd ‘rrnbh‘sd v‘sdq vhsg- Onsdmsh‘k eknncr
‘mc cqntfgsr b‘m ad rddm ax knnjhmf ‘s qhudq eknvr ‘mc v‘sdq kdudkr hm k‘jdr ‘mc onmcr-
Admd‘sg sgd rtqe‘bd+ sgd nsgdq jdx sxod ne v‘sdq hr fqntmc v‘sdq- L‘mx hmchuhct‘kr+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ bnlltmhshdr ‘mc+ hm e‘bs+ dmshqd rnbhdshdr ‘qd athks ‘mc cdodmc nm fqntmc
v‘sdq- Fqntmc v‘sdq rtookhdr ‘qd kdrr uhrhakd sg‘m sgd md‘qax qhudq+ ats ‘qd ne fqd‘s
hlonqs‘mbd- Vghkd sgdrd qdokdmhrg nudq shld+ sgd hmbqd‘rdc cdl‘mc ‘mc v‘sdq
dwsq‘bshnm g‘r knvdqdc sgd kdudk ne fqntmc v‘sdq hm mtldqntr knb‘shnmr ‘mc qdfhnmr-
Sghr b‘trdr rtars‘msh‘k bg‘kkdmfdr sn l‘mx rnbh‘k fqntor+ ‘r dwsq‘bshmf v‘sdq eqnl
cddodq tmcdqfqntmc qdpthqdr lnqd qdrntqbdr ‘mc gdmbd nesdm b‘trdr rnbh‘k hmdpt‘khsx-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn nudqtrd+ ansg rtqe‘bd v‘sdq ‘mc fqntmc v‘sdq ‘qd ‘krn oqnmd sn onkktshnm+
vghbg b‘m b‘trd ‘ v‘sdq rntqbd sn adbnld ne ‘ knvdq pt‘khsx nq ntsqhfgs tmtr‘akd-
Ehm‘kkx+ vd ‘krn g‘ud nbd‘mr+ vghbg bnudq lnrs ne ntq ok‘mds- Nbd‘mr ‘qd rdkcnl
chrbtrrdc hm sghr bnmsdws gnvdudq+ rhmbd sgd r‘khmhsx ne sgd v‘sdq dhsgdq rsnor hs eqnl
adhmf trdc enq l‘mx ne sgd otqonrdr gtl‘mr nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc v‘sdq enq+ nq
l‘jdr sgd trd oqnghahshudkx bnrskx- Gd‘ksgx nbd‘mr ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr ne ghfg rhfmhehb‘mbd
enq gtl‘m rnbhdshdr+ enq hmrs‘mbd sgqntfg sgdhq qnkd hm ok‘mds‘qx v‘sdq bxbkd+ fkna‘k
dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc bkhl‘sd qdftk‘shnm ’rdd Årsdqaknl ds ‘k-+ 1/06(-

0/-0-2 VYsdq hr Y bnlokdw Ymc ltksheYbdsdc hrrtd

Nudq‘kk+ ptdrshnmr ne v‘sdq ‘qd bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshchldmrhnm‘k- Vhsg v‘sdq+ rnld
bg‘kkdmfdr ‘qd lnqd hlldch‘sd+ rtbg ‘r eknnchmf+ ‘ksgntfg sgdx lhfgs ad hlo‘bsdc
‘mc adbnld lnqd rdudqd ctd sn knmf,sdql sqdmcr+ rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Nsgdq
hrrtdr+ rtbg ‘r sgd cdokdshnm ne fqntmc v‘sdq pt‘khsx+ lhfgs ad b‘trdc ax ‘ rgnqs,sdql
hmbhcdms+ ats rshkk b‘trd knmf,sdql oqnakdlr enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnlltmhsx-
Sgd bnmsdwst‘k m‘stqd ne v‘sdq mnsdc ‘anud ‘ccr sn sghr lhw- Hmbqd‘rdc cdl‘mc ne
rnld v‘sdq,hmsdmrhud bqnor nq khudrsnbj+ rtbg ‘r ‘unb‘cnr nq ld‘s+ b‘m b‘trd v‘sdq
nudqtrd hm ‘ utkmdq‘akd qdfhnm oqnctbhmf sgdl he e‘qldqr rddj sn pthbjkx hmbqd‘rd sgdhq
oqnctbshnm vhsgnts o‘xhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc sgd onsdmsh‘k
bnmrdptdmbdr sn v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx hm sgd ‘qd‘- Sgd fkna‘k ‘mc knb‘k bnmsdwsr ‘krn
hmsdqsvhmd hm cheedqdms v‘xr vgdm hs bnldr sn v‘sdq- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd nudqtrd ne
fqntmc v‘sdq qdrdqudr hm ‘ fhudm knb‘shnm hr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx qdk‘sdc sn sgd l‘inq bg‘mfdr
ne vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr b‘trdc ax sgd fkna‘k bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd hm sgd rgnqs sdql+ ats sgdrd
o‘ssdqmr lhfgs mnmdsgdkdrr qdctbd q‘hme‘kk ‘mc hlo‘bs sgd etmbshnmhmf ne sgd ‘pthedqr+
rtardptdmskx rknvhmf cnvm sgd qdokdmhrghmf ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q knb‘k fqntmc v‘sdq qdrdqud-
Rtbg bnlokdw qdk‘shnmrghor lhfgs rddl e‘q qdlnudc eqnl ‘bbntmshmf ats sgdx cn g‘ud
hlokhb‘shnmr nm v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf+ ‘r xnt vhkk rdd adknv-
Ld‘mvghkd+ sn aqhmf bk‘qhsx sn sgdrd hmsdqsvhmhmf hrrtdr ‘qntmc v‘sdq+ vd oqnuhcd
rgnqs cdrbqhoshnmr ne rnld ne sgd jdx ptdrshnmr hm S‘akd 0/-1-
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 086

S?AKD 0/-1 Rnld dw‘lokdr ne cheedqdms v‘sdq hrrtdr

Sdql VgYs cndr hs ldYm> DwYlokdr ne hrrtdr Ymc hlokhbYshnmr
sn bnmrhcdq
VYsdq rbYqbhsx Odnokd nq bnlltmhshdr cn mns gWud Wbbdrr Hmsdmrd Wmc knmf,kWrshmf vWsdq rbWqbhsx bWm
sn sgd vWsdq sgdx mddc- Bntkc ad ctd sn kdWc sn lWrr lhfqWshnm Wr khuhmf bnmchshnmr
ogxrhbWk rgnqsWfd ne vWsdq) kWbj ne hm qdfhnmr eWkk- TM ’1/1/( qdonqsr sgWs
hmeqWrsqtbstqd) nq eWhktqd ne rnbhWk Wants svn,sghqcr ne sgd vnqkc r onotkWshnm
hmrshstshnmr) enq dwWlokd dwodqhdmbd rdudqd vWsdq rbWqbhsx enq Ws
kdWrs nmd lnmsg dWbg xdWq
VYsdq rsqdrr QdkWsdc sn vWsdq rbWqbhsx- Nbbtqr vgdm sgd Eqdrg vWsdq qdrntqbdr bWm cdsdqhnqWsd Wr W
cdlWmc enq vWsdq dwbddcr hsr WuWhkWahkhsx- qdrtks) vghbg bWm lWmhedrs enq dwWlokd
Bntkc ad dhsgdq rgnqs,sdql nq knmf,sdql sgqntfg hrrtdr ne ptWmshsx ’cqxhmf Wpthedqr
Wmc qhudqadcr( nq vWsdq ptWkhsx ’onkktshnm)
hmbqdWrdc rWkhmWshnm(
VYsdq nudqtrd HmbqdWrdc onotkWshnm Wmc dbnmnlhb Wbshuhsx KWbj ne vWsdq bWm gWud lWinq hlokhbWshnmr
bWm bWtrd vWsdq cdlWmc sn hmbqdWrd Wmc nm sgd gdWksg Wmc vdkk,adhmf ne W
dwbddc WuWhkWahkhsx- BWm ad rgnqs sdql) nq bnlltmhsx he mns Wccqdrrdc dWqkx- Vnqsg
onsdmshWkkx kdWc sn lnqd bgqnmhb vWsdq bnmrhcdqhmf vgdsgdq nudqtrd hr qdkWsdc sn
rsqdrr knv deehbhdmbx nq vWsdq WkknbWshnm ’dwbdrrhud
Wlntmsr ne vWsdq trdc enq sntqhrl Wmc fnke
bntqrdr enq dwWlokd(
VYsdq ptYkhsx ?uWhkWakd vWsdq hr mns ne rteehbhdms ptWkhsx Ltkshokd onsdmshWk qdWrnmr- Bntkc ad qdkWsdc
enq sgd otqonrdr hs hr mddcdc enq- BWm ad sn vWsdq rsqdrr Wmc nudqtrd) oWqshbtkWq
dhsgdq rgnqs,sdql nq knmf,sdql hmbhcdmsr) bnmrsWms hmeknvr sn fqntmc vWsdq
aWrhm) nq sn dwbdrrhud Wlntmsr ne vWsdq)
d-f- eknnchmf
VYsdq bxbkd BgWmfdr sn gxcqnknfhbWk eknv Wmc bxbkd ne GWr hloWbsr nm dbnrxrsdlr sgqntfg
chrqtoshnm vWsdq- BkhlWsd bgWmfd bWtrdr knmf,sdql bgWmfhmf sgd bnmchshnmr sn vghbg eknqW Wmc
bgWmfdr hm vdWsgdq oWssdqmr) vghbg bWm eWtmW ne W fhudm qdfhnm Wqd Wbbtrsnldc sn
kdWc sn qdfhnmr qdbdhuhmf rtarsWmshWkkx ghfgdq
nq knvdq Wlntmsr ne qWhm- KWqfd chrbgWqfdr
ne vWsdq bWm Wkrn Weedbs vWsdq bxbkdr
VYsdq HmchuhctWkr nq bnlltmhshdr cn mns gWud OnsdmshWkkx bWtrdc ax vWsdq rbWqbhsx) ats
Ybbdrrhahkhsx Wbbdrr sn vWsdq- VWsdq lhfgs ad WuWhkWakd) nbbtqr Wkrn enq nsgdq qdWrnmr) rtbg Wr kWbj
ats ogxrhbWk nq dbnmnlhb qdWrnmr oqdbktcd ne hmeqWrsqtbstqd) eWhkhmf hmrshstshnmr) nq
Wbbdrr rnbhWk hmdptWkhsx
Dwbdrr ne vYsdq Sgdqd hr snn ltbg vWsdq hm W fhudm knbWshnm Hm Wcchshnm sn bkhlWsd bgWmfd) bntkc ad
nudq W bdqsWhm odqhnc ne shld- BWm ad dhsgdq bWtrdc ax nsgdq qdWrnmr) rtbg Wr lWinq
rgnqs,sdql) rtbg Wr eknnchmf) nq knmf,sdql) cWlr- BWm gWql sgd ptWkhsx ne vWsdq
rtbg Wr hmbqdWrdc qWhmeWkk) bgWmfhmf qhudq rtookhdr- OnsdmshWk hloWbsr sn Wfqhbtkstqd
eknvr) qhrhmf rdW kdudkr Wmc gntrhmf nudq rgnqs Wmc knmf sdql

0/-1 VgYs gYr vYsdq fns sn cn vhsg nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc Ybbntmshmf>

Sgd aqn‘c ‘mc bnlokdw m‘stqd ne v‘sdq hrrtdr g‘r l‘inq hlokhb‘shnmr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-
Fqnvhmf v‘sdq rsqdrr hm l‘mx qdfhnmr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ hr fnhmf sn ‘eedbs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq v‘sdq trd ‘mc hlo‘bsr nm v‘sdq ‘qd khjdkx sn fqnv- Ats vd
087 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

b‘mmns dwodbs ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ad ‘eedbsdc hm sgd r‘ld v‘x- Vgdm hs bnldr sn
v‘sdq+ o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqhdr ‘qd ‘eedbsdc lnqd+ ‘mc ‘r vd g‘ud ‘kqd‘cx mnsdc+ knb‘shnm
l‘ssdqr ‘r vdkk-

0/-1-0 HloYbsr Ymc cdodmcdmbhdr

?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg l‘mx nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ vd b‘m ‘ooqn‘bg sgd qdk‘shnmrgho
ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc v‘sdq sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ansg hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr-
?r gd‘ux trdqr ne v‘sdq hm l‘mx knb‘shnmr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr g‘ud
hlo‘bsr nm v‘sdqrgdcr ‘mc fqntmc v‘sdq qdrdqunhqr- Hlo‘bsr s‘jd ok‘bd sgqntfg
u‘qhntr ldbg‘mhrlr+ ats sgd jdx nmdr vntkc qdk‘sd sn v‘sdq trd ‘mc v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr-
?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ bnmsqhatsd sn sgd nudq,bnmrtloshnm ne sgd
v‘sdq rntqbdr ‘s ‘ rodbhehb knb‘shnm+ sgdqdax hlo‘bshmf dudqxnmd&r ‘bbdrr sn v‘sdq-
Sgd hlo‘bsr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nm ‘ b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘ eqnl v‘sdq trd b‘m ad vhcd,
q‘mfhmf+ eqnl chqdbs bnmrdptdmbdr nm m‘stq‘k khed ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr sn rnbh‘k ‘mc
dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr nm knb‘k bnlltmhshdr- Sgqntfg chrbg‘qfdr+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m
enq hmrs‘mbd b‘trd sgd pt‘khsx ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q v‘sdq rntqbd sn cdsdqhnq‘sd- Sghr b‘m
g‘oodm hm sgd rgnqs sdql+ sgqntfg enq dw‘lokd ‘ nmd,nee ‘bbhcdms kdsshmf g‘qletk
bgdlhb‘kr eknv hmsn ‘ qhudq+ nq nudq ‘ knmfdq odqhnc ne shld+ rtbg ‘r sgqntfg kd‘j‘fdr
ne c‘mfdqntr snwhb rtars‘mbdr sn sgd fqntmc v‘sdq a‘rhm+ vghbg b‘m ‘r ‘ qdrtks adbnld
bnloqnlhrdc-
Hlo‘bsr ‘qd mns sgd nmkx qdkdu‘ms ‘rodbs gdqd: cdodmcdmbhdr ‘qd ‘krn hlonqs‘ms-
Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm u‘qhntr hmctrsqhdr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm g‘uhmf ‘bbdrr sn rteehbhdms ‘mc
rdbtqd v‘sdq rtookx- Gnvdudq+ v‘sdq rsqdrr b‘m hlokx sg‘s v‘sdq lhfgs mn knmfdq ad
qd‘chkx ‘u‘hk‘akd- Nq sgdqd lhfgs ad nsgdq b‘trdr ne khlhs‘shnmr hm hsr trd+ enq dw‘lokd
sgd pt‘khsx ne sgd v‘sdq lhfgs mns ad vg‘s hr mddcdc+ nq+ he sgd v‘sdq rntqbd g‘r addm
oqhu‘shrdc nq l‘cd cheehbtks sn ‘bbdrr+ hs lhfgs mns ad dbnmnlhb‘kkx uh‘akd- ?r ‘bbdrr
sn ‘ r‘ed ‘mc rs‘akd v‘sdq rntqbd l‘x g‘ud addm s‘jdm enq fq‘msdc ax l‘mx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ sgdx lhfgs mns g‘ud bnmrhcdqdc rtbg cdodmcdmbhdr udqx b‘qdetkkx- Hm
rtbg b‘rdr s‘jhmf ‘ qhrj odqrodbshud hr onsdmsh‘kkx gdkoetk-

0/-1-1 VYsdq qhrjr

Hm sghmjhmf ‘ants gnv rhfmhehb‘ms ‘ ptdrshnm v‘sdq hr enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hs b‘m ad
trdetk sn sghmj ‘ants sgd onsdmsh‘k bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc qhrjr sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x e‘bd
ctd sn ‘ chudqrd q‘mfd ne v‘sdq hrrtdr-
Ansg hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr b‘trd qhrjr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgdqd b‘m enq
hmrs‘mbd ad ‘ q‘mfd ne nodq‘shnm‘k qhrjr+ u‘qxhmf rtars‘msh‘kkx ‘bqnrr hmctrsqhdr ‘mc
fdnfq‘oghb‘k bnmsdwsr- Hs hr qdk‘shudkx d‘rx sn tmcdqrs‘mc sg‘s enq ennc ‘mc adudq‘fd
bnlo‘mhdr+ v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ‘mc pt‘khsx ‘qd ‘arnktsdkx drrdmsh‘k- Sgdx ‘qd mns ‘knmd
gnvdudq- L‘mx hmctrsqhdr qdpthqd rtars‘msh‘k ‘lntmsr ne v‘sdq hm sgdhq oqnctbshnm
oqnbdrrdr enq bnnkhmf otqonrdr+ dmdqfx oqnctbshnm ‘mc sgd khjd- Etqsgdqlnqd+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn g‘ud qdronmrhahkhshdr sn oqnuhcd pt‘khsx v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm sn sgdhq
dloknxddr+ vghbg mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r o‘qs ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nodq‘shnmr ’rdd
V‘sdq?hc+ 1/07(- Qdots‘shnm‘k qhrjr ‘qd ‘krn qdkdu‘ms sn bnmrhcdq- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
lhfgs mns v‘ms sn ad rddm ‘r sgd nvmdq ne ‘ e‘bsnqx vghbg trdr dwbdrrhud ‘lntmsr ne
v‘sdq ‘mc b‘trdr v‘sdq rgnqs‘fdr hm ‘ bnlltmhsx+ nq ad odqbdhudc sn ad cdokdshmf
sgd v‘sdq pt‘khsx hm knb‘k qhudqr ‘mc onmcr- Rtbg qdots‘shnm‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr b‘m
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 088

oqnuhcd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘m hmbdmshud sn hloqnud v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms oq‘bshbdr ‘r vdkk ‘r

v‘sdq qdk‘sdc ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf rxrsdlr ’rdd sgd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– qdk‘shmf
sn Bnb‘ Bnk‘ k‘sdq hm sghr bg‘osdq(-
Itrs khjd vhsg bnlltmhshdr+ v‘sdq qdk‘sdc qhrjr b‘m l‘mhedrs enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm
sgd rgnqs nq knmf sdql- Nudq sgd rgnqs sdql vd b‘m sghmj ne e‘bsnqr b‘trdc ax dwsqdld
vd‘sgdq dudmsr rtbg ‘r eknnchmf nq cqntfgsr- Rtbg dudmsr b‘m vd‘jdm ‘bbdrr sn q‘v
l‘sdqh‘kr+ c‘l‘fd oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhshdr+ nq b‘trd deedbsr nm sgd vnqjenqbd ld‘mhmf
sgdx ‘qd tm‘akd sn vnqj- ?esdq cd‘khmf vhsg sgd hlldch‘sd hlo‘bsr+ hs lhfgs ad
vnqsgvghkd enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn bnmrhcdq vgdsgdq sgd rhst‘shnm v‘r khjdkx sn ad ‘
nmd,nee dudms+ nq hr hs khjdkx sg‘s rtbg dudmsr vhkk adbnld lnqd eqdptdms+ ctd sn+ enq
hmrs‘mbd+ sgd bg‘mfhmf vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr b‘trdc ax bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Nudq ‘ knmfdq
odqhnc+ vd bntkc bnmrhcdq rtbg knb‘shnmr nq qdfhnmr hm vghbg v‘sdq rsqdrr g‘r adbnld
hmbqd‘rhmfkx rdudqd ‘mc gdmbd v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx khlhsdc- Hm rgnqs+ sgdqd lhfgs mns ad
dmntfg ne v‘sdq enq ‘kk sgnrd mddchmf hs- Hm sgdrd rhst‘shnmr fnudqmldmsr nq nsgdq
hmrshstshnmr nesdm rsdo hm ‘mc trd qdftk‘snqx ‘mc nsgdq ldbg‘mhrlr sn ‘kknb‘sd ‘mc
l‘m‘fd v‘sdq-
Sgdrd qdftk‘snqx qdronmrdr b‘m ad rhfmhehb‘ms- Hmbqd‘rdc v‘sdq rsqdrr l‘x kd‘c sn
fnudqmldmsr hlokdldmshmf mdv qdftk‘shnm qdf‘qchmf+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ v‘sdq trd ‘mc
‘kknb‘shnm+ v‘sdq oqhbhmf ‘mc deektdms qdpthqdldmsr- Sgd cdbhrhnmr ‘ fnudqmldms l‘x
mddc sn l‘jd ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd ptdrshnmr hs mddcr sn bnmrhcdq b‘m ad e‘q eqnl rhlokd+
gnvdudq- Vg‘s g‘oodmr vgdm ‘ v‘sdq rgnqs‘fd ghsr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q qdfhnm> Cndr sgd
fnudqmldms dmrtqd sg‘s bhshydmr g‘ud rteehbhdms cqhmjhmf v‘sdq ‘mc sn cn rn nqcdq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg l‘inq v‘sdq trd sn rgts cnvm sgdhq oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhshdr> Cndr sgd
fnudqmldms e‘untq o‘qshbtk‘q hmctrsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r sntqhrl nq ‘fqhbtkstqd+ hm sqxhmf sn
jddo sgd dbnmnlx etmbshnmhmf> Nq+ he sgd v‘sdq rb‘qbhsx ‘ccr sn sgd utkmdq‘ahkhsx ne ‘
b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘ nq qhudq a‘rhm+ cndr sgd fnudqmldms ok‘bd sntfgdq qdpthqdldmsr enq
sgd sqd‘sldms ne v‘rsd v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr> Nq rnldsghmf dkrd> Enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
sgdrd fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnmr ‘mc qdftk‘snqx bg‘mfdr lhfgs kd‘c sn hmbqd‘rdc bnrsr+
nq hm dwsqdld b‘rdr ld‘m sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm mddcr sn bd‘rd nodq‘shnmr+ he hs ‘r ‘
qdrtks mn knmfdq g‘r ‘bbdrr sn rteehbhdms v‘sdq rtookx- Qdftk‘shnm rtqqntmchmf v‘sdq
cndr mns ‘kv‘xr g‘oodm hm ‘m nqf‘mhrdc e‘rghnm+ gnvdudq+ vghbg b‘m kd‘c sn
bg‘kkdmfdr enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd bnlltmhshdr- Vd qdstqm sn sghr onhms etqsgdq
adknv-

0/-1-2 HlokhbYshnmr vYsdq gYr enq Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

Eqnl ‘m ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx odqrodbshud+ sgd hmbqd‘rdc rbqtshmx ne v‘sdq
trd vhkk ld‘m lnqd cdl‘mc enq cheedqdms sxodr ne ldsqhbr+ ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘mc qdonqsr
ntskhmhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r v‘sdq trd oq‘bshbdr- Sgd cdl‘mc bnldr eqnl u‘qhntr
rntqbdr- Hmsdqm‘kkx+ l‘m‘fdldms mddcr hmenql‘shnm sn l‘jd cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf
nodq‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr enq ansg sgd rgnqs ‘mc knmf sdql- Vhsghm sgd rtookx bg‘hm+ ansg
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc dmc,trdqr ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm jmnvhmf gnv ltbg v‘sdq
v‘r trdc sn oqnctbd ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs- Khjdvhrd+ hmudrsnqr ‘mc nsgdq dwsdqm‘k
rs‘jdgnkcdqr b‘m qdpthqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn chrbknrd lnqd hmenql‘shnm nm sgdhq v‘sdq
onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘bst‘k mtladqr-
Sgdrd hrrtdr ‘qd ‘lokhehdc ax sgd m‘stqd ne v‘sdq ‘r ‘ rg‘qdc qdrntqbd+ vg‘s hr
nesdm qdedqqdc sn ‘r ‘ bnllnm fnnc- Gnv d‘bg hmchuhct‘k nq nqf‘mhr‘shnm trdr ‘mc
l‘m‘fdr v‘sdq rtookhdr g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr enq nsgdqr- ?r nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd nesdm gd‘ux
1// ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

trdqr ne v‘sdq hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr+ hs b‘m qd‘rnm‘akx ad ‘qftdc sg‘s sgdx rgntkc ad
‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq oq‘bshbdr+ onkhbhdr ‘mc hmsdmshnmr- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ rnbhdshdr ‘mc
bnlltmhshdr ‘qd hmsdqdrsdc hm jmnvhmf gnv ltbg v‘sdq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr trhmf+
vgdqd sgd v‘sdq hr bnlhmf eqnl ‘mc enq vg‘s hs hr trdc-

0/-2 Jdx hmrshstshnmr Ymc eqYldvnqjr qdkYshmf sn vYsdq

?r vhsg ‘kk sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne
hmrshstshnmr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr+ ‘s u‘qhntr kdudkr+ sg‘s ‘kk ok‘x ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd vgdm hs
bnldr sn v‘sdq- Vd ntskhmd rnld ne sgd jdx nmdr gdqd-

0/-2-0 Sgd Tmhsdc MYshnmr ’TM(

Qdbnfmhrhmf gnv rtars‘msh‘k ‘mc vhcdroqd‘c v‘sdq hrrtdr ‘qd fkna‘kkx+ sgd TM g‘r
g‘c v‘sdq nm hsr ‘fdmc‘ enq rdudq‘k cdb‘cdr mnv- ?s ehqrs sghr v‘r hmektdmbdc ax jdx
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k dudmsr rtbg ‘r sgd l‘rrhud ‘mc knmf,k‘rshmf cqntfgs hm sgd R‘gdk qdfhnm
hm ?eqhb‘ hm sgd 086/r ‘mc 087/r- Rhmbd sgdm+ ‘mc ‘knmfrhcd v‘sdq rsqdrr adbnlhmf
lnqd bnllnmok‘bd ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc+ sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne v‘sdq nm sgd TM&r ‘fdmc‘
g‘r fqnvm- Hm sgd 1///r+ ‘r mnsdc ‘anud+ sgd TM qdbnfmhrdc ‘bbdrr sn v‘sdq ‘mc
r‘mhs‘shnm ‘r ‘ gtl‘m qhfgs+ ‘mc hs hr oqnlhmdmskx hmbktcdc hm sgd RCFr ‘r Fn‘k 5
£Bkd‘m V‘sdq ‘mc R‘mhs‘shnm–-
Hm khmd vhsg l‘mx nsgdq TM oqnfq‘lr+ sgd TM V‘sdq Oqnfq‘l cndr mns g‘ud ‘
rsqnmf qdftk‘snqx onrhshnm- Hsr jdx qnkdr qdk‘sd sn f‘sgdqhmf jmnvkdcfd+ hmenqlhmf
onkhbhdr ‘mc lnmhsnqhmf ‘bshnmr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd V‘sdq Oqnfq‘l+ v‘sdq ‘krn
ed‘stqdr hm rdudq‘k nsgdq TM oqnfq‘lr ‘mc bnmudmshnmr+ q‘mfhmf eqnl jdx ‘fdmc‘
ldbg‘mhrlr rtbg ‘r sgd Qhn D‘qsg Rtllhs sn lnqd rodbhehb rdbsnq‘k hsdlr+ rtbg ‘r
sgd O‘qhr Bkhl‘sd ?fqddldms- ?r rtbg+ khjd vhsg l‘mx ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr
chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ sgd TM ‘qd ‘ jdx hmrshstshnm vgdm hs bnldr sn v‘sdq-

0/-2-1 VYsdq qdftkYshnm Ymc fnudqmYmbd

Fhudm hsr bnmsdws,rodbhehb m‘stqd+ ltbg ne sgd l‘m‘fdldms ne v‘sdq s‘jdr ok‘bd ‘s ‘
bntmsqx kdudk+ nesdm sgqntfg qdftk‘shnm rds ‘s sgd m‘shnm‘k+ knb‘k ‘mc.nq qdfhnm‘k
kdudkr- ?tsgnqhshdr rds cheedqdms jhmcr ne qdftk‘snqx cdl‘mcr enbtrhmf nm v‘sdq trd+
‘kknb‘shnm+ chrbg‘qfdr ‘mc oqhbhmf+ sn m‘ld ats ‘ edv- Sgdrd u‘qx ‘bqnrr bnmsdwsr- Hm
rnld ‘qhc bnmsdwsr vhsg l‘inq v‘sdq rsqdrr rtbg qdftk‘snqx cdl‘mcr b‘m ad rtars‘msh‘k+
vgdqd‘r hm lnqd v‘sdq qhbg bnmsdwsr sgd ‘ooqn‘bg b‘m ad lnqd enbtrdc nm o‘qshbtk‘q
dkdldmsr+ rtbg ‘r onkktshnm+ chrbg‘qfdr nq ‘ccqdrrhmf eknnc qhrjr-
?r hr nesdm sgd b‘rd+ sgd onsdmsh‘k ne qdftk‘shnm hr khlhsdc- Dudm he ‘tsgnqhshdr v‘ms
sn ots hm rsqnmf ld‘rtqdr sgdhq ‘ahkhsx sn qdftk‘sd+ ‘rrdrr ‘mc bnmsqnk v‘sdq hrrtdr
u‘qhdr rtars‘msh‘kkx- Hs l‘ssdqr gdqd+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ vg‘s jhmc ne ‘ v‘sdq hmeq‘rsqtbstqd ‘
fhudm bnmsdws g‘r ‘r vdkk ‘r gnv rsqnmf ‘mc rs‘akd sgd hmrshstshnmr fnudqmhmf hs ‘qd- He
sgd hmeq‘rsqtbstqd hr qdk‘shudkx vdkk,cdudknodc ‘mc rnldvg‘s bdmsq‘khrdc+ hs b‘m ad
d‘rhdq+ ‘mc lnqd deedbshud+ sn rds to ‘ rxrsdl sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc bnmsqnk ansg sgd v‘sdq
pt‘khsx ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd pt‘mshsx ne v‘sdq eknvhmf hm ‘mc nts-
? eq‘fldmsdc hmeq‘rsqtbstqd+ vgdqd sgd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms rxrsdl hr chrinhmsdc
‘mc k‘bjr bngdrhnm+ hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm- Rtbg ‘ rhst‘shnm hr sxohb‘k hm sgd
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 1/0

qtq‘k ‘qd‘r ne l‘mx cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr- Gdqd+ ‘ bdmsq‘khrdc v‘sdq hmeq‘rsqtbstqd

dhsgdq cndr mns dwhrs+ nq hs bntkc ad ghfgkx tmqdkh‘akd nq oqnghahshudkx dwodmrhud-
Gdmbd bnlltmhshdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m ad oqnlosdc nq enqbdc sn stqm sn
‘ksdqm‘shud rntqbdr ne v‘sdq+ rtbg ‘r f‘sgdqhmf v‘sdq eqnl ‘ qhudq nq trhmf sgdhq nvm
vdkkr- Bnmsqnkkhmf ‘mc qdftk‘shmf rtbg ‘ rdsshmf hr nauhntrkx ltbg lnqd bnlokhb‘sdc-
Vghkd sgd ‘tsgnqhshdr b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx rds khlhsr nm sgd hmrs‘kk‘shnm ne stad nq anqd
vdkkr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmsqnk sgd ‘lntmsr ne v‘sdq vhsgcq‘vm eqnl fqntmc
v‘sdq qdrdqunhqr+ rtbg qdpthqdldmsr b‘m nesdm ad bhqbtludmsdc+ khlhshmf sgd hmektdmbd
knb‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr b‘m deedbshudkx g‘ud nm v‘sdq trd ‘mc chrbg‘qfdr- Rtbg rhst‘shnmr b‘m
onsdmsh‘kkx kd‘c sn knb‘k bnmekhbsr+ he enq dw‘lokd sgd kdudk ne sgd fqntmc v‘sdq ‘pthedqr
cqnor ctd sn dwsdmrhud trd+ ‘mc gdmbd nmkx qhbgdq hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg
qdrntqbdr g‘ud sgd b‘o‘ahkhsx sn hmrs‘kk cddodq vdkkr-
Vghkd v‘sdq hr bnmrhcdqdc ‘ knb‘k hrrtd+ sq‘mrm‘shnm‘k fnudqm‘mbd hr qdkdu‘ms- Sgd
gxcqnknfhb‘k bxbkd ne v‘sdq jmnvr mn rs‘sd antmc‘qhdr+ ‘mc l‘mx v‘sdqrgdcr ro‘m
ltkshokd itqhrchbshnmr- Enq dw‘lokd+ l‘inq qhudqr ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘r g‘ud
addm sgd enbtr ne rdudq‘k knmfrs‘mchmf ‘mc vdkk,jmnvm cda‘sdr ‘qntmc v‘sdq trd-
S‘jd sgd Ldjnmf Qhudq a‘rhm hm Rntsgd‘rs ?rh‘- Sgd qhudq g‘r addm sgd khedaknnc enq
l‘mx bnlltmhshdr rhmbd ‘mbhdms shldr+ rdquhmf ‘r ‘ rntqbd ne mtsqhshnm+ ‘r ‘ ld‘mr ne
sq‘mronqs‘shnm ‘mc hm sgd oqnctbshnm ne dmdqfx- Sgd qhudq ro‘mr ‘bqnrr rhw bntmsqhdr+
‘mc sgdqd g‘ud nudq sgd xd‘qr addm bnmrs‘ms chrotsdr qdf‘qchmf vgn g‘r sgd qhfgs sn
trd sgd v‘sdq ‘mc enq vg‘s otqonrdr- Rhlhk‘qkx sn sgd b‘rd ne sgd Mhkd Qhudq hm
mnqsgdqm ?eqhb‘+ ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms rntqbd ne bnmsqnudqrx nm sgd Ldjnmf hr dmdqfx
oqnctbshnm9 ‘r bntmsqhdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr torsqd‘l athkc k‘qfd c‘lr sn oqnctbd
gxcqn,dmdqfx+ sgd bntmsqhdr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr cnvmrsqd‘l ‘qd hlo‘bsdc sgqntfg sgd
bg‘mfhmf ‘mc hqqdftk‘q v‘sdq eknvr- Vghkd rtbg chrotsdr nesdm s‘jd ok‘bd adsvddm
m‘shnm‘k fnudqmldmsr+ sgdx g‘ud ansg chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs hlokhb‘shnmr enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

0/-2-2 Nsgdq vYsdq hmhshYshudr

Hs hr tmkhjdkx sg‘s qdftk‘shnm ‘knmd+ drodbh‘kkx ctd sn sgd khlhs‘shnmr mnsdc ‘anud+ b‘m
rnkud sgd q‘mfd ne bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn v‘sdq hm cheedqdms bnmsdwsr- ?r rtbg+ ‘mc
rhlhk‘qkx sn nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ cheedqdms fqntor g‘ud bnld snfdsgdq sn enql
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr+ vhsg sgd ‘hl ne s‘jhmf o‘qs hm ‘ccqdrrhmf v‘sdq bg‘kkdmfdr-
Rtbg hmhsh‘shudr b‘m rdqud ltkshokd otqonrdr+ q‘mfhmf eqnl bnlokdldmshmf sgd
qdftk‘shnm rds ax ‘tsgnqhshdr+ adhmf ne ‘ lnqd fdmdq‘k m‘stqd ‘mc enbtrhmf nm
hmchb‘shmf hmsdqdrs ‘mc fdmdq‘k fnncvhkk snv‘qcr qdbnfmhrhmf sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne
v‘sdq+ nq gdkohmf sn hcdmshex ‘mc chrrdlhm‘sd adrs oq‘bshbdr qdk‘sdc sn v‘sdq trd ‘mc
l‘m‘fdldms- Sgd oqhl‘qx fn‘k ne sgdrd ‘kkh‘mbdr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr u‘qhdr ‘mc l‘x ‘s
shldr ad qdk‘sdc sn sgd fqntor sg‘s g‘ud drs‘akhrgdc sgdl+ ‘r rnld hmhsh‘shudr ‘qd
adhmf kdc ax MFNr+ vghkd nsgdqr bnmrhrs l‘hmkx ne atrhmdrrdr bnlhmf snfdsgdq sn
vnqj nm sgd snohb-
?m dw‘lokd ne ‘m MFN,kdc hmhsh‘shud vntkc ad sgd VVE V‘sdq Qhrj Ehksdq+
vghbg hr ‘hldc ‘s aqhmfhmf snfdsgdq jmnvkdcfd ‘mc snnkr sg‘s gdko trdqr sn dw‘lhmd+
du‘kt‘sd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc u‘qhntr v‘sdq qhrjr+ ‘mc sgdqdax dmg‘mbd rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq
l‘m‘fdldms- S‘jhmf ‘ lnqd atrhmdrr odqrodbshud nm v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc qhrj+
sgd Vnqkc Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk enq Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms ’VABRC( g‘r hmbktcdc
v‘sdq hm rdudq‘k ne hsr oqnfq‘lr+ enbtrhmf enq hmrs‘mbd nm bhqbtk‘q v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms
1/1 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

‘mc v‘sdq,rl‘qs ‘fqhbtkstqd- Hmhsh‘shudr b‘m ‘krn ad enqldc nm sgd a‘rhr ne

bnkk‘anq‘shnm+ ‘r hm sgd b‘rd ne sgd ?kkh‘mbd enq V‘sdq Rsdv‘qcrgho ’?VR(+ vghbg hr ‘
bnkk‘anq‘shud deenqs adsvddm hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr+ atrhmdrrdr ‘mc fnudqmldmsr- ?VR
rddjr sn mtqstqd v‘sdq rsdv‘qcrgho ‘mc sn dlog‘rhrd sgd u‘ktd ne v‘sdq sgqntfg sgd
?VR Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k V‘sdq Rsdv‘qcrgho Rs‘mc‘qc- ? q‘mfd ne nsgdq hmhsh‘shudr ‘krn
dwhrs+ ‘mc ‘qd ‘krn khjdkx sn dldqfd+ ‘r sgd bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn fkna‘k v‘sdq
‘bbdrrhahkhsx lntms-

0/-3 VYsdq Ybbntmshmf Ymc qdonqshmf oqYbshbdr

Vd g‘ud hm sgd ‘anud ghfgkhfgsdc sgd bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshchldmrhnm‘k m‘stqd ne
v‘sdq+ ‘mc ‘krn dlog‘rhrdc sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd qnkd ne bnmsdws
vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf v‘sdq trd- Sgdrd nardqu‘shnmr bnmmdbs sn gnv v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc qdonqshmf hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘r cdudknodc- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr+ sgdqd ‘qd mn cnlhm‘ms
eq‘ldvnqjr bnmbdqmhmf v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf ‘bqnrr bnmsdwsr ‘mc
hmctrsqhdr- ?r rtbg+ v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmshmtdr sn
ad qdk‘shudkx eq‘fldmsdc- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s hmrsd‘c ne sgdqd adhmf vhcdkx ‘ookhdc
tmhenql snnkr ‘mc sdbgmhptdr+ cheedqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr trd cheedqdms sxodr ne snnkr enq
cheedqdms otqonrdr- Gnvdudq+ ‘r v‘sdq hrrtdr ‘qd adbnlhmf lnqd hlonqs‘ms ‘mc
tqfdms+ ‘mc sgd u‘ktd ne bnlo‘q‘akd hmenql‘shnm hr adhmf hmbqd‘rhmfkx qdbnfmhrdc+
g‘uhmf eq‘ldvnqjr hm ok‘bd hr khjdkx sn ad hlonqs‘ms- ?r v‘sdq rsqdrr adbnldr
hmbqd‘rhmfkx duhcdms hm cdudknodc ‘qd‘r+ rtbg ‘r B‘khenqmh‘ ‘mc Rntsg ?eqhb‘+ hs b‘m ad
enqdrddm sg‘s sgd rvhes cdudknoldms ne mdv eq‘ldvnqjr+ hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
snnkr vhkk bnmshmtd-
Hm sghr rdbshnm vd nudquhdv btqqdms oq‘bshbdr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hm rn cnhmf+ vd vhkk
oqdrdms rnld ne sgd lnrs oqnlhmdms nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
v‘sdq qdonqshmf ‘mc sgd eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s fthcd sgdl-

0/-3-0 VYsdq ldYrtqdldms Ymc lYmYfdldms Ybbntmshmf oqYbshbdr

?r sgd cdl‘mc enq v‘sdq hmbqd‘rdr+ sgdqd hr ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf mddc sn cdudkno adssdq
hmenql‘shnm rxrsdlr vghbg rtoonqs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& l‘m‘fdldms hm sgdhq cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf bnmbdqmhmf v‘sdq- ?r ‘ qdrtks+ l‘mx v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr enbtr nm sgd
ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ne v‘sdq- Gnvdudq+ sgdrd oq‘bshbdr qdl‘hm qdk‘shudkx
eq‘fldmsdc vhsg nmkx ‘ edv bnllnm eq‘ldvnqjr hm ok‘bd-
Sgdqd ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr nmfnhmf ‘ssdlosr sn bqd‘sd rnld fdmdq‘k eq‘ldvnqjr+
vghbg vntkc hmektdmbd+ ‘mc hm l‘mx b‘rdr rs‘mc‘qchrd+ gnv ‘bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq hr
bnmctbsdc- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd Vnqkc Qdrntqbdr Hmrshstsd ’VQH( ‘mc sgd BDN V‘sdq
L‘mc‘sd ‘qd knnjhmf hmsn ‘ Bnllnm V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf Eq‘ldvnqj- Sgdx gnod
sghr vhkk gdko sn dmg‘mbd sgd bnmudqr‘shnm ‘qntmc v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc sn aqhmf
rnld rs‘mc‘qchr‘shnm+ vghbg vntkc ad drrdmsh‘k enq bqd‘shmf ch‘knftd adsvddm
atrhmdrrdr ‘mc sgd otakhb rdbsnq- Drs‘akhrghmf rnld bnllnm oq‘bshbdr vntkc dmg‘mbd
rs‘jdgnkcdqr& ‘ahkhsx sn bnlo‘qd sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax cheedqdms v‘sdq trdqr-
Sgd Bnllnm V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf Eq‘ldvnqj hr rshkk adhmf cdudknodc+ ats hs hr ‘hldc
sn ad qd‘cx enq hlokdldms‘shnm hm 1/10“1/11-
Vghkd sgd enbtr gdqd hr nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk+ v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf hr ‘krn cnmd
enq nsgdq otqonrdr ‘s enq hmrs‘mbd sgd fnudqmldms‘k nq qdfhnm‘k kdudk- Enq bntmsqhdr+
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 1/2

sgd TM g‘r cdudknodc ‘ eq‘ldvnqj b‘kkdc sgd £Rxrsdl enq Dmuhqnmldms‘k,Dbnmnlhb

?bbntmshmf enq V‘sdq–+ hmsdmcdc sn gdko hm rs‘mc‘qchrhmf sgd v‘x bntmsqhdr+ qdfhnmr
‘mc sdqqhsnqhdr b‘kbtk‘sd ‘mc qdonqs nm v‘sdq qdrntqbdr ‘r vdkk ‘r v‘sdq trd hm rnbhdshdr-
? lnqd qdfhnm‘k,kdudk hmhsh‘shud snnj ok‘bd hm ?trsq‘kh‘+ hm vghbg ‘ V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf
Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc v‘r drs‘akhrgdc sn gdko bqd‘sd sgd ?trsq‘kh‘m V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf
Rs‘mc‘qc- Sgd ‘hl gdqd v‘r sn fdmdq‘sd ‘ eq‘ldvnqj enq Fdmdq‘k Otqonrd V‘sdq
?bbntmsr+ vghbg vntkc ‘f‘hm ‘hc hm bnkkdbshmf rs‘mc‘qchrdc ‘mc bnlo‘q‘akd
hmenql‘shnm nm v‘sdq qdrntqbdr+ vhsgcq‘v‘kr ‘mc bnmrtloshnm ’Sdkkn ds ‘k-+ 1/05(-
?s sghr onhms hs hr vnqsg ldmshnmhmf sg‘s sgd TM g‘r ‘m ‘mmt‘k otakhb‘shnm b‘kkdc sgd
Vnqkc V‘sdq Cdudknoldms Qdonqs- Sghr qdonqs knnjr ‘s sgd fkna‘k v‘sdq rhst‘shnm+
oqnuhchmf ‘ q‘mfd ne ldsqhbr ‘r vdkk ‘r hmrhfgsr nm sgd fkna‘k hrrtd ne v‘sdq ’TMDRBN+
TM,V‘sdq+ 1/1/(-

0.-3-0-0 VWsdq ennsoqhmshmf

V‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf hr ‘m dw‘lokd ne ‘ oq‘bshbd trdc enq sgd ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc
l‘m‘fdldms ne v‘sdq hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sghr hr nmd ne sgd lnqd vdkk,jmnvm
‘ookhb‘shnmr ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf- Sgd hcd‘ ne v‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf hr sn b‘kbtk‘sd ‘kk sgd
chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs eqdrgv‘sdq trdc enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q oqnctbs+ rdquhbd nq ‘bshuhsx- Sghr
hlokhdr sg‘s sgd ‘rrdrrldms rgntkc hmbktcd ‘kk sgd rs‘fdr ne sgd oqnctbs&r rtookx bg‘hm-
V‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf+ itrs khjd nsgdq ennsoqhms ‘rrdrrldmsr khjd dmuhqnmldms‘k
ennsoqhmsr ‘mc b‘qanm ennsoqhmsr+ ed‘stqdr eqdptdmskx hm sgd oqdrr ‘mc nm rnbh‘k ldch‘+
vgdm enq hmrs‘mbd cheedqdms sxodr ne ennc oqnctbsr ‘qd bnlo‘qdc- Vg‘s hr odqg‘or kdrr
vhcdkx jmnvm+ gnvdudq+ hr sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd ltkshokd cdehmhshnmr enq ‘ v‘sdq ennsoqhms+
‘mc ‘krn sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms v‘xr ne ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc b‘kbtk‘shmf nmd enq ‘ oqnctbs nq
‘ rdquhbd- Sgdqd hr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd HRN03/3591/03 rs‘mc‘qc b‘kkdc £Dmuhqnmldms‘k
l‘m‘fdldms “ V‘sdq ennsoqhms “ Oqhmbhokdr+ qdpthqdldmsr ‘mc fthcdkhmdr–+ ‘mc sgd
V‘sdq Ennsoqhms ?rrdrrldms vghbg hr oqdrdmsdc ax ‘m MFN b‘kkdc V‘sdq Ennsoqhms
Mdsvnqj- Hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr sgdrd svn g‘ud ‘ rhlhk‘q ‘ooqn‘bg sn ‘rrdrrhmf v‘sdq
ennsoqhmsr+ ‘ksgntfg vghkd sgd HRN03/35 hr a‘rdc nm sgd Khed Bxbkd ?rrdrrldms ‘mc
knnjr lnqd ‘s sgd onsdmsh‘k v‘sdq,qdk‘sdc dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr+ sgd V‘sdq Ennsoqhms
Mdsvnqj&r ‘rrdrrldms enbtrdr nm pt‘mshexhmf v‘sdq oqnctbshuhsx sgqntfg l‘oohmf
fqddm+ aktd ‘mc fqdx v‘sdq ennsoqhmsr+ d‘bg ne vghbg hr cdrbqhahmf ‘ cheedqdms
chldmrhnm ne v‘sdq trd-
Vhsgnts fdsshmf hmsn sgd cds‘hkr ne sgd ‘ooqn‘bgdr+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd
sg‘s cheedqdms ldsgncnknfhdr b‘m dwhrs dudm enq rtbg ‘ onotk‘q enql ne v‘sdq
‘bbntmshmf- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s hs hr mns ‘cuhr‘akd sn qd‘chkx bnlo‘qd v‘sdq ennsoqhms
ehftqdr oqnctbdc ‘s cheedqdms knb‘shnmr ‘mc ax cheedqdms odnokd vhsgnts s‘jhmf ‘ knnj
‘s sgd gnv sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr vdqd bnmctbsdc- Vgdm ‘ rs‘mc‘qc ldsgncnknfx hr trdc+
v‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf ‘kknvr+ hm oqhmbhokd+ ‘m d‘rx ‘mc e‘hqkx bnloqdgdmrhakd bnlo‘qhrnm
ne+ r‘x+ cheedqdms sxodr ne ennc ‘mc adudq‘fd oqnctbsr+ vghbg hmbktcd ehftqdr
cdrbqhahmf gnv ‘ bto ne bneedd+ ‘ rdquhmf ne bgddrd nq ‘ rsd‘j vntkc qdpthqd sghr
ltbg v‘sdq sn ad oqnctbdc-
Sghr hr ‘krn ‘m ‘qd‘ vgdqd sgd bnmsdws,rodbhehb m‘stqd ne v‘sdq hr qdkdu‘ms- Bnmsdws
ld‘mr sg‘s bnlhmf to vhsg ‘m ‘bbtq‘sd mtladq hr mns vhsgnts bg‘kkdmfdr- Sgd lnrs
rhfmhehb‘ms ptdrshnm hr oqna‘akx sgd e‘bs sg‘s hmenql‘shnm nm v‘sdq trd eqnl cheedqdms
qdfhnmr ‘mc bnmsdwsr b‘mmns nq rgntkc mns ad chqdbskx bnlo‘qdc ‘r sghr kd‘udr nts
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne gnv rhfmhehb‘ms sgd v‘sdq trd hm ‘ fhudm ‘qd‘ hr- Vghkd cheedqdms
1/3 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

‘rrdrrldms ldsgncnknfhdr s‘jd sgd u‘qh‘shnm ne bnmsdwsr hmsn ‘bbntms sn rnld dwsdms+
sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd rshkk a‘rdc nm ‘ q‘mfd ne ‘rrtloshnmr ‘mc rhlokhehb‘shnmr “
nsgdqvhrd sgd b‘kbtk‘shnm vntkc adbnld snn bnlokhb‘sdc- ? qdonqs oqnctbdc inhmskx
ax R?ALhkkdq ‘mc VVE ’1//8( hkktrsq‘sdr sgd chudqrhsx ne hrrtdr ‘qhrhmf cdodmchmf
nm sgd rhsd ne oqnctbshnm- Sgd qdonqs dw‘lhmdr sgd v‘sdq ennsoqhms ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg
addq oqnctbshnm hm svn fdnfq‘oghb‘k knb‘shnmr+ Rntsg ?eqhb‘ ‘mc sgd Bydbg Qdotakhb+
‘mc ghfgkhfgsr sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ne bnmrhcdqhmf ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd bnmsdws vgdm
hmsdqoqdshmf rtbg pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm-
Sgd bg‘kkdmfdr cn mns ld‘m sg‘s v‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf bntkc mns nq rgntkc mns ad
trdc- Tmhkdudq+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ g‘r ‘ookhdc v‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf sn ‘m‘kxrd hsr v‘sdq tr‘fd
enq rdudq‘k xd‘qr+ ‘mc sgd bnlo‘mx g‘r trdc sgd ldsgnc sn cdudkno hsr oqnctbsr rn
sg‘s sgdx vntkc qdpthqd kdrr v‘sdq- Rhlhk‘qkx+ Q‘hrhn+ ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ennc bnlo‘mx
a‘rdc hm Ehmk‘mc+ trdr v‘sdq ennsoqhmshmf sn ‘rrdrr sgd ‘lntmsr ne v‘sdq hsr oqnctbsr
qdpthqd- Q‘hrhn g‘r ‘krn ‘ccdc ‘ v‘sdq ennsoqhms k‘adk sn hsr n‘s ek‘jdr+ ‘mc hr ‘lnmfrs
sgd ehqrs bnlo‘mhdr hm sgd vnqkc sn cn rn- Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqrodbshud+
enkknvhmf rtbg ‘ rs‘mc‘qchrdc ldsgncnknfx nm ‘ bnmrhrsdms a‘rhr b‘m needq ‘ trdetk
snnk enq ‘rrdrrhmf ‘mc cdudknohmf sgd chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs v‘sdq trd ne oqnctbsr ‘mc
rdquhbdr-

0/-3-1 VYsdq qdonqshmf

Sgd rdbnmc sxod ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vd chrbtrr gdqd ‘qd sgnrd qdk‘shmf
rodbhehb‘kkx sn v‘sdq qdonqshmf- ?r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg l‘mx nsgdq ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+
bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd hmbqd‘rhmfkx hmbktchmf v‘sdq chrbknrtqdr hm sgdhq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
qdonqshmf- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ oq‘bshbdr ‘qd rshkk tmcdqcdudknodc- Sgd cdudknoldms ne
sgd fthc‘mbd hmbktcdc hm sgd lnrs oqnlhmdms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr g‘r
‘qft‘akx gdkodc sn hloqnud v‘sdq qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr-

0.-3-1-0 EqWldvnqir enq bnqonqWsd vWsdq qdonqshmf

Hm sdqlr ne chrbknrtqdr+ FQH Rs‘mc‘qc 2/2 V‘sdq ‘mc Deektdmsr hr ‘ qdk‘shudkx vdkk,
cdudknodc a‘rhr enq qdonqshmf- Sgd FQH otakhrgdc ‘ qduhrdc udqrhnm ne hsr v‘sdq
rs‘mc‘qc hm 1/07- Sgd rs‘mc‘qc dlog‘rhrdr sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr mddc sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd
rodbhehb m‘stqd ne v‘sdq+ rsdllhmf eqnl hs adhmf ‘ rg‘qdc qdrntqbd ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd
qdkdu‘mbd ne sgd knb‘k bnmsdws enq l‘mx v‘sdq,qdk‘sdc hlo‘bsr- Sgd FQH ‘krn
dmbntq‘fdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn oqhnqhshrd ‘qd‘r vhsg v‘sdq rsqdrr hm sgdhq ‘bshnmr+ ‘r vdkk
‘r sn enbtr nm bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg nsgdq v‘sdq trdqr hm ‘hlhmf ‘s rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq
l‘m‘fdldms-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FQH RsYmcYqc 2/2 VYsdq Ymc Deektdmsr

Sgd FQH tmcdqrbnqdr sg‘s pt‘mshs‘shud hmchb‘snqr ‘qd mns rteehbhdms enq rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ vgn
rddj sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘m‘fdr v‘sdq,qdk‘sdc hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdudknor hsr
v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms oq‘bshbdr- Sgdqdenqd+ hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne v‘sdq ‘mc deektdmsr sgd FQH
fthcdkhmdr hmbktcd svn rodbhehb l‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr- Sgdrd rtookdldms sgd
lnqd fdmdq‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr qdptdrsdc ax FQH Rs‘mc‘qc 0/2-
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 1/4

L‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 2/2“0 Hmsdq‘bshnmr vhsg v‘sdq ‘r ‘ rg‘qdc qdrntqbd

Chrbknrtqd 2/2“1 L‘m‘fdldms ne v‘sdq chrbg‘qfd,qdk‘sdc hlo‘bsr

Snohb,rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 2/2“2 V‘sdq vhsgcq‘v‘k

Chrbknrtqd 2/2“3 V‘sdq chrbg‘qfd
Chrbknrtqd 2/2“4 V‘sdq bnmrtloshnm

Sgd FQH mnsdr sg‘s v‘sdq vhsgcq‘v‘k+ v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm ‘mc v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr
‘qd bknrdkx qdk‘sdc- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr sgdqdenqd dwodbsdc sn qdonqs nm ‘kk ne sgdl he hs
g‘r hcdmshehdc v‘sdq ‘r ‘ l‘sdqh‘k snohb- Hs hr vnqsg onhmshmf nts gdqd sg‘s sgd FQH
dlog‘rhrdr gnv qdonqshmf nmkx sgd sns‘k ‘lntmsr trdc ‘mc chrbg‘qfdc ‘bqnrr ‘kk
‘bshuhshdr ‘mc rhsdr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm cndr mns rteehbd vhsg v‘sdq+ ctd sn sgd ghfg
qdkdu‘mbd ne sgd knb‘k bnmsdws ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd bnmsdws,rodbhehb m‘stqd ne hlo‘bsr ‘mc
cdodmcdmbhdr qdk‘sdc sn v‘sdq- Hmrsd‘c+ vghkd sgd FQH&r chrbknrtqd fthcdkhmdr ‘krn
hmbktcd hsdlr nm sns‘k v‘sdq vhsgcq‘v‘k ‘mc bnmrtloshnm+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rsqnmfkx
dmbntq‘fdc sn aqd‘j cnvm sgd mtladqr sn ‘ lnqd cds‘hkdc kdudk+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn oqnuhcd
etqsgdq m‘qq‘shud cdrbqhoshnmr qdf‘qchmf cheedqdms sxodr ne ‘rodbsr- Rtbg hmenql‘shnm
lhfgs ad gdkoetk enq sgnrd qd‘chmf sgd qdonqsr sn enql ‘ lnqd bnloqdgdmrhud
tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r qdk‘shnmrgho vhsg v‘sdq-
?mnsgdq ‘qft‘akx hmektdmsh‘k eq‘ldvnqj enq chrbknrtqdr bnldr eqnl sgd BCO+
vghbg bnmctbsr k‘qfd rtqudxr s‘qfdshmf sgntr‘mcr ne l‘inq bnlo‘mhdr nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k
a‘rhr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn bkhl‘sd ‘mc b‘qanm+ v‘sdq hr nmd ne BCO&r enbtr ‘qd‘r+ ‘mc sgd
‘mmt‘kkx otakhrgdc BCO V‘sdq Qdonqsr oqnuhcd fnnc rm‘orgnsr ne sgd btqqdms
bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr bnmbdqmhmf v‘sdq- Bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd dwodbsdc sn qdokx sn ‘ aqn‘c
q‘mfd ne ptdrshnmr+ hmbktchmf ansg rodbhehb mtladqr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onkhbhdr+
l‘m‘fdldms ne qhrjr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r g‘mckhmf ne v‘sdq hrrtdr hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm- Fhudm
sg‘s sgd BCO rtqudxr bnlo‘mhdr d‘bg xd‘q+ sgd ptdrshnmr bntkc ‘krn g‘ud ‘m hmektdmbd
nm bnqonq‘sd oq‘bshbdr-
Sgd hrrtd ne v‘sdq bntkc ‘krn ad b‘ostqdc hm sgd qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj ne ;HQ=
tmcdq sgd bnmbdos ne m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k- ?ksgntfg+ khjd sgd FQH sghr vntkc ad cdodmcdms
nm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm cdsdqlhmhmf sg‘s sgd bnmbdos ne v‘sdq v‘r ‘ l‘sdqh‘k hrrtd enq hs+
‘mc hmcddc+ qdk‘sdc sn u‘ktd bqd‘shnm enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm-

0/-3-2 RtllYqx ne vYsdq Ybbntmshmf oqYbshbdr

Vghkd ‘ mtladq ne cheedqdms snnkr+ eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc ldsgncr dwhrs vgdm hs bnldr sn
v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+ hs hr rshkk qd‘rnm‘akd sn r‘x sg‘s sgd pt‘khsx ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hmenql‘shnm rxrsdlr nm v‘sdq ‘mc v‘sdq qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr bntkc ad
adssdq- Gdqd+ adhmf adssdq b‘m qdedq sn rdudq‘k sghmfr+ rtbg ‘r vgdsgdq v‘sdq
‘bbntmshmf gdkor vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ oqnuhcdr s‘mfhakd dbnmnlhb
admdehsr enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘hcr hm chlhmhrghmf onsdmsh‘k mdf‘shud dmuhqnmldms‘k
1/5 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

bnmrdptdmbdr ne v‘sdq trd+ nq bnlltmhb‘sdr v‘sdq hrrtdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq

v‘sdq lnqd aqn‘ckx- Lnqdnudq+ hm bnmrhcdqhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx sgdqd ‘qd ‘ mtladq ne
hrrtdr kdes tm‘ccqdrrdc gdqd- Hr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq v‘sdq ‘mc v‘sdq hrrtdr rteehbhdmskx
bnmrhcdqdc hm sgd ‘anud oq‘bshbdr> S‘jd bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx+ ‘ jdx ‘bbntmshmf oqhmbhokd+
enq hmrs‘mbd- Fhudm sgd fqd‘s u‘qh‘ahkhsx hm v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ sgd onsdmsh‘k
enq bnlo‘qhrnm hr ‘s shldr khlhsdc eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ansg l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc
rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Vd chrbtrr rnld ne sgd khlhsr+ nq tm‘ccqdrrdc hrrtdr+ vgdm hs bnldr sn
v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx mdws-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 BnbY BnkY vYsdq rsdvYqcrgho

Bnb‘ Bnk‘ g‘r enq rnld shld dlog‘rhrdc sgdhq bnllhsldms sn v‘sdq rsdv‘qcrgho- Sgd
fkna‘k bnlo‘mx+ sgd oqnctbsr ne vghbg ‘qd ‘u‘hk‘akd uhqst‘kkx dudqxvgdqd nm sgd ok‘mds+
ghfgkhfgsr sg‘s v‘sdq hr sgd jdx hmfqdchdms enq hsr adudq‘fdr+ ‘mc gdmbd hs hr bkd‘q sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr ‘krn cdodmcdms nm g‘uhmf ‘bbdrr sn r‘ed v‘sdq rtookhdr- V‘sdq hr ‘krn
qdkdu‘ms eqnl ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘mconhms+ ‘r ‘mx oqhbd bg‘mfdr+ dudm lhmnq nmdr+ vhkk g‘ud ‘m
hlo‘bs nm sgd bnlo‘mx-
Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘ a‘bjcqno sn sgd btqqdms oq‘bshbdr hm sgd bnlo‘mx vghbg bqd‘sdr hlonqs‘ms
bnmsdws enq gnv sgd bnlo‘mx ‘ooqn‘bgdr v‘sdq ‘mc sgd hrrtd ne v‘sdq trd- Hm sgd d‘qkx
1///r Bnb‘ Bnk‘ qdbdhudc rtars‘msh‘k bqhshbhrl nudq gnv hs v‘r trhmf l‘rrhud ‘lntmsr ne
v‘sdq hm hsr e‘bsnqhdr knb‘sdc hm v‘sdq rsqdrrdc ‘qd‘r+ rtbg ‘r Jdq‘k‘ hm Hmch‘- Sgd mdf‘shud
otakhbhsx sgd bnlo‘mx qdbdhudc ‘s sgd shld+ snfdsgdq vhsg sgd qhrhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx vhsghm atrhmdrr+ oqnlosdc sgd bnlo‘mx sn l‘jd dmuhqnmldms‘k bnllhsldmsr-
Hm 1/1/+ Bnb‘ Bnk‘ hcdmshehdr hm hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf sgd rg‘qdc m‘stqd ne v‘sdq
‘mc sgd bnlo‘mx&r qdronmrhahkhsx sn oqnsdbs v‘sdq qdrntqbdr- Sgdx g‘ud ‘krn l‘cd ‘ okdcfd
sn qdstqm dudqx cqno ne v‘sdq sgdx trd+ vghbg sgdx ‘hl sn ‘bghdud sgqntfg bnmrs‘mskx
hloqnuhmf v‘sdq deehbhdmbx+ qdokdmhrghmf v‘sdq rntqbdr+ lhshf‘shmf v‘sdq qhrjr ‘r vdkk ‘r
qdbxbkhmf sqd‘sdc v‘rsdv‘sdq- Sgd bnlo‘mx g‘r ‘krn bnkk‘anq‘sdc vhsg MFNr hm cdudknohmf
v‘xr sn ‘rrdrr sgdhq v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm ‘r vdkk ‘r sn ehmc v‘xr sn dmg‘mbd rtrs‘hm‘akd
v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms hm sgdhq oqnctbshnm-
Vghkd hs hr ‘bjmnvkdcfdc sg‘s sgd bnlo‘mx g‘r l‘cd oqnfqdrr hm hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k
bnllhsldmsr+ hs bnmshmtdr sn qdbdhud bqhshbhrl ‘ants sgd bk‘hlr hs hr l‘jhmf- Enq hmrs‘mbd+
sgd ldsgncr Bnb‘ Bnk‘ trdr sn ‘bbntms enq hsr v‘sdq trd g‘ud addm bk‘hldc sn ad rdkdbshud+
‘mc hsr qdonqshmf g‘r addm ‘bbtrdc sn enbtr nm ankrsdqhmf sgd onrhshud dkdldmsr+ vghkd fhuhmf
rnld mdf‘shud ‘rodbsr kdrr ‘ssdmshnm-
Vd vntkc dmbntq‘fd xnt sn knnj ‘s Bnb‘ Bnk‘&r v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf- Sgdqd
‘qd u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr gdqd sg‘s vhkk gdko xnt tmcdqrs‘mc v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr
qdk‘shmf sn v‘sdq ‘mc v‘sdq trd- Gnvdudq+ ‘r ‘kv‘xr+ vd dmbntq‘fd xnt sn bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbs
nm sgdhq qdonqshmf ‘mc oq‘bshbdr”“ bnmrhcdqhmf vg‘s sgdx cn vdkk+ ‘mc ‘krn vgdqd sgdx bntkc
hloqnud sgdhq oq‘bshbd-

0/-4 VYsdq Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx9 Rnld hrrtdr fnhmf enqvYqc

?r vhsg ‘kk rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr sgdqd hr ‘krn hm sghr ‘qd‘ ‘ mddc sn bnmrs‘mskx qdekdbs nm
‘mc cdudkno ntq oq‘bshbdr- Gdqd+ vd chrbtrr rdudq‘k snohbr ne chrbtrrhnm ‘mc cda‘sd sn
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 1/6

qdekdbs nm sgd onsdmsh‘k+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd khlhsr+ ne btqqdms oq‘bshbdr ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

0/-4-0 FdmdqYk hrrtdr bnmbdqmhmf vYsdq Ybbntmshmf hm nqfYmhrYshnmr

Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqrodbshud+ cdudknohmf ‘ rnkhc v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdl hr
hlonqs‘ms enq ansg rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k qd‘rnmr- V‘sdq dwsq‘bshnm+ bnmrtloshnm
‘mc chrbg‘qfdr b‘m g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k rgnqs, ‘mc knmf,sdql hlo‘bsr nm sgd rtqqntmchmf
bnlltmhshdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s l‘m‘fdldms mddcr sn ad ‘v‘qd ne
sgdl hm nqcdq sn s‘jd o‘qs hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms ne ‘ fhudm bnmsdws-
?r chrbtrrdc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd nesdm cdodmcdms nm ‘ qdkh‘akd v‘sdq rtookx+ hlokxhmf
sg‘s hm ‘qd‘r ne hmbqd‘rdc v‘sdq rsqdrr sgd l‘m‘fdldms mddcr sn g‘ud ghfg,pt‘khsx
hmenql‘shnm ‘s sgdhq chronr‘k sn dmrtqd sg‘s cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf s‘jdr v‘sdq ‘mc v‘sdq,
qhrjr hmsn ‘bbntms hm ‘m ‘ooqnoqh‘sd l‘mmdq- Sgd r‘ld gnkcr eqnl ‘ ehm‘mbh‘k
odqrodbshud- Sgd hmbqd‘rdc rb‘qbhsx ne v‘sdq hr cqhuhmf to oqhbdr hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr+
‘mc sghr b‘m g‘ud l‘inq ehm‘mbh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne
qhrjr hr ‘krn qdkdu‘ms+ ‘mc o‘qshbtk‘qkx rn he ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘sdr hm ‘m ‘qd‘ ne
gdhfgsdmdc v‘sdq rsqdrr- Khlhsr sn v‘sdq ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ctd sn dhsgdq pt‘mshsx nq pt‘khsx
hrrtdr l‘x g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k ehm‘mbh‘k bnmrdptdmbdr+ he enq hmrs‘mbd nodq‘shnmr mddc sn
ad khlhsdc nq dudm rgts cnvm sdlonq‘qhkx-
Gnvdudq+ hm bnmrhcdqhmf gnv v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf rgntkc ad bnmctbsdc+ vd rgntkc
qdekdbs nm sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc ‘anud- Sn adfhm vhsg+ sgd
hlonqs‘mbd ne sgd knb‘k bnmsdws hlokhdr sg‘s ‘ffqdf‘sd kdudk ehftqdr rhlokx cn mns
l‘jd ‘r ltbg rdmrd vhsg v‘sdq ‘r sgdx vntkc vhsg+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ b‘qanm nq dmdqfx
trd- Sns‘k ‘lntmsr ne v‘sdq trd ‘mc chrbg‘qfd b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx oqnuhcd rnld
hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sqdmcr ‘mc oqnctbshnm deehbhdmbx+ enq dw‘lokd he ‘m‘kxrdc hm
qdk‘shnm sn nudq‘kk rbnod ‘mc unktld ne nodq‘shnmr- ?f‘hm ‘m hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs gdqd hr
sgd rhsd,rodbhehb m‘stqd ne v‘sdq- ?r vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc+ hm sdqlr ne v‘sdq trd sghr
ld‘mr sg‘s bnmrtlhmf ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ‘lntms ne v‘sdq hm ‘ v‘sdq qhbg knb‘shnm rgntkc
mns ad bnmrhcdqdc sgd r‘ld ‘r trhmf sgd r‘ld ‘lntms ne v‘sdq ‘s ‘ v‘sdq rb‘qbd ok‘bd-
?r ‘m dw‘lokd+ v‘sdq trd hm Rvdcdm vgdqd v‘sdq hr ‘atmc‘ms ‘mc hm fdmdq‘k ne ‘
ghfg pt‘khsx b‘mmns ad chqdbskx bnlo‘qdc vhsg v‘sdq trd hm Hrq‘dk+ vghbg hr qdftk‘qkx
‘ knb‘shnm ne v‘sdq rb‘qbhsx-
Lnqdnudq+ sgd rntqbd ne sgd v‘sdq mddcr sn ad s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms ‘r vdkk- V‘sdq
b‘m ad cq‘vm eqnl fqntmc v‘sdq qdrdqunhqr+ nq hs b‘m ad s‘jdm eqnl ‘ md‘qax k‘jd nq
qhudq+ enq dw‘lokd- Mdhsgdq nmd hr ax cdehmhshnm adssdq sg‘m sgd nsgdq+ ats enq ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hs hr rhfmhehb‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc vgdqd sgd v‘sdq hs hr trhmf hr bnlhmf eqnl+
vgdsgdq sgdqd ‘qd onsdmsh‘k rgnqs, nq knmf,sdql qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd rtookx+ ‘mc
gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘bshuhshdr ‘qd hlo‘bshmf nm sghr rtookx- Sgd shlhmf ne sgd
v‘sdq dwsq‘bshnm hr qdkdu‘ms ‘r vdkk9 cq‘vhmf v‘sdq eqnl ‘ md‘qax qhudq hm sgd q‘hmx
rd‘rnm vntkc mns ad sgd r‘ld sghmf ‘r vhsgcq‘vhmf sgd r‘ld ‘lntms eqnl sgd r‘ld
qhudq ctqhmf sgd cqx rd‘rnm- Sghr sgdm aqhmfr tr sn ‘ khmj sn v‘sdq adhmf ‘ rg‘qdc
qdrntqbd+ sgd trd ne vghbg ax rnldnmd b‘m g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr nm nsgdqr qdkxhmf nm
sgd r‘ld qdrntqbd- Vd ltrs bnmrhcdq vgdsgdq sgdrd sghmfr ‘qd athks hmsn sgd
‘bbntmshmf rxrsdl+ ‘mc he mns+ gnv deedbshud sg‘s rxrsdl hr enq oqnuhchmf sgd
hmenql‘shnm mddcdc sn tmcdqrs‘mc+ r‘x+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr-
?r vd g‘ud ‘krn ghfgkhfgsdc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd nesdm l‘inq v‘sdq trdqr+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg
sgdhq ‘bshnmr b‘m g‘ud hlo‘bsr nm bnlltmhshdr& ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& ‘ahkhsx sn trd
1/7 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

v‘sdq- Hm cdudknohmf v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vntkc gdmbd admdehs eqnl

fnhmf adxnmc ldqd mtladqr ‘mc bnmrhcdqhmf rtbg hlokhb‘shnmr+ ‘r sghr b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx
gdko hm enrsdqhmf rs‘jdgnkcdq qdk‘shnmrghor+ ‘unhchmf bnmekhbsr+ ‘mc cdudknohmf
bnkk‘anq‘shud ‘bshnm mddcdc enq rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms hm ‘m ‘qd‘- ?m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x vdkk admdehs eqnl bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg MFNr nq bnmrtks‘mbhdr+ ‘r
sgdrd fqntor ‘qd lnqd khjdkx sn g‘ud sgd jmnvkdcfd mddcdc sn du‘kt‘sd sgd qdkdu‘mbd
ne v‘sdq trd ‘mc chrbg‘qfdr ‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnmsdws-
Vghkd sgd khrs ‘anud l‘x rddl kdmfsgx+ ‘mc fhudr tr ‘ rdmrd ne itrs gnv bnlokdw
v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf hr+ hs rgntkc mns ad s‘jdm sn ld‘m sg‘s v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf enq
l‘m‘fdldms otqonrdr hr nudqkx bnlokdw nq ntsqhfgs hlonrrhakd- Hmrsd‘c+ hs hlokhdr
sg‘s dmf‘fhmf vhsg v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad ghfgkx rhfmhehb‘ms enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
ats ‘krn sg‘s oqdo‘qhmf rtbg ‘bbntmsr qdpthqdr jmnvkdcfd ‘mc dwodqshrd- Hm nqcdq sn
ad trdetk+ v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf rgntkc nesdm ad enbtrdc nm bnmsdws,antmc rdsshmfr+ ‘mc
‘mx ehftqdr cdqhudc eqnl hs mddc sn ad hmsdqoqdsdc eqnl sghr odqrodbshud- ?r vd g‘ud
rddm sgqntfgnts sghr annj+ sghr hr mns tmhptd sn v‘sdq+ ats sgdqd hr mnmdsgdkdrr ‘
bnmsq‘rs vhsg l‘mx ne sgd fdmdq‘k oqhmbhokdr ‘ookhdc hm bnmudmshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf+ enq dw‘lokd-

0/-4-1 Unktldsqhb vYsdq Ybbntmshmf

Kds&r s‘jd ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s sgd hrrtd ne ld‘rtqdldms hm v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf- Hm fdmdq‘k
sdqlr+ hs hr qdk‘shudkx rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc hm lnrs bnmsdwsr sn knnj ‘s sgd rsnbjr ‘mc eknvr
ne ‘ ogxrhb‘k sghmf khjd v‘sdq- ?r rtbg+ sghr hr nesdm sgd kdudk vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf s‘jdr ok‘bd9 gnv ltbg v‘sdq hr trdc+ gnv ltbg ne sg‘s fdsr
dladccdc hmsn sgd oqnctbsr+ ‘mc gnv ltbg v‘sdq eknvr nts ‘esdq sgd oqnbdrrdr-
L‘m‘fdqr lhfgs ‘krn g‘ud ‘bbdrr sn nsgdq ld‘rtqdr+ rtbg ‘r v‘sdq pt‘khsx+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx
he sgdqd hr qdftk‘shnm hm ok‘bd qdpthqhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn qdftk‘qkx lnmhsnq sgdrd
sghmfr-
Vhsg v‘sdq+ rtbg mtladqr lhfgs mns s‘jd tr udqx e‘q gnvdudq- Eqnl ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onhms ne uhdv+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s rtbg hmenql‘shnm
vntkc ld‘m- ?qd sgd unktldr rhfmhehb‘ms+ onsdmsh‘kkx sn rtbg ‘m dwsdms sg‘s hs
dmc‘mfdqr rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq rtookx hm sgd knb‘shnm> Hr sgd pt‘khsx ‘mc pt‘mshsx ne sgd
v‘sdq chrbg‘qfd ‘s ‘ e‘bhkhsx rtbg sg‘s hs b‘trdr onsdmsh‘k rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k qhrjr
sn sgd dbnrxrsdl nq sgd knb‘k bnlltmhsx> Gnv ‘ants he vd ‘rjdc sgd r‘ld ptdrshnmr
qdf‘qchmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtookx bg‘hm> Nq s‘jhmf ‘ cheedqdms ‘ooqn‘bg+ gnv v‘sdq
deehbhdms sgd oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oqnctbsr ‘qd> Nq+ gnv cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm odqenql hm
bnlo‘qhrnm sn nsgdq rhlhk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnmr>
?mrvdqhmf rtbg ptdrshnmr qdpthqdr ansg l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc sgd v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf
rxrsdl sn fn adxnmc unktldsqhb hmenql‘shnm- G‘uhmf ‘bbdrr sn ansg ‘arnktsd ‘mc
qdk‘shud hmenql‘shnm vntkc ‘hc l‘m‘fdqr hm ‘rrdrrhmf deehbhdmbx+ hcdmshexhmf sqdmcr
nudq shld+ ‘r vdkk ‘r l‘jhmf bnlo‘qhrnmr vhsg nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nq qdkdu‘ms
admbgl‘qjr- Rtbg hmenql‘shnm vntkc ‘krn gdko nsgdqr ‘rrdrr sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc
odqenql‘mbd ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm qdk‘shnm sn v‘sdq-

0/-4-2 ?bbntmshmf Ymc sgd oqhbhmf ne vYsdq

Hm chrbtrrhnmr ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ sgd enbtr sdmcr sn ad nm v‘sdq
dwsq‘bshnm+ v‘sdq chrbg‘qfdr ‘mc v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm+ ‘r hr sgd b‘rd vhsg sgd FQH enq
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 1/8

dw‘lokd- Sgdqd hr gnvdudq ‘ chrshmbs xds ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms v‘sdq hrrtd vghbg ‘krn mddcr
‘ssdmshnm9 v‘sdq oqhu‘shr‘shnm ‘mc v‘sdq oqhbhmf- Gdqd+ sgd enbtr hr lnqd nm sgd
fnudqm‘mbd ne v‘sdq rtookhdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r nm sgd hmrshstshnm‘k rsqtbstqdr bqd‘sdc ‘qntmc
v‘sdq oqnctbshnm ‘mc qdk‘sdc rdquhbdr- Sghr hr ‘m ‘qd‘ vgdqd lnqd sq‘chshnm‘k ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr onsdmsh‘kkx g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr nm bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Lnqdnudq+ sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ld‘m sg‘s vd
mddc sn knnj adxnmc sgd RCF 5 Bkd‘m V‘sdq ‘mc R‘mhs‘shnm+ ‘mc ‘krn bnmrhcdq sgd
hlokhb‘shnmr v‘sdq fnudqm‘mbd ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud+ enq hmrs‘mbd
nm RCF 0 Mn Onudqsx+ RCF 2 Fnnc Gd‘ksg ‘mc Vdkk,Adhmf+ ‘mc RCF 0/ Qdctbdc
Hmdpt‘khshdr-
V‘sdq g‘r sq‘chshnm‘kkx addm ‘ otakhb fnnc ‘mc rdquhbd+ ats oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
g‘ud hm mtldqntr ok‘bdr rgnvm rtars‘msh‘k hmsdqdrs hm qtmmhmf v‘sdq oqnctbshnm nq
v‘rsdv‘sdq sqd‘sldms e‘bhkhshdr- Nmd rhfmhehb‘ms lnshu‘shnm gdqd qdk‘sdr sn sgd e‘bs
sg‘s v‘sdq rdquhbd hr trt‘kkx ‘ m‘stq‘k lnmnonkx hm ‘ fhudm bnmsdws- Sgdqd hr nesdm
nmkx nmd v‘sdq fqhc ‘mc gdmbd sgdqd vntkc ad mn bnlodshshnm nq ‘ksdqm‘shud rdquhbdr
‘u‘hk‘akd enq btrsnldqr- Vghkd oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nesdm dlog‘rhrd sg‘s sgdhq
hmunkudldms vntkc dmrtqd sg‘s sgdqd vntkc ad rteehbhdms qdrntqbdr sn l‘hms‘hm ‘mc
dwo‘mc v‘sdq hmeq‘rsqtbstqd+ sgdqd ‘qd nauhntrkx bqhshbr- Bqhshptdr ne sgd oqhu‘shr‘shnm
ne v‘sdq nesdm bdmsqd ‘qntmc ptdrshnmr rtbg ‘r vgdsgdq oqhu‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud
rteehbhdms hmsdqdrs hm hmudrshmf hm hmeq‘rsqtbstqd sn dmrtqd okdmshetk ‘mc.nq rtrs‘hm‘akd
rtookx+ vgdsgdq sgdx vntkc trd sgd onrhshnm ne m‘stq‘k lnmnonkx sn l‘jd rtars‘msh‘k
oqhbd hmbqd‘rdr onsdmsh‘kkx l‘jhmf v‘sdq tm‘eenqc‘akd enq rnld+ ‘mc vgdsgdq v‘sdq
rdquhbdr vntkc ‘esdq oqhu‘shr‘shnm ad dpt‘kkx ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘mc ‘bbdrrhakd sn ‘kk bhshydmr ‘mc
rnbh‘k fqntor- Drrdmsh‘kkx bnmbdqmr qdk‘sd sn sgd ‘ahkhsx sn bnmsqnk ‘mc l‘m‘fd sgd
qdrntqbd eqnl ‘ oqnehs.atrhmdrr odqrodbshud+ q‘sgdq sg‘m g‘uhmf v‘sdq qdbnfmhrdc ‘r
‘m drrdmsh‘k mddc vghbg ‘kk rgntkc g‘ud sgd qhfgs sn- Sgd nudq‘qbghmf ‘mc etmc‘ldms‘k
ptdrshnm ‘rjdc hr vgdsgdq ‘ rg‘qdc bqhshb‘k qdrntqbd rtbg ‘r v‘sdq rgntkc ad oqhu‘shrdc
hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd ’rdd sgd £Hmrhfgsr eqnl qdrd‘qbg– enq ‘m dw‘lokd(-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 RTRS?HM?AKD TQA?M V?SDQ L?M?FDLDMS

HM FG?M?
Gnv cndr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx fn snfdsgdq vhsg ehm‘mbh‘k deehbhdmbx hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne v‘sdq
l‘m‘fdldms> L‘ssgdv Df‘m ‘mc Fknqh‘ ?fxdl‘mf needq hmrhfgsr nm sghr snohb hm sgdhq rstcx
dw‘lhmhmf tqa‘m v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms hm Fg‘m‘ adsvddm 1//4 ‘mc 1/06-
Df‘m ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf mnsd gnv hm l‘mx cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr fnudqmldmsr g‘ud nudq sgd
k‘rs cdb‘cdr e‘bdc rtars‘msh‘k oqdrrtqd eqnl l‘inq rtoq‘m‘shnm‘k etmchmf anchdr+ sgd Vnqkc
A‘mj hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ qdf‘qchmf ‘ mddc sn enbtr nm ehm‘mbh‘k deehbhdmbx hm sgdhq otakhb onkhbx- ?s
sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr duhcdms sg‘s hm l‘mx cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr hmrshstshnmr ‘mc jdx
hmeq‘rsqtbstqd ‘qd k‘bjhmf- Hm sgdhq rstcx+ Df‘m ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf knnj ‘s sgd tqa‘m v‘sdq
l‘m‘fdldms hm Fg‘m‘ ‘mc chrbtrr sgd oqnfqdrr ‘mc a‘qqhdqr eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms-
Sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbdrrhahkhsx ne rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq rtookhdr hr ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms bg‘kkdmfd hm
l‘mx cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr- Hm sghr o‘odq+ Df‘m ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf ‘qftd sg‘s oqnfqdrr snv‘qcr
kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd tqa‘m v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms v‘r ‘bghdudc sgqntfg fqd‘sdq cdlnbq‘shb
10/ ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

fnudqm‘mbd+ otakhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc otakhb dmf‘fdldms- Sgd ‘tsgnqr l‘hms‘hm sg‘s sgdrd
dkdldmsr vdqd hlonqs‘ms enq hloqnuhmf jmnvkdcfd ‘mc bk‘qhexhmf sgd fn‘kr hm sgd rdbsnq- ?s
sgd r‘ld shld+ sgd ‘hl ne rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms v‘r bntmsdqdc ax sgd rsqnmf
rtoq‘m‘shnm‘k kdmcdqr+ vgn dlog‘rhrdc sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne ehm‘mbh‘k deehbhdmbx hm sgd rdbsnq-
R‘ed ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq rtookx hr drrdmsh‘k enq ansg gtl‘m bnlltmhshdr ‘mc
dbnrxrsdlr- Df‘m ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf rgnv gdqd gnv hs l‘x ad admdehbh‘k sn cq‘v nm ‘ vhcd
q‘mfd ne rs‘jdgnkcdqr hm sgd cdudknoldms ne v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms+ hmrsd‘c ne rhlokx enkknvhmf
sgd cdl‘mcr ne sgd lnrs onvdqetk nmdr vhsg m‘qqnv hmsdqdrsr- Lnqdnudq+ sgd o‘odq ‘krn
ghfgkhfgsr sgd qnkd ‘bbntmshmf ehftqdr ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘k b‘kbtk‘shnmr b‘m g‘ud hm bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms-
DfYm) L- Ymc ?fxdlYmf) F- ’1/08(- Oqnfqdrr snvYqcr RtrsYhmYakd TqaYm VYsdq
LYmYfdldms hm FgYmY- RtrsThmTahihsw ?bbntmshme JTmTedldms Tmc Onihbw HntpmTi)
0/’1() 124z148-

Hm sghr bnmsdws+ ‘mc hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd aqn‘cdq cda‘sdr ‘ants sgd dsghbr ne v‘sdq
oqhbhmf+ ‘bbntmshmf b‘m ad rddm sn ok‘x ‘ l‘inq qnkd- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ v‘sdq v‘r enq ‘
knmf shld bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘m ‘lokd qdrntqbd+ vghbg v‘r dhsgdq bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
eqdd nq sn g‘ud ‘ qdk‘shudkx knv oqhbd- Nauhntrkx+ sgdqd ‘qd rtars‘msh‘k bnmsdwst‘k
u‘qh‘shnmr gdqd9 hm v‘sdq rb‘qbd knb‘shnmr sgd oqhbd ne v‘sdq hr khjdkx sn ad e‘q ghfgdq
sg‘m hs hr hm ok‘bdr vhsg qhbgdq v‘sdq qdrntqbdr- ?r sgd cdl‘mc enq v‘sdq hmbqd‘rdr ‘mc
hm l‘mx ok‘bdr dwbddcr sgd ‘u‘hk‘akd rtookx+ sgd oqhbhmf ne v‘sdq adbnldr ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms
hrrtd- Jdx gdqd hr sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr+ rn vd
mddc sn bnmrhcdq sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne+ enq dw‘lokd+ oqhbhmf v‘sdq-

0/-4-3 Gnv trdetk hr vYsdq qdonqshmf>

Vd chrbtrrdc ‘anud sgd oq‘bshbd ne v‘sdq qdonqshmf ‘mc sgd jdx eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s
tmcdqkhd hs- Vd g‘ud ‘krn chrbtrrdc sgd khlhsr ne unktldsqhb ld‘rtqdr- Ats sgdqd ‘qd
nsgdq ‘rodbsr ne v‘sdq qdonqshmf vnqsg qdekdbshmf nm- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘s oqdrdms
qdonqshmf sdmcr sn enbtr nm rodbhehb ldsqhbr ’trt‘kkx o‘rs odqenql‘mbd(+ vghkd
qdonqshmf nm s‘qfdsr ‘mc fn‘kr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd ‘bghdudldms ne oqduhntr fn‘kr hr kdrr
eqdptdms- Khjdvhrd+ qdonqshmf sdmcr sn enbtr nm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke q‘sgdq sg‘m
bnmrhcdq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm qdk‘shnm sn hsr v‘sdq bnmsdws-
Vghkd khlhsdc hm oq‘bshbd+ knnjhmf ‘s hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr hm qdonqshmf vntkc
ad trdetk ‘r sghr vntkc gdko u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor du‘kt‘sd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
‘bshuhshdr- S‘jd hmudrsnqr enq dw‘lokd- L‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd ghfgkx cdodmcdms nm
g‘uhmf ‘bbdrr sn r‘ed+ rtrs‘hm‘akd ‘mc rsd‘chkx oqhbdc v‘sdq rntqbdr+ ats sgdrd
cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc atrhmdrr qhrjr ‘qd mns nesdm chrbtrrdc hm rteehbhdms cdosg-
?r vd g‘ud mnsdc ‘anud+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k v‘sdq qdonqshmf g‘r addm cdudknohmf ‘mc
rtbg qdonqsr ‘kqd‘cx rdqud l‘mx qd‘cdqr ax oqnuhchmf trdetk hmenql‘shnm ‘ants sgd
v‘sdq onkhbhdr ‘mc trd hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnm- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr odqg‘or
‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn ‘rj vgdsgdq rtbg qdonqsr ‘qd rteehbhdms vgdm vd ‘qd sqxhmf sn ‘ccqdrr
sgd hrrtd ne v‘sdq-
Sghmj ‘ants ‘ rl‘kk qhudq+ nq ‘ b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘ rnldvgdqd- Sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
qdonqsr onsdmsh‘kkx cdrbqhad gnv sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hlo‘bs rtbg
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 100

‘ v‘sdqrgdc+ ‘r vdkk ‘r gnv sgnrd hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm v‘sdq-

Adhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm,rodbhehb+ ‘mc enbtrhmf nm vg‘s g‘oodmr vhsghm sgd antmc‘qhdr ne
rhmfkd dmshshdr+ sgdrd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqsr ‘qd tmkhjdkx sn ad hmenql‘shud vgdm
sghmjhmf ‘ants sgd knb‘k qhudq nq fqntmc v‘sdq a‘rhm hm fdmdq‘k- Sghr kdudk ne enbtr hr
mddcdc he vd ‘qd bnmbdqmdc ‘ants rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms hm ‘ rodbhehb
bnmsdws+ ‘r hs hr mns hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqenql‘mbd sg‘s rhfm‘kr sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
ne sgd v‘sdq rtookx ats ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd v‘sdq rtookx hsrdke- Vd bnmrhcdq sghr
etqsgdq mdws-

0/-4-4 Kdudkr Ymc shlhmf ne vYsdq qdonqshmf

Fhudm sgd ‘anud+ hs hr vnqsg bnmrhcdqhmf vgdsgdq ltkshokd kdudkr ne v‘sdq qdonqshmf
‘qd mddcdc hm nqcdq sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hrrtd ne v‘sdq hm ‘ fhudm bnmsdws- Sg‘s hr+ hm
‘cchshnm sn v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘s sgd kdudk ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ cn vd ‘krn mddc nsgdq
v‘sdq ‘bbntmsr sn tmcdqrs‘mc hrrtdr ne v‘sdq ‘mc sn ‘rrhrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm ‘ccqdrrhmf
hrrtdr qdk‘shmf sn v‘sdq>
Cdx ‘mc Qtrrdkk ’1/03( ghfgkhfgs sghr ptdrshnm hm ‘ annj bg‘osdq ax ‘rjhmf £Vgn
rod‘jr enq sgd qhudq>– Fhudm sgd bqhshb‘k qnkd v‘sdq g‘r enq gtl‘mr+ ‘mc ‘krn gnv
cdodmcdms bnlltmhshdr nesdm ‘qd nm ‘ rhmfkd eqdrgv‘sdq rntqbd rtbg ‘r ‘ qhudq nq ‘m
‘pthedq+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s ‘r sgd v‘sdq bg‘kkdmfdr drb‘k‘sd ‘bbntmsr ne v‘sdq rtookhdr nq
b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘r ‘qd mddcdc- Sg‘s hr+ hmrsd‘c ne g‘uhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘r sgd qdonqshmf
dmshsx+ rtbg ‘ v‘sdq qdonqs vntkc enbtr nm ‘ cheedqdms sxod ne ‘m dmshsx ‘mc cq‘v nm
hmenql‘shnm eqnl u‘qhntr rntqbdr- Rtbg ‘m ‘bbntms nq qdonqs bntkc ad trdc sn chrbtrr
sgd rs‘sd ne sghr v‘sdq rntqbd+ ats ‘krn sn chrbtrr sgd onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bsr sghr qhudq nq
‘pthedq g‘r nm gtl‘m bnlltmhshdr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmrhcdq gnv
cdodmc‘ms sgd gd‘ksg ne sghr dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdl vntkc ad nm o‘qshbtk‘q ‘bshnmr+ rtbg ‘r
sgnrd ne gtl‘m bnlltmhshdr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd aqn‘cdq vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr- Sghr
sxod ne ‘m ‘ooqn‘bg vntkc onsdmsh‘kkx gdko hm l‘jhmf sgd hms‘mfhakd ‘mc s‘mfhakd
u‘ktd ne knb‘k ‘mc qdfhnm‘k v‘sdq rxrsdlr lnqd uhrhakd-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ Qtrrdkk ‘mc Kdvhr ’1/03( dlog‘rhrd gnv hs vntkc ad admdehbh‘k sn
hmudrshf‘sd ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bg cheedqdms sxodr ne sdbgmnknfhdr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf snnkr ‘bqnrr
cheedqdms rb‘kdr+ hmrsd‘c ne sqxhmf sn bnld to vhsg rnld sxod ne ‘ tmhenql ‘ooqn‘bg
sn ad ‘ookhdc nm enq hmrs‘mbd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk- Ptdrshnmr ne sgd ‘bbntmshmf
dmshsx ‘mc antmc‘qhdr ‘qd ghfgkx qdkdu‘ms vhsg v‘sdq- Hs hr vnqsg ‘rjhmf gnv ltbg
rdmrd hs l‘jdr sn oqnctbd ‘ffqdf‘sd ehftqdr ne sgd v‘sdq vhsgcq‘v‘kr ‘mc bnmrtloshnm
ne ‘ ltkshm‘shnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhsg nodq‘shnmr ‘bqnrr ‘ gtmcqdc bntmsqhdr ‘mc
knb‘shnmr nq vhsgnts ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf ’‘m ‘bbntms( ne sgd v‘sdq bnmsdws-
?r vd g‘ud cdlnmrsq‘sdc+ hm v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq sgd
hmsdq‘bshnmr ‘mc hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ne u‘qhntr fqntor hm rnbhdsx- Gdqd+ sgd rg‘qdc
m‘stqd ne v‘sdq hmsdqbnmmdbsr vhsg sgd gxcqnknfhb‘k bxbkd ne v‘sdq vhsghm b‘sbgldmsr
‘mc fqntmc v‘sdq qdrdqunhqr- Hm lnrs b‘rdr+ v‘sdq b‘sbgldms ‘qd‘r ro‘m ‘bqnrr m‘shnm‘k
‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq fnudqm‘mbd
qdpthqdr bnkk‘anq‘shnm+ sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc bqd‘shnm ne sqtrs- Otakhb ‘mc oqhu‘sd rdbsnqr
‘qd hmsdqsvhmdc+ ‘r sgd ‘bshnmr ne nmd fqnto b‘m g‘ud chqdbs bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd
nsgdq+ hm v‘sdq rsqdrrdc qdfhnmr hm o‘qshbtk‘q- Vgdm v‘sdq hr rb‘qbd ‘mc g‘qcdq sn
‘bbdrr+ hs hr nesdm sgnrd vhsg lnqd qdrntqbdr vgn b‘m mnmdsgdkdrr jddo ‘bbdrrhmf sgd
rtookhdr+ dhsgdq ax cqhkkhmf sgdhq vdkkr cddodq nq ax o‘xhmf ‘ oqdlhtl sn dmrtqd
bnmrs‘ms v‘sdq eknv+ vghkd hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr hm vd‘jdq onrhshnmr dmc to
101 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq

rsqtffkhmf sn fds ax vhsg rl‘kkdq pt‘mshshdr ne knvdq pt‘khsx v‘sdq- Fhudm sg‘s ‘bbdrr
sn r‘ed v‘sdq ‘mc r‘mhs‘shnm hr bnmrhcdqdc ‘ gtl‘m qhfgs+ hs hr drrdmsh‘k sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘qd ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq trd ne sghr rg‘qdc qdrntqbd- Gdmbd+ sgd cdudknoldms ne
lnqd cxm‘lhb+ qd‘k,shld ‘mc bnmsdwst‘khrdc qdonqshmf ‘ooqn‘bgdr a‘rdc nm
‘ooqnoqh‘sd v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ldsqhbr ‘qd mddcdc- Hm sghr rdbsnq+ qdonqshmf ‘ffqdf‘sd
hmenql‘shnm nm ‘m ‘mmt‘k a‘rhr lhfgs ad kdrr qdkdu‘ms sg‘m sgd oqnuhrhnm ne hmrs‘ms+
rgnqs,sdql ‘mc knb‘khrdc c‘s‘+ rgnvhmf gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr s‘jhmf hmsn ‘bbntms
sgd knb‘k ‘mc sdlonq‘k bhqbtlrs‘mbdr-

0/-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Vd g‘ud oqnuhcdc ‘m nudquhdv ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- ?r ‘bbdrr sn
r‘ed ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq rntqbdr g‘r adbnld hmbqd‘rhmfkx khlhsdc ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc+ ‘
mddc sn ehmc ‘mc drs‘akhrg cheedqdms sxodr ne v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
oq‘bshbdr g‘r adbnld lnqd tqfdms- Sgdrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd qdkdu‘ms enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘r
l‘m‘fdqr mddc shldkx+ ghfg,pt‘khsx ‘mc bnmsdws qdkdu‘ms hmenql‘shnm sn rtoonqs sgdhq
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Rtbg oq‘bshbdr ‘qd dpt‘kkx hlonqs‘ms enq rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ vgn ‘qd
hmsdqdrsdc hm gnkchmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms oq‘bshbdr-
Sgd rg‘qdc m‘stqd ne v‘sdq ‘lokhehdr sghr9 hm ‘ rodbhehb bnmsdws lnrs hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘bqnrr rdbsnqr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd r‘ld v‘sdq rntqbdr-
V‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd cdudknohmf pthbjkx- Vghkd rnld bnllnm
eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘qd khjdkx sn ad cdudknodc hm sgd md‘q etstqd+ sgd bnmsdws,
rodbhehb m‘stqd ne v‘sdq l‘jdr hs oqna‘akd sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr vhkk qdl‘hm
u‘qhdc- Sghr tmcdqrbnqdr sgd mddc enq ‘mxnmd oqnctbhmf ‘mc trhmf v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf
ehftqdr sn fn adxnmc unktldsqhb hmenql‘shnm ne rsnbjr ‘mc eknvr- Lnqdnudq+ ansg
l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc rs‘jdgnkcdqr mddc sn cdudkno sgdhq ‘ahkhsx sn bqhshb‘kkx hmsdqoqds vg‘s
sgd ‘u‘hk‘akd v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm ‘bst‘kkx ld‘mr- Rtbg jmnvkdcfd hr
drrdmsh‘k ‘r vd sqx sn s‘bjkd sgd q‘mfd ne v‘sdq bg‘kkdmfdr e‘bhmf bnmsdlonq‘qx
rnbhdshdr-

Qdedqdmbdr
Cdx+ B- ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ R- ’1/03(- Vgn Rod‘jr enq sgd Qhudq> Dwoknqhmf Ahnchudqrhsx Qdonqshmf
trhmf ‘m ?qdm‘ ?ooqn‘bg- Hm Inmdr+ L- ’dc-(+ :bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx- Qntskdcfd-
Df‘m+ L- ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf+ F- ’1/08(- Oqnfqdrr snv‘qcr Rtrs‘hm‘akd Tqa‘m V‘sdq L‘m‘fdldms hm
Fg‘m‘- RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf) LYmYfdldms Ymc Onkhbx IntqmYk+ 0/’1(+ 124“148-
NGBGQ+ TM G‘ahs‘s ‘mc VGN- ’1/0/(- E‘bs Rgdds 249 Sgd Qhfgs sn V‘sdq- vvv-ngbgq-nqf.
Cnbtldmsr.Otakhb‘shnmr.E‘bsRgdds24dm-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 08 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Årsdqaknl+ G-+ Inteeq‘x+ I-,A-+ Enkjd+ B- ‘mc Qnbjrsqíl+ I- ’1/06(- Dldqfdmbd ne ‘ Fkna‘k
Rbhdmbd“Atrhmdrr Hmhsh‘shud enq Nbd‘m Rsdv‘qcrgho- OM:R+ 003’23(+ 8/27“8/32-
Qtrrdkk+ R- ‘mc Kdvhr+ K- ’1/03(- ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ?bbntms‘ahkhsx enq Eqdrg V‘sdq- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm+
I- Tmdql‘m ‘mc A- N&Cvxdq ’dcr(+ RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx- Qntskdcfd-
R?ALhkkdq ‘mc VVE ’1//8(- V‘sdq Ennsoqhmshmf9 Hcdmshexhmf ‘mc ?ccqdrrhmf V‘sdq Qhrjr hm sgd
U‘ktd Bg‘hm- vvedt-‘vr‘rrdsr-o‘mc‘-nqf.cnvmkn‘cr.r‘a/314Zv‘sdqennsoqhmshmfZsdwsZ
‘qsvnqj-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 6 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Sdkkn+ D-+ G‘ydksnm+ I- ‘mc Btllhmfr+ K- ’1/05(- Onsdmsh‘k Trdqr& Odqbdoshnmr ne Fdmdq‘k Otqonrd
V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf Qdonqsr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 18’0(+ 7/“00/-
 ?bbntmshmf enq v‘sdq 102

TMDRBN+ TM,V‘sdq ’1/1/(- Tmhsdc MYshnmr Vnqkc VYsdq Cdudknoldms Pdonqs 1.1.9 VYsdq Ymc
BkhlYsd BgYmfd- TMDRBN-
TM ’1/1/(- TM V‘sdq- vvv-tmv‘sdq-nqf ’‘bbdrrdc 1 Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
V‘sdq?hc ’1/07(- Rsqdmfsgdmhmf sgd Atrhmdrr BYrd enq VYsdq) RYmhsYshnm Ymc Gxfhdmd9 Gnv sn LdYrtqd
UYktd enq Wntq Atrhmdrr- V‘sdq?hc- gssor9..v‘rgl‘ssdqr-v‘sdq‘hc-nqf.otakhb‘shnmr ’‘bbdrrdc
0/ Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
VVE ’1/1/(- V‘sdq Rb‘qbhsx- vvv-vnqkcvhkckhed-nqf.sgqd‘sr.v‘sdq,rb‘qbhsx ’‘bbdrrdc 1
Nbsnadq 1/1/(-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Df‘m+ L- ’1/03(- L‘jhmf V‘sdq Bntms9 V‘sdq ?bbntms‘ahkhsx Bg‘mfd vhsghm ‘m ?trsq‘kh‘m
Tmhudqrhsx- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 16’1(+ 148“171-
G‘ydksnm+ I- ’1/02(- ?bbntmshmf ‘r ‘ Gtl‘m Qhfgs9 Sgd B‘rd ne V‘sdq Hmenql‘shnm- :bbntmshmf)
:tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 15’1(+ 156“200-
Gndjrsq‘+ ?- X-+ Bg‘o‘f‘hm+ ?- J-+ ?kc‘x‘+ L- L- ‘mc Ldjnmmdm+ L- L- ’1/00(- Sgd VYsdq
Ennsoqhms :rrdrrldms LYmtYk- D‘qsgrb‘m- gssor9..v‘sdqennsoqhms-nqf.ldch‘.cnvmkn‘cr.
SgdV‘sdqEnnsoqhms?rrdrrldmsL‘mt‘kZ1-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 08 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Qtrrdkk+ R- ’1/10(- V‘sdq- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm-+ B- K‘qqhm‘f‘-+ A- N&Cvxdq ‘mc H- Sgnlrnm ’dcr(+
GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf- Qntskdcfd-
Rbgmdhcdq+ S- ‘mc ?mcqd‘tr+ L- ’1/07(- ? C‘l S‘kd9 Trhmf Hmrshstshnm‘k Knfhbr hm ‘ B‘rd Rstcx
nm V‘sdq Qhfgsr hm sgd B‘m‘ch‘m Bn‘rs‘k Lntms‘hmr- RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf) LYmYfdldms
Ymc Onkhbx IntqmYk+ 8’4(+ 574“601-
BG?OSDQ

00
?bbntmshmf enq
ahnchudqrhsx

Ahnchudqrhsx+ ‘s hsr rhlokdrs+ qdedqr sn sgd u‘qhdsx ne ‘kk khuhmf sghmfr- Hs hr drrdmsh‘k sn
sgd vdkk,adhmf ne sgd ok‘mds+ ‘mc gdmbd drrdmsh‘k sn sgd vdkk,adhmf ne odnokd ‘mc
sgdhq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘krn ‘s rdqhntr qhrj+ ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr hr
qdbnfmhrdc ‘r ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd- Sghr g‘r qdrtksdc hm fqnvhmf
‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd mddc sn ‘bbntms enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘r vdkk ‘r hm hmbqd‘rhmf bnmrhcdq‘shnm
ne qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor hm qdk‘shnm sn ahnchudqrhsx-
Gnvdudq+ vg‘s sghr ‘bbntmshmf lhfgs knnj khjd+ vg‘s enql hs lhfgs s‘jd+ vgn
rgntkc oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms+ enq vg‘s otqonrdr+ ‘mc sn vgnl+ ‘qd itrs rnld ne sgd
ptdrshnmr sg‘s mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc hm rddjhmf sn cdudkno ‘bbntmshmf sg‘s vhkk gdko
hm ‘ccqdrrhmf ahnchudqrhsx knrr-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd chrbtrr ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc sgd qdk‘sdc bnmbdos ne dbnrxrsdl
rdquhbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd ehqrs ntskhmd vg‘s
ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘mc chrbtrr vgx ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘qd qdbdhuhmf
hmbqd‘rhmf ‘ssdmshnm hm u‘qhntr rogdqdr ne rnbhdsx “ hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
fnudqmldmsr- Rdbnmc+ vd l‘o jdx hmsdqm‘shnm‘k anchdr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr sg‘s qdk‘sd
sn ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc hsr oqnsdbshnm ‘s sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k kdudk- Vd ntskhmd jdx fthcdkhmdr
‘mc hmhsh‘shudr chrbtrrhmf gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m ‘rrdrr ‘mc u‘ktd ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr- Sghqc+ vd chrbtrr sgd btqqdms oq‘bshbd ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf
eqnl sgd odqrodbshudr ne qdonqshmf+ qdbnqchmf ‘mc ld‘rtqhmf+ adenqd bnmrhcdqhmf
rnld jdx ptdrshnmr vd rgntkc ‘ccqdrr hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
enq ahnchudqrhsx fnhmf enqv‘qc- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ hm sgd k‘rs o‘qs ne sgd bg‘osdq vd ghfgkhfgs
sgd mddc sn s‘jd ‘ bqhshb‘k knnj ‘s oq‘bshbdr qdk‘shmf sn ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
dmf‘fd hm bqhshb‘k qdekdbshnm ‘r sn sgdhq hlokhb‘shnmr ‘mc bnmrdptdmbdr hm ‘mx ‘ssdlos
sn lnud snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rs‘sd-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc ahnchudqrhsx+ ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc sgd qdk‘sdc bnmbdos ne dbnrxrsdl

rdquhbdr-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne vgx ahnchudqrhsx knrr hr ‘ jdx hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k hlonqs‘mbd-
Tmcdqrs‘mc vgx ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 104

Ad ‘v‘qd ne fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk hmhsh‘shudr qdk‘shmf sn

ahnchudqrhsx-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbd hm qdk‘shnm sn
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr-
G‘ud bnmrhcdqdc sgd onsdmsh‘k ‘mc khlhsr ne btqqdms tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ‘mc
oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx-

00-0 Ahnchudqrhsx knrr Yr jdx rtrsYhmYahkhsx hrrtd

Ahnchudqrhsx+ rgnqs enq ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx+ qdedqr sn sgd cdfqdd ne u‘qh‘shnm ne khed+ nq
rhlokx+ sgd u‘qhdsx ne ‘kk khuhmf sghmfr hmg‘ahshmf sgd D‘qsg- Vghkd nesdm adhmf
qdoqdrdmsdc ax hl‘fdr ne o‘qshbtk‘q rodbhdr ’drodbh‘kkx sgnrd vhsg onotk‘q ‘ood‘k hm
c‘mfdq ne dwshmbshnm rtbg ‘r sgd o‘mc‘ nq onk‘q ad‘q( hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s
ahnchudqrhsx qdedqr sn lnqd sg‘m itrs ‘mhl‘kr- Sgd Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k
Chudqrhsx+ ‘ jdx hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘fqddldms nm ahnchudqrhsx+ cdehmdr ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx
hm hsr ?qshbkd 1 ‘r £sgd u‘qh‘ahkhsx ‘lnmf khuhmf nqf‘mhrlr eqnl ‘kk rntqbdr hmbktchmf+
hmsdq ‘kh‘+ sdqqdrsqh‘k+ l‘qhmd ‘mc nsgdq ‘pt‘shb dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc sgd dbnknfhb‘k
bnlokdwdr ne vghbg sgdx ‘qd o‘qs: sghr hmbktcdr chudqrhsx vhsghm rodbhdr+ adsvddm
rodbhdr ‘mc ne dbnrxrsdlr– ’TM+ 0881+ o- 2(- Vhsg ahnchudqrhsx+ vd ‘qd gdmbd
qdedqqhmf sn rdudq‘k kdudkr ’rdd S‘akd 00-0(-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn ahnchudqrhsx hs hr mns itrs sgd mtladq ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rodbhdr nq
sgd mtladq ne rodbhdr hm ‘m dbnrxrsdl sg‘s l‘ssdqr: q‘sgdq hs hr sgd hmsdq‘bshnmr
adsvddm sgdl- Hs hr fdmdq‘kkx tmcdqrsnnc sg‘s sgd fqd‘sdq sgd ahnchudqrhsx hm ‘m
dbnrxrsdl+ sgd lnqd rs‘akd ‘mc qdrhkhdms hs vhkk ad- Vd b‘m ‘krn qdedq sn cheedqdms
kdudkr ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc sgdhq hlokhb‘shnmr- Enq dw‘lokd+ he ‘ onotk‘shnm khuhmf
hm ‘m ‘qd‘ chr‘ood‘qr+ vd r‘x sg‘s hs g‘r fnmd knb‘kkx dwshmbs- Nmbd ‘kk onotk‘shnmr ne ‘
rodbhdr chr‘ood‘q sgd rodbhdr hr dwshmbs- Dwshmbshnm hr hqqdudqrhakd- ?mc sghr hr itrs nmd

S?AKD 00-0 Kdudkr ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd

Kdudk Cdehmhshnm Vgx hs hr hlonqsYms
Rodbhdr chudqrhsx Sgd uWqhdsx ne DWbg rodbhdr hmsdqWbsr vhsg dWbg nsgdq Wmc okWxr W qnkd-
cheedqdms rodbhdr Vghkd bnmsdws hr hlonqsWms gdqd) gWuhmf lnqd chudqrhsx vhsghm
Wm dbnrxrsdl nesdm ldWmr hs hr lnqd rsWakd Wmc qdrhkhdms
Fdmdshb chudqrhsx Sgd uWqhdsx ne fdmdr Sgd rhyd ne Wmx onotkWshnm ektbstWsdr mWstqWkkx) gnvdudq) sgd
vhsghm Wmc adsvddm kWqfdq sgd onotkWshnm sgd fqdWsdq sgd Wahkhsx enq hs sn qdbnudq
rodbhdr eqnl sgd mdfWshud hloWbsr ne rtbg sghmfr Wr cqntfgsr)
eknncr) rsnqlr nq ehqd- He W onotkWshnm hm Wm WqdW hr snn rlWkk)
hmaqddchmf bWm nbbtq) vghbg vdWjdmr sgd onotkWshnm sgqntfg
sgd knrr ne fdmdshb chudqrhsx Wmc onsdmshWk hmbqdWrd ne
bnmfdmhsWk cdedbsr Wmc fdmdshb chrdWrdr
Dbnrxrsdl chudqrhsx Sgd cheedqdms gWahsWsr DmWakdr sgd lWhmsdmWmbd ne uWqhdsx hm ahnchudqrhsx- Cheedqdms
sgWs dwhrs Wmc sgdhq sxodr ne dbnrxrsdlr fknaWkkx hmbktcd) enq dwWlokd) enqdrsr
khuhmf ’ahnshb( Wmc Wmc cdrdqsr- Sgdqd bWm ad cheedqdms dbnrxrsdlr qdfhnmWkkx
mnm,khuhmf ’mnm,ahnshb( Wr vdkk) enq dwWlokd) vdskWmcr vhsghm tqaWm WqdWr
bnlonmdmsr
105 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

ne sgd qd‘rnmr vgx ahnchudqrhsx hr hlonqs‘ms ‘mc vgx sgd knrr ne ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx hr
‘ b‘trd enq rdqhntr bnmbdqm-

00-0-0 Ahnchudqrhsx knrr Ymc sgd rhwsg lYrr dwshmbshnm

Khjd ektbst‘shnmr hm onotk‘shnm rhyd+ dwshmbshnm hr o‘qs ne sgd m‘stq‘k bxbkd ne khed-
Vhsghm sghr bxbkd ne khed mdv rodbhdr cdudkno ’‘ksgntfg udqx rknvkx( vhsg sgd q‘sd ne
mdv rodbhdr cdudknoldms sxohb‘kkx dpt‘kkhmf nq dwbddchmf vg‘s hr qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd
a‘bjfqntmc q‘sd ne dwshmbshnm- ?r rtbg+ ahnchudqrhsx fdmdq‘kkx hmbqd‘rdr nudq shld+
vhsg sgd btqqdms ahnchudqrhsx g‘uhmf cdudknodc nudq lhkkhnmr ne xd‘qr- Gnvdudq+ itrs
‘r ‘s ehud nsgdq shldr hm ghrsnqx+ vd ‘qd btqqdmskx hm ‘ odqhnc ne l‘rr dwshmbshnm- Sgd
lnrs vdkk,jmnvm ne sgd oqduhntr ehud l‘rr dwshmbshnmr snnj ok‘bd hm sgd Bqds‘bdntr
odqhnc vgdm sgd chmnr‘tqr ‘mc ‘ants 7/# ne ‘kk nsgdq rodbhdr vdms dwshmbs
’Qnadqsrnm+ 1/06(- Ntq btqqdms odqhnc hr bnllnmkx qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd £rhwsg l‘rr
dwshmbshnm–-
Sghr odqhnc ne sgd rhwsg l‘rr dwshmbshnm hr mns nmkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad vdkk
tmcdqv‘x+ ats hs hr ‘krn oqnfqdrrhmf ‘s ‘ q‘ohc q‘sd- Rbhdmshrsr drshl‘sd sg‘s dwshmbshnm
q‘sdr g‘ud qd‘bgdc gtmcqdcr+ he mns sgntr‘mcr+ ne shldr sgd a‘bjfqntmc dwshmbshnm
q‘sd ’Bda‘kknr ds ‘k-+ 1/04(+ vghbg qdedqr sn sgd £mnql‘k q‘sd– b‘trdc ax dunktshnm
‘mc sgd rn,b‘kkdc m‘stq‘k bxbkd ne khed- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s rodbhdr ‘qd btqqdmskx fnhmf
dwshmbs ‘s ‘ q‘sd mns rddm hm 54 lhkkhnm xd‘qr ’Qnadqsrnm+ 1/06(- Sgd fkna‘k Khuhmf
Ok‘mds Hmcdw+ ‘ jdx hmcdw qtm ax VVE sg‘s lnmhsnqr ahnchudqrhsx+ rgnvr £‘m
‘udq‘fd 57# cdbqd‘rd hm onotk‘shnm rhydr ne l‘ll‘kr+ ahqcr+ ‘loghah‘mr+ qdoshkdr ‘mc
ehrg adsvddm 086/ ‘mc 1/05– ’VVE+ 1/1/+ o- 5(- Sghr cdbkhmd hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx duhcdms
hm sgd sqnohb‘k rtaqdfhnmr ne sgd ?ldqhb‘r vgdqd ‘ 83# cdbkhmd hr mnsdc “ sgd k‘qfdrs
cdbkhmd ne ‘mx qdfhnm ’VVE+ 1/1/(-
Sgdqd hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgd dwshmbshnm odqhncr mnsdc ‘anud ‘mc
sgd nmd vd ‘qd btqqdmskx dwodqhdmbhmf sg‘s hr qdkdu‘ms sn ntq chrbtrrhnm ne
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx9 sgd hlo‘bs ne gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m
‘bshuhsx- Sgd rhwsg l‘rr dwshmbshnm btqqdmskx tmcdqv‘x hr bknrdkx khmjdc sn sgd
dwo‘mrhnm ne gtl‘m rnbhdshdr ‘mc fqnvsg ne dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx- Jdx cqhudqr ne
ahnchudqrhsx knrr b‘m ad qdldladqdc ax sgd ‘bqnmxl GHOON bnhmdc ax bnmrdqu‘shnm
ahnknfhrsr- GHOON qdedqr sn g‘ahs‘s cdrsqtbshnm ’G(+ hmu‘rhud rodbhdr ’H(+ onkktshnm ’O(+
onotk‘shnm ’O( ‘mc nudqdwoknhs‘shnm ’N(- ?kk ne sgdrd cqhudqr qdk‘sd hm nmd v‘x nq
‘mnsgdq sn gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx- ?f‘hm+ sgd deedbs ne gtl‘mr ‘mc gtl‘m
‘bshuhsx nm sgd D‘qsg ‘mc nm hsr ahnchudqrhsx hr qdbnfmhrdc ax qdedqdmbd sn sgd
?msgqnonbdmd- Hm aqhde+ sgd hlo‘bsr ne gtl‘mr ‘mc+ ‘r chrbtrrdc adknv+ sgdhq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘qd ltksh,e‘bdsdc ‘mc ‘eedbs ‘kk qdfhnmr ne sgd fknad-

00-0-1 Dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr

?knmfrhcd sgd fqnvhmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd hmbqd‘rhmf q‘sdr ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr sgdqd hr ‘
fqnvhmf bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne ahnchudqrhsx sn gtl‘m khed- Hm rtbg
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr sgd enbtr hr nesdm nm dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr+ vghbg ‘qd sgd u‘qhntr rdquhbdr
cdqhudc eqnl sgd tmcdqkxhmf ahnchudqrhsx nm vghbg gtl‘mr ‘qd qdkh‘ms- Dbnrxrsdl
rdquhbdr ‘qd trt‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc hm qdk‘shnm sn entq ‘qd‘r+ jmnvm ‘r rdquhbhmf rsqd‘lr-
Vd hcdmshex sgdrd hm S‘akd 00-1-
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 106

S?AKD 00-1 Dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr

Sxod DwYlokd ne rdquhbdr oqnuhcdc
Oqnuhrhnmhmf rdquhbdr Ennc) eqdrg vWsdq) fdmdshb qdrntqbdr
BtkstqWk rdquhbdr ?drsgdshb) hmrohqWshnmWk) dctbWshnmWk) rohqhstWk) qdkhfhntr
Rtoonqs rdquhbdr Rnhk enqlWshnm) mtsqhdms bxbkhmf
QdftkWshmf rdquhbdr BkhlWsd qdftkWshnm) chrdWrd qdftkWshnm) vWsdq otqhehbWshnm) onkkhmWshnm

Hm chrbtrrhnmr qdf‘qchmf ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn

qdbnfmhrd sgd shfgs hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr ansg vhsghm sgd m‘stq‘k dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc ‘krn
adsvddm gtl‘m rnbhdshdr ‘mc sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms- Bnmrhcdqhmf sgd dbnrxrsdlr
hm fdmdq‘k+ vghkd rbhdmbd jddor nm l‘jhmf rvhes oqnfqdrr hm ‘bbtltk‘shmf jmnvkdcfd+
sgdqd ‘qd rshkk okdmsx ne sghmfr ‘ants ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr sg‘s vd cn mns
jmnv- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ vd ‘qd rshkk k‘qfdkx hm sgd c‘qj hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv utkmdq‘akd
rnld dbnrxrsdlr ‘qd snv‘qcr sgd knrr ne o‘qshbtk‘q jdxrsnmd rodbhdr nq bg‘mfdr hm
vd‘sgdq o‘ssdqmr ctd sn bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Vd cn mns jmnv enq rtqd vg‘s ‘qd sgd
rodbhehb shoohmf onhmsr sg‘s b‘m kd‘c sn ‘ q‘ohc cdbkhmd hm ahnchudqrhsx nq o‘qshbtk‘q
dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr hm ‘ fhudm ‘qd‘ nq lnqd aqn‘ckx+ ats vd jmnv sgnrd dwhrs ‘mc sg‘s
sgdx ‘qd q‘ohckx ‘ooqn‘bghmf- Sghr k‘rs onhms hr rhfmhehb‘ms vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd
cdodmcdmbd ne gtl‘m rnbhdshdr nm sgd m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms ‘mc sgd dbnrxrsdl
rdquhbdr hs oqnuhcdr- Mn l‘ssdq gnv tqa‘mhrdc vd lhfgs fds+ hm sgd dmc ‘kk gtl‘m
bnlltmhshdr ‘qd etkkx cdodmcdms nm gd‘ksgx dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr-

00-0-2 Vgx ahnchudqrhsx hr hlonqsYms

Hm chrbtrrhmf ahnchudqrhsx+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd gnv sgd u‘ktd ne m‘stqd b‘m ad
‘ooqn‘bgdc hm cheedqdms v‘xr- Enq rnld odnokd+ o‘qshbtk‘q k‘mcrb‘odr+ rodbhehb rodbhdr
nq m‘stqd ‘r ‘ vgnkd lhfgs ‘ood‘q ‘r md‘qkx r‘bqnr‘mbs ‘mc rgntkc ad chrbtrrdc ‘mc
sqd‘sdc ‘bbnqchmfkx- Enq nsgdqr+ sgd r‘ld sghmfr b‘m ‘krn ‘ood‘q ghfgkx u‘kt‘akd+ ats
lnqd eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne gnv sgdx bntkc ad tshkhrdc sn bqd‘sd rnldsghmf enq
gtl‘mr sn trd- ?bjmnvkdcfhmf sgd cheedqdmbd ne sgdrd odqrodbshudr hr admdehbh‘k
vgdm chrbtrrhmf vgx ahnchudqrhsx hr hlonqs‘ms- Sn rhlokhex+ vd b‘m ntskhmd svn
cheedqdms odqrodbshudr-
Ehqrs+ ahnchudqrhsx knrr b‘m ad rddm hm khmd vhsg ‘m ‘msgqnonbdmsqhb uhdvonhms- Sghr
hr vgdqd ahnchudqrhsx hr bnmrhcdqdc eqnl ‘ gtl‘m,bdmsqdc ’oqdrdqu‘shnmhrs(
odqrodbshud+ ‘mc sgd u‘ktd ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc qdk‘sdc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr hr oqhl‘qhkx
bnmrhcdqdc eqnl gnv hs admdehsr gtl‘m rnbhdshdr- Rdbnmc+ ahnchudqrhsx b‘m ad
bnmrhcdqdc eqnl ‘ lnq‘k nq dbnbdmsqhb ’bnmrdqu‘shnmhrs( odqrodbshud- Gdqd+ m‘stqd g‘r
‘m hmsqhmrhb u‘ktd- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s ahnchudqrhsx nq dbnrxrsdlr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud
u‘ktd hm sgdhq nvm qhfgs+ hmcdodmcdms ne gtl‘mr- Kds&r s‘jd ‘m dw‘lokd gdqd “ ‘
enqdrs- Eqnl ‘ gtl‘m,bdmsqdc odqrodbshud sghr enqdrs bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘r u‘kt‘akd
ctd sn hsr trd enq shladq ‘mc qdbqd‘shnm‘k otqonrdr- Gnvdudq+ eqnl ‘m dbnbdmsqhb
odqrodbshud+ sgd r‘ld enqdrs g‘r u‘ktd+ ats mns adb‘trd hs b‘m ad trdc ax gtl‘mr+ ats
q‘sgdq adb‘trd hs hr u‘ktdc enq vg‘s hs hr- Sgdrd svn uhdvr b‘m ad qdedqqdc sn ‘r
‘msgqnonbdmsqhb “ m‘stqd g‘r u‘ktd sn gtl‘m adhmfr “ ‘mc mnm,‘msgqnonbdmsqhb “
m‘stqd g‘r u‘ktd hm hsrdke- Tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgdrd svn uhdvonhmsr
107 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

b‘m ad trdetk hm l‘mx rhst‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r vgdm ldladqr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rddj sn

dmf‘fd hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr hm ‘ bnmudqr‘shnm qdf‘qchmf gnv ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ‘qd‘+ r‘x ‘ rv‘lo
knb‘sdc mdws sn ‘ e‘bsnqx+ rgntkc ad s‘jdm hmsn ‘bbntms vgdm ok‘mmhmf ‘m dwo‘mrhnm
sn sgd e‘bhkhsx-
Fhudm sgd ‘anud chrbtrrhnm ‘mc sgd hmbqd‘rhmf tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
hsr knrr ‘lnmfrs bhuhk rnbhdsx+ hmbktchmf sgd qnkd ne gtl‘mr hm sg‘s knrr+ hs hr odqg‘or
mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s ahnchudqrhsx g‘r dldqfdc nudq ‘ qdk‘shudkx rgnqs shld sn ad ‘ jdx
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd- Ats vg‘s+ xnt lhfgs ad ‘rjhmf+ g‘r sghr fns sn cn vhsg ‘bbntmshmf>

00-1 VgYs gYr ahnchudqrhsx fns sn cn vhsg nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc Ybbntmshmf>

00-1-0 HloYbsr Ymc cdodmcdmbhdr
Ahnchudqrhsx+ ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc dbnrxrsdl gd‘ksg ‘qd fnudqmldms‘k hrrtdr ‘r
qdfhnm‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k fnudqmldmsr g‘ud sgd ‘ahkhsx sn hmektdmbd ahnchudqrhsx
sgqntfg qdftk‘shnm+ enq dw‘lokd- Gnvdudq+ ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn
g‘ud qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr vgdm hs bnldr sn ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
ahnchudqrhsx knrr- ?r vhsg sgd nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ ‘qd ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q enbtr ne ‘ssdmshnm hm
ptdrshnmr qdk‘sdc sn ahnchudqrhsx- Sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx hm lnqd cds‘hk+ hs hr ‘f‘hm trdetk sn qdbnfmhrd sgd qnkd ne
hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr-
Ehqrs+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ drodbh‘kkx k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ b‘m g‘ud ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms hlo‘bs nm
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr- L‘mx btqqdms oq‘bshbdr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnmsqhatsd sn
sgd knrr ne ahnchudqrhsx+ ‘r sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr qdhmenqbd jdx cqhudqr ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr
rtbg ‘r g‘ahs‘s cdrsqtbshnm+ onkktshnm ‘mc nudq dwoknhs‘shnm- Odqg‘or sgd lnrs
nauhntr+ ats mns hmrhfmhehb‘ms+ hlo‘bs sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud hr sgdhq ogxrhb‘k
ennsoqhms- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nbbtox k‘mc ‘mc hlo‘bs ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr sgqntfg
sgdhq ogxrhb‘k oqdrdmbd+ sgd knb‘shnm ne sgdhq athkchmfr+ enq dw‘lokd- L‘mx
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn hlo‘bs k‘mc sgqntfg u‘qhntr bgnhbdr+ rtbg ‘r rtookx bg‘hm qdk‘sdc
cdbhrhnmr- ? ennc oqnctbdq nq qds‘hkdq enq dw‘lokd bntkc g‘ud cheedqdms hlo‘bsr nm
k‘mc a‘rdc nm gnv sgdx cdbhcd sn rntqbd sgdhq rtookhdr+ h-d- oqnctbdqr vhsg nodq‘shnmr
hm ghfgkx ahnchudqrd ‘qd‘r-
Sgdrd onsdmsh‘kkx k‘qfd deedbsr g‘ud kdc sn hmbqd‘rdc rbqtshmx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
hlo‘bsr nm ahnchudqrhsx ax fnudqmldmsr ‘mc sgd otakhb- Sgdqd g‘ud hmbqd‘rhmfkx
addm b‘kkr enq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ‘ccqdrr
ahnchudqrhsx hrrtdr- Btrsnldqr+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘qd adbnlhmf lnqd bnmbdqmdc ‘ants sgd
ahnchudqrhsx hlo‘bsr ne sgd bnlo‘mhdr sgdx bgnnrd sn otqbg‘rd eqnl- ? oqnlhmdms
dw‘lokd gdqd hr sgd hmbqd‘rdc bnmbdqm bhshydmr g‘ud enq rdmshdms adhmfr+ rtbg ‘r e‘ql
‘mhl‘kr+ qdekdbsdc hm sgd fqnvhmf mtladqr ne odnokd bgnnrhmf udfds‘qh‘mhrl nq
udf‘mhrl nm dsghb‘k fqntmcr nq rddjhmf sn adssdq tmcdqrs‘mc sgd khudr sg‘s ‘mhl‘kr
g‘ud khudc adenqd sgdx adbnld ennc- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ hs rddlr sn ad ltbg g‘qcdq sn
‘ssq‘bs k‘qfd hmsdqdrs nm onkkhm‘snq knrr+ rtbg ‘r addr+ ‘m hlonqs‘ms hrrtd sg‘s vd qdstqm
sn rnnm-
Rdbnmc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm ahnchudqrhsx- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr
‘qd khmjdc ‘mc sgdqdenqd+ khjd gtl‘mr+ ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cdodmc nm dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr
‘mc sgdhq tmcdqohmmhmf ahnchudqrhsx enq sgdhq rtquhu‘k- ?kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr qdkx nm sgd
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 108

bqhshb‘k oqnuhrhnmhmf rdquhbdr ’d-f- eqdrgv‘sdq+ ennc( ‘mc qdftk‘snqx rdquhbdr ’d-f-
bkhl‘sd qdftk‘shnm+ eknnc bnmsqnk+ v‘sdq otqhehb‘shnm+ v‘rsd sqd‘sldms( sgdx oqnuhcd-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn rtbg fdmdq‘k kdudk cdodmcdmbhdr+ d‘bg nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m g‘ud rnld
lnqd rodbhehb cdodmcdmbhdr qdf‘qchmf o‘qshbtk‘q rodbhdr nq dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr hm ‘
fhudm bnmsdws- Rnld bkd‘q dw‘lokdr gdqd vntkc ad ‘ ehrghmf bnlo‘mx+ vghbg hr
cdodmcdms nm sgd gd‘ksg ne ehrg onotk‘shnmr hm ‘ fhudm ‘qd‘+ nq ‘ bnlo‘mx needqhmf
vhkckhed sntqr hm ‘m dbnknfhb‘k qdrdqud+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg hm mddc ne ‘ gd‘ksgx ‘mc chudqrd
dbnrxrsdl- ? lnqd bnlokdw ‘mc e‘q,qd‘bghmf dw‘lokd vntkc ad ‘fqhbtkstqd+ vghbg
hr hm l‘mx ok‘bdr g‘uhmf oqnakdlr ctd sn rgnqs‘fd ne onkkhm‘snqr+ ‘mc gdmbd e‘bhmf
onsdmsh‘k l‘inq bqno knrrdr d‘bg xd‘q ’rdd ?sjhmr ‘mc ?sjhmr+ 1/05(-
Onkkhm‘snq knrr hr ‘m dw‘lokd ne vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr
hmsdqkhmj- Lnmnbqnoohmf ‘mc l‘rrhudkx dwo‘mcdc rhyd ne ‘fqhbtkstq‘k ehdkcr g‘ud
rtars‘msh‘kkx qdctbdc sgd m‘stq‘k g‘ahs‘sr ne l‘mx rodbhdr+ hmbktchmf onkkhm‘snqr- Sghr
g‘r kdc sn onotk‘shnm cdbkhmd ne onkkhm‘snqr+ nm vghbg sgdrd r‘ld bqnor ‘mc
‘fqhbtkstq‘k oq‘bshbdr ‘qd nesdm cdodmcdms- Onkkhm‘snq knrr ‘krn rgnvr gnv ahnchudqrhsx
knrr s‘jdr tr a‘bj sn sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtookx bg‘hm+ ‘r sgd
ahnchudqrhsx hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr b‘m nesdm ed‘stqd lnqd oqnlhmdmskx ntsrhcd
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r kdf‘k antmc‘qx- ?r rtbg+ hm ‘cchshnm sn sgdhq bnqd ‘bshuhshdr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf gdkc qdronmrhakd ‘mc ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq
ahnchudqrhsx hlo‘bsr sgqntfgnts sgd rtookx bg‘hm+ ‘mc sgdx ‘krn mddc sn bnmrhcdq
sgdhq onsdmsh‘k cdodmcdmbhdr eqnl ‘ aqn‘cdq odqrodbshud-

00-1-1 Ahnchudqrhsx Ymc Ybbntmshmf

Vd g‘ud cdlnmrsq‘sdc sgqntfgnts sghr annj sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘eedbs
‘bbntmshmf- Sghr hr mn cheedqdms vgdm hs bnldr sn ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr-
Hmcddc+ enq l‘mx+ sgd ehqrs rsdo qdpthqdc enq atrhmdrr ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
’hmbktchmf fnudqmldmsr( hr sgd mddc sn g‘ud snnkr sn ‘rrdrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc+ ‘mc
oqdedq‘akx ‘bbtq‘sdkx ld‘rtqd+ sgdhq hlo‘bs ‘mc cdodmcdmbd nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr-
?bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘msr ‘qd vhcdkx bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud rjhkkr hm bnkkdbshmf+
nqf‘mhrhmf ‘mc qdonqshmf c‘s‘+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg hs hr mn rtqoqhrd sg‘s sgd l‘inqhsx ne
ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr qdk‘sd sn sgd qdbnqchmf+ u‘kthmf ‘mc qdonqshmf ne
ahnchudqrhsx ax u‘qhntr jhmcr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgdqd ‘qd+ gnvdudq+ chudqrd ‘mc
bnlodshmf uhdvr ‘r sn sgd adrs v‘x sn ‘bbntms enq ahnchudqrhsx vhsg l‘mx jdx hrrtdr
hm mddc ne etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm ‘mc cda‘sd “ hmbktchmf+ etmc‘ldms‘kkx+ vgdsgdq nq
mns bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hr rths‘akd enq ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx hm sgd ehqrs
ok‘bd-0 Hs hr sgdqdenqd hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sgd sdmrhnmr bqd‘sdc ax sgd cheedqdms
uhdvr chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgd onsdmsh‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oqnakdlr rtqqntmchmf cheedqdms qdronmrdr sn vgdsgdq vd rgntkc
‘bbntms enq ahnchudqrhsx+ gnv vd lhfgs cn hs+ ‘mc vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr rtbg
‘bbntmsr vntkc g‘ud- Etqsgdqlnqd+ vd mddc sn bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’hm
o‘qshbtk‘q bnqonq‘shnmr( ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr hm sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf-
Adenqd knnjhmf ‘s sgdrd hrrtdr etqsgdq sgqntfg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne oq‘bshbd+ vd ehqrs
ntskhmd sgd u‘qhntr hmrshstshnmr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr qdk‘sdc sn ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl
rdquhbdr- Sghr nudquhdv vhkk oqnuhcd rnld bnmsdws enq chrbtrrhmf sgd ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc ‘krn fhudr tr ‘ a‘bjcqno ‘f‘hmrs vghbg vd b‘m qdekdbs nm
sgd ptdrshnmr ‘mc sdmrhnmr ldmshnmdc ‘anud-
11/ ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

00-2 Hmrshstshnmr Ymc hmhshYshudr qdkYshmf sn ahnchudqrhsx

Sgdqd hr ‘ lxqh‘c ne fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk hmrshstshnmr ‘mc
hmhsh‘shudr sg‘s qdk‘sd sn ahnchudqrhsx- Sghr hr mns rtqoqhrhmf fhudm sg‘s ahnchudqrhsx knrr
g‘r fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc knb‘k b‘trdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr- Vd ntskhmd rnld ne sgd lnqd
oqnlhmdms ‘mc.nq vdkk,jmnvm hmrshstshnmr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr gdqd ‘mc+ khjd hm nsgdq
bg‘osdqr hm sgd annj+ vd ghfgkhfgs sgnrd sg‘s g‘ud sgd lnrs qdkdu‘mbd sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf bnmsdws-

00-2-0 HmsdqmYshnmYk kdudk hmhshYshudr

Sgdqd g‘ud addm ‘ mtladq ne hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmhsh‘shudr ‘mc bnmudmshnmr nudq sgd xd‘qr
vghbg g‘ud ‘ssdlosdc sn ‘ccqdrr ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr- Vd hmsqnctbd
entq jdx nmdr gdqd-

00-2-0-0 Sgd Bnmudmshnm nm AhnknfhbWk Chudqrhsx

Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC+ jmnvm ‘krn ‘r sgd
Ahnchudqrhsx Bnmudmshnm( g‘r pthsd ‘ knmf ghrsnqx ‘mc g‘r g‘c u‘qxhmf cdfqddr ne
rtbbdrr- Rhfmdc ax 04/ fnudqmldms kd‘cdqr ‘s sgd 0881 Qhn D‘qsg Rtllhs+ sgd BAC
b‘ld hmsn enqbd hm 0882- Sgd bnmudmshnm g‘r sgqdd l‘hm naidbshudr9 0( sgd
bnmrdqu‘shnm ne ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx+ 1( sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd trd ne sgd bnlonmdmsr ne
ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx+ ‘mc 2( sgd e‘hq ‘mc dpths‘akd rg‘qhmf ne sgd admdehsr ‘qhrhmf nts ne
sgd tshkhr‘shnm ne fdmdshb qdrntqbdr ’BAC+ 1/1/‘(
?m hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs ne sgd BAC hr sgd ?hbgh Ahnchudqrhsx s‘qfdsr hs bnms‘hmr- Sgd
?hbgh s‘qfdsr vdqd ‘ rds ne 1/ fkna‘k s‘qfdsr enq 1/00“1/1/ fqntodc tmcdq ehud rsq‘sdfhb
fn‘kr9 0( ‘ccqdrr sgd tmcdqkxhmf b‘trdr ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr ax l‘hmrsqd‘lhmf ahnchudqrhsx
‘bqnrr fnudqmldms ‘mc rnbhdsx: 1( qdctbd sgd chqdbs oqdrrtqdr nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
oqnlnsd rtrs‘hm‘akd trd: 2( hloqnud sgd rs‘str ne ahnchudqrhsx ax r‘edft‘qchmf
dbnrxrsdlr+ rodbhdr ‘mc fdmdshb chudqrhsx: 3( dmg‘mbd sgd admdehsr sn ‘kk eqnl ahnchudqrhsx
‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr: ‘mc 4( dmg‘mbd hlokdldms‘shnm sgqntfg o‘qshbho‘snqx ok‘mmhmf+
jmnvkdcfd l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc b‘o‘bhsx athkchmf ’BAC+ 1/1/a(- Vghkd sgd ?hbgh
ahnchudqrhsx s‘qfdsr g‘ud addm tshkhrdc vhsghm sgd oqhu‘sd ‘mc otakhb rdbsnqr enq rnld
shld+ sgd ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgdl ‘lnmfrs sgd fdmdq‘k onotk‘shnm g‘r gnvdudq addm knv-
Tmenqstm‘sdkx+ ‘ qduhdv bnmctbsdc ax sgd BAC hm 1/1/ ghfgkhfgsr sg‘s mnmd ne
sgd ?hbgh s‘qfdsr rds enq sgd odqhnc ne 1/00“1/1/ g‘ud addm ‘bghdudc hm etkk
’Rdbqds‘qh‘s ne sgd Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx+ 1/1/(- Rnld bntmsqhdr ‘mc
qdfhnmr g‘ud l‘cd oqnfqdrr+ ‘mc sgdqd ‘qd ‘qd‘r hm vghbg rnbhdshdr g‘ud rtbbddcdc sn
s‘bjkd rnld ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr+ ats nudq‘kk sgd qduhdv mnsdr sg‘s nmkx rhw ne sgd 1/
?hbgh s‘qfdsr b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad o‘qsh‘kkx ‘bghdudc- ?r ‘ vgnkd+ sgd qdonqs
ghfgkhfgsr sgd rdudqhsx ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc vd‘jdmhmf ne dbnrxrsdl
rdquhbdr+ ‘mc gdmbd qdod‘sr gnv tqfdms ‘bshnm hr mddcdc eqnl ansg otakhb ‘mc oqhu‘sd
rdbsnqr sn qdudqrd sgd sqdmc ne rvheskx cdbkhmhmf ahnchudqrhsx-

00-2-0-1 Sgd TM RtrsWhmWakd Cdudknoldms FnWkr

Vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc sgd TM Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘k&r ’RCFr( ‘s u‘qhntr shldr
sgqntfgnts sghr annj- Vghkd ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘ snohb sg‘s ed‘stqdr hm l‘mx ne sgdrd
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 110

fn‘kr sgqntfg hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr vhsg u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ mn

gtmfdq ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd bhshdr+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgdqd ‘qd svn fn‘kr rodbhehb‘kkx qdk‘sdc sn
ahnchudqrhsx9 RCF 03 Khed Adknv V‘sdq ‘mc RCF 04 Khed nm K‘mc-
?r sgd shskdr ne sgdrd fn‘kr rtffdrs+ RCF 03 hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd vnqkc&r nbd‘mr
‘mc l‘qhmd qdrntqbdr vghkd RCF 04 enbtrdr nm sdqqdrsqh‘k ahnchudqrhsx+ enqdrsr ‘mc
cdrdqshehb‘shnm- Sgdrd svn ahnchudqrhsx qdk‘sdc fn‘kr ghfgkhfgs sgd hlonqs‘mbd ’‘mc
sgqd‘s sn( ahnchudqrhsx nm ‘ l‘bqn.fkna‘k rb‘kd+ ats sgdx ‘qd ‘krn hlonqs‘ms ‘s sgd
m‘shnm‘k kdudk vhsg l‘mx fnudqmldmsr qdonqshmf oqnfqdrr nm ahnchudqrhsx bnmrdqu‘shnm
cq‘vhmf nm sgd fn‘kr- Sgd RCFr ‘qd ‘krn eqdptdmskx qdedqqdc sn ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘r
sgdx oqnuhcd ‘ vhcdkx qdbnfmhrdc qdedqdmbd onhms sg‘s b‘m ad cq‘vm nm hm qdonqshmf
nq vgdm chrbtrrhmf ok‘mr+ onkhbhdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k s‘qfdsr bnmbdqmhmf ahnchudqrhsx-

00-2-0-2 Sgd HmsdqmWshnmWk Tmhnm enq BnmrdquWshnm ne MWstqd HTBM(

Sgd HTBM hr nmd ne sgd vnqkc&r ahffdrs dmuhqnmldms‘k mdsvnqjr+ vghbg hr qdbnfmhrdc
‘r ‘ l‘inq ‘tsgnqhsx nm fkna‘k dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k ld‘rtqdr mddcdc sn r‘edft‘qc
sgdl- HTBM v‘r drs‘akhrgdc hm 0837- Hs g‘r addm hmunkudc hm sgd drs‘akhrgldms ne
l‘inq hmsdqm‘shnm‘k dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘fqddldmsr+ hmbktchmf sgd Bnmudmshnm nm
Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC( ldmshnmdc ‘anud ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd Bnmudmshnm nm
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Sq‘cd hm Dmc‘mfdqdc Rodbhdr ’BHSDR(+ vghbg hr ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
‘fqddldms adsvddm fnudqmldmsr ‘hlhmf ‘s dmrtqhmf sg‘s sq‘cd ne vhkc ‘mhl‘kr ‘mc
ok‘msr cndr mns sgqd‘sdm sgdhq rtquhu‘k-
HTBM hr jmnvm ‘r ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud rntqbd ne hmenql‘shnm nm sgd fkna‘k
bnmrdqu‘shnm rs‘str ne ‘mhl‘k+ etmfh ‘mc ok‘ms rodbhdr- Sghr hmenql‘shnm gdkor hmenql
‘ q‘mfd ne bnmrdqu‘shnm cdbhrhnmr+ ‘mc hs hr vhcdkx trdc ax fnudqmldmsr+ MFNr+
dctb‘snqr ‘mc sgd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx ‘krn enq nsgdq otqonrdr- ?lnmfrs bhuhk rnbhdsx
‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k fqntor+ sgd HTBM hr oqna‘akx lnrs vdkk,jmnvm enq hsr HTBM
Qdc Khrs ne Sgqd‘sdmdc Rodbhdr+ nq rhlokx sgd Qdc Khrs+ vghbg hcdmshehdr sgnrd rodbhdr
‘s qhrj ne dwshmbshnm- Sgd hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax sgd HTBM+ hmbktchmf sgd Qdc
Khrs+ hr ‘krn qdedqdmbdc ax sgd FQH hm sgdhq fthc‘mbd enq ahnchudqrhsx chrbknrtqdr
chrbtrrdc etqsgdq adknv-

00-2-0-3 Sgd HmsdqfnudqmldmsWk Rbhdmbd,Onkhbx OkWsenql nm Ahnchudqrhsx

Wmc Dbnrxrsdl Rdquhbdr HOADR(
HOADR hr ‘m £hmcdodmcdms hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k ancx drs‘akhrgdc ax Rs‘sdr sn rsqdmfsgdm
sgd rbhdmbd,onkhbx hmsdqe‘bd enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr rdquhbdr enq sgd
bnmrdqu‘shnm ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd trd ne ahnchudqrhsx+ knmf,sdql gtl‘m vdkk,adhmf ‘mc
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms– ’HOADR+ 1/1/(- HOADR aqhmfr snfdsgdq dwodqshrd eqnl sgd
rbhdmbd ‘mc nsgdq jmnvkdcfd bnlltmhshdr sn hmenql onkhbhdr ‘s ‘kk kdudkr9
fnudqmldms‘k+ rnbhdsx ‘mc oqhu‘sd rdbsnq-
HOADR b‘sdfnqhrd sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr ‘r e‘kkhmf hmsn entq ‘qd‘r9 ‘rrdrrldmsr+ onkhbx
rtoonqs+ athkchmf b‘o‘bhsx ‘mc jmnvkdcfd+ ‘mc bnlltmhb‘shnmr ‘mc ntsqd‘bg
’HOADR+ 1/1/(- ?m dw‘lokd ne sgdhq vnqj+ ed‘stqdc nm sgdhq vdarhsd+ hr ‘ rstcx nm
onkkhm‘snqr+ onkkhm‘shnm ‘mc ennc oqnctbshnm- Gdqd sgdx cdlnmrsq‘sd gnv sgdhq
rbhdmbd, ‘mc jmnvkdcfd,a‘rdc ‘ooqn‘bg sn tmcdqrs‘mchmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
dbnrxrsdlr hr drrdmsh‘k hm hmenqlhmf onkhbhdr sn ‘ccqdrr sghr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd- Sgdhq
111 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

enbtr nm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc sgd mddc enq hmenql‘shnm hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrrdr

‘krn rhfm‘kr sgd khmjr sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘r vd chrbtrr hm sghr annj-

00-2-1 EqYldvnqjr Ymc hmhshYshudr nm Yrrdrrhmf Ymc uYkthmf ahnchudqrhsx

?r vd g‘ud ntskhmdc+ ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms ‘mc ne ghfg
u‘ktd sn gtl‘mr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Ats vg‘s cn vd ld‘m ax u‘ktd> Fhudm sgd
bnlokdwhsx ne sghr hrrtd hs g‘r oqnudm sn ad rtars‘msh‘kkx lnqd bg‘kkdmfhmf sn bnmrhcdq
gnv ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr rgntkc ad ‘rrdrrdc+ ld‘rtqdc ‘mc u‘ktdc-
Vd vhkk mdws fhud ‘m nudquhdv ne ‘ bntokd ne rhfmhehb‘ms hmhsh‘shudr vghbg g‘ud rntfgs
sn oqnuhcd fthc‘mbd ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr nm gnv sghr bntkc ad cnmd-

00-2-1-0 Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Dbnrxrsdlr Wmc Ahnchudqrhsx SDDA(

SDDA hr ‘ fkna‘k hmhsh‘shud enbtrdc nm cq‘vhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn sgd dbnmnlhb admdehsr ne
ahnchudqrhsx- Sgd nqhfhmr ne SDDA ‘qd hm sgd k‘sd 1///r+ vgdm sgd mddc enq ‘ fkna‘k
‘m‘kxrhr ne sgd dbnmnlhb rhfmhehb‘mbd ne ahnchudqrhsx v‘r qdbnfmhrdc ax sgd
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr ne l‘inq fnudqmldmsr- Hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ sgdqd v‘r ‘m hmsdqdrs
hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf gnv bnrskx sgd knrr ne ahnchudqrhsx vntkc ad+ ‘r vdkk ‘r vg‘s vntkc
ad sgd bnrs ne sgd e‘hktqd sn s‘jd oqnsdbshud ld‘rtqdr vgdm bnlo‘qdc sn sgd onsdmsh‘k
bnrs ne deedbshud bnmrdqu‘shnm- Sg‘s hr+ bnlo‘qhmf sgd bnrs ne bnmrdquhmf ahnchudqrhsx
sn sgd bnrs ne e‘hkhmf sn cn rn-
Sgd naidbshud ne SDDA hr sn ghfgkhfgs sgd fqnvhmf bnrs ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc
dbnrxrsdl cdfq‘c‘shnm ’SDDA+ 1/1/(- ?r sgd shskd ne sgd hmhsh‘shud hmchb‘sdr+ SDDA
enbtrdr nm sgd dbnmnlhbr ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg hmunkudr
ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc u‘kthmf sgdl- Hs hr vnqsg onhmshmf nts gdqd sg‘s vghkd SDDA g‘r ‘krn
oqnuhcdc fthc‘mbd qdonqsr enq atrhmdrr ‘mc dmsdqoqhrdr+ hsr vnqj hr mnv lnqd fd‘qdc
sn sgd l‘bqn kdudk+ sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd gdkohmf sn l‘jd lnqd uhrhakd sgd qdk‘shnmrgho
adsvddm m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘s sgd m‘shnm‘k.bntmsqx kdudk- Nmd ne
sgd oq‘bshb‘k ‘ookhb‘shnmr hm sghr ‘qd‘ hr sgd Rxrsdl ne Dmuhqnmldms‘k Dbnmnlhb
?bbntmshmf ’RDD?(+ vghbg hr ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘kkx rs‘mc‘qchrdc eq‘ldvnqj enq
nqf‘mhrhmf ‘mc oqdrdmshmf rs‘shrshbr nm sgd dmuhqnmldms,dbnmnlx qdk‘shnmrgho-

00-2-1-1 Sgd MWstqWk BWohsWk BnWkhshnm

SDDA v‘r ‘m hlonqs‘ms rsdoohmf,rsnmd enq sgd drs‘akhrgldms ne sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k
Bn‘khshnm- Ehqrs drs‘akhrgdc hm 1/01 tmcdq sgd m‘ld SDDA enq Atrhmdrr Bn‘khshnm hs
v‘r qdm‘ldc sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm hm 1/03- Hm 1/1/+ Sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k
Bn‘khshnm v‘r etqsgdq cdudknodc+ ‘r hs v‘r tmhsdc vhsg Rnbh‘k % Gtl‘m B‘ohs‘k
Bn‘khshnm sn adbnld B‘ohs‘kr Bn‘khshnm+ vghbg vhkk bnmshmtd sn vnqj vhsg ‘ aqn‘cdq
qdlhs-
Sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm hr ‘ bn‘khshnm ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr “ hmbktchmf atrhmdrrdr+
‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ‘mc sgd oqnedrrhnm‘k+ rbhdmbd ‘mc ‘b‘cdlhb+ ehm‘mbd+ onkhbx ‘mc
bnmrdqu‘shnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr “ vgn rg‘qd sgd bnllnm uhrhnm ne £‘ vnqkc sg‘s bnmrdqudr
‘mc dmg‘mbdr m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k– ’M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm+ 1/1/(- Sgd jdx bnmbdos enq
sgd Bn‘khshnm hr m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k+ vghbg sgdx cdehmd ‘r £sgd rsnbj ne qdmdv‘akd ‘mc
mnm,qdmdv‘akd qdrntqbdr ’d-f- ok‘msr+ ‘mhl‘kr+ ‘hq+ v‘sdq+ rnhkr+ lhmdq‘kr( sg‘s bnlahmd
sn xhdkc ‘ eknv ne admdehsr sn odnokd– ’M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm+ 1/05(- Sgd Bn‘khshnm
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 112

dmf‘fdr hm ‘ q‘mfd ne dudmsr ‘mc oqnctbdr l‘sdqh‘kr sn ‘rrhrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg

tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgdhq hlo‘bs ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr nm m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k-
Odqg‘or sgd lnrs qdbnfmhrdc ‘bshuhsx ne Sgd Bn‘khshnm hr sgd cdudknoldms ‘mc
oqnlnshnm ne sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk- Sghr oqnsnbnk hr drrdmsh‘kkx ‘ cdbhrhnm,
l‘jhmf eq‘ldvnqj vghbg gdkor nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn hcdmshex+ ld‘rtqd ‘mc u‘ktd sgdhq
chqdbs ‘mc hmchqdbs hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr nm m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k- Sgd Oqnsnbnk cq‘vr
nm ‘ mtladq ne dwhrshmf ld‘rtqdldms oq‘bshbdr ‘mc fthc‘mbd ’hmbktchmf sg‘s eqnl
sgd VABRC chrbtrrdc mdws( ‘r hs ‘hlr sn aqn‘cdm ansg sgd pt‘mshsx ‘mc pt‘khsx ne
m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k hmenql‘shnm ‘u‘hk‘akd- Rtbg hmenql‘shnm hr ‘qftdc ax sgd Bn‘khshnm sn
ad drrdmsh‘k sn ‘kknvhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn hmbktcd hlonqs‘ms m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k hmenql‘shnm
hm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc hm oqnbdrrdr rtbg ‘r sgd hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc
lhshf‘shnm ne qhrj+ rtookx bg‘hm ‘mc l‘sdqh‘k rntqbhmf ‘mc oqnctbs cdrhfm- Eqnl sgd
odqrodbshud ne ‘bbntmshmf+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn mnsd sg‘s sgd Oqnsnbnk cndr mns rshotk‘sd
sgd bgnhbd ne snnkr trdc enq ‘rrdrrhmf+ ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc u‘kthmf m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k- Hs ‘krn
‘bjmnvkdcfdr khlhsr sn sgd bnlo‘q‘ahkhsx ne sgdrd ‘rrdrrldmsr- Sgd Oqnsnbnk ‘mc
‘rrnbh‘sdc fthc‘mbd cn gnvdudq dmbntq‘fd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn dmf‘fd hm ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc
u‘kthmf m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx ’nesdm hm lnmds‘qx ‘mc.nq ogxrhb‘k sdqlr(- Hs
hr vnqsg onhmshmf nts gdqd sg‘s rtbg oq‘bshbdr ‘qd rshkk vhcdkx cda‘sdc+ ‘r vd vhkk
chrbtrr hm lnqd cds‘hk adknv-
Sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hr duhcdms mns nmkx hm sgd cdudknoldms ‘mc oqnlnshnm ne
sgd Bn‘khshnm ‘mc sgd rtardptdms Oqnsnbnk ’enq dw‘lokd+ HB?DV hr ‘ entmchmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc gnrsr sgd rbgdld(+ ats ‘krn hm sgd dwokhbhs hcdmshehb‘shnm ne sgd qnkd
ne ‘bbntms‘msr hm trhmf sgdhq dwodqshrd qdk‘shmf sn sgd ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc qdonqshmf ne
hmenql‘shnm sn gdko dladc vg‘s g‘r adbnld jmnvm ‘r m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k ‘bbntmshmf-
Rnld udqx k‘qfd ‘mc ghfg,oqnehkd bnlo‘mhdr+ rtbg ‘r Bnb‘ Bnk‘+ Oghkhor ‘mc
Mdroqdrrn+ g‘ud addm hmunkudc vhsg M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k ?bbntmshmf+ ‘mc sgd ‘ooqn‘bg
g‘r ‘krn addm hlokdldmsdc ax ‘ q‘mfd ne otakhb rdbsnq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ enq dw‘lokd+
Enqdrsqx Dmfk‘mc- Vd U‘ktd M‘stqd+ ‘ b‘lo‘hfm sn l‘jd sgd u‘kthmf ne m‘stqd ‘
bnllnm oq‘bshbd+ nq £mdv mnql‘k–+ enq atrhmdrrdr hm Dtqnod hr ‘m neergnns ne+ ‘mc
rtoonqsdc ax+ sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm ’rdd Vd U‘ktd M‘stqd+ 1/1/(-

00-2-1-2 Sgd VABRC EqWldvnqi enq BnqonqWsd Dbnrxrsdlr UWktWshnm BDU(

Rhlhk‘qkx sn M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm ‘anud+ SDDA v‘r hmektdmsh‘k ‘krn hm rotqqhmf
sgd Vnqkc Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk enq Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms ’VABRC( sn fds hmunkudc
vhsg ptdrshnmr ne ‘rrdrrhmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr- Sgd VABRC hcdmshehdc gnv
drb‘k‘shmf ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc dbnrxrsdl cdfq‘c‘shnm vdqd b‘trhmf ghfgdq qhrjr enq
atrhmdrrdr+ ‘mc r‘v ‘ mddc sn dmf‘fd vhsg sgd ptdrshnmr sn ehmc v‘xr ne gnv rtbg
qhrjr b‘m ad l‘m‘fdc ‘mc rtardptdmskx stqmdc hmsn onsdmsh‘k noonqstmhshdr-
?r ‘ qdrtks+ sgd VABRC otakhrgdc hm 1/00 hsr Fthcd sn Bnqonq‘sd Dbnrxrsdl
U‘kt‘shnm ’BDU(+ vghbg hr ‘ eq‘ldvnqj hmsdmcdc sn gdko nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hloqnud sgdhq
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf vgdm e‘bhmf ptdrshnmr ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr- ?s hsr
bnqd+ sgd ‘ooqn‘bg rddjr sn vnqj nts gnv ltbg ‘m dbnrxrsdl hr vnqsg sn ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ nq sn ots hs cheedqdmskx+ sn u‘ktd sgd admdehsr ne dbnrxrsdlr sn ‘ atrhmdrr
hm dbnmnlhb sdqlr- BDU hr ‘m ‘ooqn‘bg vghbg rddjr sn drs‘akhrg ‘ vhm,vhm hm sgd
rdmrd sg‘s ansg sgd atrhmdrr ‘mc sgd dmuhqnmldms vntkc ad adssdq nee- Sgd
dmuhqnmldms hr dwodbsdc sn admdehs+ ‘r sgd adssdq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd u‘ktd ne ‘m
dbnrxrsdl vhkk dmrtqd sgd atrhmdrr oqnsdbsr hs+ vghkd ‘ atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc
113 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

qdbdhud onrhshud deedbsr sgqntfg g‘uhmf ‘ fqd‘sdq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd cdodmcdmbhdr

hsr nodq‘shnmr g‘ud hm qdk‘shnm sn dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr-
? jdx cheedqdmbd ne sgd BDU bnlo‘qdc sn rnld ne sgd nsgdq ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘anud hr
sg‘s hs hr ‘ rdke,bnmedrrdc atrhmdrr nqhdms‘sdc eq‘ldvnqj rddjhmf sn u‘ktd dbnrxrsdlr
hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘ rodbhehb atrhmdrr nq dmshsx q‘sgdq sg‘m u‘kthmf sgdl hm ‘ lnqd fdmdq‘k
rdmrd ’sgd u‘ktd ne sgd dbnrxrsdl hsrdke+ enq dw‘lokd(-

00-2-2 RtllYqx ne jdx hmrshstshnmr Ymc hmhshYshudr

?r hr duhcdms eqnl sgd ‘anud+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne hmrshstshnmr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr sg‘s
‘ssdlos sn fnudqm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc hsr knrr ‘s sgd fkna‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k kdudkr- Vghkd sgdx
tkshl‘sdkx ‘kk rddj sn ‘ccqdrr ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc oqnlnsd bnmrdqu‘shnm sgdx cn rn hm
cheedqdms v‘xr- ?s shldr sgd ‘ooqn‘bgdr nudqk‘o+ vghkd ‘s nsgdqr sgdx fn hm ‘ cheedqdms
chqdbshnm- S‘jd u‘kt‘shnm enq dw‘lokd9 vgdsgdq nq mns ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘rrhfmdc vhsg ‘
pt‘mshs‘shud nq lnmds‘qx u‘ktd+ ‘mc he rn+ gnv hs hr u‘ktdc+ hr ‘ jdx chrbtrrhnm onhms-
Vd s‘jd ‘ bknrdq knnj ‘s sghr hm sgd mdws rdbshnm vgdqd vd chrbtrr ‘bbntmshmf enq
ahnchudqrhsx+ ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd oq‘bshbdr ‘ookhdc ax cheedqdms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

00-3 Ahnchudqrhsx Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx oqYbshbdr

Vghkd ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud mns addm ‘ookhdc hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr enq ‘r
knmf ‘r+ enq dw‘lokd+ b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne oq‘bshbdr btqqdmskx
adhmf tmcdqs‘jdm- Vd oqnuhcd ‘m nudquhdv ne rnld ne sgdrd mnv+ nqf‘mhrhmf ntq
chrbtrrhnm tmcdq sgqdd ‘qd‘r vghbg b‘ostqd ltbg ne sgd oq‘bshbdr9 qdonqshmf+
qdbnqchmf ‘mc u‘kthmf-

00-3-0 Qdonqshmf ahnchudqrhsx

Ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf hr ‘ jdx v‘x hm vghbg ‘ vhcd q‘mfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmbktchmf
fnudqmldms‘k cdo‘qsldmsr+ bhshdr+ qdfhnmr+ MFNr ‘mc atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dmf‘fd
vhsg ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx- Vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc sgd qnkd ne sgd qdonqshmf
etmbshnm hm qdk‘shnm sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx oqduhntrkx hm sgd annj+ ats sn bnmrhcdq gnv hs
qdk‘sdr sn ahnchudqrhsx hs hr trdetk sn qdb‘o vgx qdonqshmf hr sgd enbtr ne l‘mx
‘bbntmshmf hmhsh‘shudr ‘ssdloshmf sn sq‘mrhshnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Qdonqshmf hr ‘ bnqd o‘qs ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc rsdv‘qcrgho- Hs hr ‘
jdx ldbg‘mhrl ax vghbg sghmfr ‘qd l‘cd uhrhakd- Hm qdk‘shnm sn qdonqshmf nm
ahnchudqrhsx+ ‘r vdkk ‘r lnqd rodbhehb‘kkx nm ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr
nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr+ qdonqshmf b‘m ‘kknv ansg sgd qdonqs oqnctbdq
’sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq nsgdq qdonqshmf dmshsx( ‘mc sgd qd‘cdq ne sgd qdonqs sn tmcdqrs‘mc
hlo‘bsr+ cdodmcdmbhdr+ ‘mc qdk‘sdckx+ qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr- Rhlhk‘qkx
sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hm fdmdq‘k ’rdd Bg‘osdqr 4 ‘mc 5(+ ltbg cdodmcr nm gnv
sgd qdonqshmf hr bnmctbsdc- Qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc nsgdq fthc‘mbd cnbtldmsr
‘qd sgdqdenqd hlonqs‘ms-

00-3-0-0 Ahnchudqrhsx hm qdonqshmf eqWldvnqir

Sgd FQH ed‘stqdr entq snohb,rodbhehb chrbknrtqd hmchb‘snqr hm qdk‘shnm sn ahnchudqrhsx
hm ‘cchshnm sn qdbnfmhrhmf sg‘s rtbg ahnchudqrhsx chrbknrtqdr l‘x ‘krn enql o‘qs ne sgd
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 114

l‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr vghbg oqdrdms gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘ooqn‘bgdr

rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx lnqd aqn‘ckx- Vghkd sgd etkk khrs ne sgdrd hmchb‘snqr b‘m ad rddm hm sgd
£Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv+ hs hr trdetk sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s sgdrd hmchb‘snqr hmbktcd
‘m hmchb‘snq nm sgd deedbs ne sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm nm dmc‘mfdqdc rodbhdr ‘r vdkk ‘r rodbhdr
ne m‘shnm‘k hlonqs‘mbd- Sghr hr hm khmd vhsg bnmbdqmr ‘r sn sgd btqqdms vnqqxhmf kdudkr
ne dwshmbshnm- Xnt vhkk ‘krn mnshbd sg‘s sgd FQH tshkhrdr sgd HTBM Qdc Khrs chrbtrrdc
‘anud hm sgdhq fthc‘mbd nm ahnchudqrhsx chrbknrtqd-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FQH RsYmcYqc 2/3 Ahnchudqrhsx

Sgdqd ‘qd entq snohb rodbhehb ahnchudqrhsx chrbknrtqdr hmbktcdc hm sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qc 2/3 rds hm
1/05- Sgd Fkna‘k Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc+ sgd fnudqm‘mbd ancx ne sgd FQH
qdronmrhakd enq rdsshmf sgd qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr+ g‘r dwoqdrrdc ‘ mddc sn qduhdv sgd
ahnchudqrhsx chrbknrtqdr+ kd‘chmf sn onsdmsh‘k qduhrhnmr hm sgd bnlhmf xd‘qr-
Snohb rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 2/3“0 Nodq‘shnm‘k rhsdr nvmdc+ kd‘rdc+ l‘m‘fdc hm+ nq ‘ci‘bdms sn+
oqnsdbsdc ‘qd‘r ‘mc ‘qd‘r ne ghfg ahnchudqrhsx u‘ktd ntsrhcd oqnsdbsdc ‘qd‘r-
Chrbknrtqd 2/3“1 Rhfmhehb‘ms hlo‘bsr ne ‘bshuhshdr+ oqnctbsr+ ‘mc rdquhbdr nm
ahnchudqrhsx-
Chrbknrtqd 2/3“2 G‘ahs‘sr oqnsdbsdc nq qdrsnqdc-
Chrbknrtqd 2/3“3 HTBM Qdc Khrs rodbhdr ‘mc m‘shnm‘k bnmrdqu‘shnm khrs rodbhdr vhsg
g‘ahs‘sr hm ‘qd‘r ‘eedbsdc ax nodq‘shnmr-

Sgd Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf ’;HQ=( eq‘ldvnqj ‘krn hmbktcdr ‘ qdbnfmhshnm ne

ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr- Sghr hr b‘ostqdc sgqntfg nmd ne sgd rhw b‘ohs‘kr “ m‘stq‘k
b‘ohs‘k- M‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k vhsghm sgd ;HQ= eq‘ldvnqj hr cdehmdc ‘r £‘kk qdmdv‘akd ‘mc
mnm,qdmdv‘akd dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbdr ‘mc oqnbdrrdr sg‘s oqnuhcd fnncr nq rdquhbdr
sg‘s rtoonqs sgd o‘rs+ btqqdms nq etstqd oqnrodqhsx ne ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm– ’HHQB+ 1/10+
o- 08(- ?r xnt vhkk rdd+ sghr hr rhlhk‘q sdqlhmnknfx+ vhsg ‘ rhlhk‘q cdehmhshnm sn sg‘s ne
sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ ats hs hr lnqd nqf‘mhr‘shnm enbtrdc-
Enq l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k hr ‘ jdx b‘ohs‘k hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv u‘ktd hr
bqd‘sdc-

00-3-0-1 Ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ax uWqhntr nqfWmhrWshnmWk sxodr

Fhudm sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ne fnudqmldmsr ‘s sgd m‘shnm‘k kdudk hm qdk‘shnm sn
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc hsr oqnsdbshnm ’enq dw‘lokd+ ‘r ntskhmdc hm sgd ?hbgh s‘qfdsr chrbtrrdc
‘anud(+ qdonqshmf nm ahnchudqrhsx hr nesdm entmc ‘s sgd bntmsqx kdudk- Sgdrd qdonqsr+
rnldshldr dmshskdc Rs‘sd ne M‘stqd+ trt‘kkx enbtr nm ‘ bntmsqx&r ahnchudqrhsx+
ahnchudqrhsx £l‘m‘fdldms– ‘mc bnmrdqu‘shnm ok‘mr- Rtbg qdonqshmf hr nesdm
tmcdqs‘jdm ax fnudqmldms cdo‘qsldmsr rtbg ‘r sgd Cdo‘qsldms enq Dmuhqnmldms+
Ennc+ ‘mc Qtq‘k ?ee‘hqr ’CDEQ?( hm sgd TJ ‘mc sgd Cdo‘qsldms ne Bnmrdqu‘shnm
’CnB( hm Mdv Yd‘k‘mc-
115 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

Xnt vhkk ‘krn ehmc chrbknrtqdr qdk‘shmf sn ahnchudqrhsx hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
ne rnld bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Gnvdudq+ hs hr ax mn ld‘mr ‘
bnllnm oq‘bshbd+ ‘r l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf l‘mx k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr+ cn mns
oqnuhcd ‘mx hmenql‘shnm nm sgdhq onsdmsh‘k hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr nm ahnchudqrhsx
mnq nm sgdhq onkhbhdr bnmbdqmhmf hs- Hmcddc+ ‘r ntq £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv mnsdr+
ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf hr e‘q eqnl bnllnm+ dudm ‘lnmfrs k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Hm
‘cchshnm sn bnmbdqmr qdf‘qchmf sgd pt‘mshsx ne qdonqshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx+ hs hr vnqsg
‘rjhmf vgdsgdq sgd pt‘khsx ne ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf hr vg‘s hs onsdmsh‘kkx bntkc ‘mc
rgntkc ad- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ hr sgd ahnchudqrhsx hmenql‘shnm oqnuhcdc ax nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
hm sgdhq qdonqsr gdkoetk enq sgnrd trhmf sgd qdonqsr+ hmbktchmf sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke>
Vd qdstqm sn ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne sghr hm sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnm ne sgd bg‘osdq-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 Ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ax kYqfd bnqonqYshnmr

?klnrs g‘ke ’38( ne sgd Enqstmd 0// ldmshnmdc ahnchudqrhsx hm qdonqsr+ ‘mc 20 l‘cd
bkd‘q ahnchudqrhsx bnllhsldmsr+ ne vghbg nmkx 4 bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc rodbhehb+
ld‘rtq‘akd ‘mc shld,antmc- ’?cchrnm ds”‘k-+ 1/08+ o-”2/6(

Sgdrd vdqd rnld ne sgd l‘hm ehmchmfr ne qdrd‘qbg ax ?cchrnm ds”‘k- ’1/08( otakhrgdc hm sgd
intqm‘k Bnmrdqu‘shnm Ahnknfx ‘mc ed‘stqdc nm sgd vdarhsd ne sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm-
Sghr qdrd‘qbg fhudr tr hmrhfgs hmsn sgd oq‘bshbd ne ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ax rnld ne sgd
k‘qfdrs bnqonq‘shnmr hm sgd vnqkc- ?mc sgd qdrtksr cn mns l‘jd enq fnnc qd‘chmf- Sgdqd hr
ltbg sn ad hloqnudc-
L‘mx bnlo‘mhdr+ dudm k‘qfd nmdr+ cn mns oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm nm sgdhq ahnchudqrhsx
hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr- Sgnrd sg‘s cn oqnuhcd ‘ u‘qhdsx ne cheedqdms hmenql‘shnm nm gnv
sgdx ‘qd l‘m‘fhmf hlo‘bsr+ qdrsnqhmf g‘ahs‘sr nq hmudrshmf hm ahnchudqrhsx+ enq dw‘lokd-
Gnvdudq+ sghr qdrd‘qbg entmc sg‘s nmkx mhmd bnlo‘mhdr oqnuhcdc pt‘mshs‘shud hmchb‘snqr+
vghbg ‘qd ‘qft‘akx mddcdc sn ‘rrdrr sgd l‘fmhstcd ne sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr- Rtbg pt‘mshs‘shud
hmchb‘snqr vntkc ad+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘qd‘ ne g‘ahs‘s qdrsnqdc ‘r odq sgd FQH chrbknrtqd
rs‘mc‘qcr-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ sghr ‘m‘kxrhr ne sgd Enqstmd 0// entmc sg‘s zmn bnlo‘mhdr qdonqsdc
pt‘mshs‘shud ahnchudqrhsx ntsbnldr–- Sghr+ sgd ‘tsgnqr rtffdrs+ l‘jdr hs cheehbtks sn
cdsdqlhmd vgdsgdq sgd ‘bshnmr ne ‘ atrhmdrr ‘qd rteehbhdms sn ‘ccqdrr hsr hlo‘bsr-
Sgd 1/1/ JOLF rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rtqudx snn rgdcr khfgs nm ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf
ax k‘qfd bnqonq‘shnmr- Svn jdx enbtrdr ne sgd rtqudx vdqd sgd qdonqshmf ne qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc
vhsg ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘r vdkk ‘r bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf nm sgd RCFr- Jdx ehmchmfr nm sgd
qdonqshmf ne qhrj eqnl ahnchudqrhsx hmchb‘sd sg‘s kdrr sg‘m ‘ pt‘qsdq ne z‘s qhrj– bnlo‘mhdr
vnqkcvhcd qdonqs nm sgd qhrjr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg ahnchudqrhsx knrr ’JOLF+ 1/1/(- ?mc vghkd
K‘shm ?ldqhb‘m bnlo‘mhdr kd‘c sgd v‘x vhsg 20! qdonqshmf ahnchudqrhsx qhrjr+ sgd q‘sdr ‘qd
‘r knv ‘r 02! hm Mnqsg ?ldqhb‘- Hm sgdhq ‘m‘kxrhr ne qdonqshmf ‘f‘hmrs sgd RCFr+ JOLF
’1/1/( ehmc sg‘s sgd RCFr khmjdc sn oqnsdbshmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘qd sgd kd‘rs bnllnmkx oqhnqhshrdc
ax sgd atrhmdrrdr hmbktcdc hm sgd rtqudx ’JOLF+ 1/1/+ o-”38(-
Vd dmbntq‘fd xnt sn knnj ‘s rnld bnlo‘mx qdonqsr ‘mc vdarhsdr ‘mc rdd gnv sgdx ‘qd
qdonqshmf nm ahnchudqrhsx- C‘mnmd+ Mhrrth ‘mc Tmhkdudq ‘qd sgqdd bnlo‘mhdr sg‘s bntkc ad
b‘kkdc zadrs oq‘bshbd– qdonqsdqr hm sgd ‘qd‘- Bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbs nm sgd oq‘bshbd- Bnmrhcdq vg‘s
xnt kd‘qm eqnl rtbg qdonqshmf+ ‘mc sghmj ‘ants gnv hs bntkc ad hloqnudc-
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 116

00-3-1 Qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx

Sgd rdbnmc ‘rodbs sg‘s vd vhkk chrbtrr gdqd qdk‘sdr sn sgd oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr
ne qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx+ vghbg hm rhlokd sdqlr hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg gnv vd lhfgs
fn ‘ants qdbnqchmf vg‘s ahnchudqrhsx dwhrsr- Qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx hr qdk‘sdc sn
sgd qdonqshmf ne ahnchudqrhsx chrbtrrdc ‘anud ‘r vd ltrs g‘ud rnld v‘x ne
qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx sn ad ‘akd sn qdonqs nm hs adxnmc fdmdq‘k kdudk onkhbx
rs‘sdldmsr ‘mc bnllhsldmsr- Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx hr
hlonqs‘ms ‘r hm nqcdq sn oqnsdbs ahnchudqrhsx nq tmcdqrs‘mc ahnchudqrhsx knrr vd
mddc ‘ rxrsdl ne jmnvhmf vg‘s sgd rs‘sd ’pt‘mshsx ‘mc chudqrhsx( ne sg‘s
ahnchudqrhsx hr- Gdqd+ vd b‘m rdd ‘ bkd‘q qnkd enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
dwodqshrd hm qdk‘shnm sn ld‘rtqdldms-
Aqn‘ckx rod‘jhmf sgdqd ‘qd svn ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx-
Sgdrd b‘m ad cdehmdc rhlokx ‘r anssnl to ‘mc sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bgdr ’rdd Inmdr+
1/03 enq ‘ cds‘hkdc chrbtrrhnm(- Sgdrd svn lncdkr ne qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx cheedq
rtars‘msh‘kkx+ ats ‘r sgdqd ‘qd dw‘lokdr ne ansg ‘ooqn‘bgdr hm oq‘bshbd+ vd aqhdekx
ntskhmd sgdl gdqd-

00-3-1-0 Sgd anssnl to WooqnWbg sn qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx

? anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg ‘ssdlosr sn hmudmsnqx sgd ahnchudqrhsx hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ok‘bd-
? fnnc dw‘lokd ne sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx ax knb‘k bnlltmhsx
fqntor+ rtbg ‘r bnmrdqu‘shnm ‘mc dmsgtrh‘rs fqntor- Enq dw‘lokd+ sghmj ‘ants
ahqcv‘sbghmf fqntor vgn qdbnqc ahqc rodbhdr ‘mc+ hm rnld knb‘shnmr+ bnmrshstsd ‘
bnloqdgdmrhud rntqbd ne hmenql‘shnm nm ahqc onotk‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq sqdmcr- Vd mnsdc
‘anud sg‘s sgd qdonqshmf ne ahnchudqrhsx nesdm nbbtqr ‘s sgd m‘shnm‘k kdudk vhsg l‘mx
fnudqmldmsr vnqkcvhcd qdonqshmf ahnchudqrhsx vhsghm sgdhq bntmsqx bnmsdws-
Ahnchudqrhsx qdbnqchmf hm rtbg b‘rdr trt‘kkx s‘jdr ‘ anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg- ?s sgd
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k kdudk sgd lnrs oqnkhehb ‘mc bnloqdgdmrhud qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx hr
odqg‘or tmcdqs‘jdm ax sgd VVE+ vghbg qdbnqcr ‘m ‘qq‘x ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc sgdqdax
dm‘akdr ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne onrrhakd bg‘mfdr s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm ahnchudqrhsx+ hmbktchmf
‘krn sgd hcdmshehb‘shnm ‘mc enkknv,to ne sgd rs‘str ne sgnrd rodbhdr sg‘s ‘qd ‘s qhrj ne
dwshmbshnm ’rdd VVE+ 1/1/(- Sgd Qdc Khrs chrbtrrdc ‘anud hr ‘krn ‘m ‘ssdlos ‘s
qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx hm sghr v‘x-
Eqnl ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r odqrodbshud+ hs l‘x ad sg‘s dmf‘fhmf hm qdbnqchmf
ahnchudqrhsx hr adrs cnmd hm bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg ‘ fqnto vhsg rths‘akd dwodqshrd nm sgd
snohb- Vghkd hs lhfgs mns ad qd‘rnm‘akd sn dwodbs ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r l‘m‘fdqr nq
dloknxddr sn dmf‘fd hm qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘bqnrr ‘kk hsr nodq‘shnm rhsdr+ sgdqd ‘qd
rhst‘shnmr vgdqd sghr oq‘bshbd vntkc ad u‘kt‘akd nq hr mddcdc- Kds&r bnmrhcdq ‘m
dw‘lokd gdqd- ? l‘inq oqnctbshnm e‘bhkhsx vghbg chrbg‘qfdr v‘sdq hmsn ‘ rg‘kknv
ftke md‘qax ‘mc g‘r addm hcdmshehdc ‘r sgd jdx rntqbd ne onkktshnm hm sgd ‘qd‘+
qdrtkshmf ‘lnmf nsgdq sghmfr hm rtars‘msh‘k knrr ne ahnchudqrhsx+ b‘m ad trdc enq
hkktrsq‘shud otqonrdr- ?r sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm cdbhcdr sn qdmdv sgd e‘bhkhsx ‘mc hmrs‘kk
mdv+ rs‘sd,ne,sgd,‘qs sdbgmnknfx sn bkd‘m to sgd chrbg‘qfdr+ hs vntkc khjdkx ad
admdehbh‘k enq hs sn dmf‘fd hm qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx hm sgd ‘qd‘- Sghr vntkc fhud
sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ehqrs,g‘mc jmnvkdcfd ne sgd onsdmsh‘k admdehsr ne hsr hmudrsldms+
‘mc rtardptdmskx gdko hs l‘jd cdbhrhnmr ‘s hsr nsgdq nodq‘shnm‘k rhsdr vhsg rhlhk‘q
bg‘kkdmfdr-
117 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

00-3-1-1 Sgd sno cnvm WooqnWbg sn qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx

Sgd sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg sn sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx s‘jdr ‘ lnqd dbnrxrsdlr
‘ooqn‘bg- Q‘sgdq sg‘m athkchmf to ‘m hmudmsnqx ne sgd ahnchudqrhsx ‘r mnsdc hm sgd
anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg+ sgd sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg rs‘qsr ‘s sgd kdudk ne ‘m dbnrxrsdl ‘mc
sgdm rddjr sn qdbnqc sgd cheedqdms dkdldmsr sg‘s l‘jd to sg‘s dbnrxrsdl- Sghr sno
cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg sn qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn gdko vhsg tmcdqrs‘mchmf
sgd ahnchudqrhsx snfdsgdq vhsg sgd hmsdqbnmmdbshnmr vghbg l‘jd to sgd rxrsdl+ ‘mc
‘r rtbg hs b‘m oqnuhcd ‘ ltbg lnqd gnkhrshb qdbnqchmf- Gnvdudq+ hs hr ‘krn lnqd
bnlokdw- Hs hr odqg‘or sghr bnlokdwhsx vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s hs hr e‘q kdrr duhcdms hm
oq‘bshbd-
Vghkd sgd BDU eq‘ldvnqj oqnlnsdc ax sgd VABRC chrbtrrdc ‘anud ‘ssdlosr
sn qdbnqc ahnchudqrhsx ‘s sgd dbnrxrsdl kdudk+ hs cndr rn hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
‘mc trt‘kkx ‘s sgd kdudk ne ‘ rhmfkd oqnidbs+ oqnctbs nq rdquhbd- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s nmkx
sgnrd ‘rodbsr ne sgd dbnrxrsdl sg‘s oqnuhcd chqdbs admdehsr sn+ nq ‘qd hlo‘bsdc ax+ sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘qd ‘ssdlosdc sn ad qdbnqcdc- ?r rtbg+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm tshkhrhmf sgd BDU
eq‘ldvnqj+ enq dw‘lokd ‘ c‘hqx bnlo‘mx qdbnqchmf dbnrxrsdl cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc
hlo‘bsr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgdhq bgnbnk‘sd lhkj oqnctbs+ hr tmkhjdkx sn oqnuhcd ‘
bnloqdgdmrhud qdbnqc ne sgd dbnrxrsdl hsrdke- Rshkk+ rtbg qdbnqchmf hr khjdkx sn kd‘c sn
‘ fqd‘sdq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne sgd oqnctbs&r cdodmcdmbhdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr nm sgd dbnrxrsdl+
‘mc gdmbd oqna‘akx ad ne u‘ktd enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Vghkd onsdmsh‘kkx lnqd
bnloqdgdmrhud+ sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk hr khjdkx sn g‘ud sgd r‘ld khlhs‘shnmr-

00-3-2 LdYrtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx

Sgd ehm‘k ‘rodbs ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr sg‘s vd chrbtrr qdk‘sdr sn
ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx- Hm nqcdq sn ansg qdonqs nm ‘mc qdbnqc ahnchudqrhsx vd ltrs
g‘ud rnld v‘x ne ld‘rtqhmf hs- Vgdm hs bnldr sn ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx sgdqd ‘qd
‘f‘hm svn l‘hm ‘ooqn‘bgdr sg‘s dwhrs- Sgd ehqrs hr sgd trd ne ‘ rhlokd+ trt‘kkx
mtldqhb‘k+ bntms- Sgd rdbnmc hr sgd £u‘kt‘shnm– ne ahnchudqrhsx- Khjd hm ehm‘mbh‘k
‘bbntmshmf+ sghr u‘kt‘shnm hr nesdm tmcdqs‘jdm sgqntfg lnmdshr‘shnm+ sgd ok‘bhmf ne ‘
lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm ahnchudqrhsx nq hsr dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr- D‘bg ‘ooqn‘bg g‘r
‘cu‘ms‘fdr ‘mc chr‘cu‘ms‘fdr+ vghbg vd vhkk aqhdekx hmsqnctbd gdqd- Sghr ‘rodbs ne
‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘krn odqg‘or sgd lnrs bnmsqnudqrh‘k ‘mc cda‘sdc-

00-3-2-0 Sgd mtldqhbWk WooqnWbg

Sgd mtldqhb‘k nq bntms ‘ooqn‘bg sn ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx hr rhlokd ‘mc
rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc- Drrdmsh‘kkx vg‘s hr qdpthqdc hr sgd ld‘rtqhmf ne ahnchudqrhsx sgqntfg
‘ rhlokd bntms “ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd mnshmf ne gnv l‘mx ne d‘bg rodbhdr dwhrs- Sgd
VVE trdr sghr ‘ooqn‘bg vgdm sgdx+ enq dw‘lokd+ mnsd sg‘s nmkx 0+75/ fh‘ms o‘mc‘r
nq 0+/52 fnqhkk‘r btqqdmskx dwhrs hm sgd vhkc ’VVE+ 1/08(- Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr snn b‘m trd
hs ax mnshmf+ enq dw‘lokd+ gnv l‘mx ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rodbhdr ‘qd knb‘sdc hm sgd g‘ahs‘s
‘eedbsdc ax sgdhq nodq‘shnmr nq ok‘mmdc cdudknoldmsr- Rtbg ld‘rtqdr ‘qd trdetk ‘r
sgdx enql ‘ a‘rhr enq tmcdqrs‘mchmf sgd ‘lntms ‘mc chudqrhsx ne ahnchudqrhsx sg‘s
dwhrsr hm fdmdq‘k nq ‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnmsdws- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgd trdetkmdrr ne rtbg
hmenql‘shnm enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf b‘m ad khlhsdc- Vg‘s cndr hs ld‘m+ enq hmrs‘mbd+
sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd mnv rhw edvdq ahqc rodbhdr khuhmf ‘qntmc ‘ k‘jd+ nq sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd 0+75/
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 118

fh‘ms o‘mc‘r hm sgd vhkc> Sghr chr‘cu‘ms‘fd hr odqg‘or lnrs nauhntr+ nq ‘s kd‘rs lnrs
ldmshnmdc+ vhsghm sgd atrhmdrr bnmsdws- Enq atrhmdrrdr sghr v‘x ne ld‘rtqhmf
ahnchudqrhsx b‘m k‘bj qdkdu‘mbd- Sghr hr nmd ne sgd qd‘rnmr vgx hmhsh‘shudr rtbg ‘r
SDDA+ M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk ‘mc BDU oqnlos nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn bnmrhcdq cheedqdms
v‘xr ne ‘rrdrrhmf sgd u‘ktd ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr g‘ud enq sgdl-

00-3-2-1 Sgd uWktWshnm WooqnWbg

Sgd rdbnmc v‘x hm vghbg ahnchudqrhsx b‘m ad ld‘rtqdc hmunkudr sgd u‘kthmf ne
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc.nq hsr rdquhbdr- Sghr ld‘rtqdldms ne u‘ktd hr nesdm oqdrdmsdc hm
lnmds‘qx sdqlr- Itrs khjd hm nsgdq ‘qd‘r ne ‘bbntmshmf vgdqd ‘ u‘qhdsx ne sghmfr ‘qd
qdbnqcdc ‘mc u‘ktdc hm lnmds‘qx sdqlr ’enq dw‘lokd+ athkchmfr ‘mc oqnodqsx+ o‘sdmsr+
kd‘rdr+ gtl‘m k‘antq(+ ‘ rhlhk‘q ‘ooqn‘bg ne lnmdshrhmf b‘m ‘krn ad tshkhrdc vgdm hs
bnldr sn ahnchudqrhsx- Gdqd+ ahnchudqrhsx nq dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr ‘qd sq‘mrk‘sdc hmsn ‘
bnlldmrtq‘akd ld‘rtqd “ lnmdx- Sghr ‘ooqn‘bg sn sgd ld‘rtqhmf ne ahnchudqrhsx hr
‘qftdc sn ad lnqd trdetk enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ ‘r hs cdrbqhadr ahnchudqrhsx vhsg ‘
bnlo‘q‘akd ldsqhb vghbg cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘qd ‘kqd‘cx e‘lhkh‘q vhsg ’rdd ‘krn
Bg‘osdq 3(-
Vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr sgd u‘kt‘shnm ne ahnchudqrhsx hm lnmds‘qx sdqlr hr
lnrs bnllnmkx rddm hm sgd dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr ‘ooqn‘bg chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ vghbg
knnjr ‘s sgd lnmds‘qx u‘ktd ne sgd dbnrxrsdl ‘mc sgd rdquhbdr hs oqnuhcdr sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Gdqd sgd ptdrshnm ne vgnrd odqrodbshud sgd u‘ktd hr cdsdqlhmdc eqnl hr
l‘cd bkd‘q- Sg‘s hr+ sgd u‘ktd sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr sgd jdx enbtr+ hmrsd‘c ne sgd u‘ktd
sn rnbhdsx+ sgd dmuhqnmldms nq sgd ‘mhl‘k hsrdke+ enq dw‘lokd-
Sn l‘jd sghr lnqd bnmbqdsd+ kds&r bnmrhcdq nmd oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokd vd ldmshnmdc
‘anud+ ‘fqhbtkstqd ‘mc onkkhm‘shnm- Knnjhmf ‘s sgd u‘ktd eqnl sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r onhms
ne uhdv hlokhdr sg‘s sgd ld‘rtqdldms hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd u‘ktd onkkhm‘shnm
oqnuhcdr sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm “ nq ots ‘mnsgdq v‘x+ vg‘s vntkc sgd bnrs sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm ad he sgdqd vdqd mn m‘stq‘k onkkhm‘snqr ’khjd addr ‘mc nsgdq hmrdbsr( sn
odqenql sgd s‘rj- ?r xnt rgntkc ad ‘akd sn rdd+ sghr cndr oqnuhcd trdetk hmenql‘shnm-
Hm lnrs b‘rdr enq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘shmf hm ‘fqhbtkstqd hs vntkc ad e‘hqkx duhcdms
sg‘s sgd u‘ktd ne m‘stq‘k onkkhm‘snqr hr udqx ghfg+ nq odqg‘or dudm sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
hr ntsqhfgs cdodmcdms nm sghr dbnrxrsdl rdquhbd- U‘kthmf ahnchudqrhsx hm sghr v‘x
vntkc oqnuhcd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vhsg ‘ cqhudq sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgd onkkhm‘snqr ‘qd
oqnsdbsdc- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn rtars‘msh‘k bg‘kkdmfdr hm rtbg u‘kt‘shnmr+
‘mc vghkd sgd qdrtksr l‘x ‘ood‘q sn ad oqdbhrd ‘mc naidbshud+ gdmbd ‘oo‘qdmskx
oqnuhchmf ‘ rnkhc a‘rhr enq cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf+ hm oq‘bshbd sgd qdrtksr ‘qd nesdm ‘lahftntr
‘mc cda‘sd‘akd+ hlokxhmf ‘krn sg‘s sgd cdbhrhnmr l‘cd nm sgdhq a‘rhr b‘m ad bnmsdrsdc-
Hm hsr Ahnchudqrhsx Fthc‘mbd ‘hldc ‘s rtookdldmshmf sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk+
sgd B‘ohs‘kr Bn‘khshnm ghfgkhfgsr sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc ‘rrdrr ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc
sgd onsdmsh‘k ‘cu‘ms‘fdr ‘mc khlhs‘shnmr qdk‘sdc sn sgd ldsgnc trdc hm ahnchudqrhsx
u‘kt‘shnm ’B‘ohs‘kr Bn‘khshnm ‘mc B‘laqhcfd Bnmudqr‘shnm Hmhsh‘shud+ 1/1/(- Vghkd
hs hr mnsdc hm sgd Ahnchudqrhsx Fthc‘mbd sg‘s lnmds‘qx u‘kt‘shnm b‘m rhlokhex
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ‘mc ‘s shldr l‘jd hs d‘rhdq sn ‘rrdrr sgd u‘ktd ne ahnchudqrhsx
‘knmfrhcd nsgdq rnbh‘k+ dbnmnlhb ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k bnmrhcdq‘shnmr+ sgd B‘ohs‘kr
Bn‘khshnm ‘krn dlog‘rhrdr sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd ‘rodbsr ne u‘ktd hm ahnchudqrhsx vghbg hs hr
adssdq sn ‘rrdrr vhsg nsgdq sxodr ne pt‘mshs‘shud nq pt‘khs‘shud ‘ooqn‘bgdr- Hm ‘cchshnm+
hm Sgd Ahnchudqrhsx Fthc‘mbd hs hr ghfgkhfgsdc gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc ad
12/ ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

sq‘mro‘qdms snv‘qcr hsr rs‘jdgnkcdqr bnmbdqmhmf sgd ld‘rtqdldmsr trdc ‘mc sgdhq
‘rrnbh‘sdc khlhs‘shnmr+ ‘mc hs hr ‘krn tmcdqrbnqdc gnv ‘rrdrrldmsr trdc enq hmsdqm‘k
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf rgntkc ad ‘bbnlo‘mhdc vhsg rdmrhshuhsx ‘m‘kxrhr sn cdrbqhad gnv
cdodmcdms sgd ‘rrdrrldmsr ‘qd nm sgd ld‘rtqdldms ‘ooqn‘bgdr trdc-

00-4 Jdx cdaYsdr rtqqntmchmf ahnchudqrhsx Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

?r vd g‘ud adftm sn onhms nts ‘anud ‘mc vhkk ghfgkhfgs etqsgdq hm sghr rdbshnm+
ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr ‘ bg‘kkdmfhmf ‘qd‘- Sghr hr mns
tmbnllnm sgntfg ‘r vd dmbntmsdq rhlhk‘q ptdrshnmr hm lnrs ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Hmcddc+ hs hr g‘qckx rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s vgdm vd rddj sn
dwsdmc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf hmsn sgd
hmsdqbnmmdbsdc sdqq‘hm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ vd bnld ‘bqnrr mdv sxodr ne bnlokdwhshdr
‘mc ‘lahfthshdr sg‘s mddc sn ad cd‘ks vhsg- Lnqdnudq+ vghkd ‘ kns ne etqsgdq
cdudknoldms ‘mc bnmrhcdq‘shnm hr rshkk mddcdc hm sgd ‘qd‘+ hs cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s
oq‘bshb‘k ‘ookhb‘shnmr ne ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf rgntkc ad ok‘bdc nm
gnkc-
Vghkd bnmshmthmf sgd vnqj sn cdudkno sgd ‘kqd‘cx dwhrshmf ‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘r vdkk ‘r
sn bqd‘sd mnudk nmdr+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq rnld onsdmsh‘k bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgdrd
dldqfhmf ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf+ qdbnqchmf ‘mc ld‘rtqhmf oq‘bshbdr- Adknv vd
bnmrhcdq rnld ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc ‘cchshnm‘k ‘qd‘r sg‘s vd rtffdrs xnt qdekdbs nm-
?f‘hm+ vd chuhcd ntq chrbtrrhnm hmsn sgd sgqdd ‘qd‘r ‘anud+ ats ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgdqd
‘qd ‘cchshnm‘k bg‘kkdmfdr mns b‘ostqdc gdqd- Ehqrs gnvdudq+ vd cq‘v rnld hmrhfgsr
eqnl qdrd‘qbg ‘ccqdrrhmf sghr onhms-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 ?BBNTMSHMF ?MC AHNCHUDQRHSX BNMRDQU?SHNM

Hm ghr bnlldms‘qx shskdc zL‘jhmf ?bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx Qdrd‘qbg ‘ Enqbd enq
Bnmrdqu‘shnm– Sgnl‘r Btbjrsnm ’1/07( q‘hrdr ‘m hlonqs‘ms ptdrshnm- ?lnmfrs sgd q‘ohckx
qhrhmf mtladq ne ‘b‘cdlhb intqm‘k o‘odqr rstcxhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx+ vghbg nmdr
needq sgd lnrs onsdmsh‘k sn cdudkno hmsn ‘ enqbd enq bnmrdqu‘shnm> Drrdmsh‘kkx+ Btbjrsnm
’1/07( ghfgkhfgsr sgd mddc sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s jhmc ne qdrd‘qbg hr adhmf cnmd ‘mc vghbg
‘ooqn‘bg hr sgd lnrs trdetk he vd vhrg sn ‘ccqdrr sgd hrrtd ne ahnchudqrhsx knrr+ q‘sgdq sg‘m
itrs rhlokx hmbqd‘rd nq ‘ksdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm sgd ‘qd‘-
Btbjrsnm ’1/07( trdetkkx bk‘rrhehdr sgd ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg hmsn svn
b‘sdfnqhdr9

0( Sgnrd sg‘s enbtr nm deenqsr sn aqhmf ahnchudqrhsx hmsn dwhrshmf rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ldbg‘mhrlr- Sg‘s hr+ sgnrd sg‘s s‘jd dwhrshmf oq‘bshbdr+ khjd qdonqshmf+
‘mc ‘ookx sgdrd sn ahnchudqrhsx+ d-f- dwsdmchmf chrbknrtqd hmchb‘snqr sn hmbktcd
ahnchudqrhsx-
1( Sgnrd sg‘s knnj ‘s ahnchudqrhsx bnmrdqu‘shnm deenqsr ‘mc hmudrshf‘sd sgd qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf hm rtbg deenqsr- Sgdrd bnmsq‘rs vhsg sgd ‘anud ‘r sgd enbtr gdqd+ Btbjrsnm
‘qftdr+ hr nm bnmrdqu‘shnm ehqrs-
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 120

Vghkd sghr o‘odq hr trdetk enq ehmchmf nts lnqd ‘ants vg‘s sgd qdrd‘qbg r‘xr ‘ants
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx+ sgd bnlldms‘qx ‘krn oqnunjdr tr sn sghmj ‘ants sgd bnmsdms+
hmsdms ‘mc hlokhb‘shnmr ne ntq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne ahnchudqrhsx- Enq dw‘lokd+
q‘sgdq sg‘m ‘rrtlhmf sg‘s qdonqshmf hm hsrdke hr trdetk nq vhkk mdbdrr‘qhkx kd‘c sn hloqnudc
bnmrdqu‘shnm nq onrhshud ahnchudqrhsx ntsbnldr+ Btbjrsnm oqnlosr tr sn sghmj ‘ants vg‘s
ntsbnldr ‘qd mddcdc ‘mc vg‘s sxod ne qdonqshmf vntkc ad mddcdc sn gdko ‘bghdud sgdrd-
Vd rtffdrs s‘jhmf sgd shld sn qd‘c sghr bnlldms‘qx ’‘s rhw o‘fdr ne sdws hs hr pthsd
rgnqs (- Hm ‘cchshnm sn qdekdbshmf nm vg‘s Btbjrsnm ‘qftdr hm qdk‘shnm sn ahnchudqrhsx
‘bbntmshmf+ xnt lhfgs ‘krn ehmc hs trdetk sn ‘rj rhlhk‘q ptdrshnmr ‘ants sgd nsgdq snohbr hm
sghr annj-
Btbjrsnm) S- ’1/07(- LYjhmf ?bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx QdrdYqbg Y Enqbd enq
BnmrdquYshnm- RnbhTi Tmc CmuhpnmldmsTi ?bbntmsTahihsw HntpmTi 27’2() 107z115-

00-4-0 VgYs bnmrshstsdr fnnc ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf>

Vg‘s bnmrshstsdr fnnc ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf hr e‘q eqnl bkd‘q- Dwodqhdmbd eqnl
oq‘bshbd g‘r rgnvm sg‘s hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘mx qdonqshmf oqnbdrrdr bnmbdqmhmf itrs
‘ants ‘mx ‘qd‘ b‘m stqm hmsn rn b‘kkdc shbj,anw dwdqbhrdr- Sg‘s hr+ sgdx b‘m hmunkud ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm rhlokx l‘jhmf ‘ chrbknrtqd vhsgnts fhuhmf rteehbhdms ‘ssdmshnm sn vg‘s hr
adhmf qdonqsdc+ gnv hs hr adhmf qdonqsdc+ ‘mc odqg‘or lnrs hlonqs‘mskx vgx hs hr
adhmf qdonqsdc- Sghr hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm hm qdk‘shnm sn ahnchudqrhsx
qdonqshmf-
Cdrohsd eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc fthc‘mbd rtbg ‘r sgnrd oqdrdmsdc ax sgd FQH adhmf
‘u‘hk‘akd+ sgd ptdrshnm ne vg‘s bnmrshstsdr £fnnc– ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf hr rshkk kdes
tm‘mrvdqdc- Sgdqd ‘krn qdl‘hm ptdrshnmr ‘r sn sgd nudq‘kk u‘ktd ne rtbg qdonqshmf+ ‘r
vdkk ‘r sn gnv e‘q qdonqshmf b‘m fds tr hm ‘ccqdrrhmf ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd hs oqdrdmsr- Hm ‘ v‘x+ sghr hr tmcdqrs‘mc‘akd fhudm sg‘s
ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf g‘r dldqfdc ‘knmfrhcd nsgdq ‘qd‘r ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf
‘mc cndr mns g‘ud ‘m dwsdmrhud ghrsnqx- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ sgd tqfdmbx ne sgd
ahnchudqrhsx bqhrhr cndr mns kd‘ud ltbg shld enq dqqnqr- Vd mddc sn jmnv ‘ kns lnqd
‘ants ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ‘mc sgd qnkd hs g‘r nq bntkc g‘ud hm rg‘ohmf sgd adg‘uhntq
ne ansg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sgd ptdrshnm qdl‘hmr+ gnv
cndr+ nq b‘m+ ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf kd‘c sn ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
ahnchudqrhsx knrr> Hs hr bkd‘q gnvdudq sg‘s sgdqd qdl‘hmr okdmsx ne rbnod enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn hloqnud ansg sgd pt‘mshsx ‘mc pt‘khsx ne sgdhq ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf
oq‘bshbdr-
Lnqdnudq+ ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf ‘krn q‘hrdr rnld hmsdqdrshmf ‘mc sgntfgs,
oqnunjhmf l‘ssdqr vgdm hs bnldr sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
lnqd aqn‘ckx- Vd g‘ud mnsdc sg‘s ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf q‘hrdr ptdrshnmr ‘r sn
vgdsgdq nq mns bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr sq‘mrk‘sd vdkk hmsn ‘kk ‘qd‘r ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Vd bntkc gdqd enq dw‘lokd bnmrhcdq vgdsgdq enbtrhmf nm sgd
bnmudmshnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k dmshsx oqnuhcdr tr vhsg rteehbhdms hmenql‘shnm+ nq rgntkc
vd ‘ksdqm‘shudkx ‘s shldr knnj hmsn sgd mdsvnqjr ne bnlo‘mhdr enqlhmf aqn‘c rtookx
bg‘hmr hm rdbsnqr vhsg ghfg ahnchudqrhsx qhrjr ‘mc hlo‘bsr+ rtbg ‘r fkna‘k ehrgdqhdr ’rdd
121 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

Årsdqaknl ds ‘k-+ 1/04(- Khjdvhrd+ ‘r v‘r sgd b‘rd vhsg v‘sdq chrbtrrdc hm sgd oqduhntr
bg‘osdq+ vd lhfgs ‘f‘hm ‘rj vgdsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd hm ‘kk b‘rdr sgd lnrs trdetk
dmshsx enq sghr sxod ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf+ ‘mc bnmrhcdq gnv nsgdq ‘bbntmshmf
£dmshshdr– ‘qd onrrhakd ’Cdx ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ 1/03(- Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘r ‘anud+ sgd qdbnqchmf
ne ahnchudqrhsx ax knb‘k nq bnlltmhsx fqntor ‘krn ghfgkhfgsr sgd u‘ktd ne sgnrd nsgdq
sg‘m sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hm oqnuhchmf ‘bbntmsr+ vghbg vd dwoknqd etqsgdq mdws-

00-4-1 Gnv bnlokdsd Yqd Yssdlosr sn qdbnqc ahnchudqrhsx>

Cdrohsd sgd ‘qq‘x ne dldqfhmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc knb‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmhsh‘shudr
sg‘s tmcdqohm sgdl+ sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx hr e‘q eqnl bnlokdsd- Rtbg
‘ooqn‘bgdr+ dudm sgd lnrs cdudknodc+ nmkx b‘ostqd ‘mc qdbnqc ‘ rl‘kk ‘lntms ne
rdkdbsdc ahnchudqrhsx nq oqnuhcd ‘ khlhsdc qdbnqchmf ne sgd dbnrxrsdl ‘mc hsr rdquhbdr-
?f‘hm+ sghr hr mns rtqoqhrhmf fhudm sgd cheehbtkshdr ne qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx-
Ahnchudqrhsx hr bnlokdw+ mnm,rs‘shb ’nesdm rd‘rnm‘k( ‘mc qdpthqdr rodbh‘khrs jmnvkdcfd-
Hm l‘mx b‘rdr sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx qdk‘sdr sn ‘ rodbhehb rodbhdr nq rodbhdr sxod
q‘sgdq sg‘m sgd ahnchudqrhsx sns‘k hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q knb‘shnm- Enq dw‘lokd+ knb‘k
ahqcv‘sbghmf fqntor hcdmshehdc ‘anud b‘m ad ‘ fnnc rntqbd enq sgd qdbnqchmf ne ‘
ahqc rodbhdr nq ‘ mtladq ne ahqc rodbhdr hm ‘m ‘qd‘ ats ‘qd tmkhjdkx sn qdbnqc ‘mx
nsgdq eknq‘ ‘mc e‘tm‘- Fnudqmldmsr nesdm oqhnqhshrd dmcdlhb nq hbnm rodbhdr vghbg
‘f‘hm ld‘mr hmbnlokdsd qdbnqcr- Sgd anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg chrbtrrdc ‘anud hr
gnvdudq ‘m hmsdqdrshmf v‘x sn bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc gnv hs b‘m ad
dwsdmcdc sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘bbntms ne ahnchudqrhsx ’Rhcchpth+ 1/02(-
Vg‘s hr bkd‘q eqnl ntq aqhde bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ansg ldsgncr ne qdbnqchmf
ahnchudqrhsx ‘anud hr sg‘s sgdx ‘qd+ ‘s oqdrdms+ rhfmhehb‘mskx khlhsdc- Khlhs‘shnmr ‘qhrd
eqnl ansg ‘ k‘bj ne qdrntqbdr ‘mc ‘ k‘bj ne tmcdqrs‘mchmf- Sg‘s hr+ mn l‘ssdq gnv
qdrntqbdc ‘ fqnto+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm nq fnudqmldms cdo‘qsldms hr ntq jmnvkdcfd ne
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdlr hr rshkk khlhsdc+ ghmcdqhmf ntq ‘ahkhshdr sn qdbnqc- Bgqhrsh‘m
’1/03( s‘jdr to rnld hmsdqdrshmf bg‘kkdmfdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k hm qdk‘shnm sn qdbnqchmf
ahnchudqrhsx- Gd q‘hrdr sgd onsdmsh‘k ne unktmsddqr ‘mc knb‘k bnmrdqu‘shnm fqntor hm
athkchmf c‘s‘ nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc drrdmsh‘kkx oqnuhchmf ‘bbntmsr ne ahnchudqrhsx- Sgd
onsdmsh‘k ne sghr enql ne ‘bbntmshmf hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd qdbnqchmf ne ahnchudqrhsx+ vg‘s
vd g‘ud sdqldc dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf hm Bg‘osdq 7+ hr rnldsghmf trdetk sn bnmrhcdq
etqsgdq- Gnvdudq+ vd ltrs ‘krn bnmrhcdq gnv vd qdbnqc ahnchudqrhsx- Cndr sgd
ld‘rtqd vd trd qdbnqc hs hm ‘ ld‘mhmfetk v‘x>

00-4-2 Gnv rgntkc vd uYktd ahnchudqrhsx>

?r vd chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn sgd ld‘rtqdldms ‘mc u‘kt‘shnm
ne ahnchudqrhsx- Gnvdudq+ mn ‘ooqn‘bg hr vhsgnts hsr chr‘cu‘ms‘fdr ‘mc sgdqd hr mn
‘fqddldms ‘r sn sgd £adrs– ‘ooqn‘bg- Hs hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms hrrtd enq ‘bbntmshmf enq
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc nmd vghbg+ khjd l‘mx nsgdqr chrbtrrdc hm sgd rvheskx cdudknohmf ‘qd‘
ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ qdl‘hmr e‘q eqnl qdrnkudc-
Eqnl ‘m ‘bbntmshmf odqrodbshud sgd oq‘bshbd ne ok‘bhmf ‘ lnmds‘qx nq ehm‘mbh‘k
u‘ktd nm ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms nmd sg‘s g‘r rnld rtoonqs- Lnmdshr‘shnm cndr
bnld vhsg l‘mx chr‘cu‘ms‘fdr+ gnvdudq- Rnld ne sgdrd hmbktcd ‘arsq‘bshnm+ vghbg
ld‘mr sg‘s sgd lnmds‘qx u‘ktd hr qdlnudc eqnl vg‘s hr adhmf ld‘rtqdc- Etqsgdqlnqd+
rtbg u‘kt‘shnm hr cheehbtks+ he mns hlonrrhakd- Gnv vntkc xnt ok‘bd ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 122

nm+ r‘x+ sgd fh‘ms o‘mc‘r ‘mc fnqhkk‘r mnsdc ‘anud> Eqnl vgnrd odqrodbshud cn vd
ld‘rtqd sgd u‘ktd> ?mc hr hs dudm lnq‘kkx ‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn ld‘rtqd ahnchudqrhsx hm sghr
v‘x+ o‘qshbtk‘qkx vgdm vd enbtr nm rdmshdms adhmfr>
U‘kt‘shnm ‘mc l‘qjdsr ‘qd ‘krn trdc hm nsgdq v‘xr vgdm hs bnldr sn ahnchudqrhsx-
Enq dw‘lokd+ hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne bnmrdqu‘shnm l‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr ‘qd adhmf sqh‘kkdc- G‘ud
xnt gd‘qc ne Qghmn Hlo‘bs Anmcr> Sgdrd vdqd vdkk cnbtldmsdc hm sgd ldch‘ hm
1/08 ‘mc ‘qd drrdmsh‘kkx ‘m ‘ssdlos sn trd ehm‘mbh‘k hmrsqtldmsr ’hm sghr b‘rd hlo‘bs
anmcr( hm bnmrdqu‘shnm deenqsr qdk‘shmf sn sgd ak‘bj qghmn+ ‘ rodbhdr ‘s qhrj ne
dwshmbshnm-
Nudq‘kk+ sgd u‘kt‘shnm ne ahnchudqrhsx hm lnmds‘qx sdqlr hr ‘ bnlokdw l‘ssdq-
Cdrohsd sgd bg‘kkdmfdr mnsdc ‘anud+ bnlldmrtq‘shnm ‘mc lnmdshr‘shnm ne
ahnchudqrhsx b‘m ad rddm ‘r ‘ v‘x sn gdko s‘jd ahnchudqrhsx hmsn ‘bbntms ‘mc ‘ooqdbh‘sd
hsr ghfg qdkdu‘mbd+ ‘mc rnld ‘cunb‘sdr ‘qftd sg‘s hs g‘r rtars‘msh‘k onsdmsh‘k enq adhmf
trdetk hm cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ’rdd C‘rftos‘+ 1/10(- ?s sgd r‘ld shld+ lnmdshr‘shnm hr e‘q
eqnl adhmf ‘ fdmdq‘kkx ‘bbdosdc ‘mc vhcdkx ‘ookhdc oq‘bshbd- ?r ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud
chrbtrrhnm ne sghr bnlokdwhsx ‘mc sgd cda‘sd hr vdkk ntsrhcd sgd rbnod ne sghr bg‘osdq+
vd oqnuhcd ‘ aqhde rtll‘qx hm sgd £O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs– adknv ‘mc vntkc dmbntq‘fd
xnt sn bnmrhcdq sghr hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs ne ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx etqsgdq-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Sgdqd ‘qd bnloqdgdmrhud ‘mc bnmuhmbhmf ‘qftldmsr nm ansg rhcdr ne sgd cda‘sd ‘r sn
vgdsgdq sgd ok‘bhmf ne ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm m‘stqd ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx hr sgd adrs v‘x hm vghbg
sn ld‘rtqd ‘mc tkshl‘sdkx oqnsdbs hs-
?cunb‘sdr+ sgnrd vgn rtoonqs sgd ok‘bhmf ne ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc
dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr+ ‘qftd sg‘s m‘stqd.m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k g‘r u‘ktd ‘mc sg‘s u‘ktd mddcr sn ad
b‘ostqdc rn sg‘s hs b‘m dmsdq hmsn cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf- Sgdx ‘qftd sg‘s oqhbhmf+ u‘kthmf+
lnmds‘qhrhmf+ ‘mc ehm‘mbh‘khrhmf m‘stqd hr nesdm sgd adrs v‘x sn cn sghr ‘mc enbtr nm
hloqnuhmf rtbg oq‘bshbdr sn bnlltmhb‘sd sgd zu‘ktd– ne m‘stqd- Etkk Bnrs ?bbntmshmf ’EB?(
‘mc sgd M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm ‘qd oq‘bshbdr sg‘s enkknv sghr ‘ooqn‘bg-
Bqhshptdr ne sgd oq‘bshbd ne u‘kthmf m‘stqd ‘mc m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k ‘qd ‘krn vdkk drs‘akhrgdc-
Sgd lnrs qdkdu‘ms enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘qd9 sgd oqnakdl‘shb m‘stqd ne sgd u‘ktdr ‘ss‘bgdc ’eqnl ‘
lnq‘k ‘r vdkk ‘r oq‘bshb‘k odqrodbshud(: sgd oqnakdl vhsg otsshmf sgd m‘stq‘k vnqkc hmsn sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k rxrsdl ‘mc hsr deedbsr rtbg ‘r tmatmckhmf dbnrxrsdlr q‘sgdq sg‘m bnmrhcdqhmf
sgdl ‘r ‘ gnkhrshb bngdqdms rxrsdl: oqnakdlr vhsg sq‘c‘ahkhsx+ onvdq ‘mc bnmsqnk ne u‘kt‘shnm:
‘mc sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s otsshmf ‘ zoqhbd nm m‘stqd– cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx bg‘mfd sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm odnokd ‘mc m‘stqd ‘mc b‘m kd‘c sn rnkhchexhmf onvdq ne odnokd nudq
m‘stqd- Bqhshbr ‘krn mnsd sg‘s sghr ‘ooqn‘bg sn dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr g‘r e‘hkdc hm sgd o‘rs”“
enq dw‘lokd+ b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf rbgdldr chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq”8+ vghbg ‘qd qdk‘shudkx
rhlokd bnlo‘qdc sn ahnchudqrhsx
S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn qdekdbs nm vg‘s xntq uhdv qdf‘qchmf sgd lnmds‘qx u‘kt‘shnm ne
ahnchudqrhsx hr- ?r sghr lhfgs ad ‘ bg‘kkdmfhmf ptdrshnm+ hs hr onsdmsh‘kkx gdkoetk sn bnmrhcdq hs
sgqntfg ‘ oq‘bshb‘k dw‘lokd- Wnt bntkc+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sghmj ‘ants gnv u‘kt‘akd ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
rodbhdr hm ‘ qdfhnm hr he sgdqd ‘qd ‘atmc‘ms onotk‘shnmr ‘qntmc sgd vnqkc+ ‘mc vgdsgdq xnt
sghmj sghr u‘ktd bg‘mfdr he sghr o‘qshbtk‘q qdfhnm hr sgd nmkx ok‘bd sghr rodbhdr qdrhcdr-
123 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

00-4-3 RtllYqx ne jdx cdaYsdr

Vghkd sgd cdudknoldms ne ahnchudqrhsx qdonqshmf+ qdbnqchmf ‘mc ld‘rtqhmf oq‘bshbdr
l‘x ad cqhudm ax ‘ bnmbdqm sn tmcdqrs‘mc ‘mc.nq oqnsdbs ahnchudqrhsx+ sgdx l‘x
mnmdsgdkdrr kd‘c sn oqnakdl‘shb ntsbnldr- Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd qdonqshmf nm sgd btsd
‘mc btcckx ’d-f- sgd o‘mc‘ nq onk‘q ad‘q( lhfgs g‘ud aqn‘c ‘ood‘k+ b‘m xnt dmuhr‘fd
‘ bnqonq‘sd qdonqs nm bnbjqn‘bgdr ‘mc rnhk> Xds sgd k‘ssdq lhfgs g‘ud rhlhk‘q+ nq
fqd‘sdq+ ahnchudqrhsx hlonqs‘mbd vhsghm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q dbnrxrsdl- He sgd qdonqshmf+
qdbnqchmf ‘mc ld‘rtqhmf enbtrdr nm sgd btsd ‘mc btcckx+ cndr hs ‘krn ld‘m sg‘s sgd
onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr dmc to adhmf fd‘qdc snv‘qcr sgnrd rodbhdr+ onsdmsh‘kkx ‘s sgd
dwodmrd ne rnld nsgdqr sg‘s vntkc ‘qft‘akx ad lnqd rhfmhehb‘ms eqnl sgd odqrodbshud
ne sgd dbnrxrsdl>

00-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg‘osdq vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx- Vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc
vgx ahnchudqrhsx hr ‘ jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd ‘mc gnv hs hr qdk‘sdc sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf- Vd g‘ud hcdmshehdc sg‘s+ cdrohsd sgd dwhrsdmbd ne ‘ k‘qfd mtladq ne
hmhsh‘shudr qdk‘shmf sn ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr+ ansg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr
‘mc jmnvkdcfd qdk‘shmf sn ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘qd rshkk hm cdudknoldms ‘mc
b‘m ‘krn ad bnmsdrsdc- Sghr hr odqg‘or sgd qdrtks ne sgd bnlokdwhshdr qdk‘sdc sn
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc gnv vd lhfgs ‘bbntms ‘mc ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq hs+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ne sgd
snohb g‘uhmf qdbdhudc kdrr ‘ssdmshnm hm oq‘bshbd+ otakhb chrbtrrhnm ‘mc qdrd‘qbg
bnlo‘qdc sn nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx snohbr+ rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Rshkk+ lnuhmf enqv‘qc
ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc hsr knrr vhkk+ ctd sn hsr rhfmhehb‘mbd+ etmc‘ldms‘kkx bg‘mfd sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc m‘stqd- Hs hr sgdqdenqd ‘ snohb sg‘s v‘qq‘msr
etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm ‘mc ‘ssdmshnm ‘r vd cdudkno sgd adrs v‘xr ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn
‘bbntms enq ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc hsr bnmrdqu‘shnm-

Mnsd
0 Enq dw‘lokd+ Inmdr ’1/0/( ntskhmdr rhw hlodchldmsr sg‘s oqdudms bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf eqnl
adhmf ‘ooqnoqh‘sd enq dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf “ ‘kk ne vghbg ‘qd qdkdu‘ms hm qdk‘shnm
sn ‘bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx- Gd mnsdr9 0( b‘ohs‘khrs nqhdms‘shnm: 1( atrhmdrr enbtr: 2( qdkh‘mbd
nm mdn,bk‘rrhb‘k dbnmnlhbr: 3( mtldqhb‘k pt‘mshehb‘shnm: 4( lnmds‘qx cdodmcdmbd: ‘mc 5(
sdbgmhb‘k ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr-

Qdedqdmbdr
?cchrnm+ O-+ Atkk+ I- ‘mc Lhkmdq,Ftkk‘mc+ D- ’1/08(- Trhmf Bnmrdqu‘shnm Rbhdmbd sn ?cu‘mbd
Bnqonq‘sd Ahnchudqrhsx ?bbntms‘ahkhsx- BnmrdquYshnm Ahnknfx+ 22’1(+ 2/6“207
?sjhmr+ I- ‘mc ?sjhmr+ A- ’dcr( ’1/05(- Sgd Atrhmdrr ne Addr9 :m HmsdfqYsdc :ooqnYbg sn Add Cdbkhmd Ymc
BnqonqYsd Pdronmrhahkhsx- Fqddmkd‘e-
B‘ohs‘kr Bn‘khshnm ‘mc B‘laqhcfd Bnmrdqu‘shnm Hmhsh‘shud- ’1/1/(- Hmsdfq‘shmf Ahnchudqrhsx hmsn
M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k ?rrdrrldmsr- vvv-b‘ohs‘krbn‘khshnm-nqf ’‘bbdrrdc 6 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx 124

Bda‘kknr+ F-+ Dgqkhbg+ O- Q-+ A‘qmnrjx+ ?- C-+ F‘qbé‘+ ?-+ Oqhmfkd+ Q- L- ‘mc O‘kldq+ S- L-
’1/04(- ?bbdkdq‘sdc Lncdqm Gtl‘m“Hmctbdc Rodbhdr Knrrdr9 Dmsdqhmf sgd Rhwsg L‘rr
Dwshmbshnm- Rbhdmbd :cuYmbdr+ 0’4(+ d03//142-
Bgqhrsh‘m+ I- ’1/03(- ?bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx9 ? Cddo Dbnknfhb‘k Odqrodbshud- Hm L- Inmdr
’dc-(+ :bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx- Qntskdcfd-
Bnmudmshnm enq Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC(- ’1/1/‘(- Hmsqnctbshnm- vvv-bac-hms.hmsqn. ’‘bbdrrdc
1/ Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
Bnmudmshnm enq Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC(- ’1/1/a(- S‘qfdsr- vvv-bac-hms.ro.s‘qfdsr. ’‘bbdrrdc
1/ Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
Btbjrsnm+ S- ’1/07(- L‘jhmf ?bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx Qdrd‘qbg ‘ Enqbd enq Bnmrdqu‘shnm-
RnbhYk Ymc DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 27’2(+ 107“115-
C‘rftos‘+ O- ’1/10(- Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Ahnchudqrhsx9 Sgd CYrftosY Pduhdv- GL Sqd‘rtqx-
Cdx+ B- ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ R- ’1/03(- Vgn Rod‘jr enq sgd Qhudq> Dwoknqhmf Ahnchudqrhsx Qdonqshmf
Trhmf ‘m ?qdm‘ ?ooqn‘bg- Hm Inmdr+ L- ’dc-(+ :bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx- Qntskdcfd-
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk ’HHQB( ’1/10(- Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ;HQ= Eq‘ldvnqj-
gssor9..hmsdfq‘sdcqdonqshmf-nqf.qdrntqbd.hmsdqm‘shnm‘k,hq,eq‘ldvnqj. ’‘bbdrrdc 0
L‘qbg 1/10(-
HOADR- ’1/1/(- Gnld- gssor9..hoadr-mds ’‘bbdrrdc 3 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Inmdr+ L- ’1/0/( ?bbntmshmf enq sgd Dmuhqnmldms9 ? Sgdnqdshb‘k Odqrodbshud- :bbntmshmf Enqtl+
23’1(+ 012“027
Inmdr+ L- ’dc-( ’1/03(- :bbntmshmf enq Ahnchudqrhsx- Qntskdcfd-
JOLF ’1/1/(- Sgd Shld G‘r Bnld9 Sgd JOLF Rtqudx ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf 1/1/-
gssor9..‘rrdsr-jolf.bnmsdms.c‘l.jolf.ww.oce.1/1/.00.sgd,shld,g‘r,bnld-oce
’‘bbdrrdc 1 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm ’1/05(- M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk- gssor9..m‘stq‘kb‘ohs‘kbn‘khshnm-nqf.
m‘stq‘k,b‘ohs‘k,oqnsnbnk ’‘bbdrrdc 1/ Mnudladq 1/1/(-
M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm ’1/1/(- Sgd Bn‘khshnm- gssor9..m‘stq‘kb‘ohs‘kbn‘khshnm-nqf.sgd,bn‘khshnm
’‘bbdrrdc 1/ Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Årsdqaknl+ G-+ Inteeq‘x+ I-,A-+ Enkjd+ B-+ Bqnm‘+ A-+ Sqndkk+ L-+ Ldqqhd+ ?- ‘mc Qnbjrsqíl+ I-
’1/04(- Sq‘mrm‘shnm‘k Bnqonq‘shnmr ‘r £Jdxrsnmd ?bsnqr– hm L‘qhmd Dbnrxrsdlr- OKNR
Nmd+ 0/’4(+ d/016422-
Qnadqsrnm+ L- ’1/06(- RtrsYhmYahkhsx9 Oqhmbhokdr Ymc OqYbshbd- Qntskdcfd-
Rdbqds‘qh‘s ne sgd Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC( ’1/1/( Fkna‘k Ahnchudqrhsx Ntsknnj
4- vvv-bac-hms.fan.fan4.otakhb‘shnm.fan,4,dm-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 5 Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
Rhcchpth+ I- ’1/02(- L‘hmrsqd‘lhmf ahnchudqrhsx ‘bbntmshmf9 Onsdmsh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr enq ‘ cdudknohmf
dbnmnlx- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 15’4(+ 668“7/4-
SDDA- ’1/1/(- Gnld- gsso9..sddavda-nqf. ’‘bbdrrdc 08 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
TM ’0881(- Bnmudmshnm nm AhnknfhbYk Chudqrhsx- TM-
Vd U‘ktd M‘stqd- ’1/1/(- Gnld- gssor9..vdu‘ktdm‘stqd-dt. ’‘bbdrrdc 3 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
VVE ’1/08(- Gnld- gssor9..rtoonqs-vve-nqf-tj. ’‘bbdrrdc 2/ Cdbdladq 1/08(-
VVE ’1/1/(- Khuhmf Ok‘mds Qdonqs 1/1/- gssor9..khuhmfok‘mds-o‘mc‘-nqf. ’‘bbdrrdc 1/
Mnudladq 1/1/(-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Btbjrsnm+ S- ‘mc Edqfdq+ B- ’1/10(- Ahnchudqrhsx- Hm I- Adaahmfsnm-+ B- K‘qqhm‘f‘-+
A- N&Cvxdq ‘mc H- Sgnlrnm ’dcr(+ GYmcannj nm DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmshmf- Qntskdcfd-
BAC ’1/1/(- Atrhmdrr Qdonqshmf nm Ahnchudqrhsx- vvv-bac-hms.atrhmdrr.oqnidbsr.qdonqshmf-
rgslk ’‘bbdrrdc 1/ Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
Edfdq+ B-+ Ldqlds+ K-+ Uhq‘+ A- ?cchrnm+ O- E- D-+ A‘qjdq+ Q-+ Ahqjhm+ E-+ Atqmr+ I-+ Bnnodq+ R-+
Bntuds+ C-+ Btbjrsnm+ S-+ C‘hkx+ F- B-+ Cdx+ B-+ F‘kk‘fgdq+ K-+ G‘hkr+ Q-+ Inkk‘mcr+ R-+
125 ?bbntmshmf enq ahnchudqrhsx

L‘bd+ F-+ LbJdmyhd+ D-+ Lhkmd+ L-+ Pt‘ssqnmd+ O-+ Q‘la‘tc+ ?-+ Qtrrdkk+ R-+ R‘ms‘l‘qh‘+
L- ‘mc Rtsgdqk‘mc+ V- I- ’1/07(- Entq Oqhnqhshdr enq Mdv Khmjr adsvddm Bnmrdqu‘shnm
Rbhdmbd ‘mc ?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg- BnmrdquYshnm Ahnknfx+ 22’3(+ 861“864-
Fq‘x+ Q- ‘mc Lhkmd+ L- ’1/07(- Odqg‘or sgd Cncn Rgntkc G‘ud ?bbntmsdc enq Gtl‘m Adhmfr>
?bbntmsr ne Gtl‘mhsx ‘mc ’Hsr( Dwshmbshnm- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+
20’2(+ 715“737-
Qtrrdkk+ R-+ Lhkmd+ L- ‘mc Cdx+ B- ’1/06(- ?bbntmsr ne M‘stqd ‘mc sgd M‘stqd ne ?bbntmsr9
Bqhshb‘k Qdekdbshnmr nm Dmuhqnmldms‘k ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Oqnonrhshnmr enq Dbnknfhb‘kkx
Hmenqldc ?bbntmshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 2/’6(+ 0315“0347-
Sqdfhcf‘+ G- ’1/02(- Ahnchudqrhsx Neerdsshmf9 Oqnakdl‘shr‘shnm ne ‘m Dldqfhmf Fnudqm‘mbd
Qdfhld- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 15’4(+ 7/5“721-
Tmhkdudq ’1/1/(- Tmhkdudq Rtookhdqr9 ? Bknrdq Knnj ‘s Ahnchudqrhsx- vvv-tmhkdudq-bnl.Hl‘fdr.
ahnchudqrhsx,annjkds,‘4,ehm‘kZsbl133,3/8105Zdm-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 1/ Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
BG?OSDQ

01
?bbntmshmf enq
gtlYm qhfgsr

Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘qd sgd etmc‘ldms‘k qhfgsr ‘mc eqddcnlr sn vghbg ‘kk gtl‘mr ‘qd
dmshskdc ’TM+ 0837(- Xnt odqg‘or b‘mmns fds lnqd ne ‘m hlonqs‘ms rnbh‘k hrrtd sg‘m
gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘r hs fndr sn sgd gd‘qs ne u‘ktdr ne eqddcnlr ‘mc itrshbd ‘mc+ hm qdk‘shnm
sn sgd bdmsq‘k sgdldr ne sghr annj+ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Gtl‘m qhfgsr
hrrtdr ‘qd aqn‘c ‘mc bqnrr,btsshmf- ? bknrd knnj ‘s sgd RCFr+ enq dw‘lokd+ rgnvr sg‘s
l‘mx ne sgd fn‘kr hcdmshehdc qdk‘sd sn+ nq hmsdqrdbs vhsg+ gtl‘m qhfgsr- Etqsgdqlnqd+
‘mc ‘r vd vhkk ntskhmd hm sghr bg‘osdq+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms hrrtd enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr
bnlokdw-
Hm sghr bg‘osdq+ ‘esdq aqhdekx cdehmhmf gtl‘m qhfgsr+ vd enbtr ntq chrbtrrhnm nm
‘rodbsr bdmsq‘k sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vd chrbtrr rdudq‘k
gtl‘m qhfgsr oqnsdbshnm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr sg‘s nodq‘sd ‘s ansg sgd fkna‘k
‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk adenqd stqmhmf ntq ‘ssdmshnm sn btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr- G‘uhmf bnmrhcdqdc bnmsdlonq‘qx oq‘bshbd+ vd rddj sn qdekdbs
nm sgd khlhsr ne btqqdms oq‘bshbd ‘mc bnmrhcdq gnv ‘bbntmshmf lhfgs cdudkno nq
bg‘mfd sn adssdq ‘ccqdrr gtl‘m qhfgsr uhnk‘shnmr ‘mc ‘ccqdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hrrtdr qdk‘shmf sn gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Ad ‘akd sn cdehmd ‘mc g‘ud ‘m tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne gtl‘m qhfgsr-

Tmcdqrs‘mc vgx gtl‘m qhfgsr bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘qd hlonqs‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne sgd fnudqm‘mbd qdfhldr vghbg nodq‘sd ‘s fkna‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
kdudkr hm qdk‘shnm sn gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne rnld btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm sn
gtl‘m qhfgsr-
G‘ud ‘ bqhshb‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr ne sgd khlhsr ne btqqdms oq‘bshbdr ‘mc gnv sgdx bntkc
ad ‘cu‘mbdc-
127 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

01-0 GtlYm qhfgsr

?r mnsdc ‘anud+ gtl‘m qhfgsr qdk‘sd sn sgd a‘rhb qhfgsr ‘mc eqddcnlr sn vghbg ‘kk
gtl‘mr ‘qd dmshskdc- ?r ntskhmdc hm sgd TM Cdbk‘q‘shnm nm Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ’TCGQ(+
Gtl‘m Qhfgsr bnmrhrs ne ansg bhuhk ‘mc onkhshb‘k qhfgsr ‘mc dbnmnlhb+ rnbh‘k ‘mc
btkstq‘k qhfgsr- Bhuhk ‘mc onkhshb‘k qhfgsr hmbktcd+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd qhfgs sn khed+ khadqsx+
‘mc oqnodqsx: eqddcnl ne dwoqdrrhnm+ otqrths ne g‘oohmdrr ‘mc dpt‘khsx adenqd sgd
k‘v- Dbnmnlhb+ rnbh‘k ‘mc btkstq‘k qhfgsr hmbktcd sgd qhfgs sn o‘qshbho‘shnm hm rbhdmbd
‘mc btkstqd+ sgd qhfgs sn vnqj ‘mc sgd qhfgs sn dctb‘shnm- Vghkd rnld qd‘chmf sghr
annj l‘x s‘jd sgdrd qhfgsr enq fq‘msdc+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdekdbs bqhshb‘kkx nm sgd
m‘stqd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgdl ‘r ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd+ ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q
fhudm sgd enbtr ne sghr annj+ ‘r ‘m hrrtd vhsg qdkdu‘mbd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf-
Sgd TCGQ hr ‘ jdx cnbtldms ntskhmhmf gtl‘m qhfgsr- Cq‘esdc ax qdoqdrdms‘shudr
eqnl ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc+ sgd Cdbk‘q‘shnm v‘r oqnbk‘hldc ax sgd TM Fdmdq‘k ?rrdlakx
hm 0837- Sgd TCGQ rdsr nts sgd etmc‘ldms‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr sn ad tmhudqr‘kkx
oqnsdbsdc- Hs cndr rn sgqntfg 2/ rs‘sdldmsr nq £?qshbkdr–- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd adfhmmhmf
ne ?qshbkd 0 ne sgd TCGQ qd‘cr £?kk gtl‘m adhmfr ‘qd anqm eqdd ‘mc dpt‘k hm chfmhsx
‘mc qhfgsr– ’TM+ 0837+ o- 1(-
Vgdm oqnlosdc sn sghmj ‘ants gtl‘m qhfgsr xnt lhfgs ehqrs sghmj ne hmrs‘mbdr
vgdqd rnldnmd&r qhfgsr ‘qd bkd‘qkx adhmf s‘jdm ‘v‘x- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ rhst‘shnm vgdqd
sgd qhfgs sn eqdd roddbg nq onkhshb‘k nq qdkhfhntr eqddcnl hr mns onrrhakd+ nq vgdqd
oq‘bshbdr rtbg ‘r enqbdc k‘antq ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf ‘qd s‘jhmf ok‘bd- Hs b‘m ‘krn ad
snn d‘rx sn bnmrhcdq sgdrd eqnl ‘ Vdrsdqm odqrodbshud+ vghbg b‘m aqhmf nmd sn
‘rrtld sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd rnldsghmf sg‘s g‘oodmr dkrdvgdqd+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd
Fkna‘k Rntsg- Vgdm s‘jhmf sghr odqrodbshud xnt b‘m snn d‘rhkx bnmrhcdq sgd hrrtd ne
gtl‘m qhfgsr sn ad chrbnmmdbsdc eqnl xntq c‘hkx khed- Gnvdudq+ ‘r vd vhkk
cdlnmrsq‘sd+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr ‘qd g‘oodmhmf fkna‘kkx ‘mc l‘mx ‘qd chqdbskx
qdkdu‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ drodbh‘kkx sgnrd vhsg fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr-
Hmcddc+ vghkd sgd hrrtd ne sgd qhfgsr ne hmchuhct‘kr g‘r addm ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ‘kk
rnbhdshdr sgdqd g‘ud addm rdudq‘k qdbdms hrrtdr nq dudmsr+ drodbh‘kkx qdkdu‘ms sn sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bnmsdws+ sg‘s g‘ud aqntfgs sgd hrrtd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr hmsn sgd ronskhfgs-
Vd chrbtrr sgqdd rtbg hrrtdr gdqd hm sghr bg‘osdq9 Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘+ lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘mc
bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr- Vd gnvdudq cn rn qdbnfmhrhmf sg‘s sgdx ‘qd nmkx sgqdd hrrtdr.
dudmsr sg‘s ‘qd qdkdu‘ms+ ‘mc l‘mx lnqd bntkc g‘ud addm hmbktcdc-

01-0-0 QYmY OkYyY

Sgd bnkk‘ord ne ‘m dhfgs,rsnqdx bnlldqbh‘k athkchmf+ Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘+ vghbg jhkkdc nudq
0+/// odnokd ‘mc kdes l‘mx lnqd hmitqdc hm A‘mfk‘cdrg hm 1/02+ v‘r ‘ jdx lnldms
vghbg dwonrdc gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘mc+ rodbhehb‘kkx+ l‘cd uhrhakd gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr
hrrtdr ‘qd hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg fkna‘k bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq rtookx bg‘hmr-
Sgd Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ athkchmf v‘r o‘qs ne A‘mfk‘cdrg&r k‘qfd qd‘cx,l‘cd f‘qldmsr
rdbsnq+ ‘ rdbsnq sg‘s ‘bbntmsr enq 7/# ne sgd bntmsqx&r dwonqsr ‘mc dloknxr nudq
3 lhkkhnm odnokd+ md‘qkx sgqdd,pt‘qsdqr ne vghbg ‘qd vnldm ’Enqdhfm ‘mc
Bnllnmvd‘ksg Neehbd+ 1/03(- Sgd fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hm vghbg vnqjdqr hm sgd Q‘m‘
Ok‘y‘ athkchmf vdqd o‘qs ne ‘krn ld‘ms sg‘s sgd chr‘rsdq v‘r mns rnkdkx ‘ A‘mfk‘cdrg
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 128

chr‘rsdq+ ‘ksgntfg sgdx bkd‘qkx vdqd sgd lnrs ‘eedbsdc- Rgntkc sgd vnqjdqr g‘ud
l‘hmkx addm rdquhmf sgd knb‘k l‘qjdsr+ sgdqd r‘ckx l‘x g‘ud addm kdrr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
‘ssdmshnm- Vhsg Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘+ gnvdudq+ sgd fkna‘k bnmmdbshnmr adb‘ld o‘qshbtk‘qkx
duhcdms vgdm sgd athkchmf v‘r entmc sn gntrd sgd l‘mte‘bstqhmf vnqjrgnor ne
k‘adkr rtbg ‘r L‘mfn ‘mc Oqhl‘qj- ?r ohbstqdr ne bnlo‘mx bknsghmf k‘adkr ‘ood‘qhmf
hm sgd qtaakd ne sgd athkchmf vdqd roqd‘c ax sgd fkna‘k ldch‘+ Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ b‘ld sn ad
qdbnfmhrdc ‘r ‘ rxlank ne sgd oqhbd adhmf o‘hc enq knv,bnrs e‘rghnm-
Hm sgd ‘esdql‘sg ne sgd chr‘rsdq+ l‘mx rs‘qsdc o‘xhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn ‘ q‘mfd ne
‘k‘qlhmf hrrtdr sg‘s g‘c addm o‘qs ne sgd c‘hkx khed ne sgnrd vnqjhmf ‘s Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘+
hmbktchmf jmnvm r‘edsx bnmbdqmr+ gd‘ksg g‘y‘qcr+ ‘mc nsgdqvhrd onnq vnqjhmf
bnmchshnmr- Vghkd Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ v‘r oqhl‘qhkx ‘m hrrtd qdf‘qchmf sgd qhfgsr ne vnqjdqr
sn r‘ed vnqjhmf dmuhqnmldmsr+ sgd sq‘fdcx ‘krn dwonrdc hrrtdr rtqqntmchmf dwoknhsdc
vnqjdqr- Sghr s‘jdr tr sn sgd bnqd ne ntq mdws hrrtd-

01-0-1 Lncdqm rkYudqx

? qdk‘sdc gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtd ne hmbqd‘rhmf hmsdqdrs ‘mc rhfmhehb‘mbd hr sgd ptdrshnm ne
lncdqm rk‘udqx- Hs hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx qdkdu‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r hs qdk‘sdr sn sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm sgd vnqjdq.dloknxdd ‘mc sgdhq dloknxdq- Rnldnmd hr
bnmrhcdqdc sn ad hm rk‘udqx he sgdx ‘qd9 enqbdc sn vnqj ’sgqntfg bndqbhnm nq ldms‘k
nq ogxrhb‘k sgqd‘sr(: nvmdc nq bnmsqnkkdc ax ‘m dloknxdq ’‘f‘hm sgqntfg ldms‘k nq
ogxrhb‘k ‘atrd nq sgd sgqd‘s ne ‘atrd(: cdgtl‘mhrdc+ enq dw‘lokd sqd‘sdc ‘r ‘
bnllnchsx nq antfgs nq rnkc ‘r _oqnodqsx&: ‘mc.nq ogxrhb‘kkx bnmrsq‘hmdc nq g‘ud
qdrsqhbshnmr ok‘bdc nm sgdhq eqddcnl ne lnudldms ’?msh,rk‘udqx+ 1/1/(- Rk‘udqx hr
dwokhbhskx bnudqdc hm sgd TCGQ sgqntfg ?qshbkd 3-
Lncdqm rk‘udqx lhfgs rddl chrs‘ms ‘s ehqrs+ rhmbd hs sdmcr sn s‘jd ok‘bd rnldvg‘s
ghccdm eqnl sgd otakhb dxd- Dw‘lokdr ‘qd mtldqntr gnvdudq- Sghmj ‘ants rnld
qdrs‘tq‘msr vghbg dloknx bgder aqntfgs hm eqnl ‘aqn‘c- Sgd dloknxdd lhfgs ad hm ‘
ghfgkx utkmdq‘akd onrhshnm+ vhsgnts ‘mx mdsvnqjr+ jmnvkdcfd ne sgd knb‘k k‘mft‘fd+
nq tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne gnv sgd rnbhdsx vnqjr- Lnqdnudq+ sgd dloknxdd l‘x g‘ud g‘c
sn o‘x rnldsghmf to eqnms sn qdbdhud sgd vnqj+ hm ‘cchshnm sn vghbg sgd dloknxdq
l‘x g‘ud s‘jdm ‘v‘x sgd dloknxdd&r o‘rronqs+ otqonqsdckx sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgd
dloknxdd rs‘xr bnllhssdc enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q odqhnc- Hm rtbg rhst‘shnmr sgd g‘kkl‘qjr ne
lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘qd nesdm oqdrdms9 sgd dloknxdd hr drrdmsh‘kkx enqbdc sn vnqj+ enq
hmrs‘mbd ‘r sgdhq o‘rronqs nq HC g‘r addm bnmehrb‘sdc ax sgdhq dloknxdq+ hr oqnmd sn
ldms‘k ‘atrd+ ‘r sgdx cn mns g‘ud bnmmdbshnmr+ hr cdodmcdms nm sgd dloknxdq+ ‘mc hr
khjdkx sn dmbntmsdq qdrsqhbshnmr nm lnudldms nq nsgdqvhrd+ ‘r sgd dloknxdq cndr mns
v‘ms sgd odqrnm sn s‘kj vhsg ‘mxnmd-
Lncdqm rk‘udqx hr ‘ gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtd sg‘s ‘eedbsr md‘qkx ‘kk bntmsqhdr ‘mc bnmsdwsr-
Gnvdudq+ lnrs bnllnmkx+ rk‘udqx ‘eedbsr odnokd ‘mc bnlltmhshdr vgn ‘qd
utkmdq‘akd sn adhmf s‘jdm ‘cu‘ms‘fd ne- E‘bsr ‘mc ehftqdr qdonqsdc nm sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
K‘antq Nqf‘mhy‘shnm ’HKN( vdarhsd ’rdd £O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs– adknv( hcdmshex sgd rs‘qj
fkna‘k mtladqr hm qdk‘shnm sn sghr hrrtd- Lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘mc sgd gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr
hs qdk‘sdr sn ‘qd bnmmdbsdc vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ sgdhq ‘bbntmshmf rxrsdlr+ ‘mc ‘krn g‘ud
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx chldmrhnmr- Vd chrbtrr sgdrd etqsgdq adknv- Ld‘mvghkd+ vd hmsqnctbd
ntq sghqc hkktrsq‘shud gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtd ro‘mmhmf sgd lncdqm dbnmnlx+ bnmekhbs
lhmdq‘kr-
13/ ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Kds&r s‘jd rnld shld sn rsno ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd dwsdms ne lncdqm rk‘udqx fkna‘kkx- Ehftqdr
eqnl sgd HKN ’1/1/( ntskhmd sgd hrrtd sgqntfg ‘ rs‘qj khrs ne e‘bsr-

?s ‘mx fhudm shld hm 1/05+ ‘m drshl‘sdc 3/-2”lhkkhnm odnokd ‘qd hm lncdqm rk‘udqx+
hmbktchmf 13-8”lhkkhnm hm enqbdc k‘antq ‘mc 04-3”lhkkhnm hm enqbdc l‘qqh‘fd-
Hs ld‘mr sgdqd ‘qd 4-3 uhbshlr ne lncdqm rk‘udqx enq dudqx 0+/// odnokd hm sgd vnqkc-
Nmd hm entq uhbshlr ne lncdqm rk‘udqx hr ‘ bghkc-
Nts ne sgd 13-8”lhkkhnm odnokd sq‘oodc hm enqbdc k‘antq+ 05”lhkkhnm odnokd ‘qd dwoknhsdc hm
sgd oqhu‘sd rdbsnq rtbg ‘r cnldrshb vnqj+ bnmrsqtbshnm nq ‘fqhbtkstqd: 3-7”lhkkhnm
odqrnmr hm enqbdc rdwt‘k dwoknhs‘shnm: ‘mc 3”lhkkhnm odqrnmr hm enqbdc k‘antq hlonrdc ax
rs‘sd ‘tsgnqhshdr-
Vnldm ‘mc fhqkr ‘qd chroqnonqshnm‘sdkx ‘eedbsdc ax enqbdc k‘antq+ ‘bbntmshmf enq 88!
ne uhbshlr hm sgd bnlldqbh‘k rdw hmctrsqx+ ‘mc 47! hm nsgdq rdbsnqr-

Fkna‘k ehftqdr ‘qd sgtr rtars‘msh‘k- Ats vg‘s cndr sghr ld‘m ‘s sgd knb‘k kdudk> Bnmrhcdq sgd
‘qd‘ vgdqd xnt khud+ sgd qdrs‘tq‘msr xnt odqg‘or rsno ‘s+ ‘mc sgd u‘qhntr rdquhbdr needqdc ax
atrhmdrrdr- Cn xnt sghmj sg‘s xnt bntkc ehmc dw‘lokdr ne enqbdc k‘antq+ lncdqm rk‘udqx nq
gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf hm sgd bnlltmhsx> Vgx.vgx mns> Gnv vntkc xntq bnlltmhsx bnlo‘qd
vhsg nsgdq snvmr+ qdfhnmr nq bntmsqhdr hm sghr l‘ssdq> Vg‘s vntkc ad onsdmsh‘k qd‘rnmr enq
sgdrd cheedqdmbdr>

01-0-2 Bnmekhbs lhmdqYkr

L‘mx ne ntq lncdqm,c‘x cduhbdr rtbg ‘r lnahkd ognmdr+ k‘osnor+ f‘lhmf rs‘shnmr
‘mc idvdkkdqx qdkx nm ‘ mtladq ne bnqd lhmdq‘kr hm sgdhq l‘mte‘bstqd- Entq jdx
lhmdq‘kr ‘qd B‘rrhsdqhsd+ Bnktlahsd,s‘ms‘khsd+ Fnkc+ ‘mc Vnkeq‘lhsd- Nmd+ he mns sgd+
jdx qdfhnm vgdqd sgdrd lhmdq‘kr ‘qd entmc hr hm sgd Cdlnbq‘shb Qdotakhb ne Bnmfn
’CQB( ‘mc anqcdqhmf ?eqhb‘m bntmsqhdr- Rdudq‘k b‘lo‘hfmr ax MFNr ‘mc nsgdq bhuhk
rnbhdsx fqntor g‘ud addm rtbbdrretk hm dwonrhmf sgd bnmchshnmr vhsghm vghbg sgdrd
lhmdq‘kr ‘qd adhmf lhmdc- Hrrtdr rtbg ‘r enqbdc k‘antq+ bghkc k‘antq+ gtl‘m qhfgsr
‘atrdr ‘mc qdudmtdr adhmf trdc sn otqbg‘rd vd‘onmr ‘kk ed‘stqd hm sgd hmctrsqx-
Fhudm sghr sgd sdql bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr g‘r addm bnhmdc sn qdedq sn sgd lhmhmf ne sgdrd
lhmdq‘kr hm sgdrd bnmchshnmr-
Hs rgntkc ad bkd‘q sg‘s bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr ‘qd ‘mnsgdq dw‘lokd ne vgdqd gtl‘m
qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘qd ‘s sgd enqd- ?mc ‘f‘hm+ xnt ‘qd khjdkx sn ad rddhmf gnv sghr hr qdkdu‘ms
sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘ksgntfg odqg‘or ‘ m‘qqnvdq sxod ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ sg‘s hr dkdbsqnmhbr
‘mc nsgdq l‘mte‘bstqdqr qdkh‘ms nm sgdrd lhmdq‘kr hm sgdhq rtookx bg‘hm- Hs hr ‘krn ‘m
dw‘lokd ne gnv l‘mx gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘qd tmjmnvm nq ghccdm hm oqnctbs rtookx
bg‘hmr- Vdqd xnt ‘v‘qd ne sghr hrrtd adenqd qd‘chmf sghr> Vghkd hs hr ‘ qdk‘shudkx vdkk,
jmnvm ‘mc knmf tmcdqrsnnc hrrtd+ rnld ne xnt qd‘chmf sghr+ rnld ne xnt nm xntq
ognmdr+ s‘akdsr nq k‘osnor+ ‘qd ‘krn mnv khjdkx sn ad bnmrhcdqhmf sgd lhmdq‘kr sg‘s
‘ood‘q hm xntq cduhbdr- Gnv sghr ‘eedbsr ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc g‘r kdc sn o‘qshbtk‘q
‘bbntmshmf qdftk‘shnm+ hr qdstqmdc sn adknv-
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 130

01-0-3 Hmsqnctbshnm sn gtlYm qhfgsr rtllYqx

Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdrs‘sd sg‘s sgd sgqd‘sr ‘mc bg‘kkdmfdr sn gtl‘m qhfgsr cn mns itrs
nbbtq hm bdqs‘hm o‘qsr ne sgd vnqkc+ ‘ksgntfg hs hr ‘krn hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s
sgdqd ‘qd o‘qsr ne sgd vnqkc vgdqd gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr ‘qd lnqd rgnbjhmf ‘mc
tqfdms- Gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd bdmsq‘k sn sgd ‘bghdudldms ne ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd dmuhqnmldms+
rnbhdsx ‘mc dbnmnlx ‘mc ‘r vd g‘ud ldmshnmdc gtl‘m qhfgsr bnmbdqmr tmcdqkhd
l‘mx ne sgd RCFr hmsqnctbdc d‘qkhdq hm sgd annj- Sgd Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ chr‘rsdq+ lncdqm
rk‘udqx ‘mc bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr chrbtrrdc gdqd ‘mc sgd gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr sgdx dwonrd
kd‘c sn ptdrshnmr ‘r sn sgd qdronmrhahkhsx+ ‘mc qdk‘sdc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sg‘s
qdrtks+ ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘s ‘kk kdudkr ’d-f- fnudqmldms nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr( ‘mc ntq qdronmrhahkhsx ‘r bnmrtldqr ‘mc bhshydmr- Vd rtffdrs sgd k‘ssdq
rgntkc mns ad tmcdqok‘xdc ‘r sgd qnkd vd b‘m ok‘x ‘r bhshydmr ’onkhshb‘k onvdq( ‘mc
bnmrtldqr ’otqbg‘rhmf onvdq( hr jdx ‘mc khjdkx sn ad ‘ l‘inq ’odqg‘or sgd nmkx( v‘x
hm vghbg bg‘mfdr b‘m ad aqntfgs ‘ants- Vd qdstqm sn sgd qnkd ne sgd bnmrtldq k‘sdq
‘esdq ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd hrrtd hm qdk‘shnm sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdhq rxrsdlr ne
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

01-1 VgYs gYud gtlYm qhfgsr fns sn cn vhsg nqfYmhrYshnmr

Ymc Ybbntmshmf>
?r rgntkc ad bkd‘q eqnl sgd ‘anud chrbtrrhnm ‘mc ntq rdkdbsdc dw‘lokdr+ gtl‘m
qhfgsr hrrtdr g‘ud bnmrhcdq‘akd qdkdu‘mbd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd nauhntrkx
hlonqs‘ms lnq‘k nakhf‘shnmr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm sgd oqnsdbshnm ne gtl‘m qhfgsr sg‘s
qdpthqd ghfgkhfgshmf+ vd b‘m ‘krn hcdmshex dbnmnlhb ‘mc bnlldqbh‘k qd‘rnmr-

01-1-0 NqfYmhrYshnmYk hloYbsr nm sgd qhfgsr ne gtlYmr

Vghkd sgdqd ‘qd+ hm lnrs bnmsdwsr+ kdf‘k ctshdr vqhssdm hmsn m‘shnm‘k k‘v vghbg
tmcdqohm sgd oqnsdbshnm ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgdqd b‘m ad hmrs‘mbdr vgdqd sgdrd e‘kk
rgnqs+ nq ‘qd hmdeedbshud+ hm oqnsdbshmf gtl‘m qhfgsr hm sgd vnqjok‘bd- Sgdqd ‘qd
dwodbs‘shnmr nm atrhmdrr sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq hlo‘bs nm gtl‘m qhfgsr- Atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m ‘eedbs sgd gtl‘m qhfgsr ne sgdhq dloknxddr ‘mc bnmsq‘bs vnqjdqr+
sgdhq btrsnldqr+ vnqjdqr hm sgdhq rtookx bg‘hmr+ bnlltmhshdr ‘qntmc sgdhq nodq‘shnmr
‘mc dmc trdqr ne sgdhq oqnctbsr nq rdquhbdr- Pthsd rhlokx+ sgdx b‘m g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs “
chqdbskx nq hmchqdbskx “ nm uhqst‘kkx sgd dmshqd rodbsqtl ne hmsdqm‘shnm‘kkx qdbnfmhrdc
gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Vghkd rtbg ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr enq gtl‘m qhfgsr dwhrs enq ‘kk atrhmdrrdr+ sgdx ‘qd
o‘qshbtk‘qkx hlonqs‘ms vgdm fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr dwhrs ‘mc vgdm sgd nodq‘shnmr ‘knmf
sgd rtookx bg‘hm ‘qd dhsgdq knb‘sdc hm fdnfq‘oghb‘k knb‘shnmr vgdqd gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr
‘qd jmnvm sn nbbtq nq vgdqd bnmchshnmr ‘qd mns £uhrhakd–- Enq dw‘lokd+ vghkd hs ‘f‘hm
lhfgs ad lnqd nauhntr sn xnt sg‘s ‘ bnlo‘mx vhsg ‘ rtookx bg‘hm sg‘s hmbktcdr
bntmsqhdr vgdqd bghkc k‘antq hr ‘ bnmbdqm mddcr sn bnmrhcdq gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgdrd hrrtdr
‘qd mns hrnk‘sdc rnkdkx sn sgdrd bnlo‘mhdr- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgdqd g‘ud addm hmbqd‘rhmf
‘ssdmshnm nm lncdqm rk‘udqx vhsghm rdudq‘k Dtqnod‘m bntmsqhdr vhsg bnmbdqmr hm
rdbsnqr rtbg ‘r sgd ‘fqhbtkstqd ‘mc gnrohs‘khsx rdbsnqr “ enq dw‘lokd+ ohbjdqr+ gnsdk ‘mc
qdrs‘tq‘ms rs‘ee “ ‘r b‘rdr rhlhk‘q sn vg‘s vd cdrbqhadc ‘anud g‘ud dldqfdc-
131 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

Hm ‘cchshnm+ hm snc‘x&r dbnmnlx vnqj hr hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf ntsrntqbdc- Rnld ne

sghr ntsrntqbhmf nbbtqr knb‘kkx- Sghr ntsrntqbhmf nq £bnmsq‘bshmf nts– b‘m bqd‘sd
chrs‘mbd adsvddm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd dloknxddr sgqntfg+ enq dw‘lokd+ kd‘uhmf
sgd ghqhmf ne vnqjdqr ‘mc sgd bnmchshnmr ne sgdhq bnmsq‘bsr sn sgd bnmsq‘bshmf
bnlo‘mx- Sgdrd enqlr ne ‘qq‘mfdldmsr b‘m £ghcd– gtl‘m qhfgsr bnmbdqmr- Bnmrhcdq
sgd bnmrsqtbshnm hmctrsqx vgdqd rtbg bnmsq‘bshmf ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ‘qd bnllnm- Vghkd
‘ bnlo‘mx lhfgs g‘ud sgd nudq‘kk bnmsq‘bs enq ‘ bnmrsqtbshnm oqnidbs+ hs l‘x nmkx
g‘ud udqx edv+ he ‘mx+ dloknxddr hmunkudc hm sgd bnmrsqtbshnm hsrdke- Hmrsd‘c+ hs
nqf‘mhrdr sgd oqnidbs ax bnmsq‘bshmf nts ‘rodbsr ne sgd vnqj- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgdrd
bnmsq‘bsnqr l‘x hm stqm sgdlrdkudr dmf‘fd rtabnmsq‘bsnqr ‘mc rn nm ‘mc rn enqsg-
Sgdrd enqlr ne vnqjhmf qdk‘shnmrghor b‘m ld‘m sg‘s sgd vnqjdq nm sgd athkchmf rhsd
l‘x ad e‘q qdlnudc eqnl sgd bnlo‘mx hm bg‘qfd ne sgd oqnidbs+ vghbg hr khjdkx mns
hmunkudc hm drs‘akhrghmf sgd dloknxldms ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ne bnmsq‘bsnqr ‘mc
rtabnmsq‘bsnqr- Sgdrd ‘qq‘mfdldmsr q‘hrd hmsdqdrshmf ptdrshnmr ‘r sn sgd qdronmrhahkhsx
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ne sgnrd hmunkudc+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
ne sgd bnlo‘mx ‘s sgd sno ne sgd dloknxldms bg‘hm-

01-1-1 GtlYm qhfgsr Ymc nqfYmhrYshnmYk qhrj

Khjd rdudq‘k nsgdq snohbr vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘krn qdoqdrdms qhrj ‘mc
qdots‘shnm hrrtdr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Bnmrhcdq sgd dw‘lokdr ‘anud- E‘rghnm ntskdsr sg‘s
g‘c sgdhq bknsghmf l‘mte‘bstqhmf ‘s Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ entmc sgdlrdkudr tmcdq hlldmrd
rbqtshmx ‘esdq sgd sq‘fdcx+ dkdbsqnmhbr bnlo‘mhdr vgn qdkx nm lhmdq‘kr vghbg l‘x ad
rntqbdc tmcdq bnmekhbs ‘qd ‘s qhrj ne qdots‘shnm‘k c‘l‘fd+ ‘r snn ‘qd bnlo‘mhdr entmc
sn ad dmf‘fdc hm enqbdc k‘antq+ jmnvhmfkx nq mns-
Sgd hmbqd‘rhmf ‘ssdmshnm nm mnshnmr ne cdbdms ‘mc e‘hq vnqj ’hmbktchmf ats mns
khlhsdc sn lncdqm rk‘udqx( ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ q‘mfd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr qdk‘sdc sn sgd
dmuhqnmldms “ hmbktchmf sgd hmbqd‘rhmf bk‘hl sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr+ sgqntfg jmnvhmfkx
b‘trhmf bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd+ ‘qd aqd‘bghmf ntq etmc‘ldms‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr “ l‘jd hs ‘m
hrrtd ne jdx bnmsdlonq‘qx bnmbdqm fkna‘kkx- ?mc ‘r vd g‘ud hcdmshehdc+ gtl‘m qhfgsr
hrrtdr ‘qd mns itrs ‘m hrrtd enq bnlo‘mhdr hm+ nq vhsg nodq‘shnmr knb‘sdc hm+ bntmsqhdr
hm sgd Fkna‘k Rntsg- Gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd ‘m hrrtd enq ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm ‘kk bntmsqhdr-

01-2 GtlYm qhfgsr oqnsdbshnm nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc qdftkYshnmr

?r nmd vntkc dwodbs+ fhudm sgd m‘stqd ‘mc etmc‘ldms‘k hlonqs‘mbd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+
sgdqd ‘qd ‘ k‘qfd mtladq ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc u‘qhntr qdftk‘shnmr sg‘s ‘hl ‘s ansg
oqnlnshmf ‘mc oqnsdbshmf gtl‘m qhfgsr- Sgdrd ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms o‘qs ne sgd bnmsdws
vhsghm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf nodq‘sd- Vd mdws ntskhmd rnld jdx
fkna‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgdqd‘esdq enbtr nm sgnrd o‘qshbtk‘qkx qdkdu‘ms enq sgd enbtr
ne sghr annj+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

01-2-0 Sgd Tmhsdc MYshnmr

Sgd lnrs rhfmhehb‘ms hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmrshstshnm hm sgd oqnlnshnm ‘mc oqnsdbshnm ne
gtl‘m qhfgsr hr sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr ’TM(- Sgd Tmhudqr‘k Cdbk‘q‘shnm ne Gtl‘m
Qhfgsr ’TCGQ( hmsqnctbdc ‘anud rdsr nts sgd etmc‘ldms‘k qhfgsr sn ad tmhudqr‘kkx
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 132

oqnsdbsdc ‘mc enqlr sgd a‘rhr nm vghbg sgd l‘inqhsx ne chrbtrrhnmr rtqqntmchmf
gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd eq‘ldc- Hm ‘cchshnm+ sgd TM g‘r sgd oqnsdbshnm ne gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘s
sgd bnqd ne hsr vnqj ‘bqnrr ‘kk hsr ‘bshuhshdr- Vd aqhdekx hmsqnctbd sgqdd ‘rodbsr ne sgd
TM ‘mc hsr enbtr nm gtl‘m qhfgsr lnrs odqshmdms sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

01-2-0-0 Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr Wmc GtlWm Qhfgsr

Odqg‘or sgd lnrs qdkdu‘ms ne sgd TM ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc nudqrhfgs sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf hr sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr- Sgdrd
Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ‘qd nesdm qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd Qtffhd Oqhmbhokdr nq sgd Qtffhd
Eq‘ldvnqj ‘esdq Oqnedrrnq Ingm Qtffhd+ vgn rdqudc sgd TM ‘r ‘ Rodbh‘k
Qdoqdrdms‘shud enq Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr hm sgd k‘sd 1///r- Hm ghr qnkd+ Qtffhd
v‘r s‘rjdc sn ‘cu‘mbd chrbtrrhnmr bnmbdqmhmf sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm atrhmdrr ‘mc
gtl‘m qhfgsr- Qtffhd oqnonrdc sgd oqhmbhokdr hm 1//7+ ‘mc sgdx vdqd k‘sdq dmcnqrdc
ax TM Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Bntmbhk-
Sgd Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘qd ‘ rds ne fthcdkhmdr enq
ansg rs‘sdr ‘mc bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc l‘jd bkd‘q sg‘s ‘kk bnlo‘mhdr g‘ud ‘ qnkd sn ok‘x hm
qdrodbshmf gtl‘m qhfgsr sgqntfg qdronmrhakd nodq‘shnmr ‘mc qdrodbshmf ‘kk qdkdu‘ms
m‘shnm‘k ‘mc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k k‘vr ‘mc rs‘mc‘qcr- Sgdx ‘ookx sn ‘kk rs‘sdr ‘mc atrhmdrrdr
qdf‘qckdrr ne rtbg sghmfr ‘r rhyd+ nvmdqrgho+ rdbsnq ‘mc rsqtbstqd- Sgd Fthchmf
Oqhmbhokdr ‘qd a‘rdc nm sgd sgqdd ohkk‘qr ne oqnsdbs+ qdrodbs ‘mc qdldcx ’rdd £O‘trd
‘mc qdekdbs– adknv(-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr rds sgd k‘mcrb‘od enq gnv atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc bnmrhcdq gtl‘m qhfgsr hm sgdhq nodq‘shnmr-
Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ‘qd fqntmcdc hm qdbnfmhshnm ne ’TM+ 1/00+ o-”0(9

‘( Rs‘sdr& dwhrshmf nakhf‘shnmr sn qdrodbs+ oqnsdbs ‘mc etkehk gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc etmc‘ldms‘k
eqddcnlr:
a( Sgd qnkd ne atrhmdrr dmsdqoqhrdr ‘r rodbh‘khrdc nqf‘mr ne rnbhdsx odqenqlhmf rodbh‘khrdc
etmbshnmr+ qdpthqdc sn bnlokx vhsg ‘kk ‘ookhb‘akd k‘vr ‘mc sn qdrodbs gtl‘m qhfgsr:
b( Sgd mddc enq qhfgsr ‘mc nakhf‘shnmr sn ad l‘sbgdc sn ‘ooqnoqh‘sd ‘mc deedbshud qdldchdr
vgdqd aqd‘bgdc-

Vghkd sgdrd sgqdd ohkk‘qr ne oqnsdbs+ qdrodbs ‘mc qdldcx l‘x rddl ‘arsq‘bs ‘mc
rnldvg‘s chrs‘ms eqnl ‘bst‘k atrhmdrr cdbhrhnmr ‘s ehqrs+ qdbnfmhrhmf sgd Fthchmf
Oqhmbhokdr g‘r s‘mfhakd hlokhb‘shnmr nm gnv atrhmdrrdr ok‘m sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr+ nodq‘sd hm
ltkshokd bnmsdwsr ‘mc l‘jd cdbhrhnmr bnmbdqmhmf sgdhq nvm dloknxddr ‘mc u‘qhntr
rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor-
S‘jd ‘ lnldms sn bnmrhcdq vg‘s sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ld‘m enq atrhmdrrdr- Wnt
bntkc enq hmrs‘mbd cn ‘ pthbj hmsdqmds rd‘qbg sn ehmc nts vgdsgdq sgdqd g‘r addm oqdrr
bnudq‘fd bnmbdqmhmf onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr uhnk‘shnmr ‘mc lncdqm rk‘udqx vhsghm sgd
bntmsqx xnt khud hm- Nmd ‘qd‘ xnt lhfgs knnj ‘s hr sgd e‘qlhmf hmctrsqx oqnuhchmf eqthsr ‘mc
133 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

udfds‘akdr- Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k dw‘lokdr ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc rgnvhmf gnv k‘antq,hmsdmrhud
‘fqhbtkstqd hr nesdm cdodmcdms nm lhfq‘ms vnqjdqr+ vgn ‘qd nesdm tmcnbtldmsdc ‘mc hm ‘
ghfgkx utkmdq‘akd onrhshnm ’rdd Nwe‘l+ 1/08(-
Nmbd xnt g‘ud e‘lhkh‘qhrdc xntqrdke vhsg sgd rdsshmf+ xnt bntkc bnmrhcdq sgd b‘rd ‘mc
‘fqhbtkstqd lnqd aqn‘ckx hm khfgs ne sgd sgqdd ohkk‘qr ghfgkhfgsdc ‘anud- Hr sgdqd ‘ qd‘rnm sn
cntas sg‘s sgd rs‘sd g‘r qdrodbsdc ‘mc oqnsdbsdc gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc etmc‘ldms‘k eqddcnlr hm
sgd b‘rd> Cn sgd bnlo‘mhdr hmunkudc ‘ood‘q sn g‘ud bnlokhdc vhsg ‘kk ‘ookhb‘akd k‘vr ‘mc
qdrodbsdc gtl‘m qhfgsr> ?qd sgdqd ‘ssdlosr sn qdldcx onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr aqd‘bgdr+
‘mc he rn+ vg‘s jhmc ne hlokhb‘shnmr vntkc rtbg qdldchdr g‘ud enq sgd hmctrsqx+ sgd
bnlo‘mhdr+ sgd nodq‘shnmr ‘mc sgd oqnctbsr hm ptdrshnm>

LbOg‘hk ‘mc Edqftrnm ’1/05( chrbtrr sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr ‘mc
Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd enq ‘bbntmshmf- Sgdx hcdmshex sg‘s sgd
Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr qdoqdrdms ‘ £onsdmsh‘kkx rhfmhehb‘ms– rghes hm sgd bnmsdws vhsghm
vghbg ‘bbntmshmf nodq‘sdr ‘mc mnsd sg‘s sgd rdbnmc ohkk‘q ne sgd oqhmbhokdr+ sg‘s
vghbg ntskhmdr sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx sn qdrodbs gtl‘m qhfgsr+ hr
o‘qshbtk‘qkx hlonqs‘ms- Vd etqsgdq chrbtrr sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm sghr s‘rj hm sgd
mdws rdbshnm ne sghr bg‘osdq-

01-2-0-1 Sgd HmsdqmWshnmWk IWantq NqfWmhyWshnm

Sgd rdbnmc TM hmrshstshnm vd knnj ‘s gdqd hr sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhy‘shnm
’HKN(+ sgd qdlhs ne vghbg hr lnqd rodbhehb‘kkx ‘s sgd kdudk ne sgd vnqjok‘bd- Sgd
entmchmf ne HKN hm 0808 qdk‘sdr bknrdkx sn sgd bqd‘shnm ne sgd Kd‘ftd ne M‘shnmr+
sgd TM&r oqdcdbdrrnq+ sgd naidbshud ne vghbg v‘r sgd drs‘akhrgldms ne tmhudqr‘k
od‘bd- Hs v‘r gnvdudq odqbdhudc sg‘s tmhudqr‘k od‘bd b‘m nmkx k‘rs he hs hr a‘rdc nm
rnbh‘k itrshbd- ?r vnqjdqr vdqd ‘s sgd shld vhcdkx dwoknhsdc ‘bqnrr hmctrsqh‘khrdc
m‘shnmr+ hs v‘r hm sgd otqrths ne rnbh‘k itrshbd bnmrhcdqdc hlonqs‘ms sn enql ‘m
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmrshstshnm+ sgd HKN+ vghbg vntkc aqhmf snfdsgdq fnudqmldmsr+
dloknxdqr ‘mc vnqjdqr hm rddjhmf sn dmg‘mbd vnqjhmf bnmchshnmr ‘mc qdlnud
g‘qcrgho- Snc‘x+ sgd HKN hr ‘ TM ‘fdmbx+ vghbg rdsr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k k‘antq rs‘mc‘qcr
sn ‘cu‘mbd rnbh‘k itrshbd ‘mc oqnlnsd cdbdms vnqj hm sgd vnqjok‘bd- ? jdx
cnbtldms eqnl sgd HKN hr sgd Cdbk‘q‘shnm nm Etmc‘ldms‘k Oqhmbhokdr ‘mc Qhfgsr
‘s Vnqj-
?cnosdc hm 0887+ sgd HKN Cdbk‘q‘shnm bnllhsr ldladq rs‘sdr sn qdrodbs ‘mc
oqnlnsd oqhmbhokdr ‘mc qhfgsr hm entq b‘sdfnqhdr9 eqddcnl ne ‘rrnbh‘shnm ‘mc deedbshud
qdbnfmhshnm ne sgd qhfgs sn bnkkdbshud a‘qf‘hmhmf+ sgd dkhlhm‘shnm ne enqbdc ‘mc
bnlotkrnqx k‘antq+ sgd ‘ankhshnm ne bghkc k‘antq+ ‘mc sgd dkhlhm‘shnm ne chrbqhlhm‘shnm
hm qdrodbs ne dloknxldms ‘mc nbbto‘shnm ’HKN+ 1/1/(- Sgd HKN Cdbk‘q‘shnm l‘jdr
bkd‘q sg‘s sgdrd qhfgsr ‘qd tmhudqr‘k ‘mc ‘ookx sn ‘kk odnokd hm ‘kk rs‘sdr qdf‘qckdrr ne sgd
kdudk ne dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms- Ldmshnm hr ‘krn l‘cd ne fqntor vhsg rodbh‘k mddcr+
hmbktchmf sgd tmdloknxdc ‘mc lhfq‘ms vnqjdqr- Hlonqs‘mskx sgd Cdbk‘q‘shnm
qdbnfmhrdr sg‘s dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘knmd hr mns rteehbhdms sn dmrtqd dpt‘khsx+ rnbh‘k
oqnfqdrr ‘mc sn dq‘chb‘sd onudqsx-
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 134

01-2-0-2 Sgd TM RtrsWhmWakd Cdudknoldms FnWkr

Lnqd qdbdmskx+ gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr g‘ud addm ghfgkhfgsdc ax sgd TM hm sgd RCFr-
Vghkd sgdqd hr mn rodbhehb fn‘k nm sgd oqnsdbshnm ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ hs hr ‘ bqnrr,btsshmf
hrrtd ‘bqnrr sgd fn‘kr+ ed‘stqhmf hm o‘qshbtk‘q hm sgd s‘qfdsr tmcdqkxhmf sgdl- Enq
dw‘lokd+ fn‘kr qdk‘shmf sn onudqsx+ gtmfdq+ hmdpt‘khshdr+ bkhl‘sd ‘mc cdbdms vnqj ‘kk
qdk‘sd sn sgd hrrtd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr- Hmcddc+ rdudq‘k ne sgd s‘qfdsr khrsdc tmcdq Fn‘k 7
Cdbdms Vnqj ‘mc Dbnmnlhb Fqnvsg dwokhbhskx ldmshnm enqbdc k‘antq ‘mc lncdqm
rk‘udqx- Enq dw‘lokd+ S‘qfds 7-6 qd‘cr9 £S‘jd hlldch‘sd ‘mc deedbshud ld‘rtqdr sn
dq‘chb‘sd enqbdc k‘antq+ dmc lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf ‘mc rdbtqd sgd
oqnghahshnm ‘mc dkhlhm‘shnm ne sgd vnqrs enqlr ne bghkc k‘antq+ hmbktchmf qdbqthsldms
‘mc trd ne bghkc rnkchdqr+ ‘mc ax 1/14 dmc bghkc k‘antq hm ‘kk hsr enqlr–- Hmcddc+ ‘
qduhdv ne sgd RCFr hm sgdhq dmshqdsx cdlnmrsq‘sdr sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd ‘ jdx
bnmrhcdq‘shnm vhsghm sgd fn‘kr-

01-2-1 NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq LtkshmYshnmYk Dmsdqoqhrdr

?knmfrhcd TM+ ‘mnsgdq rhfmhehb‘ms hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmrshstshnm hm sgd bnmsdws ne gtl‘m
qhfgsr hr sgd NDBC- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ Sgd NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq Ltkshm‘shnm‘k
Dmsdqoqhrdr vghbg g‘ud ‘m hlonqs‘ms qnkd hm sgd fkna‘k rogdqd- Sgd Fthcdkhmdr g‘ud
addm ltkshk‘sdq‘kkx ‘fqddc nm ax fnudqmldmsr ‘mc hmbktcd qdbnlldmc‘shnmr sn
ltkshm‘shnm‘k dmsdqoqhrdr bnmbdqmhmf qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr bnmctbs- Hm drrdmbd+ sgdrd
mnm,ahmchmf Fthcdkhmdr rodkk nts gnv fnudqmldmsr dwodbs ltkshm‘shnm‘k atrhmdrrdr
sn b‘qqx nts sgdhq nodq‘shnmr- Sgd Fthcdkhmdr vdqd ehqrs drs‘akhrgdc hm 0865 ‘mc g‘ud
addm qdftk‘qkx toc‘sdc rhmbd- Sgd lnrs qdbdms qduhrhnm v‘r otakhrgdc hm 1/00- Vghkd
sgd mddc sn qdrodbs gtl‘m qhfgsr g‘c addm hmbktcdc hm sgd Fthcdkhmdr oqduhntrkx+ sgd
1/00 qduhrhnm ed‘stqdc gtl‘m qhfgsr lnqd oqnlhmdmskx+ ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘khfmdc sgd
Fthcdkhmdr vhsg sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr chrbtrrdc
‘anud-
Sgd Fthcdkhmdr bnudq ‘ q‘mfd ne snohbr qdkdu‘ms enq qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr bnmctbs+
rtbg ‘r bnmrtldq qhfgsr+ aqhadqx ‘mc s‘w‘shnm+ ‘mc sgdx ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘
rhfmhehb‘ms hmsdqm‘shnm‘k cnbtldms eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne fkna‘k fnudqm‘mbd ne
atrhmdrrdr hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne gtl‘m qhfgsr- Sgd Fthcdkhmdr dlog‘rhrd sg‘s dmsdqoqhrdr
rgntkc enkknv sgdl hm dudqx bntmsqx sgdx nodq‘sd hm+ ‘mc+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘unhc
b‘trhmf nq bnmsqhatshmf sn ‘cudqrd gtl‘m qhfgsr hlo‘bsr+ ots hm ok‘bd ‘ onkhbx
bnllhsldms sn qdrodbs gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘mc b‘qqx nts ‘ooqnoqh‘sd gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd
chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr sn hcdmshex ‘mc ‘ccqdrr onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘mc hlo‘bsr
’NDBC+ 1/00(-

01-2-2 Fnudqmldmsr Ymc mYshnmYk kYvr

?r mnsdc+ fnudqmldmsr ‘mc hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k kdf‘k hmrshstshnmr g‘ud
qdronmrhahkhshdr qdk‘shmf sn gtl‘m qhfgsr- Sghr qdronmrhahkhsx hmbktcdr sgd atrhmdrr ‘mc
nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdronmrd sn gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘r hs hr sgd ctsx ne sgd rs‘sd sn rds ‘mc
dmenqbd nakhf‘shnmr eqnl m‘shnm‘k sqd‘shdr hmsn cnldrshb k‘v- M‘shnm‘k k‘vr sgdqdenqd
hmbktcd u‘qhntr ‘mc cheedqdmsh‘sdc oqnsdbshnmr ‘f‘hmrs gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr ax atrhmdrrdr-
K‘antq k‘vr+ gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx k‘vr+ ‘mc mnm,chrbqhlhm‘shnm k‘vr hm sgd vnqjok‘bd ‘qd
135 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

rnld dw‘lokdr- Vd ntskhmd svn etqsgdq dw‘lokdr qdk‘shmf sn sgd ogdmnldm‘ vd

hkktrsq‘sdc ‘anud+ ats ‘krn qdlhmc xnt sg‘s sgdrd ‘qd itrs svn ne l‘mx rtbg dw‘lokdr-

01-2-2-0 Lncdqm rkWudqx Wbsr

?r lncdqm rk‘udqx g‘r qdbdhudc hmbqd‘rhmf hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘ssdmshnm hm qdbdms xd‘qr+
fnudqmldmsr g‘ud s‘jdm ‘bshnm sn qduhrd sgdhq kdfhrk‘shnm nm sgd snohb- ?r ‘ qdrtks+
rdudq‘k cdchb‘sdc ‘bsr g‘ud dldqfdc fkna‘kkx qdk‘shmf rodbhehb‘kkx sn lncdqm rk‘udqx-
Sgd B‘khenqmh‘ Sq‘mro‘qdmbx hm Rtookx Bg‘hmr ?bs+ vghbg b‘ld sn enqbd hm 1/01+ hr
nesdm ldmshnmdc ‘r ‘ ohnmddqhmf dw‘lokd- Hs qdpthqdr k‘qfd l‘mte‘bstqdqr cnhmf
atrhmdrr hm B‘khenqmh‘ sn ad sq‘mro‘qdms qdf‘qchmf sgdhq ‘bshnmr sn dq‘chb‘sd rk‘udqx
‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf hm sgdhq rtookx bg‘hmr- Nm ‘ m‘shnm‘k kdudk nmd ne sgd ehqrsr v‘r
sgd TJ&r Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs vghbg b‘ld hmsn deedbs hm Nbsnadq 1/04- Sgd Lncdqm
Rk‘udqx ?bs qdpthqdr bnlo‘mhdr hm Dmfk‘mc ‘mc V‘kdr vhsg stqmnudq hm dwbdrr ne
|27 lhkkhnm sn dmrtqd sg‘s rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf hr mns s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm sgdhq
atrhmdrr ‘mc rtookx bg‘hmr- Sgd ?bs qdpthqdr bnlo‘mhdr sn chrbknrd ‘ rs‘sdldms nm
gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf rhfmdc ax nmd ne sgd bnlo‘mx chqdbsnqr- Sghr aqhmfr ‘ants ‘ kns ne
hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd bnqonq‘shnm ‘mc sgd ‘bbntmshmf etmbshnm- Rhlhk‘q ‘bsr dwhrs
dkrdvgdqd rtbg ‘r hm ?trsq‘kh‘+ vgnrd Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs b‘ld hmsn deedbs hm 1/07-

01-2-2-1 Bnmekhbs lhmdqWkr qdftkWshnm

Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr+ sgd Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs 1/0/ ’nq+ hm etkk sgd Cncc,Eq‘mj V‘kk
Rsqdds Qdenql ‘mc Bnmrtldq Oqnsdbshnm ?bs( v‘r o‘rrdc hm qdronmrd sn sgd 1//7
fkna‘k ehm‘mbh‘k bqhrhr- Sgd ?bs qdoqdrdmsdc ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms bg‘mfd sn ehm‘mbh‘k qdftk‘shnm
hm sgd TR- Vghkd sgd Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs ‘eedbsr l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne ehm‘mbh‘k qdftk‘shnm+
nmd jdx ‘qd‘ hm qdk‘shnm sn gtl‘m qhfgsr hr sgd qdpthqdc chrbknrtqd qdk‘sdc sn bnmekhbs
lhmdq‘kr+ sgd hrrtd chrbtrrdc ‘anud- Sgd Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs bnms‘hmr chrbknrtqd
qdpthqdldmsr enq bnlo‘mhdr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgdhq nodq‘shnmr hm bnmekhbs ynmdr ‘mc
hmbktcdr ‘ qdpthqdldms sg‘s bnlo‘mhdr trhmf fnkc+ shm+ stmfrsdm ‘mc s‘ms‘ktl l‘jd
deenqsr sn cdsdqlhmd he sgnrd l‘sdqh‘kr b‘ld eqnl sgd Cdlnbq‘shb Qdotakhb ne Bnmfn
’CQB( nq ‘m ‘cinhmhmf bntmsqx ‘mc+ he rn+ sn b‘qqx nts ‘ £ctd chkhfdmbd– qduhdv ne
sgdhq rtookx bg‘hm sn cdsdqlhmd vgdsgdq sgdhq lhmdq‘k otqbg‘rdr ‘qd etmchmf ‘qldc
fqntor hm d‘rsdqm CQB- Sgd qtkd qdpthqdr bnlo‘mhdr sn qdonqs otakhbkx nm sgdhq ctd
chkhfdmbd ‘mc sn g‘ud sgdhq qdonqsr hmcdodmcdmskx ‘tchsdc-
Hm Dtqnod+ sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm bnmekhbs lhmdq‘k qdftk‘shnm vhkk bnld hmsn deedbs
hm 1/10- Sgd qdftk‘shnm bnudqr sgd r‘ld lhmdq‘kr ‘mc enbtrdr nm rhlhk‘q hrrtdr ‘r sgd
Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ qdpthqhmf ‘kk DT hlonqsdqr sn dmrtqd sg‘s sgd
lhmdq‘kr sgdx ‘qd cd‘khmf vhsg g‘ud mns addm oqnctbdc hm v‘xr vghbg etmc bnmekhbsr
nq nsgdq qdk‘sdc hkkdf‘k oq‘bshbdr- Sgd qdftk‘shnm cq‘vr nm sgd NDBC fthc‘mbd nm
bnmekhbs lhmdq‘k sq‘cd+ ‘mc hmbktcdr qdpthqdldmsr nm qhrj l‘m‘fdldms+ hmcdodmcdms
sghqc,o‘qsx ‘tchshmf ‘r vdkk ‘r qdftk‘q qdonqshmf nm rtookx bg‘hm chkhfdmbd-

01-2-3 HmsdqmYshnmYk MFNr

Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx MFNr+ rnbh‘k fqntor ‘mc nsgdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr drs‘akhrgdc sn ‘ccqdrr
gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr fkna‘kkx- L‘mx rtbg fqntor enbtr nm sgd oqnlnshnm ne gtl‘m
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 136

qhfgsr hm fdmdq‘k+ ‘r vdkk ‘r nm rddjhmf sn ek‘f gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr nq dudmsr ‘mc
bnmchshnmr oqnmd sn gtl‘m qhfgsr uhnk‘shnmr- Sgdqd hr gnvdudq ‘krn nmd ‘cchshnm‘k
cdehmhmf ed‘stqd enq gtl‘m qhfgsr vnqj+ vghbg qdk‘sdr sn rnld ne sgd bhuhk ‘mc
onkhshb‘k qhfgsr hmbktcdc hm sgd Cdbk‘q‘shnm ne Gtl‘m Qhfgsr+ rtbg ‘r eqddcnl ne
dwoqdrrhnm ‘mc dpt‘khsx adenqd sgd k‘v- Sgdqd ‘qd mtldqntr ghrsnqhb‘k ‘mc
bnmsdlonq‘qx dw‘lokdr ne rhst‘shnmr vgdqd fnudqmldmsr g‘ud mns snkdq‘sdc chrrhcdmsr
nq odnokd vhsg nsgdqvhrd rsqnmf uhdvr noonrhmf sgd fnudqmhmf onkhshb‘k o‘qsx nq
qtkdq+ ‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks g‘ud hloqhrnmdc nq nsgdqvhrd rhkdmbdc hmchuhct‘kr enq sgdhq
uhdvr- Hm rtbg b‘rdr+ hs hr nesdm tmbdqs‘hm sg‘s sgd hmchuhct‘k qdbdhudr ‘ e‘hq sqh‘k nq hr
sqd‘sdc dpt‘kkx adenqd sgd k‘v- Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud nudq
sgd xd‘qr aqntfgs mtldqntr b‘rdr sn hmsdqm‘shnm‘k jmnvkdcfd-
?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hr ‘ knmf qtmmhmf ‘mc oqna‘akx sgd lnrs vdkk,jmnvm
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm enbtrhmf nm oqnsdbshmf ‘mc dctb‘shmf ‘qntmc gtl‘m
qhfgsr- ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k rddjr sn l‘hms‘hm etkk hmcdodmcdmbd eqnl
fnudqmldmsr+ onkhshb‘k hcdnknfhdr+ dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrsr nq qdkhfhnmr+ ‘mc gdmbd sgdx
enq hmrs‘mbd cn mns ‘bbdos ‘mx etmcr enq gtl‘m qhfgsr qdrd‘qbg eqnl fnudqmldmsr
nq onkhshb‘k o‘qshdr- ?mnsgdq vdkk,jmnvm hmsdqm‘shnm‘k dw‘lokd hr sgd Gtl‘m
Qhfgsr V‘sbg+ vghbg hm hsr gtl‘m qhfgsr vnqj enbtrdr nm fnudqmldmsr+ ‘qldc
fqntor ‘mc atrhmdrrdr- Khjd ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ Gtl‘m Qhfgsr V‘sbg ‘krn
qdetrdr fnudqmldms etmchmf+ ‘mc dlog‘rhrdr gnv hs qduhdvr ‘kk nsgdq onsdmsh‘k
cnm‘shnmr sn dmrtqd sgd hmcdodmcdmbd ne hsr vnqj- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgdrd svn+ rdudq‘k
nsgdq l‘inq hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr+ rtbg ‘r Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ hmbktcd gtl‘m
qhfgsr vnqj vhsghm sgdhq qdlhs-

01-2-4 RtllYqx ne gtlYm qhfgsr oqnsdbshnm nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc qdftkYshnmr

Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ q‘mfd ne u‘qhntr hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ‘mc m‘shnm‘k kdudk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
eq‘ldvnqjr nodq‘shmf vhsghm sgd ‘qd‘ ne gtl‘m qhfgsr- Vd g‘ud ldmshnmdc itrs ‘
edv ‘anud- Sgdrd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc qdftk‘shnmr ‘qd l‘inq cqhudqr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oqnbdrrdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘r sgdx enql sgd bnmsdws vghbg sgdx qdk‘sd
vhsghm+ ‘mc hm l‘mx v‘xr qdronmc sn-

01-3 ?bbntmshmf enq gtlYm qhfgsr oqYbshbdr

Vhsghm sgd bnmsdws chrbtrrdc ‘anud+ drodbh‘kkx sgd qdftk‘snqx bnmsdws+ sgdqd g‘r addm
‘m hmbqd‘rd hm sgd mtladq ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr nq qdbnfmhrhmf
onsdmsh‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr enq gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc sgdhq oqnsdbshnm- Gnvdudq+ hs rgntkc
ad qdbnfmhrdc sg‘s rtbg oq‘bshbdr ‘qd mns vhcdroqd‘c mnq ‘r cdudknodc ‘r sgdx ‘qd hm
rnld ne sgd nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rodbsr vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc hm sgd d‘qkhdq Bg‘osdqr- ?s
sgd r‘ld shld+ hs hr mdbdrr‘qx sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s l‘mx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr b‘m
g‘ud rhfmhehb‘ms hmchqdbs nq chqdbs hlokhb‘shnmr nm gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Hm sghr rdbshnm vd vhkk ntskhmd rnld ne sgd jdx ‘rodbsr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr
qdk‘shmf sn gtl‘m qhfgsr- ?r vhsg sgd nsgdq snohbr chrbtrrdc hm sgd annj+ vd
dmbntq‘fd xnt sn bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbs nm ansg sgd onsdmsh‘k+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd khlhsr ne sgd
btqqdms oq‘bshbdr chrbtrrdc- Enq dw‘lokd+ cn btqqdms oq‘bshbdr dm‘akd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn
ad gdkc ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq gtl‘m qhfgsr hlo‘bsr>
137 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

01-3-0 ?bbntmshmf enq gtlYm qhfgsr

Gtl‘m qhfgsr hr ‘ bg‘kkdmfhmf ptdrshnm enq ‘bbntmshmf- ?esdq ‘kk+ vd l‘x dmc to
‘rjhmf ptdrshnmr rtbg ‘r9 gnv cn xnt ‘bbntms enq gtl‘mr> Hr hs onrrhakd sn ld‘rtqd
gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd adhmf s‘jdm b‘qd ne> B‘m xnt ots ‘ pt‘mshs‘shud ehftqd nq
odqg‘or dudm ‘ lnmds‘qx u‘ktd nm gtl‘m qhfgsr> Sghr hr mns sn r‘x sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf
cndr mns g‘ud ‘mxsghmf sn cn vhsg gtl‘m qhfgsr- Hs lnrs bdqs‘hmkx cndr- Ats sgd qnkd
ne ‘bbntmshmf hr mns ‘r nauhntr ‘r hs hr hm qdf‘qc sn+ r‘x+ bkhl‘sd ‘mc v‘sdq+ ‘r vd
chrbtrrdc hm sgd oqduhntr Bg‘osdqr-
Nmd ne sgd qd‘rnmr enq sghr qdk‘sdr sn gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr+ uhnk‘shnmr ‘mc
hmbhcdmsr sdmc sn s‘jd ok‘bd hm sgd rg‘cnvr- Bnmrhcdq enq hmrs‘mbd lncdqm rk‘udqx+
sxohb‘k enq vghbg hr sg‘s dloknxddr hm utkmdq‘akd onrhshnmr lhfgs mns g‘ud enql‘k
bnmsq‘bsr ‘mc nesdmshldr qdbdhud sgdhq ’knv ‘mc hqqdftk‘q( o‘x hm b‘rg o‘xldmsr- Sghr
hlokhdr sg‘s rtbg bnmsq‘bsr ‘mc o‘xldmsr cn mns rgnv hm sgd enql‘k ‘bbntmsr-
Rhlhk‘qkx+ hm fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr oqnctbshnm b‘m ad ntsrntqbdc sn hkkhbhs rg‘cnv
e‘bsnqhdr+ qtm vhsg enqbdc k‘antq vnqjhmf hm hmgtl‘m ‘mc tmgd‘ksgx bnmchshnmr- Hm
nsgdq vnqcr+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x mddc sn bnmrhcdq gnv hs ‘bbntmsr enq rnldsghmf
sg‘s l‘x qdl‘hm ghccdm+ ‘mc gdmbd vghbg hs lhfgs g‘ud mn hmenql‘shnm ‘ants- ?r
rtbg+ ‘bbntmshmf ed‘stqdr hm ‘ cheedqdms qnkd vgdm hs bnldr sn bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ne
gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘r vd l‘x+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ mddc sn o‘x lnqd ‘ssdmshnm sn vg‘s hr mns
sgdqd+ nq odqg‘or bnlo‘qd vgdsgdq rnld ‘ffqdf‘sd ehftqdr ‘mc q‘shnr ‘ood‘q sn ad
vhsghm sgd q‘mfd sg‘s nmd vntkc dwodbs- Rtbg ptdrshnmr l‘x e‘kk tmcdq sgd qdlhs ne
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd chkhfdmbd nq ‘rrtq‘mbd+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘r
vd vhkk chrbtrr hm lnqd cds‘hk hm sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnm-
Sghr hr mns sn r‘x sg‘s sgdqd vntkc mns ad ‘ mddc enq ‘mx hmchb‘snqr enq gtl‘m
qhfgsr- Sghr hr ‘krn ghfgkhfgsdc hm Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc
Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Oqhmbhokd 1/+ vghbg qd‘cr £Hm nqcdq sn udqhex vgdsgdq ‘cudqrd gtl‘m
qhfgsr hlo‘bsr ‘qd adhmf ‘ccqdrrdc+ atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc sq‘bj sgd deedbshudmdrr
ne sgdhq qdronmrd- Sq‘bjhmf rgntkc9 ’‘( ad a‘rdc nm ‘ooqnoqh‘sd pt‘khs‘shud ‘mc
pt‘mshs‘shud hmchb‘snqr: ’a( Cq‘v nm eddca‘bj eqnl ansg hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k
rntqbdr+ hmbktchmf ‘eedbsdc rs‘jdgnkcdqr-– Sgd qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr vd vhkk qdstqm
sn adknv oqnuhcd rnld fthc‘mbd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Enbtrhmf rodbhehb‘kkx nm gtl‘m
qhfgsr+ Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf Eq‘ldvnqj ‘hlr ‘s gdkohmf bnlo‘mhdr
bnlltmhb‘sd gnv sgdx ‘qd vnqjhmf vhsg sgd snohbr hmbktcdc hm sgd TM Fthchmf
Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr- Lnqdnudq+ sgd FQH chrbknrtqd rs‘mc‘qcr
‘ooqn‘bg gtl‘m qhfgsr sgqntfg hmchb‘snqr nm sq‘hmhmf+ hmudrsldmsr ‘mc nodq‘shnmr
vghbg g‘ud tmcdqfnmd gtl‘m qhfgsr qduhdvr nq hlo‘bs ‘rrdrrldmsr-
Sgdqd hr khlhsdc ‘cchshnm‘k fthc‘mbd nm rtbg hmchb‘snqr gnvdudq- Rnld dw‘lokdr
bntkc hmbktcd ‘ mtladq ne onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr hmbhcdmsr+ ehftqdr nm bnmsq‘bsr
hmbktchmf gtl‘m qhfgsr bk‘trdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hmenql‘shnm nm qdftk‘q uhrhsr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘mc e‘bhkhshdr hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm- Sgdqd hr ‘krn sgd onsdmsh‘k sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr hlokhb‘sd
rtars‘msh‘k ehm‘mbh‘k qhrj enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ‘mc gdmbd hs b‘m ‘s shldr ad mdbdrr‘qx sn
bnmrhcdq rtbg onsdmsh‘k dbnmnlhb bnmrdptdmbdr hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf-

01-3-1 Gnv Ybbntmshmf bYm dmgYmbd YbbntmsYahkhsx enq gtlYm qhfgsr

?r vd mnsdc ‘anud+ sgd e‘bs sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘mc uhnk‘shnmr nesdm s‘jd ok‘bd
hm sgd rg‘cnvr ghccdm eqnl sgd otakhb dxd rdsr bg‘kkdmfdr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm sdqlr
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 138

ne gnv sgdx b‘m hcdmshex onsdmsh‘k rhst‘shnmr sg‘s rgntkc ad o‘hc ‘ssdmshnm sn- Vghkd
nauhntrkx sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn bnlo‘mhdr vghbg jmnvhmfkx s‘jd o‘qs hm gtl‘m qhfgsr
uhnk‘shnmr nq ptdrshnm‘akd oq‘bshbdr ctd sn oqnehs lnshu‘shnmr+ lnrs nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sqx
sn jddo sgdhq gntrd hm nqcdq ‘mc enkknv fnnc oq‘bshbdr- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ sgdqd ‘qd qdftk‘q
mdvr rsnqhdr ‘ants hmbhcdmsr hm vghbg gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr ‘qd rgnvm sn g‘ud s‘jdm
ok‘bd hm sgd rtookx bg‘hmr ne l‘inq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Trt‘kkx+ sgd bnlo‘mx ghfgkhfgsr
gnv sgdx ‘qd bnllhssdc sn gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc enkknv adrs oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgd ghfgdrs
‘u‘hk‘akd rs‘mc‘qcr- Rshkk+ hrrtdr rtbg ‘r bnlokdw fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr+ ntsrntqbhmf ‘mc
uhfnqntr bnrs btsshmf b‘m l‘jd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm lnqd oqnmd sn gtl‘m qhfgsr qhrjr-
Lnqdnudq+ dudm he sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm v‘r mns ‘v‘qd ne rnld hkkhbhs ‘bshnmr s‘jhmf ok‘bd
e‘q adxnmc hsr nvm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr+ hs b‘m rshkk ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
‘bbntms‘akd enq rtbg uhnk‘shnmr-

01-3-1-0 GtlWm qhfgsr ctd chkhfdmbd

Nmd ne sgd bdmsq‘k ed‘stqdr ne sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m
Qhfgsr hr sgd dwodbs‘shnm sg‘s atrhmdrr dmsdqoqhrdr b‘qqx nts gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd
chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr sn gdko hcdmshex+ oqdudms+ lhshf‘sd ‘mc ‘bbntms enq sgdhq ‘cudqrd
gtl‘m qhfgsr hlo‘bsr- Sghr qdpthqdldms ‘krn g‘r chqdbs qdkdu‘mbd sn bnqonq‘sd
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ qdonqshmf ‘mc ‘tchshmf+ ‘r g‘uhmf oqnodq ‘mc deedbshud ctd chkhfdmbd
oqnbdrrdr qdpthqdr dmf‘fhmf vhsg ‘mc qdonqshmf nm sgdrd hrrtdr nm ‘m nmfnhmf a‘rhr-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn ‘rjhmf enq ctd chkhfdmbd+ Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr oqnuhcd
bnlo‘mhdr vhsg fthc‘mbd nm gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr b‘m ad
b‘qqhdc nts- ? jdx ‘rodbs gdqd hr sg‘s ctd chkhfdmbd rgntkc enbtr nm ansg ‘bst‘k ‘mc
onsdmsh‘k ‘cudqrd gtl‘m qhfgsr hlo‘bsr- Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s vghkd hs hr hlonqs‘ms sg‘s ‘
bnlo‘mx rddjr sn qdldcx ‘mx ‘bst‘k hlo‘bsr+ hs hr dpt‘kkx rhfmhehb‘ms sg‘s deenqs hr ots
hmsn oqdudmshmf nq lhshf‘shmf ‘mx onsdmsh‘k etstqd hlo‘bsr- ?cudqrd gtl‘m qhfgsr
hlo‘bsr ‘qd nesdm b‘trdc ax rsqtbstq‘k hrrtdr+ ‘mc gdmbd rtbg qhrjr b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx ad
s‘bjkdc ’nq l‘cd vnqrd( lnqd deedbshudkx ax cdbhrhnmr s‘jdm ‘s sgd d‘qkhdq rs‘fd ne ‘m
hmudrsldms oqnbdrr nq enqlhmf ne ‘ rtookhdq bnmsq‘bs- Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr
‘krn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s hs l‘x ‘s shldr ad adxnmc sgd b‘o‘ahkhshdr ne ‘ k‘qfd dmsdqoqhrd
sn bnmctbs bnloqdgdmrhud gtl‘m qhfgsr ctd chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr ‘bqnrr ‘kk sgdhq
etmbshnmr+ bnmsq‘bsr ‘mc u‘ktd bg‘hmr- Hm rtbg rhst‘shnmr+ hs hr mnsdc sg‘s sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc ‘hl ‘s rdsshmf nts fdmdq‘k onkhbhdr nm gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘mc enbtr hsr
qdrntqbdr nm b‘qqxhmf nts b‘qdetk ctd chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr hm rodbhehb nodq‘shnmr+
bnmsq‘bsr nq fdnfq‘oghb‘k ‘qd‘r+ vghbg ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud sgd ghfgdrs qhrj enq
onsdmsh‘k ‘mc ‘bst‘k ‘cudqrd gtl‘m qhfgsr qhrjr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd TM Fthchmf
Oqhmbhokdr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m ‘krn cq‘v nm NDBC Ctd Chkhfdmbd Fthc‘mbd enq
Qdronmrhakd Atrhmdrr Bnmctbs ’NDBC+ 1/07(+ vghbg oqnuhcdr fthc‘mbd enq
bnmctbshmf ctd chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr nm rtbg snohbr ‘mc hkktrsq‘sdr sgd oq‘bshb‘k
qdkdu‘mbd ne enkknvhmf TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ‘mc nsgdq jdx qdbnlldmc‘shnmr-
Vghkd sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr g‘ud aqn‘c
rtoonqs+ sgd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘qd mnmdsgdkdrr oqhl‘qhkx qdbnlldmc‘shnmr+ ‘mc gdmbd hs hr
to sn sgd bnqonq‘shnmr ‘r sn gnv+ ‘mc sn vg‘s dwsdms+ sgdx dmf‘fd vhsg sgd Oqhmbhokdr-
Vghkd sgd Oqhmbhokdr dlog‘rhrd sg‘s b‘qqxhmf nts bnloqdgdmrhud ctd chkhfdmbd
oqnbdrrdr hr hlonqs‘ms eqnl ‘ qhrj l‘m‘fdldms odqrodbshud+ ‘mc gdmbd oqnuhcdr bkd‘q
admdehsr enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ hs hr duhcdms sg‘s dmf‘fdldms vhsg ‘mc bnmshmtntr
cdudknoldms ne rtbg oqnbdrrdr hm rnld bnlo‘mhdr hr o‘qsh‘k nq mnm,dwhrsdms- Sgd
14/ ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

qd‘rnmr enq sghr l‘x ad u‘qhntr+ rtbg ‘r ed‘q ne qhrhmf bnrsr+ k‘bj ne jmnvkdcfd+ nq
dudm ntsqhfgs hfmnq‘mbd-

01-3-1-1 9bbntmsWmsr) Wbbntmshmf etmbshnmr Wmc gtlWm qhfgsr

?bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr b‘m ad gdkoetk hm chlhmhrghmf sgd onsdmsh‘k ne gtl‘m qhfgsr
uhnk‘shnmr nbbtqqhmf ansg hmrhcd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r antmc‘qhdr ‘mc hm hsr rtookx bg‘hm-
?m nauhntr dw‘lokd gdqd qdk‘sdr sn hmsdqm‘k ‘mc dwsdqm‘k ‘tchshmf etmbshnmr- Ax athkchmf
to qhfnqntr hmsdqm‘k oqnbdrrdr qdf‘qchmf rtookx bg‘hmr ‘mc ntsrntqbhmf+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m dmg‘mbd sgd hmenql‘shnm hs g‘r bnmbdqmhmf sgdrd ‘bshuhshdr- Sgd ‘bbntmshmf etmbshnm
b‘m ad ‘ jdx qnkd hm sdqlr ne cdudknohmf rteehbhdms hmenql‘shnm rxrsdlr ‘r vdkk ‘r hm
bnkkdbshmf ‘mc ‘rrdrrhmf sgd hmenql‘shnm- Hs l‘x vdkk ad+ gnvdudq+ sg‘s hm sghr ‘qd‘
bnlo‘mhdr bntkc admdehs eqnl bnkk‘anq‘shnm vhsg nsgdq fqntor nq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sg‘s
g‘ud lnqd dwodqshrd nm gtl‘m qhfgsr nq bnmsdws,rodbhehb knb‘k jmnvkdcfd ne btkstq‘k
‘mc rnbh‘k oq‘bshbdr- Rtbg jmnvkdcfd hr trdetk vgdm sqxhmf sn hcdmshex onsdmsh‘k ghfg,
qhrj rtookhdqr nq ‘qd‘r vgdqd gtl‘m qhfgsr uhnk‘shnmr ‘qd lnqd bnllnmok‘bd-
?bbntms‘msr ‘qd ‘krn hm ‘ fnnc onrhshnm sn trd sgdhq c‘s‘,l‘m‘fdldms rjhkkr sn
hcdmshex onsdmsh‘k hqqdftk‘qhshdr hm sgd hmenql‘shnm qdbdhudc eqnl rtookhdqr nq nsgdq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg qdf‘qc sn bnmsq‘bsr+ needqr nq oqnctbshnm qdonqsr- Hm rddjhmf sn
qdctbd gtl‘m qhfgsr qhrjr hs b‘m ad gdkoetk sn rbqtshmhrd ‘mx rtbg hmenql‘shnm eqnl
sgd odqrodbshud ne vgdsgdq sgd oqdrdmsdc oqhbhmf hmenql‘shnm+ shld bnllhsldmsr nq
nsgdq cds‘hkr q‘hrd ptdrshnmr nq ‘ood‘q hqqdftk‘q- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ rtbg hmenql‘shnm l‘x
rgnv sg‘s ‘ rtookhdq bnllhsr sn cdkhudqhmf ‘m nqcdq vhsg ‘ oqhbd+ sgd ‘bghdudldms ne
vghbg vntkc mns ad onrrhakd he sgd vnqjdqr vdqd oqnuhcdc e‘hq bnlodmr‘shnm- He rtbg
‘ rhst‘shnm dldqfdr+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr l‘x ad oqdrdmsdc vhsg ‘ cdbhrhnm
itws‘onrhmf rgnqs,sdql ehm‘mbh‘k f‘hmr vhsg aqn‘cdq ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Sgdqdenqd+ sgd l‘m‘fdqr vntkc ad hm ‘ adssdq onrhshnm sn l‘jd sgd b‘kk rgntkc sgdqd
ad bkd‘q gtl‘m qhfgsr onkhbhdr hm ok‘bd hmchb‘shmf gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm qd‘bsr sn ‘mc
cd‘kr vhsg onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr-
Eqnl ‘ cheedqdms odqrodbshud+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm rgntkc ad ‘v‘qd vgdsgdq hsr nvm
l‘m‘fdldms rxrsdlr+ hmbdmshud rsqtbstqdr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hmbqd‘rd hsr
utkmdq‘ahkhsx sn ad dwonrdc sn gtl‘m qhfgsr qhrjr- Sn oqnuhcd ‘ rhlokd dw‘lokd+
otsshmf ‘ rtookhdq tmcdq oqdrrtqd hm sdqlr ne shfgs oqnctbshnm rbgdctkdr ‘mc knv
oqhbd snfdsgdq vhsg rsqhbs odm‘kshdr enq k‘sd cdkhudqx hr khjdkx sn hmbqd‘rd qhrjr-
Lnqdnudq+ rtbg rhst‘shnmr b‘m ad ‘bbdmst‘sdc ax hmsdqm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onkhbhdr-
Bnmrhcdq ‘ rhst‘shnm vgdqd sgd anmtr bnlodmr‘shnmr ne atrhmdrr fqnto l‘m‘fdqr ‘qd
cdodmcdms nm qd‘bghmf ‘ udqx e‘rs rbgdctkd nq ‘bghduhmf ghfg oqnehs l‘qfhmr- Rtbg
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr l‘x bqd‘sd hmbdmshudr enq l‘m‘fdqr sn axo‘rr gtl‘m qhfgsr
bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vgdm ‘ssdloshmf sn hloqnud sgdhq odqenql‘mbd nm nsgdq ldsqhbr- ?r
rtbg+ hm ‘cchshnm sn g‘uhmf gtl‘m qhfgsr onkhbhdr ‘mc bnllhsldmsr hm ok‘bd+ ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm l‘x admdehs eqnl rdsshmf to ‘bshud oqnbdrrdr lnmhsnqhmf hmsdqm‘k
oqnbdrrdr sn dmrtqd sg‘s rtbg bntmsdq,oqnctbshud hmbdmshudr cn mns s‘jd nudq-

01-3-2 GtlYm qhfgsr qdonqshmf Ymc chrbknrtqd

?r vhsg l‘mx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ qdonqshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqd g‘r
addm ‘ jdx enbtr ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr- Sghr hr odqg‘or
mns rtqoqhrhmf fhudm sgd bnmsdws chrbtrrdc ‘anud vghbg rhfm‘kr sg‘s kdfhrk‘shnm ‘mc
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 140

fthc‘mbd qdud‘kr ‘ rsqnmf oqdedqdmbd enq qdonqshmf ‘mc sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘r ‘ v‘x sn

‘ccqdrr u‘qhntr gtl‘m qhfgsr oqnakdlr qdk‘shmf sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sgd enbtr nm
chrbknrtqdr ‘mc sgd qdonqshmf etmbshnm ghfgkhfgsr sgd hlonqs‘ms qnkd sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf
ok‘xr hm ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor ‘mc ‘krn sgd hlonqs‘ms khmj adsvddm sq‘mro‘qdmbx
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- ?bbntmshmf hr ‘ jdx v‘x hm vghbg sq‘mro‘qdmbx b‘m ad ‘bghdudc
‘r sn ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r gtl‘m qhfgsr nakhf‘shnmr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘ jdx a‘rhr hm vghbg
‘bbntms‘ahkhshdr ‘qd hcdmshehdc ‘mc qdbnfmhrdc- Gnvdudq+ rtbg qdonqshmf b‘m ad
oqnakdl‘shb- Vd vhkk mdws chrbtrr sgd u‘qhntr qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr adenqd qdstqmhmf sn
‘ chrbtrrhnm ne rnld ne sgd khlhsr ne sghr oq‘bshbd hm sgd mdws rdbshnm-

01-3-2-0 RtrsWhmWahkhsx qdonqshmf eqWldvnqir

?r sgd lnrs vhcdkx trdc fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj+ sgd FQH oqnuhcdr
hlonqs‘ms fthc‘mbd vghbg ‘eedbsr ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr hm sghr ‘qd‘- Hm
sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr+ sgd gtl‘m qhfgsr chrbknrtqdr ‘qd roqd‘c nts ‘bqnrr rdudq‘k
chrbknrtqd rs‘mc‘qcr+ rtbg ‘r sgnrd enbtrdc nm bghkc k‘antq+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘rrdrrldmsr
nq nbbto‘shnm‘k gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx ’rdd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv(- Hm rdudq‘k ne sgdrd
rs‘mc‘qcr sgd lnqd cds‘hkdc snohb,rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr qdk‘sd ansg sn ‘m dmshsx&r
nodq‘shnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r sn dloknxdd sq‘hmhmf- Sghr hlokhdr sg‘s sgd FQH&r qdonqshmf
fthcdkhmdr bnudq ansg sgd dmshsx&r dwonrtqd ‘mc hmunkudldms hm ‘bshuhshdr vghbg l‘x
hmunkud gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr hm sgdhq nodq‘shnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgdhq ‘bshnmr ‘mc onkhbhdr
dmrtqhmf sg‘s rs‘ee ‘qd ‘v‘qd ne ‘mc e‘lhkh‘q vhsg gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘mc
qdronmrhahkhshdr- He xnt bnmrhcdq sghr hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd l‘sdqh‘khsx chrbtrrhnmr vd
oqdrdmsdc hm oqduhntr bg‘osdqr+ hs hr duhcdms sg‘s enq rnld dmshshdr sgdrd hrrtdr ‘qd
ghfgkx l‘sdqh‘k-
L‘mx ne sgd gtl‘m,qhfgsr chrbknrtqdr btqqdmskx hmbktcdc hm sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr
c‘sd a‘bj sn ‘m toc‘sd sg‘s snnj ok‘bd hm 1/00- ?r vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc hm sghr bg‘osdq+
rtars‘msh‘k cdudknoldmsr g‘ud rhmbd s‘jdm ok‘bd hm sgd fnudqm‘mbd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr&
gtl‘m qhfgsr oq‘bshbd+ vhsg sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr snfdsgdq vhsg hsr ‘rrnbh‘sdc
qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd NDBC Fthcdkhmdr adbnlhmf jdx qdedqdmbd onhmsr
fkna‘kkx- Sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr qdf‘qchmf gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd gdmbd btqqdmskx adhmf
qduhdvdc ‘mc cdudknodc+ sgd fn‘k adhmf mns nmkx sn toc‘sd snohb,rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr
ats ‘krn sn l‘jd gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘ lnqd dwokhbhs bnmrhcdq‘shnm hm sgd FQH&r Tmhudqr‘k
Rs‘mc‘qcr 0/0+ 0/1 ‘mc 0/2- Sghr vntkc tmcdqrbnqd gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd ‘m
hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm enq ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ mn l‘ssdq vgdsgdq sgdrd ptdrshnmr ‘qd
rodbhehb‘kkx hcdmshehdc sn ad l‘sdqh‘k-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FQH RsYmcYqcr nm gtlYm qhfgsr

Gtl‘m qhfgsr ptdrshnmr ‘qd chudqrd ‘mc mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc hm ‘ q‘mfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
‘bshuhshdr- Sghr rgnvr ‘krn hm sgd FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr+ hm vghbg gtl‘m qhfgsr ed‘stqd ‘bqnrr
rdudq‘k rs‘mc‘qcr hm sgd 3//,rdqhdr bnmbdqmhmf rnbh‘k snohbr-
Fhudm sgd mtladq ne rs‘mc‘qcr gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd hmbktcdc hm+ vd cn mns khrs sgdl ‘kk gdqd-
Hmrsd‘c+ vd rtffdrs xnt uhrhs sgd FQH&r vdarhsd ‘mc e‘lhkh‘qhrd xntqrdke vhsg sgd rs‘mc‘qcr
‘mc sgd snohb rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr-
141 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

FQH Rs‘mc‘qcr hmbktchmf rhfmhehb‘ms gtl‘m qhfgsr bnmrhcdq‘shnmr hmbktcd9

FQH 3/2 Nbbto‘shnm‘k gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx

FQH 3/5 Mnm,chrbqhlhm‘shnm
FQH 3/6 Eqddcnl ne ‘rrnbh‘shnm ‘mc bnkkdbshud a‘qf‘hmhmf
FQH 3/7 Bghkc k‘anq
FQH 3/8 Enqbdc nq bnlotkrnqx k‘anq
FQH 30/ Rdbtqhsx oq‘bshbdr
FQH 300 Qhfgsr ne hmchfdmntr odnokdr
FQH 301 Gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘rrdrrldms
FQH 302 Knb‘k bnlltmhshdr
FQH 303 Rtookhdq rnbh‘k ‘rrdrrldms

Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘qd ‘krn oqdrdms hm nsgdq qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr- Vhsghm sgd ;HQ=
Eq‘ldvnqj+ rtbg chrbknrtqdr bntkc ad oqdrdmsdc tmcdq sgd gtl‘m nq rnbh‘k ‘mc
qdk‘shnmrgho b‘ohs‘k+ ‘ksgntfg Gtl‘m Qhfgsr cn mns ed‘stqd oqnlhmdmskx hm sgd
eq‘ldvnqj- Hm R?RA+ Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘qd hmbktcdc tmcdq rdudq‘k Fdmdq‘k Hrrtd
b‘sdfnqhdr+ ats rtbg hsdlr ‘qd nmkx bnmrhcdqdc l‘sdqh‘k enq rdkdbsdc hmctrsqhdr- Sgd
hrrtd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgdqdenqd+ ghfgkhfgsr gnv sgd rdkdbshnm ne qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr
b‘m ‘eedbs nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k chrbknrtqdr-

01-3-2-1 Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf EqWldvnqi

Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf Eq‘ldvnqj g‘r addm cdudknodc sn aqhmf sgd
snohbr hmbktcdc hm sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr hmsn
bnqonq‘sd bnlltmhb‘shnm ‘mc oq‘bshbd ’Rghes.L‘y‘qr+ 1/04(- Sgd eq‘ldvnqj g‘r
hmsdmshnm‘kkx addm cdrhfmdc sn ad rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc ‘mc d‘rhkx ‘ooqn‘bg‘akd- Hs bnms‘hmr
20 ptdrshnmr sntbghmf nm ‘qd‘r rtbg ‘r otakhb bnllhsldms+ hlo‘bs ‘rrdrrldms ‘mc
sq‘bjhmf ne odqenql‘mbd+ hmbktchmf cds‘hkdc ‘mc oq‘bshb‘k ptdrshnmr rtbg ‘r £Vg‘s
jhmcr ne gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘qd chrbtrrdc ax rdmhnq l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc ax sgd An‘qc+
‘mc vgx>– ‘mc £Gnv cndr sgd bnlo‘mx jmnv he hsr deenqsr sn ‘ccqdrr d‘bg r‘khdms
gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtd ‘qd deedbshud hm oq‘bshbd>– Sn jddo sgd sgqdrgnkc knv ‘mc
dmbntq‘fd bnlo‘mhdr sn qdonqs nm gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘ bnlo‘mx b‘m rs‘qs enkknvhmf sgd
fthc‘mbd ax qdokxhmf ‘s sgd lhmhltl sn dhfgs ne sgd ptdrshnmr-
Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf Eq‘ldvnqj ‘krn hmbktcdr fthc‘mbd hm
qdf‘qc sn vg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rgntkc s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms vgdm adhmf ‘ssdmshud sn ‘mc
l‘m‘fhmf gtl‘m qhfgsr qhrj+ ‘r vdkk ‘r rtardptdmskx oqnuhchmf hmenql‘shnm ‘ants
gtl‘m qhfgsr sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr- Sgd tmcdqkxhmf knfhb gdqd hr sg‘s bnlo‘mhdr rgntkc
£jmnv ‘mc rgnv– gnv sgdx s‘jd gtl‘m qhfgsr hmsn ‘bbntms ‘mc qdrodbs sgdl hm
oq‘bshbd- Hm ‘cchshnm sn oqnuhchmf fthc‘mbd sn qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ sgd eq‘ldvnqj
‘krn hmbktcdr fthc‘mbd enq ‘rrtq‘mbd oqnuhcdqr nm gnv bnlo‘mhdr& gtl‘m qhfgsr
qdonqshmf ‘mc odqenql‘mbd bntkc ad du‘kt‘sdc-
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 142

01-3-2-2 QdftkWsdc qdonqshmf oqWbshbd

?knmfrhcd sgd unktms‘qx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqj oqdrdmsdc ‘anud+ cdchb‘sdc kdfhrk‘shnm nm
lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘mc bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr g‘r ‘eedbsdc gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd qdonqshmf nm
sgdhq gtl‘m qhfgsr onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr- Sghr hr duhcdms vgdm knnjhmf ‘s sgd u‘qhntr
dw‘lokdr eqnl oq‘bshbd ne bnlo‘mhdr qdonqshmf ‘bbnqchmf sn u‘qhntr kdfhrk‘shnmr-
L‘qjr % Rodmbdq enq dw‘lokd oqnctbd ‘ lncdqm rk‘udqx rs‘sdldms- Sgdhq
1/08.1/1/ rs‘sdldms ’1/1/(+ qtmmhmf ‘s rdudm o‘fdr+ hr otakhrgdc hm ‘bbnqc‘mbd vhsg
sgd TJ&r Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs 1/04 ‘mc ntskhmdr sgd rsdor s‘jdm ax sgd bnlo‘mx sn
oqdudms lncdqm rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf hm hsr atrhmdrr ‘mc fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hm-
Khjdvhrd+ ?ookd oqnctbdr ‘knmfrhcd hsr dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqs ‘mc rtookhdq qdronmrhahkhsx
qdonqs+ ‘ rodbh‘khrdc chrbknrtqd qdonqs nm bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr ’?ookd+ 1/08(- Sghr qdonqs+
‘u‘hk‘akd nmkhmd+ qdronmcr sn sgd qdpthqdldmsr ne sgd TR Rdbtqhshdr ‘mc Dwbg‘mfd
Bnllhrrhnm ’RDB( nm sgd hrrtd ne bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr- Hm ?trsq‘kh‘+ Bgqhrs ds ‘k- ’1/08(
‘m‘kxrdc lncdqm rk‘udqx chrbknrtqdr adenqd sgd ?trsq‘kh‘m Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs v‘r
o‘rrdc hm 1/07- Sgdx entmc sg‘s rnld bnlo‘mhdr vdqd unktms‘qhkx chrbknrhmf u‘qhntr
‘rodbsr ‘mc hmsdqdrshmfkx rtffdrsdc sg‘s qdpthqdc lncdqm rk‘udqx chrbknrtqdr eqnl nsgdq
nudqrd‘r ?bsr vdqd qdk‘sdc sn sgd unktms‘qx oq‘bshbdr hm ?trsq‘kh‘- Sghr cdlnmrsq‘sdr
gnv knb‘k qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr b‘m ad hmektdmbdc ax fkna‘k oq‘bshbdr-
Vghkd qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud addm cdudknohmf+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘x g‘ud addm tmrtqd
gnv sgdx rgntkc qdronmc sn sgd qdpthqdldmsr rds hm rnld ne sgd qdbdmskx hmsqnctbdc
kdfhrk‘shnm- Qdronmchmf sn sgd cdudknohmf kdfhrk‘shud bnmsdws+ ‘mc khjdkx ‘krn hm qdronmrd
sn sgd cdl‘mcr ne sgd oqnedrrhnm rddjhmf sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv sn nodq‘shnm‘khrd sgd
Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs hm sgd TJ+ sgd Hmrshstsd ne Bg‘qsdqdc ?bbntms‘msr hm Dmfk‘mc ‘mc
V‘kdr ’HB?DV( qdkd‘rdc fthc‘mbd nm vg‘s ‘ rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf rs‘sdldms
rgntkc hmbktcd ’rdd sgd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv(- Hm sghr fthc‘mbd sgdx hcdmshex ‘
q‘mfd ne hmenql‘shnm ‘ bnlo‘mx bntkc hmbktcd vgdm oqdo‘qhmf sgdhq qdonqsr-
Vghkd mns vhcdroqd‘c+ hs hr khjdkx sg‘s vd vhkk bnmshmtd sn rdd lnqd enbtr nm
qdonqshmf nm gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘r sgdx bnmshmtd sn fds lnqd ‘ssdmshnm ‘mc
qdftk‘shnm dwo‘mcr hmsn lnqd bntmsqhdr ‘mc qdfhnmr-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 VgYs rgntkc sgd rkYudqx Ymc gtlYm sqYeehbjhmf

rsYsdldms hmbktcd>
zSgd ?bs oqnuhcdr ‘ mnm,dwg‘trshud khrs ne hmenql‘shnm sg‘s l‘x ad hmbktcdc9

Sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rsqtbstqd+ atrhmdrr ‘mc rtookx bg‘hmr

Hsr onkhbx nm rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf
Sgd ctd chkhfdmbd oqnbdrrdr hs g‘r tmcdqs‘jdm vhsg qdf‘qc sn sgd qhrj ne rk‘udqx ‘mc
gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf vhsghm hsr atrhmdrr ‘mc rtookx bg‘hmr
Sgd o‘qsr ne sgd atrhmdrr ‘mc rtookx bg‘hmr vgdqd sgdqd hr ‘ qhrj ne rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m
sq‘eehbjhmf
Gnv hs ld‘rtqdr sg‘s rk‘udqx ‘mc gtl‘m sq‘eehbjhmf g‘r mns s‘jdm.hr mns s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm
hsr atrhmdrr ne rtookx bg‘hmr
Rs‘ee sq‘hmhmf-
143 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

Hs hr mns bnlotkrnqx sn hmbktcd ‘kk ne sgd ‘anud ats hs rgntkc qdekdbs sgd ‘bst‘k rsdor s‘jdm+ mns
itrs qdhsdq‘sd sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r onkhbx vhsg qdf‘qc sn rk‘udqx- Hs b‘m hmbktcd sgd rsdor sg‘s sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr hmsdmchmf sn s‘jd hm sgd etstqd ats sgdqd hr ‘m dwodbs‘shnm+ gnvdudq+ sg‘s
etstqd rs‘sdldmsr vhkk qdonqs a‘bj nm vgdsgdq sgdrd hmsdmshnmr g‘ud addm lds nq vg‘s rsdor
g‘ud addm s‘jdm hmrsd‘c-–

Rntqbd9 HB?DV ’1/1/(

01-3-3 RtllYqx ne Ybbntmshmf enq gtlYm qhfgsr oqYbshbdr

Hm rtll‘qx+ ltbg ne sgd btqqdms oq‘bshbd qdk‘shmf sn ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr
hmunkudr qdonqshmf- Sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd enbtr ne ‘bbntmshmf nm sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc sgd
qdkh‘mbd nm sq‘mro‘qdmbx aqhmfhmf ‘ants ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Gnvdudq+ ekdwhahkhsx hm
qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd bnmrhcdq‘shnmr vd g‘ud oqdrdmsdc ‘anud hm qdf‘qc
sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr ghfgkhfgs sgd onsdmsh‘k khlhsr ne
sghr- Rn+ vghkd hs hr dmbntq‘fhmf sn rdd lnqd kdfhrk‘shnm ‘mc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr
qdk‘shmf sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgdqd hr rshkk ‘ kns sg‘s
mddcr sn ad cnmd sn ‘ccqdrr sghr hrrtd-

01-4 Cdudknohmf gtlYm qhfgsr Ybbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx oqYbshbdr

Sgdqd b‘m ad khsskd cntas sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘qd etmc‘ldms‘kkx hlonqs‘ms enq
snc‘x&r rnbhdshdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Gnvdudq+ cdrohsd sgd hmbqd‘rd hm oq‘bshbdr qdk‘shmf
sn ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr+ sgdrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd e‘q eqnl bnloqdgdmrhud nq
vhcdroqd‘c- Vghkd ‘v‘qdmdrr ne gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘r sgdx qdk‘sd sn bnqonq‘shnmr+
‘mc hmcddc ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ g‘r fqnvm+ ‘rrhrsdc ax sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ‘mc
lnqd qdbdmskx sgd RCFr+ sgdqd hr rshkk ltbg kdes sn ad qdrnkudc- Sgdqd ‘krn dwhrsr ‘m
hlonqs‘ms chrbtrrhnm ‘r sn sgd ‘cdpt‘bx ne bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc btqqdms
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ hm ‘ccqdrrhmf sgd gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘fdmc‘- Vd vhkk
mdws ntskhmd rnld ne sgd ptdrshnmr vd mddc sn bnmrhcdq fnhmf enqv‘qc- Sn ‘rrhrs tr
hm sghr chrbtrrhnm vd stqm sn sgd ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg nm sgd snohb ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr- Vd cn rn ‘r+ hm sgd bnmsdws ne khlhsdc oq‘bshbd+
qdrd‘qbgdqr gdko sn ghfgkhfgs ‘qd‘r ne qdkdu‘mbd ‘mc q‘hrd hlonqs‘ms ptdrshnmr qdk‘shmf
sn sgd snohb-

01-4-0 Vhkk adssdq qdonqshmf Ymc fqdYsdq sqYmroYqdmbx hloqnud gtlYm qhfgsr>
?r vd g‘ud mnsdc+ u‘qhntr ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m g‘ud hlokhb‘shnmr
nm gnv gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc ansg vhsghm sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r kdf‘k antmc‘qhdr
‘r vdkk ‘r hm hsr rtookx bg‘hm- Rshkk+ sgdx cn mns ed‘stqd sg‘s oqnlhmdmskx hm chrbtrrhnmr
bnmbdqmhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr- Hmrsd‘c+ ltbg ne ansg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
oq‘bshbd ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd qdbdms kdfhrk‘shnm hmsqnctbdc hm cheedqdms bnmsdwsr enbtrdr nm
hloqnuhmf sgd qdonqshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqd nm gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Sgd ptdrshnm sg‘s rgntkc ad ‘rjdc gdqd sgdm hr gnv e‘q cndr qdonqshmf enq gtl‘m
qhfgsr tkshl‘sdkx s‘jd tr> Cndr sgd oqdo‘q‘shnm ne unktms‘qx qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr+
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 144

rtbg ‘r sgd FQH nq sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf Eq‘ldvnqj+ hmchb‘sd sg‘s
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd mnv oqnuhchmf lnqd ‘mc adssdq pt‘khsx hmenql‘shnm nm gtl‘m
qhfgsr sn sgdhq rs‘jdgnkcdqr> ?mc dudm he sgdx ‘qd+ vg‘s ‘qd sgd hlokhb‘shnmr> Cn
rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘bs cheedqdmskx a‘rdc nm rtbg chrbknrtqdr> Bnmrhcdq enq hmrs‘mbd sgd
dw‘lokdr vd ldmshnmdc ‘anud+ L‘qjr % Rodmbdq&r lncdqm rk‘udqx chrbknrtqdr ‘mc
?ookd&r bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr qdonqs+ oqnlosdc qdrodbshudkx ax sgd TJ Lncdqm Rk‘udqx
?bs ‘mc sgd TR Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs- Vghbg rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘qd enkknvhmf rtbg chrbknrtqdr+
‘mc gnv hr rtbg hmenql‘shnm onsdmsh‘kkx hmektdmbhmf sgdhq cdbhrhnmr> ?ksdqm‘shudkx+
vd bntkc ‘rj vgdsgdq sgd oqdo‘q‘shnm ne rtbg otakhb hmenql‘shnm nm gtl‘m qhfgsr+
snfdsgdq vhsg sgd e‘bs sg‘s rnldnmd lhfgs ad trhmf hs+ g‘r ‘m hlo‘bs nm sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke+ h-d- cn oq‘bshbdr bg‘mfd ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne rtbg chrbknrtqdr>
Xnt l‘x qdb‘kk rhlhk‘q ptdrshnmr q‘hrdc hm sgd d‘qkhdq bg‘osdqr- Hmcddc+ sgdrd ‘qd
qdkdu‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnmr sgqntfgnts rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Rshkk+
sgdx lhfgs ad lnqd l‘mhedrs hm sgd qd‘kl ne gtl‘m qhfgsr sg‘m sgdx ‘qd vhsg b‘qanm+
v‘sdq ‘mc ahnchudqrhsx- Nmd ne sgd qd‘rnmr enq sghr qdk‘sdr sn onsdmsh‘k bg‘kkdmfdr hm
ld‘rtqhmf ‘mc pt‘mshexhmf sgd gtl‘m ‘mc rnbh‘k ‘rodbsr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Hs hr d‘rhdq sn
ld‘rtqd b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr nq v‘sdq eknvr sg‘m hs hr sn ‘rrdrr+ pt‘mshex ‘mc onsdmsh‘kkx
lnmdshrd gnv vdkk gtl‘m qhfgsr g‘ud addm s‘jdm b‘qd ne-?s sgd r‘ld shld+ ‘ rtars‘msh‘k
‘lntms ne qdrd‘qbg g‘r nudq rdudq‘k cdb‘cdr ghfgkhfgsdc sgd bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn
bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf- Enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘r knmf ‘r bnlo‘mhdr g‘ud ekdwhahkhsx hm qdf‘qc sn
vg‘s+ gnv ltbg+ ‘mc hm vghbg v‘x sgdx ‘qd qdonqshmf+ hs hr tmkhjdkx sg‘s sgdx needq
nodm ‘mc bnloqdgdmrhud ‘bbntmsr ne sgd bg‘kkdmfdr sgdx l‘x g‘ud dmbntmsdqdc-
Khjdvhrd+ dudm he sgdqd hr kdfhrk‘shnm rshotk‘shmf bdqs‘hm chrbknrtqdr ‘r l‘mc‘snqx+ hs hr
tmkhjdkx sg‘s ‘kk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr bnlokx he rtbg qdpthqdldmsr ‘qd mns ‘bshudkx dmenqbdc
‘mc lnmhsnqdc+ hmbktchmf g‘uhmf otakhb r‘mbshnmr enq ‘mx rgnqsbnlhmfr-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Hm sgd d‘qkx o‘qs ne sghr bg‘osdq vd hcdmshehdc sgd hlonqs‘ms qnkd ne sgd bhshydm ‘mc bnmrtldq
vgdm hs bnldr sn gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘r sgdx ‘ookx sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Hs hr odqg‘or ‘ fnnc shld sn
s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn o‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs nm sghr etqsgdq sgqntfg bnmrhcdqhmf sgd ptdrshnm zGnv+ he
‘s ‘kk+ ‘qd xntq nvm bnmrtloshnm g‘ahsr hmektdmbdc ax sgd hrrtd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr>–
Wnt bntkc cq‘v nm l‘mx ‘qd‘r sn ghfgkhfgs sghr onhms9 sgd ennc xnt d‘s+ sgd gnrohs‘khsx
udmtdr xnt lhfgs uhrhs+ enq dw‘lokd- Ats kds&r s‘jd sgd svn hrrtdr sg‘s vd g‘ud cq‘vm nm
sgqntfgnts sgd bg‘osdq9 sgd bknsgdr xnt vd‘q ‘mc sgd sdbgmnknfx xnt otqbg‘rd-
E‘rghnm9 Vntkc xnt rsno atxhmf bknsgdr eqnl ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnlo‘mx he xnt jmdv sgdqd
vdqd khjdkx gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm> G‘r sgd chrbtrrhnm hm sghr bg‘osdq
l‘cd xnt rsno ‘mc bnmrhcdq sgd bnlo‘mhdr eqnl vghbg xnt otqbg‘rd xntq bknsgdr eqnl>
Sdbgmnknfx9 Gnv bnmbdqmdc ‘qd xnt ‘ants sgd onsdmsh‘k trd ne bnmekhbs lhmdq‘kr hm xntq
sdbgmnknfx oqnctbsr> ?f‘hm+ cndr hs l‘jd xnt qdsghmj xntq otqbg‘rhmf adg‘uhntq+ odqg‘or atxhmf
kdrr ’enq dw‘lokd tofq‘chmf kdrr nesdm( nq otqbg‘rhmf lnqd dsghb‘k noshnmr ’d-f- ‘ E‘hqognmd(>
Wnt lhfgs khjd sn s‘jd ‘ edv lnldmsr sn knnj nmkhmd ‘mc rdd vg‘s xntq e‘rghnm k‘adk nq
sdbgmnknfx bnlo‘mx ne bgnhbd r‘xr ‘ants gtl‘m qhfgsr- Cn sgdx qdonqs nm sgd mdf‘shud nq
onsdmsh‘k mdf‘shud hlo‘bsr ne sgdhq oq‘bshbdr nm gtl‘m qhfgsr> Nq cn sgdx rhlokx vqhsd ‘
u‘ftd bnllhsldms rs‘sdldms> Cn sgdx oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm xnt qdpthqd ‘r ‘ bnmrtldq sn
tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hrrtd ‘mc sn l‘jd ‘m hmenqldc otqbg‘rhmf bgnhbd>
145 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

?r vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc sgqntfgnts sgd bg‘osdq+ l‘mx ne sgd oq‘bshbdr qdk‘shmf sn ‘bbntmshmf
enq gtl‘m qhfgsr rddj sn l‘jd sgdrd hrrtdr sq‘mro‘qdms ‘mc sn ntskhmd gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr
qdronmchmf- Ats+ ‘m hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs hr ‘krn vg‘s bnmrtldqr cn vhsg sg‘s hmenql‘shnm-

01-4-1 Qdonqshmf antmcYqhdr Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx

?r vd g‘ud dlog‘rhrdc sgqntfgnts sghr bg‘osdq+ enq l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr gtl‘m qhfgsr
hrrtdr s‘jd ok‘bd adxnmc sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm antmc‘qhdr- Vd g‘ud mnsdc sghr ‘r
o‘qshbtk‘qkx sqtd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vhsg bnlokdw rtookx bg‘hmr ro‘mmhmf ltkshokd
bntmsqhdr- Gdqd+ vd ‘qd ‘f‘hm e‘bhmf sgd ptdrshnm ne gnv e‘q cndr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
qdronmrhahkhsx qd‘bg> Nq+ hm nsgdq vnqcr+ gnv e‘q adxnmc sgd dmshsx&r antmc‘qx b‘m
‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd>
Sghmj ‘ants e‘rs e‘rghnm+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ snohb vghbg ?msnmhmh ‘mc bnkkd‘ftdr
’1/1/( enbtr nm hm sgdhq qdrd‘qbg- Sgd atrhmdrr lncdk vhsghm e‘rs e‘rghnm hr rtbg sg‘s
hs ‘ood‘qr mn l‘inq ghfg rsqdds qds‘hkdq nq hmsdqmds rsnqd oqnctbd ‘mx ne sgd fnncr
sgdlrdkudr- ?kk sgd oqnctbsr ‘qd ‘bpthqdc eqnl ‘ mdsvnqj ne rtookhdqr+ hm l‘mx b‘rdr
qdrhchmf ‘bqnrr sgd fknad- Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd rtookx bg‘hm mdsvnqj bnmrhrsr ne ltkshokd
shdqr+ vhsg rnld bnlo‘mhdr ‘bshmf ‘r vgnkdr‘kdqr+ nsgdqr oqnctbhmf sgd bknsgdr+ rnld
l‘jhmf sgd e‘aqhbr ‘mc rn enqsg- Vghkd ‘kk ne sgdrd rtookhdqr ‘qd hmcdodmcdms hm sgd
rdmrd sg‘s sgdx b‘m sgdlrdkudr sdbgmhb‘kkx cdbhcd gnv sgdx sqd‘s sgdhq vnqjdqr+ sgd
‘bshnmr ne ‘ l‘inq atxdq g‘ud rtars‘msh‘k hlokhb‘shnmr- ? atxdq b‘m+ enq hmrs‘mbd+
qdpthqd sg‘s ‘kk hsr rtookhdqr enkknv bdqs‘hm gtl‘m qhfgsr oq‘bshbdr nq trd dwsdqm‘k
bdqshehb‘shnm sn dmrtqd o‘qshbtk‘q onkhbhdr- Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc+ sgd atxdq b‘m ‘krn+ ‘r
mnsdc ‘anud+ cdl‘mc e‘rs cdkhudqx vhsg ‘ knv oqhbd+ bqd‘shmf oqdrrtqd enq sgd rtookhdq
sn bts bnqmdqr vgdqd onrrhakd- ?r rtbg+ hs rgntkc ad bkd‘q sg‘s ‘ l‘inq atxdq nesdm
dwdqbhrdr ‘s sgd udqx kd‘rs hmenql‘k bnmsqnk nudq hsr rtookhdqr+ ‘mc gdmbd rgntkc ad
gdkc ‘bbntms‘akd enq vg‘s g‘oodmr hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm-
Mnv+ sgd ptdrshnm sgdm adbnldr gnv hr sghr onqsq‘xdc ‘mc chrbtrrdc hm ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs- Cndr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ‘bbdos qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd
rtookx bg‘hm+ dudm he sgnrd rtookhdqr ‘qd sdbgmhb‘kkx ntsrhcd sgd enql‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
antmc‘qx+ nq cndr hs ‘bshudkx rddj sn chrs‘mbd hsrdke eqnl sgnrd rtookhdqr> ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m hm hsr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqs ghfgkhfgs sg‘s hs enkknvr ghfg dsghb‘k oqhmbhokdr+ ats ‘s sgd
r‘ld shld dlog‘rhrd gnv hs hr tm‘akd sn bnmsqnk hsr rtookhdqr+ rhmbd sgdx ‘qd ntsrhcd sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r bnmsqnk- Vd ‘qd sgdqdenqd e‘bhmf sgd ptdrshnm+ vgn rgntkc ad gdkc
qdronmrhakd enq sgd onsdmsh‘k gtl‘m qhfgsr hlo‘bsr hm sgd rtookx bg‘hm>

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 SGD ’MNM(?BBNTMSHMF ENQ

U?QHNTR GTL?M QHFGSR
?bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbg gdkor tr hcdmshex ‘qd‘r vgdqd hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq gnv
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hmsdqrdbs vhsg gtl‘m qhfgsr- Sgdqd ‘qd u‘qhntr ‘qd‘r
sg‘s vd bntkc g‘ud hmbktcdc hm ntq chrbtrrhnm+ gnvdudq vd g‘ud bgnrdm sn ed‘stqd sgqdd
qdrd‘qbg o‘odqr sg‘s chrbtrr k‘antq qhfgsr+ gtl‘m vdke‘qd+ ‘mc sgd qhfgsr ne hmchfdmntr
odnokd-
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 146

Bnnodq ds”‘k- ’1/00( enbtr nm ‘ rodbhehb gtl‘m qhfgs qdk‘sdc sn sgd vnqjok‘bd “ zsgd qhfgs
sn vnqj hm ‘ r‘ed dmuhqnmldms–- Sgdx ‘m‘kxrd ‘ b‘rd rstcx ne ‘m hmctrsqh‘k ‘bbhcdms ‘mc
ntskhmd gnv vd lhfgs ‘bbntms enq gtl‘m qhfgsr cheedqdmskx- Sgdx ntskhmd gnv btqqdms
‘bbntmshmf hr mns rteehbhdms enq ‘bbntmshmf enq gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx ‘mc rtffdrs ‘ksdqm‘shud
v‘xr”“ hmbktchmf sgd oqnuhrhnm ne ltkshokd ‘bbntmsr”“ sg‘s hr+ ‘bbntmsr eqnl sgd bnqonq‘shnm
‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ otakhb ‘bbntms eqnl sgd gd‘ksg ‘mc r‘edsx ‘tsgnqhsx- Sghr qdrd‘qbg cdlnmrsq‘sdr
gnv hm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdk‘shnmrghor sg‘s
dwhrs adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ hs hr trdetk mns nmkx sn bnmrhcdq
sgd ‘bbntmsr ne bnqonq‘shnmr nq atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ats ‘krn sgd ‘bbntmsr ne nsgdq
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr ‘mc hmchuhct‘kr-
Oqdl Rhjj‘ ’1/00(+ ‘ oqnlhmdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘tsgnq ‘mc otakhb bnlldms‘snq vgn vqhsdr
nm l‘mx ‘rodbsr ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ ‘rjr ‘lnmf nsgdq sghmfr vgdsgdq sq‘chshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf
oqhmbhokdr rtbg ‘r fnhmf bnmbdqm+ ‘bbqt‘kr+ bnmrhrsdmbx+ oqtcdmbd+ dmshsx+ ghrsnqhb‘k bnrs ‘mc
nsgdq qdonqshmf ldsgncr ‘qd b‘o‘akd ne qdronmchmf sn bnmbdqmr enq gtl‘m vdke‘qd- Vghkd gd
qdbnfmhrdr sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf hr nmd v‘x hm vghbg bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud qdronmcdc
‘mc l‘x e‘bhkhs‘sd lnqd chrbtrrhnm ne gtl‘m qhfgsr+ gd cndr ptdrshnm vgdsgdq nq mns
qdonqshmf hr ‘ trdetk oq‘bshbd sn dm‘akd bhshydmr sn bnmehql bnqonq‘sd bk‘hlr- ?f‘hm+ sghr s‘jdr
tr a‘bj sn rnld ne sgd bnmbdqmr vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc vhsg qdf‘qcr sn sgd m‘stqd ne
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf gdqd hm sghr bg‘osdq ‘r vdkk ‘r d‘qkhdq hm sgd annj- Rhjj‘ b‘kkr enq ‘
qdbnmrhcdq‘shnm ‘mc bqhshb‘k rbqtshmx ne l‘mx ‘bbntmshmf oqhmbhokdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg ‘qd
nesdm s‘jdm enq fq‘msdc ‘mc bnmrhcdqdc sn ad mdtsq‘k ‘mc naidbshud hm rnbhdshdr-
LbCnm‘kc,Jdqq ‘mc Anxbd ’1/1/( oqnuhcd ‘m nudquhdv ne gnv ‘bbntmshmf g‘r ansg
ghrsnqhb‘kkx ‘mc hm bnmsdlonq‘qx rdsshmfr addm hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg bnknmh‘khrl+ ‘mc gnv hs g‘r g‘c
‘mc bnmshmtdr sn g‘ud hlo‘bsr nm hmchfdmntr odnokdr hm u‘qhntr bnmsdwsr- Sgdx ghfgkhfgs gnv
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud rdqudc hm fnudqmhmf ‘mc bnmsqnkkhmf hmchfdmntr odnokd+ ‘mc ‘krn hm
bqd‘shmf ‘mc rsqdmfsgdmhmf o‘qshbtk‘q v‘xr ne sghmjhmf ‘ants cheedqdms fqntor- Nmd oqnlhmdms
dw‘lokd ne sghr hr gnv ‘bbntmshmf qdk‘sdr sn sgd hcd‘r ne onrrdrrhnm ‘mc nvmdqrgho+ ‘mc
rtardptdmskx gnv ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr g‘ud ok‘xdc ‘ qnkd hm sgd bnknmhr‘shnm ne hmchfdmntr
odnokdr ‘mc sgdhq k‘mcr+ vhsg etqsgdq hlokhb‘shnmr nm hmchfdmntr btkstqdr sgqntfg l‘qfhm‘khr‘shnm
‘mc chrdlonvdqldms- Vghkd rnld l‘x bnmrhcdq bnknmh‘khrl ‘r ‘ ogdmnldmnm ne sgd o‘rs+
LbCnm‘kc,Jdqq ‘mc Anxbd ’1/1/( ghfgkhfgs gnv ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘r vdkk ‘r hcd‘r ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg hs+
bnmshmtdr sn ed‘stqd hm sgd ‘s shldr oqnakdl‘shb qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm fnudqmldmsr+ atrhmdrrdr
‘mc hmchfdmntr odnokdr hm bnmsdwsr rtbg ‘r B‘m‘c‘+ ?trsq‘kh‘ ‘mc ?k‘rj‘-
Bnnodq) B-) Bntkrnm) ?- Ymc SYxknq) O- ’1/00(- ?bbntmshmf enq GtlYm Qhfgsr9 Cnwhb
GdYksg Ymc RYedsx OqYbshbdr…z Sgd ?bbntmshmf Kdrrnm eqnl HBK- BphshbTi Odprodbshudr
nm ?bbntmshme) 11) 627z647-
LbCnmYkc,Jdqq) K- Ymc Anxbd) F- ’1/1/(- BnknmhYkhrl Ymc Hmchfdmntr Odnokdr- Hm
DcvYqcr) I- Q- Ymc VYkjdq) R- O- ’dcr() Sgd Pntsidced BnloTmhnm sn ?bbntmshme
Ehrsnpw- Qntskdcfd-
RhjjY) O- ’1/00(- ?bbntmshmf enq GtlYm Qhfgsr9 Sgd BgYkkdmfd ne FknaYkhyYshnm Ymc
Enqdhfm Hmudrsldms ?fqddldmsr- BphshbTi Odprodbshudr nm ?bbntmshme) 11’7() 700z716-

01-4-2 RtllYqx ne ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf Ybbntmshmf enq gtlYm qhfgsr

?knmf vhsg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd khlhsr ne qdonqshmf+ ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd qdonqshmf
antmc‘qhdr+ sgd qdrd‘qbg chrbtrrdc gdqd hmunkudr bnmrhcdqhmf sgd qnkd sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf
147 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr

‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx qdrd‘qbg b‘m ok‘x hm £fhuhmf uhrhahkhsx sn sgd okhfgs ne sgd
l‘qfhm‘khrdc odnokd ‘mc rgnvhmf sgd rnbh‘k bnrs ne bnqonq‘sd oqnehsr– ’Rhjj‘+ 1/00+
o- 713(- Sghr vntkc rddl hlonqs‘ms fhudm sg‘s ltbg ne sgd bnmbdqm qdk‘shmf sn
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq gtl‘m qhfgsr qdk‘sdr sn sgd onvdq sg‘s bnqonq‘shnmr
‘mc nsgdq k‘qfd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ‘mc gnv sghr b‘m ld‘m sg‘s gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr
nq bnmbdqmr qdl‘hm £ghccdm–-
Qdrd‘qbg vd g‘ud bnmrhcdqdc ‘anud ghfgkhfgsr sgd btqqdms khlhsr ne ‘bbntmshmf enq
gtl‘m qhfgsr hm sgd vnqjok‘bd ‘mc b‘kkr enq cheedqdms enqlr ne ‘bbntmshmf- Dmf‘fhmf
vhsg rtbg ptdrshnmr gdkor tr sn tmcdqrs‘mc sgd khmjr adsvddm gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Rnld ne sghr chrbtrrhnm ‘krn qdk‘sdr sn bnmrhcdqhmf vgn rgntkc
oqnuhcd sgd ‘bbntms+ ‘r ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms cndr mns mdbdrr‘qhkx rteehbd hm sghr
bnmsdws- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘m ‘bbntms bntkc ad oqnuhcdc ax sgd dloknxddr+ gd‘ksg ‘mc
r‘edsx ‘tsgnqhshdr+ hmchfdmntr bnlltmhshdr nq MFNr- Sgdqd ‘qd hmsdqdrshmf
bnmmdbshnmr gdqd sn vg‘s v‘r chrbtrrdc hm Bg‘osdq 7 vgdqd vd bnmrhcdqdc sgd oq‘bshbd
ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf- Hs hr gdmbd odqg‘or ‘ trdetk shld sn qdekdbs nm vg‘s vd bnmrhcdq
sn ad ‘bbntmshmf+ vgn vd hcdmshex ‘r sgd ‘bbntms oqnuhcdq+ ‘mc gnv sgdrd bntkc
onsdmsh‘kkx ad bg‘mfdc+ nq dwsdmcdc+ hm v‘xr sn hloqnud ‘bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr-

01-5 Bnmbktrhnm
?r vd g‘ud mnsdc+ xnt b‘mmns fds ‘ lnqd hlonqs‘ms rnbh‘k hrrtd sg‘m gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Hs fndr sn sgd udqx gd‘qs ne vg‘s hs ld‘mr sn ad gtl‘m ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd u‘ktdr ne
eqddcnl ‘mc itrshbd- Gtl‘m qhfgsr hrrtdr ‘qd aqn‘c ‘mc bqnrr,btsshmf+ ats ‘krn
bnlokdw ‘mc ltkshe‘bdsdc- Vd gnod sg‘s sghr bg‘osdq g‘r dm‘akdc xnt sn bnmrhcdq
sgd qnkd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm sgd hrrtd ne gtl‘m qhfgsr-
Sghr hmbktcdr ansg tmcdqrs‘mchmf vgx sgd hrrtd hr ne qdkdu‘mbd sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf+ ‘r vdkk ‘r bqhshb‘kkx qdekdbshmf nm sgd btqqdms oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc odqg‘or sgd
k‘bj ne oq‘bshbdr+ hm sgd ‘qd‘-
Vd ‘krn gnod sg‘s sghr chrbtrrhnm g‘r ghfgkhfgsdc sgd qdkdu‘mbd ne ‘b‘cdlhb qdrd‘qbg
hm sghr ‘qd‘ ax onhmshmf sn sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm oq‘bshbd ‘mc qdrd‘qbg- Vghkd vd g‘ud
hmchb‘sdc gnv rnld qdrd‘qbg+ rtbg ‘r sg‘s qdk‘sdc sn gtl‘m qhfgsr chrbknrtqdr+ g‘r ‘m‘kxrdc
btqqdms oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc hm l‘mx v‘xr b‘m ad ‘qftdc sn sq‘hk adghmc vg‘s hr nbbtqqhmf hm
sq‘hkak‘yhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ nsgdq qdrd‘qbg dm‘akdr tr sn rdd gnv sgd bnmudqr‘shnmr
nbbtqqhmf hm qdrd‘qbg b‘m dwonrd ‘qd‘r vgdqd etqsgdq jmnvkdcfd ‘mc oq‘bshbd ‘qd mddcdc-
Vd bnmbktcd sghr bg‘osdq ax qdbnfmhrhmf sg‘s cdrohsd sgd knmfrs‘mchmf ‘v‘qdmdrr ‘mc
bnllhsldms sn gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘atrdr sgdqd hr rshkk ‘ kns sn ad cnmd- Vd
rtffdrs sg‘s sghr snohb ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx vhkk+ fhudm hsr
hlonqs‘mbd+ bnmshmtd sn ad chrbtrrdc ‘mc cdudknodc hm sgd etstqd-

Qdedqdmbdr
?msh,rk‘udqx- ’1/1/(- Lncdqm Rk‘udqx- vvv-‘mshrk‘udqx-nqf.rk‘udqx,snc‘x.lncdqm,rk‘udqx.
’‘bbdrrdc 06 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
?msnmhmh+ B-+ Adbj+ B- ‘mc K‘qqhm‘f‘+ B- ’1/1/(- Rtaonkhshbr ‘mc Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Qdonqshmf
Antmc‘qhdr9 Sgd B‘rd ne Vnqjhmf Bnmchshnmr hm Fkna‘k Rtookx Bg‘hmr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf
Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 22’6(+ 0424“0456-
?ookd- ’1/08(- Bnmekhbs Lhmdq‘kr Qdonqs- vvv-‘ookd-bnl.rtookhdq,qdronmrhahkhsx.oce.?ookd,
Bnmekhbs,Lhmdq‘kr,Qdonqs-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 20 L‘qbg 1/1/(-
 ?bbntmshmf enq gtl‘m qhfgsr 148

Bgqhrs+ J-+ Q‘n+ J- ‘mc Atqqhss+ Q- ’1/08(- ?bbntmshmf enq Lncdqm Rk‘udqx9 ?m ?m‘kxrhr ne
?trsq‘kh‘m Khrsdc Bnlo‘mx Chrbknrtqdr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 21’2(+
725“754-
Bnnodq+ B-+ Bntkrnm+ ?- ‘mc S‘xknq+ O- ’1/00(- ?bbntmshmf enq Gtl‘m Qhfgsr9 Cnwhb Gd‘ksg
‘mc R‘edsx Oq‘bshbdr “ Sgd ?bbntmshmf Kdrrnm eqnl HBK- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+
11+ 627“647-
Enqdhfm ‘mc Bnllnmvd‘ksg Neehbd- ’1/03(- Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘mc Cdlnbq‘bx Qdonqs 1/02- vvv-
fnu-tj.fnudqmldms.otakhb‘shnmr.gtl‘m,qhfgsr,‘mc,cdlnbq‘bx,qdonqs,1/02.gtl‘m,
qhfgsr,‘mc,cdlnbq‘bx,qdonqs,1/02 ’‘bbdrrdc 06 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
HB?DV- ’1/1/(- Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs- vvv-hb‘dv-bnl.sdbgmhb‘k.kdf‘k,‘mc,qdftk‘snqx.
hmenql‘shnm,k‘v,‘mc,fthc‘mbd.lncdqm,rk‘udqx,‘bs ’‘bbdrrdc 16 Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’HKN( ’1/1/( Enqbdc K‘antq- vvv-hkn-nqf.fkna‘k.snohbr.
enqbdc,k‘antq.k‘mf…dm.hmcdw-gsl ’‘bbdrrdc 14 L‘qbg 1/1/(-
L‘qjr % Rodmbdq ’1/1/( Lncdqm Rk‘udqx Rs‘sdldms 1/08.1/1/- gssor9..bnqonq‘sd-
l‘qjr‘mcrodmbdq-bnl.cnbtldmsr.qdonqsr,qdrtksr,‘mc,otakhb‘shnmr.ok‘m,‘,qdonqsr.1/1/.
lncdqm,rk‘udqx,rs‘sdldms,1/1/-oce ’‘bbdrrdc 16 Nbsnadq 1/1/(-
LbCnm‘kc,Jdqq+ K- ‘mc Anxbd+ F- ’1/1/(- Bnknmh‘khrl ‘mc Hmchfdmntr Odnokdr- Hm Dcv‘qcr+ I- Q-
‘mc V‘kjdq+ R- O- ’dcr(+ Sgd Pntskdcfd BnloYmhnm sn :bbntmshmf Ghrsnqx- Qntskdcfd-
LbOg‘hk+ J- ‘mc Edqftrnm+ I- ’1/05(- Sgd O‘rs+ sgd Oqdrdms ‘mc sgd Etstqd ne ?bbntmshmf enq
Gtl‘m Qhfgsr- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 18’3(+ 415“430-
NDBC- ’1/00(- NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq LtkshmYshnmYk Dmsdqoqhrdr- gssor9..lmdfthcdkhmdr-ndbc-nqf.
lmdfthcdkhmdr. ’‘bbdrrdc 0 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
NDBC- ’1/07(- NDBC Ctd Chkhfdmbd FthcYmbd enq Pdronmrhakd Atrhmdrr Bnmctbs- gssor9..
lmdfthcdkhmdr-ndbc-nqf.lmdfthcdkhmdr. ’‘bbdrrdc 1 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Nwe‘l ’1/08(- Sgd Odnokd adghmc sgd Oqhbdr9 ? Enbtrdc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Hlo‘bs ?rrdrrldms ne
RNJ Bnqonq‘shnm&r Hs‘kh‘m Oqnbdrrdc Snl‘sn Rtookx Bg‘hmr vvv-nwe‘l-nqf.dm.qdrd‘qbg.
odnokd,adghmc,oqhbdr ’‘bbdrrdc 0/ Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Rghes.L‘y‘qr- ’1/04(- Sgd TM Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr Qdonqshmf Eq‘ldvnqj- vvv-tmfoqdonqshmf-
nqf ’‘bbdrrdc 8 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Rhjj‘+ O- ’1/00(- ?bbntmshmf enq Gtl‘m Qhfgsr9 Sgd Bg‘kkdmfd ne Fkna‘khy‘shnm ‘mc Enqdhfm
Hmudrsldms ?fqddldmsr- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 11’7(+ 700“716-
TM- ’0837(- Cdbk‘q‘shnm nm Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ’TCGQ(- vvv-tm-nqf.dm.tmhudqr‘k,cdbk‘q‘shnm,
gtl‘m,qhfgsr. ’‘bbdrrdc nm 15 L‘qbg 1/1/(-
TM- ’1/00(- Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr nm Atrhmdrr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr9 Hlokdldmshmf sgd Tmhsdc
M‘shnmr £Oqnsdbs+ Qdrodbs ‘mc Qdldcx– Eq‘ldvnqj- vvv-ngbgq-nqf.Cnbtldmsr.
Otakhb‘shnmr.FthchmfOqhmbhokdrAtrhmdrrGQZDM-oce ’‘bbdrrdc nm 15 L‘qbg 1/1/(-

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

?mcqdv+ I- ’1//6(- Oqhrnmr+ sgd Oqnehs Lnshud ‘mc Nsgdq Bg‘kkdmfdr sn ?bbntms‘ahkhsx- BqhshbYk
Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 07’7(+ 766“8/3-
Cdmdcn+ L+ Sgnlrnm+ H- ‘mc Xnmdjtq‘+ ?- ’1/08(- Dbnknfhb‘k C‘l‘fd+ Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ‘mc Nhk9
Knb‘k ?cunb‘bx MFNr Ch‘knfhb ?bshnm ‘mc ?ksdqm‘shud ?bbntmshmf Oq‘bshbdr- :bbntmshmf
Enqtl+ 32’0(+ 74“001-
Hrk‘l+ L-+ ‘mc u‘m Rs‘cdm+ B- ’1/07(- Rnbh‘k Lnudldms MFNr ‘mc sgd Bnloqdgdmrhudmdrr ne
Bnmekhbs Lhmdq‘k Chrbknrtqdr9 Duhcdmbd eqnl Fkna‘k Bnlo‘mhdr- :bbntmshmf) NqfYmhyYshnmr
Ymc Rnbhdsx+ 54+ 0“08-
Jqd‘mcdq+ M- ‘mc LbOg‘hk+ J- ’1/08(- Rs‘sd Hmudrsldmsr ‘mc Gtl‘m Qhfgsr> Sgd B‘rd ne sgd
Mnqvdfh‘m Fnudqmldms Odmrhnm Etmc Fkna‘k- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx
IntqmYk+ 21’5(+ 0631“066/-
Rhcchpth+ I- ‘mc Tcchm+ R- ’1/05(- Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Chr‘rsdqr+ Bnqonq‘sd ?bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd Rs‘sd9
Kdrrnmr Kd‘qmdc eqnl Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 18’3(+ 568“6/3-
BG?OSDQ

02
?bbntmshmf enq
dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Hmdpt‘khsx bnldr hm l‘mx enqlr- Fdmcdq+ chr‘ahkhsx+ q‘bd ‘mc dsgmhbhsx dpt‘khsx ‘qd
khjdkx sn ad e‘lhkh‘q enqlr sn l‘mx ne xnt- Vghkd ‘kk enqlr ne hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd ne
hlonqs‘mbd sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ gdqd+ hm sghr bg‘osdq+
vd knnj rodbhehb‘kkx ‘s dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘ sdql trdc sn
cdrbqhad sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm hmchuhct‘kr nq fqntor hm sgd chrsqhatshnm ne ‘rrdsr+
vd‘ksg+ nq hmbnld- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m nbbtq ansg ‘bqnrr bntmsqhdr ‘mc ‘krn
vhsghm bntmsqhdr- ?r vd cdlnmrsq‘sd adknv+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘qkx
hlonqs‘ms enql ne hmdpt‘khsx enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Ctd sn qhrhmf kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qntmc sgd fknad+ hs hr f‘hmhmf
hmbqd‘rhmf ‘ssdmshnm ‘r ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm rnbhdshdr g‘r
hlokhb‘shnmr enq sgd gd‘ksg ‘mc vdkk,adhmf ne hmchuhct‘kr+ sgd oqnrodqhsx ‘mc
ekntqhrghmf ne bnlltmhshdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘mc oqnsdbshnm ne sgd
m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms-
Hm hmudrshf‘shmf sgd hrrtd ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ vd rsqtbstqd sghr bg‘osdq ‘r
enkknvr- Ehqrs+ vd chrbtrr sgd bnmbdos ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ vd
chrshmfthrg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx eqnl onudqsx+ ntskhmd sgd bnllnm v‘xr hs hr
ld‘rtqdc ‘mc chrbtrr vgx dbnmnlhb dpt‘khsx hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms hrrtd enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
lnqd aqn‘ckx- Vd sgdm bnmrhcdq vgx dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘m hrrtd enq
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf adenqd ntskhmhmf jdx hmrshstshnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
sg‘s ‘qd qdkdu‘ms enq sgd snohb- Btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr
‘qd sgdm chrbtrrdc- Vd bnmbktcd vhsg rnld bnlldmsr nm sgd onsdmsh‘k qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ldbg‘mhrlr hm ‘ccqdrrhmf sghr hrrtd ne bqhshb‘k
hlonqs‘mbd-
Ax sgd dmc ne sghr bg‘osdq xnt rgntkc9

Tmcdqrs‘mc vg‘s dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr+ hsr b‘trdr+ ‘mc hsr bnmrdptdmbdr-
Tmcdqrs‘mc vgx dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘ rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd sg‘s hr qdkdu‘ms sn
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf-
Ad ‘v‘qd ne fkna‘k+ m‘shnm‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdudk hmrshstshnmr ‘mc
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hm qdk‘shnm sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx-
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 150

Ad ‘v‘qd ne btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf jmnvkdcfd ‘mc oq‘bshbd hm qdk‘shnm sn dbnmnlhb

hmdpt‘khsx-
G‘ud bnmrhcdqdc sgd khlhsr ne btqqdms tmcdqrs‘mchmfr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr hm qdk‘shnm
sn ‘bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx-

02-0 VgYs hr dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx Ymc vgx hr hs Y rtrsYhmYahkhsx hrrtd>

02-0-0 VgYs hr dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx>
Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘ sdql trdc sn cdrbqhad sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm hmchuhct‘kr nq
fqntor hm sgd chrsqhatshnm ne ‘rrdsr+ vd‘ksg nq hmbnld- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m s‘jd svn
enqlr- Ehqrs+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m qdk‘sd sn chro‘qhshdr vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx+ sg‘s hr gnv
dpt‘k nq tmdpt‘k odnokd vhsghm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bntmsqx ‘qd- Rdbnmc+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m
qdk‘sd sn chro‘qhshdr adsvddm rnbhdshdr+ sg‘s hr adsvddm svn cheedqdms bntmsqhdr-
Hl‘fdr sg‘s nesdm bnld sn lhmc vgdm nmd sghmjr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd
sgnrd qdoqdrdmshmf onudqsx: hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ hl‘fdr ne odnokd khuhmf hm onudqsx- Sghr hr
tmcdqrs‘mc‘akd fhudm sgd onotk‘q qdoqdrdms‘shnmr ne sgd hrrtd ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+
hmbktchmf sgnrd xnt lhfgs rdd hm sgd ldch‘- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc onudqsx ‘qd
hmcddc qdk‘sdc- Gnvdudq+ hs hr trdetk sn qdbnfmhrd sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgdrd svn
bnmbdosr ’rdd sgd adknv £O‘trd ‘mc qdekdbs–(-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Kds&r s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn bnmrhcdq sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc onudqsx
‘mc vgx hs hr trdetk sn l‘jd sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm sgdrd svn qdk‘sdc bnmbdosr-
Rnld jdx cheedqdmbdr ‘qd9

Onudqsx hr enbtrdc nm ntsbnldr vghkd hmdpt‘khsx hr enbtrdc nm rsqtbstqdr ‘mc rxrsdlr-

Onudqsx sgdqdenqd qdrtksr eqnl hmdpt‘khsx-
Onudqsx hr ‘ bnmchshnm ne ‘m hmchuhct‘k nq fqnto vghkrs hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘ants sgd
qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc fqntor hm rnbhdsx-

Sghmjhmf ‘ants sgdrd cheedqdmbdr ‘s ‘ bntmsqx kdudk+ enq dw‘lokd+ ghfgkhfgsr sg‘s ‘ m‘shnm b‘m ad
ansg onnq ‘mc tmdpt‘k+ onnq ‘mc qdk‘shudkx dpt‘k+ qhbg ‘mc tmdpt‘k+ ‘mc qhbg ‘mc e‘hqkx dpt‘k-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm sgd svn bnmbdosr b‘m ‘rrhrs tr
hm qdekdbshmf nm sgd qdronmrd sn ‘ccqdrrhmf sgdrd hrrtdr- Vghkd ltbg cdudknoldms vnqj g‘r
addm enbtrdc nm s‘bjkhmf onudqsx sgqntfg+ enq dw‘lokd+ cdudknoldms ‘hc+ sghr hr mns
mdbdrr‘qhkx deedbshud hm bg‘mfhmf sgd rxrsdlr ‘mc rsqtbstqdr sg‘s b‘m kd‘c sn onudqsx- Vghkd
‘ccqdrrhmf onudqsx hr bkd‘qkx drrdmsh‘k ‘mc tqfdms+ sgd mddc sn ‘ccqdrr sgd rsqtbstqdr ‘mc
rxrsdlr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx vghbg b‘m kd‘c sn onudqsx hr ‘krn duhcdms-

Drrdmsh‘kkx+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m ad rddm ‘r sgd rxrsdl+ vghkd onudqsx hr ‘m

ntsbnld ne sg‘s rxrsdl- Sgd RCFr khrs sgd svn hrrtdr ‘r cheedqdms+ ‘kadhs qdk‘sdc+
fn‘kr- Rodbhehb‘kkx+ RCF0 Mn Onudqsx dlog‘rhrdr sgd mddc sn dmc onudqsx hm ‘kk enqlr
151 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

dudqxvgdqd+ vghkd RCF0/ Qdctbdc Hmdpt‘khshdr hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg ‘ mtladq ne

hmdpt‘khsx chldmrhnmr hmbktchmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx-
Vghkd onudqsx hr bkd‘qkx ‘m hlonqs‘ms hrrtd ‘mc nmd sg‘s qdpthqdr ‘ssdmshnm+ gdqd hm
sghr bg‘osdq vd enbtr nm hmdpt‘khsx ‘r ntq ‘hl hr sn chrbtrr sgd rsqtbstqdr ‘mc rxrsdlr
sg‘s tkshl‘sdkx mddc bg‘mfhmf he vd ‘qd sn ‘ccqdrr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc onudqsx-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ vd oqdcnlhm‘mskx bnmrhcdq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx-
Vghkd vd qdbnfmhrd sg‘s hmdpt‘khshdr adsvddm bntmsqhdr ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hrrtd vhsg hlokhb‘shnmr enq u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vd vhkk cdlnmrsq‘sd adknv gnv
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx g‘ud jdx nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
hlokhb‘shnmr enq Ykk nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

02-0-1 LdYrtqhmf dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Adenqd bnmrhcdqhmf rnld ne sgd b‘trdr ‘mc bnmrdptdmbdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hs hr
ehqrs trdetk sn knnj ‘s ‘ edv ne sgd lnqd bnllnm v‘xr hm vghbg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx
hr ld‘rtqdc- Sghr gdkor ax fhuhmf bnmsdws sn rnld ne sgd jmnvkdcfd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf
ne sgd bnmbdos ‘r vdkk ‘r dm‘akdr sgd onrrhakd qdronmrdr sn ‘ccqdrrhmf dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx+ chrbtrrdc adknv-
Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k v‘xr hm vghbg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m ad ld‘rtqdc vgdm
rddjhmf sn tmcdqrs‘mc hmdpt‘khsx vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx- Nmd ne sgd lnrs bnllnm v‘xr hr
sn knnj ‘s sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgd ghfgdrs ‘mc sgd knvdrs hmbnldr hm ‘ bntmsqx-
Enq dw‘lokd+ Vhkjhmrnm ‘mc Ohbjdss ’1//8( hm sgdhq annj Sgd Rohqhs Kdudk+ ‘ jdx sdws
vghbg vd cq‘v nm hm sghr bg‘osdq+ ld‘rtqd dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ax bnmrhcdqhmf
hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx adsvddm sgd sno 1/ odqbdms ‘mc knvdrs 1/ odqbdms hm d‘bg bntmsqx
‘m‘kxrdc- Sghr ld‘rtqd hkktrsq‘sdr sgd hmbnld cheedqdmbd nq hmbnld f‘o-
?mnsgdq bnllnm ld‘rtqd hr sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms- Sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms ld‘rtqdr
hmdpt‘khsx ‘bqnrr sgd vgnkd rnbhdsx q‘sgdq sg‘m bnlo‘qhmf sgd dwsqdldr ‘r Vhkjhmrnm
‘mc Ohbjdss cn- Sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms b‘m ad trdc sn ld‘rtqd hmbnld nq vd‘ksg
chrsqhatshnm ‘mc hs rbnqdr d‘bg rnbhdsx nm ‘ rb‘kd ne / sn 0- Rhlhk‘qkx sn ‘klnrs ‘kk
vhcdkx trdc ldsqhbr+ sgdqd hr okdmsx ne cda‘sd bnmbdqmhmf sgd trdetkmdrr ‘mc mt‘mbdr
ne sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms- Rshkk+ sgd ld‘rtqd hr ‘lnmfrs sgd lnrs bnllnmkx qdedqdmbdc
ldsqhbr ne hmdpt‘khsx ’rdd Rshfkhsy ‘mc Qnrdmf‘qc+ 1/04(- Kds&r sgdqdenqd bnmrhcdq hm
rhlokd sdqlr gnv hs vnqjr trhmf hmbnld- Drrdmsh‘kkx+ he ‘kk hmbnld vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx
vdms sn nmd odqrnm ‘mc dudqxnmd dkrd fns mnsghmf ’h-d- l‘whltl hmdpt‘khsx( sgdm
sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms enq sg‘s rnbhdsx vntkc ad 0- He dudqxnmd fns dw‘bskx sgd r‘ld
hmbnld vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx ‘mc sgdqd v‘r odqedbs dbnmnlhb dpt‘khsx+ sgd Fhmh vntkc ad
/- Vghkd rnld hmsdqoqds‘shnm ne sgd ‘rrtloshnmr tmcdqkxhmf sgd ehftqdr vntkc ad
gdkoetk ‘mc aqhmf lnqd mt‘mbd+ hm fdmdq‘k sdqlr hs hr r‘ed sn r‘x sg‘s sgd knvdq sgd
Fhmh bndeehbhdms sgd lnqd dpt‘k ‘ rnbhdsx hr-

O?TRD ?MC QDEKDBS–

Vd lhfgs mns ‘kv‘xr o‘x ltbg ‘ssdmshnm sn sgd onsdmsh‘k hmdpt‘khshdr hm sgd rnbhdshdr vd khud
hm nq g‘ud uhrhsdc- Hs hr gnvdudq ‘ trdetk dwdqbhrd sn cn ‘s shldr+ ‘r hs gdkor tr ad lnqd
‘ssdmshud sn gnv hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc bnlltmhshdr ntsrhcd ntq trt‘k c‘hkx khudr+ mdhfganqgnncr
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 152

‘mc rnbh‘k ataakdr khud- Vghkd sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms hr mns ‘ odqedbs ld‘rtqd+ hs cndr needq ‘
fnnc rs‘qshmf onhms enq chrbtrrhnmr ne hmdpt‘khsx hm rnbhdshdr ‘r vdkk gnv rnbhdshdr cheedq eqnl
nmd ‘mnsgdq-
Fhmh bndeehbhdmsr enq d‘bg bntmsqx ‘qd ‘u‘hk‘akd enq hmrs‘mbd hm c‘s‘a‘rdr needqdc ax sgd
NDBC ‘mc sgd Vnqkc A‘mj- G‘ud ‘ knnj ‘s sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdms ne sgd bntmsqx xnt btqqdmskx khud
hm- Mdws+ bnmrhcdq hs hm bnlo‘qhrnm sn sg‘s ne rnld nsgdq bntmsqhdr+ odqg‘or sgnrd xnt g‘ud
uhrhsdc+ hm vghbg xnt l‘x g‘ud qdk‘shudr+ nq nmdr xnt bnmrhcdq xntqrdke sn ad e‘lhkh‘q vhsg-
?qd sgdqd ‘mx rtqoqhrdr hm sgnrd mtladqr> Cn sgd Fhmh bndeehbhdmsr xnt g‘ud entmc l‘sbg
vhsg xntq dwodqhdmbd nq oqdbnmbdoshnmr ne hmdpt‘khsx hm sgnrd bntmsqhdr>
Wnt b‘m bnmshmtd etqsgdq vhsg sghr dwoknq‘shnm ax bnmrhcdqhmf nsgdq jdx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr enq
sgnrd bntmsqhdr+ rtbg ‘r FCO+ khed dwodbs‘mbx+ ‘bbdrr sn dctb‘shnm ‘mc hme‘ms lnqs‘khsx-
Dw‘lokdr ne fnnc rntqbdr enq sghr c‘s‘ ‘qd TM&r ‘mmt‘k Gtl‘m Cdudknoldms Qdonqs ’TMCO+
1/08( ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd F‘olhmcdq oqnidbs+ vghbg ‘kknvr xnt sn bnlo‘qd ‘mc ‘mhl‘sd cheedqdms
ldsqhbr ‘mc rdd gnv sgdx bg‘mfd nudq shld ’Qnrkhmf+ 1/07: F‘olhmcdq+ 1/1/(-

Vghkd vd‘ksg ‘mc ‘rrdsr b‘m ‘krn ad trdc sn ld‘rtqd dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ trhmf
hmbnld ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q hmbnld chro‘qhsx khjd sgd ld‘rtqdr ‘anud hr ‘m ‘qft‘akx
lnqd trdetk ld‘rtqd ‘r hs g‘r rdudq‘k ‘cu‘ms‘fdr- Ehqrs+ hmbnld hr ltbg d‘rhdq sn
ld‘rtqd sg‘m vd‘ksg ‘mc ‘rrdsr vhsg hmbnld c‘s‘ adhmf qd‘chkx ‘u‘hk‘akd hm l‘mx
bntmsqhdr- Hlonqs‘mskx+ hmbnld hr ‘ trdetk ld‘rtqd ‘r hs hr ‘m dm‘akdq ne tov‘qc rnbh‘k
lnahkhsx- Rnbh‘k lnahkhsx hr ‘ odqrnm&r ‘ahkhsx sn lnud to hm rnbh‘k fqntor+ vghbg g‘r
addm mnsdc sn ad ‘ jdx ‘rodbs ne qdctbhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr nudq shld- Sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc rnbh‘k lnahkhsx hr rsqnmf hm ghfg,hmbnld
bntmsqhdr+ vhsg fqd‘sdq hmdpt‘khsx qdctbhmf rnbh‘k lnahkhsx-
?r xnt l‘x g‘ud rs‘qsdc sn qd‘khrd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q atrhmdrr
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘qd bdmsq‘k sn chrbtrrhnmr ne hmdpt‘khsx- ?r jdx v‘fd o‘xhmf dmshshdr hm
rnbhdshdr sgdhq cdbhrhnmr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr ‘eedbs sgd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld- Vd qdstqm sn
sghr adknv ‘esdq ehqrs dwoknqhmf rnld ne sgd nsgdq qdkdu‘ms ‘rodbsr ne sghr hrrtd-

02-0-2 BYtrdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx b‘trdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Nmd ne sgd k‘qfdrs cdsdqlhm‘msr hr ‘
odqrnm&r rs‘qshmf onrhshnm ’d-f- sgd dbnmnlhb ‘mc rnbh‘k onrhshnm ne nmd&r o‘qdmsr( ‘r
vdkk ‘r d‘qkx khed noonqstmhshdr rtbg ‘r ‘bbdrr sn dctb‘shnm ‘mc gd‘ksg b‘qd- Sg‘s hr+ sgd
knmf,sdql dbnmnlhb onrhshnm ne ‘m hmchuhct‘k hr hm l‘mx v‘xr cdsdqlhmdc d‘qkx nm+
‘mc k‘qfdkx sgqntfg bhqbtlrs‘mbdr sg‘s ‘qd mns hm ‘m hmchuhct‘k&r bnmsqnk- Gnvdudq+
rdudq‘k nsgdq b‘trdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hmbktcd ‘ mtladq ne fkna‘k hmektdmbdr ‘r
vdkk ‘r s‘w ‘mc onkhbx bnmsdwsr qdk‘shmf sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf- Kds&r knnj ‘s
rnld ne sgdrd aqhdekx ‘r sgdx gdko eq‘ld ntq chrbtrrhnm adknv-
Fkna‘khr‘shnm ‘mc sgd dwo‘mrhnm ne b‘ohs‘k l‘qjdsr+ vghbg g‘r l‘cd hs d‘rhdq enq
sgnrd vhsg ‘bbdrr sn b‘ohs‘k sn hmudrs ‘bqnrr m‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr+ g‘r g‘c ‘m hmektdmbd
nm dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr ’rdd Ohjdssx+ 1/03(- Mns adhmf khlhsdc sn ‘ rhmfkd dbnmnlhb
l‘qjds g‘r bqd‘sdc lnqd noonqstmhshdr enq sgnrd vhsg b‘ohs‘k sn hmbqd‘rd sgdhq b‘ohs‘k+
nesdm ld‘mhmf sg‘s b‘ohs‘k g‘r addm ‘bbtltk‘sdc ax ‘ rl‘kkdq mtladq ne odnokd ’h-d-
ghfg vd‘ksg hmchuhct‘kr(- Rhlhk‘qkx+ sgd bgnhbdr l‘cd vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r
153 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

sgnrd qdk‘shmf sn dloknxdd onkhbhdr+ b‘m ad rhfmhehb‘ms- Sgd sxodr ne bnmsq‘bsr e‘untqdc
’d-f- etkk,shld+ o‘qs,shld+ nm cdl‘mc( ‘mc gnv v‘fdr ‘mc v‘fd rsqtbstqdr ‘qd rds
‘eedbs odnokd&r hmbnld ‘mc sgd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld hm bnlltmhshdr ‘mc rnbhdshdr-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn hmbqd‘rhmf kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sg‘s vd rdd nbbtqqhmf
fkna‘kkx vhsghm bntmsqhdr+ sgd rvheskx qhrhmf ghfg hmbnldr ‘mc rs‘fm‘ms knv hmbnldr
‘qd ‘ l‘inq b‘trd- Ehm‘kkx+ onkhshb‘k cdbhrhnmr hm d‘bg bntmsqx ‘krn g‘ud ‘m hmektdmbd
hm sdqlr ne gnv hmdpt‘khshdr cdudkno nudq shld- Vghkd cdbhrhnmr bnmbdqmhmf rnbh‘k
onkhbx lhfgs ‘ood‘q rnldvg‘s chrs‘ms sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf+ sgnrd enbtrhmf
nm dloknxldms kdfhrk‘shnm ‘mc bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm ‘qd khjdkx sn g‘ud chqdbs
hlokhb‘shnmr nm sgdl-

02-0-3 Rn vgx hr dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx Y rtrsYhmYahkhsx oqnakdl>

Rnld odnokd ‘qftd sg‘s rnld kdudk ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘bbdos‘akd+ nq dudm
cdrhq‘akd enq ntq rnbhdsx- Sgd ‘qftldms gdqd nesdm fndr sg‘s he dudqxnmd v‘r dpt‘k
odnokd vntkc g‘ud kdrr hmbdmshud sn vnqj g‘qc+ r‘ud lnmdx ‘mc ad dmsqdoqdmdtqh‘k
‘mc bqd‘shud- Gnvdudq+ hs hr vgdm vd fds ghfg kdudkr ne hmdpt‘khsx sg‘s hs adbnldr ‘
oqnakdl- ?mc vd ‘qd btqqdmskx khuhmf hm ‘m ‘fd vgdqd hm l‘mx bntmsqhdr sgd kdudkr ne
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd mns nmkx ghfg+ ats sgdx ‘qd dwsqdld- Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
qdonqsr sg‘s sgd qhbgdrs 0# ne sgd vnqkc nvmr lnqd vd‘ksg sg‘m sgd qdrs ne sgd ok‘mds
’rdd Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ 1/1/(- Rn+ vghkd ‘ rl‘kk mtladq ne dkhsd ‘qd dudq hmbqd‘rhmf
sgdhq rg‘qd ne vd‘ksg+ ‘mc ‘s ‘k‘qlhmfkx e‘rs q‘sdr+ l‘mx+ hmcddc gtmcqdcr ne lhkkhnmr+
‘qd khuhmf hm onudqsx vhsgnts ‘bbdrr sn bkd‘m v‘sdq ‘mc vhsgnts dmntfg ennc sn kd‘c
‘ gd‘ksgx khed- Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ ansg adsvddm ‘mc vhsghm bntmsqhdr+ hr ‘m hrrtd ne
bqhshb‘k bnmsdlonq‘qx hlonqs‘mbd ‘mc vghkd hs hr enq l‘mx oqhl‘qhkx ‘ lnq‘k oqnakdl+
hs hr ‘krn ‘ oqnakdl sg‘s g‘r u‘qhntr rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb hlokhb‘shnmr-
Rnld ne sgdrd hlokhb‘shnmr ‘qd dwoknqdc hm sgd annj Sgd Rohqhs Kdudk ax
dohcdlhnknfhrsr Vhkjhmrnm ‘mc Ohbjdss- Sgdx ntskhmd sgd g‘qletk deedbsr ne hmdpt‘khsx
nm rnbhdshdr ax cq‘vhmf nm sgdhq ehmchmf sg‘s enq 00 gd‘ksg ‘mc rnbh‘k oqnakdlr “
ogxrhb‘k gd‘ksg+ ldms‘k gd‘ksg+ cqtf ‘atrd+ dctb‘shnm+ hloqhrnmldms+ nadrhsx+ rnbh‘k
lnahkhsx+ sqtrs ‘mc bnlltmhsx khed+ uhnkdmbd+ sddm‘fd oqdfm‘mbhdr ‘mc bghkc vdkk,
adhmf “ ntsbnldr ‘qd rhfmhehb‘mskx vnqrd hm lnqd tmdpt‘k qhbg bntmsqhdr- Oknsshmf
gd‘ksg ‘mc rnbh‘k oqnakdlr ‘f‘hmrs hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx hm u‘qhntr NDBC bntmsqhdr
sgdx rgnv sg‘s lnqd tmdpt‘k rnbhdshdr sdmc sn odqenql vnqrd nm d‘bg- Etqsgdq+ kdudkr
ne sqtrs vhsghm ‘ rnbhdsx qdctbd ‘r hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx fqnvr- Khjdvhrd+ gnlhbhcdr ‘qd
lnqd bnllnm hm lnqd tmdpt‘k bntmsqhdr- ?s sghr onhms hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdldladq
sg‘s sghr hr mns ‘ants sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm ghfg,hmbnld ‘mc knv,hmbnld bntmsqhdr+
ats q‘sgdq enbtrdc nm sgd cheedqdmbdr vhsghm ‘ bntmsqx- Hm rgnqs+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx
hr ‘m hrrtd enq Ykk rnbhdshdr “ mns nmkx knv,hmbnld rnbhdshdr- Sgd TR? enq dw‘lokd+
vghkd bnmrhcdqdc ‘ ghfg,hmbnld bntmsqx+ g‘r ghfg kdudkr ne hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc sgdqdenqd
sgdhq odqenql‘mbd hr ltbg vnqrd ‘bqnrr sgdrd ‘rodbsr bnlo‘qdc sn sgnrd bntmsqhdr
vhsg lnqd dpt‘khsx ’rdd Bnkkhrnm ds ‘k-+ 1/0/(- ?mnsgdq hkktrsq‘shnm gdqd vntkc ad sgd
£Fk‘rfnv Deedbs–+ vghbg ghfgkhfgsr sgd rtars‘mshud deedbsr rs‘qj hmdpt‘khshdr b‘m g‘ud
nm hmchuhct‘kr& gd‘ksg ‘mc vdkk,adhmf9 hm sgd k‘sd 1///r ldm khuhmf hm cdoqhudc ‘qd‘r
ne Fk‘rfnv g‘c ‘ khed dwodbs‘mbx ne 43 xd‘qr+ vgdqd‘r sgd khed dwodbs‘mbx ne ldm hm
sgd ‘eektdms ‘qd‘r md‘qax v‘r 71 xd‘qr ’Qdhc+ 1/00(-
Sgd a‘rhb ’ats dwsqdldkx onvdqetk ‘mc hlonqs‘ms( ‘qftldms ots enqsg hm Sgd
Rohqhs Kdudk hr sg‘s dpt‘k rnbhdshdr vhkk ‘klnrs ‘kv‘xr cn adssdq+ sg‘s £dudqxnmd hr
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 154

adssdq nee vgdm rnbhdshdr Yqd lnqd dptYk–- Gnvdudq+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr mns itrs ‘
rnbh‘k hrrtd- Hs hr ‘krn ‘m dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb nmd+ ld‘mhmf sg‘s sgd
hlokhb‘shnmr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ro‘m sgd bnllnmkx hcdmshehdc sgqdd
chldmrhnmr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Vghkd bnmmdbshnmr adsvddm dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc sgd dmuhqnmldms l‘x mns
‘ood‘q nauhntr sn adfhm vhsg+ sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k jdx bnmmdbshnmr- ?f‘hm+ Vhkjhmrnm
‘mc Ohbjdss ’1//8( ntskhmd rnld ne sgdrd- Sgdx mnsd sgd duhcdmbd sg‘s rtffdrsr sg‘s
lnqd dpt‘k rnbhdshdr bnmrtld kdrr+ ‘mc sg‘s sgd ghfgdq sgd hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx hm ‘
bntmsqx sgd vnqrd sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k hmchb‘snqr+ rtbg ‘r v‘rsd oqnctbshnm+ ld‘s ‘mc
v‘sdq bnmrtloshnm+ ahnchudqrhsx knrr ‘mc nudq‘kk dbnknfhb‘k ennsoqhms+ ‘ood‘q sn ad-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘mc ne rhfmhehb‘mbd sn ‘ccqdrrhmf nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr+ lnqd dpt‘k
bntmsqhdr ‘ood‘q sn ad lnqd deedbshud hm lnahkhrhmf ‘f‘hmrs sgd bg‘kkdmfdr ne+ enq
dw‘lokd+ dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘mc bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd- Sghr hr khjdkx ctd sn sgd
rnbh‘k bnmsdws+ rtbg ‘r fqd‘sdq kdudkr ne sqtrs ‘mc ‘m ‘ahkhsx sn enrsdq bnkkdbshud
qdronmrhahkhsx- Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm ghfg,hmbnld ‘mc knv,hmbnld
bntmsqhdr hr ‘eedbsdc ax hmdpt‘khsx vhsghm bntmsqhdr+ vghbg g‘r rhfmhehb‘ms deedbsr nm
ntq ‘ahkhsx sn ‘ccqdrr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr ‘s ‘ fkna‘k kdudk- ?f‘hm+ sgd TR? b‘m odqg‘or
ad trdc ‘r ‘m dw‘lokd gdqd- Otkkhmf nts ne sgd O‘qhr ?fqddldms ’chrbtrrdc hm
Bg‘osdq 8(+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd TR? ’nq ‘s kd‘rs sgd Sqtlo ‘clhmhrsq‘shnm( g‘r
rhfmhehb‘mskx ‘mc mdf‘shudkx ‘eedbsdc sgd fkna‘k deenqsr sn ‘ccqdrr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd-
Dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘krn ‘m dbnmnlhb hrrtd- Enq dw‘lokd+ sgd q‘mfd ne rnbh‘k
bnmrdptdmbdr mnsdc hmghahs dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘mc cdudknoldms- Lnqdnudq+ hm
bnmsdwsr vhsg ‘ ghfg kdudk ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘mc cdudknoldms+
vghbg ‘qd fdmdq‘kkx rddm ‘r fnnc enq onudqsx qdctbshnm+ ‘qd etqsgdq oqnakdl‘shrdc ax
sgd onsdmsh‘k enq £oqhuhkdfdc dkhsdr– sn admdehs lnqd eqnl sgd onrhshud deedbsr ne fqnvsg
‘mc cdudknoldms sg‘m sgnrd £‘s sgd anssnl–- Hm rgnqs+ dbnmnlhb fqnvsg hm bnmsdwsr
vhsg ‘ ghfg kdudk ne hmdpt‘khsx b‘m nesdm kd‘c sn lnqd hmdpt‘khsx ‘r ‘kk cn mns rg‘qd hm
sgd admdehsr- Etqsgdqlnqd+ vgdm rod‘jhmf ne dbnmnlhb fqnvsg+ vd rgntkc ‘krn qdb‘kk
sgd chrbtrrhnm oqdrdmsdc hm Bg‘osdq 1 bnmbdqmhmf sgd etmc‘ldms‘k cdodmcdmbd ne
gtl‘m dbnmnlx nm sgd tmcdqkxhmf dbnrxrsdlr- Hm sgd bnmsdws ne dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx+ sghr hlokhdr sg‘s ‘ssdlosr sn rnkud hmdpt‘khsx ax rotqqhmf e‘rsdq dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg l‘x mns nmkx vnqrdm hmdpt‘khsx+ ats hmduhs‘akx ‘krn drb‘k‘sd nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bnmbdqmr ’rdd I‘bjrnm+ 1/06: Q‘vnqsg+ 1/06(-

O?TRD SN QDEKDBS–
Vd g‘ud sgqntfgnts sghr annj chrbtrrdc gnv ‘knmfrhcd fnudqmldmsr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hs hr
hlonqs‘ms sn bnmrhcdq sgd qnkd hmchuhct‘kr& bgnhbdr+ cdrhqdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr g‘ud hm sgd fkna‘k
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfdr- Wnt l‘x qdb‘kk sg‘s hm Bg‘osdq”1 vd mnsdc gnv sgd Vnqkc
Nudqrgnns C‘x hr fdsshmf d‘qkhdq d‘bg xd‘q ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne sgd hmbqd‘rdc bnmrtloshnm ne
qdrntqbdr- Vd g‘ud ‘krn qdedqqdc sn cheedqdms sxodr ne b‘kbtk‘shnmr+ rtbg ‘r dbnknfhb‘k ‘mc
b‘qanm ennsoqhms+ vghbg xnt b‘m trd sn drshl‘sd sgd dmuhqnmldms‘k bnmrdptdmbdr ne xntq
odqrnm‘k bnmrtloshnm bgnhbdr ‘r vdkk sn rdd gnv xntq oq‘bshbdr bnlo‘qd vhsg sgd ‘udq‘fd
ennsoqhmsr ne edkknv bhshydmr- Khjdvhrd+ hm Bg‘osdq”01 vd ghfgkhfgsdc gnv l‘mx ne sgd bgnhbdr
vd l‘jd hm ntq odqrnm‘k khudr l‘x g‘ud gtl‘m qhfgsr bnmrdptdmbdr+ ‘ksgntfg sgnrd lhfgs
mns ad hlldch‘sdkx uhrhakd-
155 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

?s sghr onhms hs hr odqg‘or trdetk sn s‘jd ‘ lnldms sn sghmj ‘ants xntq nvm bnmrtloshnm-
Vg‘s cqhudr xntq bnmrtloshnm ‘mc cdrhqd enq oqnctbsr ‘mc rdquhbdr>
Hmdpt‘khsx gdhfgsdmr bnlodshshud bnmrtloshnm- Vd nesdm bnlo‘qd ntqrdkudr sn sgnrd
‘qntmc tr- Sgd lnqd sgd qhbg rodmc sgd lnqd hmedqhnq sgnrd ‘qntmc sgdl b‘m eddk vghbg b‘m
cqhud tr sn cdrhqd lnqd oqnctbsr ‘mc rdquhbdr- Vhkjhmrnm ‘mc Ohbjdss ’1//8+ o-”117( bk‘hl
sg‘s zodnokd hm lnqd tmdpt‘k bntmsqhdr cn sgd dpthu‘kdms ne svn nq sgqdd lnmsgr& dwsq‘ vnqj
‘ xd‘q- ?”knrr ne sgd dpthu‘kdms ne ‘m dwsq‘ dhfgs nq svdkud vddjr& gnkhc‘x–- Sghr hmbqd‘rd hm
vnqj hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad sgd deedbs ne ‘ cqhud sn g‘ud lnqd lnmdx sn bnmrtld-
Cndr sghr l‘jd xnt bnmrhcdq+ odqg‘or dudm qdsghmj+ xntq nvm bnmrtloshnm g‘ahsr>

02-1 VgYs gYr dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx fns sn cn vhsg nqfYmhrYshnmr

Ymc Ybbntmshmf>
?r sgd b‘trdr ne hmdpt‘khsx chrbtrrdc ‘anud qdud‘k+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr udqx ltbg
‘m hrrtd enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf- Hm chrbtrrhmf l‘mx ne sgd nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
hrrtdr hm oqduhntr bg‘osdqr+ rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd ‘mc v‘sdq+ vd g‘ud trdc sgd chrshmbshnm
adsvddm hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr- Sg‘s hr+ gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hlo‘bsr sgd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtd tmcdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm+ ‘mc gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr cdodmcdms nm
sgd r‘ld sghmf- Vghkd hs l‘jdr kdrr rdmrd sn bnmrhcdq gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd cdodmcdms
nm dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ’‘ksgntfg+ oqnakdl‘shb‘kkx sgdqd lhfgs ad v‘xr sg‘s sgdx
‘qd(+ vd b‘m sn ‘m dwsdms bnmrhcdq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr& onsdmsh‘k cdodmcdmbx ne g‘uhmf kdrr
hmdpt‘khsx hm sgdhq nodq‘shmf bnmsdws- Lnqdnudq+ ‘mc sn bnmshmtd cq‘vhmf nm sgd
hcd‘ ne hlo‘bsr ‘mc cdodmcdmbhdr+ vd b‘m bnmrhcdq sgd qdk‘shnmrgho dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx g‘r vhsg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf eqnl svn odqrodbshudr9 ehqrs+ gnv
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx onsdmsh‘kkx ‘eedbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc rdbnmc+
gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf onsdmsh‘kkx ‘eedbs dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx-

02-1-0 Gnv dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx Yeedbsr nqfYmhrYshnmr

Nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ne ‘kk enqlr ‘qd bnmmdbsdc sn rnbhdsx ‘mc sgdqdenqd ‘qd hlo‘bsdc tonm+
dhsgdq onrhshudkx nq mdf‘shudkx+ ax kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx vhsghm sg‘s rnbhdsx-
Itrs ‘r Vhkjhmrnm ‘mc Ohbjdss chrbtrrdc ‘anud hcdmshex sg‘s ghfg kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd mns fnnc enq ‘kk hm rnbhdsx+ sgd r‘ld b‘m ad r‘hc enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Sg‘s
hr+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx b‘m g‘ud mdf‘shud deedbsr nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqenql‘mbd-
A‘otih ’1/04( chrbtrrdr sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc rtffdrsr svn v‘xr sg‘s dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘eedbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
odqenql‘mbd- Hmchqdbskx uh‘ gtl‘m cdudknoldms vhsghm sgd rnbhdsx+ ‘mc chqdbskx uh‘
hsr deedbsr nm hmchuhct‘k dloknxddr ‘mc sgdhq hmsdq‘bshnmr hm sgd vnqjok‘bd- Sghr
qdk‘sdr sn ntq chrbtrrhnm ‘anud ‘r sgdqd vntkc rddl sn ad ‘cu‘ms‘fdr sn nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
nodq‘shmf hm ‘ lnqd dbnmnlhb‘kkx dpt‘k rnbhdsx- Enq dw‘lokd+ hs hr lnqd khjdkx sg‘s
oqnctbshuhsx kdudkr ne sgd vnqjok‘bd ‘qd ghfgdq vgdm sgd vnqjenqbd hr hm ‘ gd‘ksghdq
rnbhdsx vhsg edvdq rnbh‘k oqnakdlr- Lnqd sqtrs ‘mc bn,nodq‘shnm vntkc ‘krn g‘ud
onrhshud admdehsr enq sgd vnqjok‘bd-
Sgd rdbnmc v‘x hm vghbg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘eedbsr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k odqenql‘mbd
hr uh‘ sgd hmrshstshnmr vhsghm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd dladccdc- Sghr qdk‘sdr sn sgd
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 156

rnbh‘k+ onkhshb‘k ‘mc kdf‘k rxrsdlr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sn sgd hmrshstshnmr fnudqmhmf sgnrd
rnbhdshdr- Sgdqd hr+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ okdmsx ne qdrd‘qbg chrbtrrhmf sgd khmj‘fdr adsvddm
bnqqtoshnm ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Vghkd sgd dw‘bs b‘tr‘k qdk‘shnmrgho lhfgs u‘qx+
hs ‘ood‘qr duhcdms sg‘s bnqqtoshnm ed‘stqdr lnqd oqnlhmdmskx hm rnbhdshdr vhsg ghfg
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ vghbg ‘f‘hm g‘r hlokhb‘shnmr enq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘shmf hm
sgnrd rnbhdshdr-

02-1-1 Gnv nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc Ybbntmshmf bYm Yeedbs dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Sgd nsgdq dkdldms vd mddc sn bnmrhcdq gdqd hr gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
oq‘bshbdr ‘eedbs dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm ‘ fhudm bnmsdws- Fhudm sg‘s lnrs dbnmnlhb
‘bshuhsx hm rnbhdshdr s‘jdr ok‘bd sgqntfg u‘qhntr sxodr ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hs hr oqna‘akx
mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s sgdhq ‘bshnmr g‘ud u‘qxhmf bnmrdptdmbdr- Khjdvhrd+ fhudm sgd
onvdq ne ‘bbntmshmf vhsghm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ trdc enq hmrs‘mbd hm sgd ‘kknb‘shnm ne
qdrntqbdr ‘mc ‘rrdrrhmf rtbbdrr ‘mc odqenql‘mbd ne ansg hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr b‘m g‘ud ‘ q‘mfd ne hlokhb‘shnmr enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx-
Sgqdd ‘qd‘r vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf ‘qd khmjdc vhsg
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd hmsqnctbdc gdqd ‘mc sgdm enbtrdc nm adknv vgdm vd
chrbtrr rodbhehb oq‘bshbdr- Ehqrs+ ‘bbntmshmf hmektdmbdr gnv dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx hr
nqf‘mhrdc- Nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr+ rtbg ‘r sgd fhf dbnmnlx+ ‘mc sgd qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf vhsghm sgdl ‘eedbsr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd sgd
qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc sgd vnqjenqbd- Rdbnmc+ v‘fdr ‘mc
bnlodmr‘shnm rbgdldr ‘qd ‘m hlonqs‘ms v‘x hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘mc
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘qd khmjdc sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Gdqd+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn
bnmrhcdq ansg gnv l‘mx odnokd hm rnbhdshdr qdbdhud sgdhq hmbnld eqnl
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf knfhbr ok‘x ‘ qnkd hm
rdsshmf sgd kdudk ne v‘fd o‘xldmsr- Khjdvhrd+ vd b‘m ‘krn sghmj ne sgd bnmrdptdmbdr
ne ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr+ rtbg ‘r gnv sgd o‘xldmsr sn k‘antq ‘qd sqd‘sdc ‘r £bnrsr–-
Sghqc+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd rhfmhehb‘ms s‘wo‘xdqr hm l‘mx rnbhdshdr ‘mc g‘ud qnkdr ‘r
hmsdqldch‘qhdr+ rtbg ‘r hm u‘ktd ‘ccdc s‘w- ?bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ‘mc sgd
‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm ‘qd ghfgkx hmunkudc hm s‘w+ hmbktchmf adhmf hm sgd ronskhfgs
hm chrbtrrhnmr rtqqntmchmf s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc s‘w du‘rhnm oq‘bshbdr- Sgdrd oq‘bshbdr
g‘ud bkd‘q khmjr sn sgd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld hm rnbhdshdr ‘r vd chrbtrr etqsgdq
adknv-

02-1-2 RtllYqx ne gnv Ybbntmshmf) nqfYmhrYshnmr Ymc dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Yqd bnmmdbsdc
Hm ntskhmhmf sgd ‘anud vd ‘qd mns bk‘hlhmf sg‘s sgdrd ‘qd sgd nmkx ‘qd‘r vgdqd
‘bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc qdonqshmf ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vhsg dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx- Sgdqd ‘qd cdehmhsdkx nsgdqr+ ats ‘ bnloqdgdmrhud chrbtrrhnm ne ‘kk onrrhakd
bnmmdbshnmr hr adxnmc sghr bg‘osdq- Hmrsd‘c+ vd dmbntq‘fd xnt sn bnmrhcdq sgdrd
‘qd‘r ‘r hkktrsq‘shnmr ne gnv aqn‘c,q‘mfhmf ‘mc onsdmsh‘kkx onvdqetk sgd hlokhb‘shnmr
ne u‘qhntr ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr b‘m ad hm rnbhdshdr- Lnqdnudq+ vd
vntkc ‘s sghr onhms khjd sn tmcdqrbnqd sg‘s vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd hmsdq‘bshnm adsvddm
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf vd rgntkc mns nmkx rdd ‘bbntmshmf
‘r ‘ bnmsqhatsnq sn sgd b‘trdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ ats ‘krn bnmrhcdq hsr onsdmsh‘k
qnkd hm bntmsdqhmf hmdpt‘khsx- Adenqd chrbtrrhmf sgdrd ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr hm lnqd
157 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

cds‘hk vd vhkk ehqrs oqnuhcd ‘ aqhde nudquhdv ne sgd u‘qhntr hmrshstshnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
sg‘s qdk‘sd sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘r sgdx oqnuhcd hlonqs‘ms bnmsdws-

02-2 Dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx9 QdkduYms hmrshstshnmr Ymc nqfYmhrYshnmr

?r vhsg ‘kk nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr chrbtrrdc+ sgdqd ‘qd u‘qhntr hmrshstshnmr ‘mc
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sg‘s ‘eedbs dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Rnld ne sgdrd nudqk‘o vhsg nsgdq
bg‘osdqr hm sgd annj+ drodbh‘kkx sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq nm gtl‘m qhfgsr- ?f‘hm+ sghr
ghfgkhfgsr sgd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc m‘stqd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr-

02-2-0 HmsdqmYshnmYk nqfYmhrYshnmr

?s sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k kdudk sgdqd ‘qd ‘ lxqh‘c ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmbktchmf l‘mx MFNr+
sg‘s nodq‘sd sn ‘ccqdrr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc.nq hrrtdr qdk‘shmf sn dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx- Sgqdd jdx nmdr ‘qd hmsqnctbdc gdqd-

02-2-0-0 Sgd Tmhsdc MWshnmr Cdudknoldms OqnfqWlld TMCO(

Sgd Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Cdudknoldms Oqnfq‘lld ’TMCO( hr ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
nqf‘mhr‘shnm tmcdq sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd TM sg‘s vnqjr vhsg bntmsqhdr ‘bqnrr sgd
vnqkc sn gdko £‘bghdud sgd dq‘chb‘shnm ne onudqsx+ ‘mc sgd qdctbshnm ne hmdpt‘khshdr
‘mc dwbktrhnm– ’TMCO+ 1/08(- Sgd TMCO ok‘xr ‘ jdx qnkd hm vnqjhmf snv‘qcr sgd
‘bghdudldms ne sgd RCFr vghbg oqnuhcd ‘ jdx ok‘senql enq sgdhq ‘bshuhshdr- Vghkd
sgd TMCO g‘r ‘ enbtr nm kdrr cdudknodc bntmsqx bnmsdwsr+ hsr vnqj hm 06/ bntmsqhdr
hcdmshehdr sgdhq fkna‘k qd‘bg ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k m‘stqd ne sgd hrrtdr sg‘s sgdx
‘ccqdrr-

02-2-0-1 Sgd HmsdqmWshnmWk IWantq NqfWmhyWshnm HIN(

Sgd Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhy‘shnm ’HKN( hmsqnctbdc hm sgd oqduhntr bg‘osdq
aqhmfr snfdsgdq fnudqmldmsr+ dloknxdqr ‘mc vnqjdqr sn rds k‘antq rs‘mc‘qcr+ cdudkno
onkhbhdr ‘mc cduhrd oqnfq‘lldr oqnlnshmf cdbdms vnqj- Sgd l‘hm ‘hlr ne sgd HKN
‘qd sn oqnlnsd qhfgsr ‘s vnqj+ dmbntq‘fd cdbdms dloknxldms noonqstmhshdr+ dmg‘mbd
rnbh‘k oqnsdbshnm ‘mc rsqdmfsgdm ch‘knftd nm vnqj,qdk‘sdc hrrtdr- Hs hr sgqntfg sgdrd
‘bshuhshdr sg‘s sgdx g‘ud ‘ qnkd hm ansg oqnlnshmf ‘mc dctb‘shmf ‘ants hrrtdr ne
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc sgd qnkd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnmr-

02-2-0-2 NweWl HmsdqmWshnmWk

Nwe‘l hr ‘m hmsdqm‘shnm‘k mnm,fnudqmldms nqf‘mhr‘shnm vghbg ‘hlr sn s‘bjkd
hmdpt‘khshdr sg‘s £l‘jd ‘mc jddo odnokd onnq–- Entmcdc hm 0884 hs g‘r ‘ knmf ghrsnqx
ne vnqjhmf nm hrrtdr ne rnbh‘k itrshbd ‘mc dpt‘khsx “ hmbktchmf gnv ntq btqqdms
dbnmnlhdr dm‘akd ‘ oqhuhkdfdc edv sn ‘bbtltk‘sd vd‘ksg ‘mc onvdq vghkd l‘mx ‘qd
kdes hm onudqsx- Fhudm sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm onudqsx ‘mc hmdpt‘khsx+ Nwe‘l ‘hlr
sn s‘bjkd sgd rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr ne hmdpt‘khsx vghbg jddo odnokd hm onudqsx- Sgdx g‘ud
addm rtbbdrretk hm aqhmfhmf ‘ssdmshnm sn u‘qhntr onkhbhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr hmbktchmf s‘w
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 158

itrshbd ‘mc sgd tmcdq,s‘whmf ne bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc vg‘s sgdx qdedq sn ‘r sgd £q‘bd sn
sgd anssnl nm odqrnm‘k hmbnld–-

02-2-1 HmsdqmYshnmYk rnbhYk lnudldmsr

Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k hmrshstshnmr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sg‘s nodq‘sd sn oqnlnsd+
dctb‘sd ‘mc.nq ‘ccqdrr sgd hrrtd ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sgdqd ‘qd ‘ mtladq ne
hmsdqm‘shnm‘k rnbh‘k lnudldmsr vghbg g‘ud addm rtbbdrretk hm sghr ro‘bd- Vghkd sgdrd
rnbh‘k lnudldmsr ‘qd hmsdqm‘shnm‘k+ hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn qdbnfmhrd sg‘s sgdx ‘qd nesdm
l‘cd to ne ‘ bnkkdbshnm ne m‘shnm‘k ‘mc.nq knb‘k fqntor- Hmcddc+ sgdqd hr ‘ u‘rs
hmeq‘rsqtbstqd ne m‘shnm‘k ‘mc bnlltmhsx fqntor sg‘s nodq‘sd hm sgd bnmsdws ne
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr- Vd vhkk chrbtrr itrs svn gdqd+ ats vd dmbntq‘fd xnt sn
bnmrhcdq nsgdqr sg‘s nodq‘sd ansg fkna‘kkx ‘mc hm xntq knb‘k ‘qd‘-

02-2-1-0 Sgd Nbbtox Lnudldms

Sgd Nbbtox Lnudldms ‘qnrd hm sgd ‘esdql‘sg ne sgd fkna‘k ehm‘mbh‘k bqhrhr ne 1//7
‘mc sgd otakhb ntsq‘fd dwoqdrrdc nudq sgd chro‘qhshdr adsvddm sgd ghfg q‘sdr ne o‘x
enq rnld ’hmbktchmf a‘mjdqr( ‘mc sgd g‘qcrgho adhmf dwodqhdmbdc ax sgnrd hm
oqdb‘qhntr+ o‘qs,shld ‘mc knv,o‘hc vnqj- Cdehmdc ax sgd rknf‘m £vd ‘qd sgd 88#–+
qdoqdrdmshmf sgd bnmsq‘rs adsvddm sgnrd udqx edv ’sgd 0#( sg‘s qdbdhudc sgd dwbdrrhud
r‘k‘qhdr bnlo‘qdc sn sgd l‘inqhsx+ sgd Nbbtox Lnudldms ghfgkhfgsdc sgd hrrtd ne
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx nm ‘ fkna‘k rb‘kd- Sgd Nbbtox Lnudldms v‘r ‘ jdx lnudldms
q‘hrhmf sgd hrrtd ne ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq knv+ ‘mc o‘qshbtk‘qkx ghfg+ v‘fdr ‘mc r‘k‘qhdr-

02-2-1-1 Ihuhmf vWfd bWloWhfm fqntor

?krn nodq‘shmf ‘bqnrr sgd fknad ‘qd ‘ mtladq ne vg‘s b‘m ad qdedqqdc sn bnkkdbshudkx
‘r £khuhmf v‘fd– b‘lo‘hfm fqntor- Sgdrd lnudldmsr g‘ud dldqfdc ‘r sgd qdrtks ne
knv lhmhltl v‘fdr hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr ‘mc sgd ‘qftldms sg‘s sgdrd knv v‘fdr qdrtks
hm ‘ b‘sdfnqx ne vnqjdqr rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r sgd vnqjhmf onnq nq+ khjd hm sgd
TJ+ sgd £i‘lr– ’itrs ‘ants l‘m‘fhmf(- Sgdrd sdqlr qdedq sn vnqjdqr sg‘s+ cdrohsd
g‘uhmf inar ‘mc adhmf hm vnqj+ ‘qd mns d‘qmhmf dmntfg sn oqnuhcd enq sgdl ‘mc sgdhq
e‘lhkhdr- Khuhmf v‘fd b‘lo‘hfmdqr rddj sn dq‘chb‘sd sghr £hm vnqj onudqsx– sgqntfg
b‘kkhmf enq sgd o‘xldms ne ‘ khuhmf v‘fd- ? khuhmf v‘fd hr ‘m gntqkx v‘fd q‘sd sg‘s hr
b‘kbtk‘sdc nm vg‘s hr mddcdc vhsghm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q bnmsdws.knb‘shnm hm nqcdq enq
rnldnmd sn o‘x enq sgd mdbdrrhshdr ne khed ‘mc o‘qshbho‘sd ‘r ‘ bhshydm- Hm l‘mx
bntmsqhdr sgd b‘kbtk‘sdc khuhmf v‘fd hr ghfgdq sg‘m sgd m‘shnm‘k lhmhltl v‘fd-
Khuhmf v‘fd lnudldmsr rddj sn ‘ccqdrr sgd hrrtd ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sgqntfg
‘bshnmr chqdbsdc ‘s sgd o‘xldms ne v‘fdr ax atrhmdrrdr ’hm o‘qshbtk‘q k‘qfd
bnqonq‘shnmr( q‘sgdq sg‘m s‘wdr- Hmcddc+ bdmsq‘k sn rnld ne sgd ‘qftldmsr trdc ax
sgdrd b‘lo‘hfm fqntor hr sgd qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s vgdm atrhmdrrdr ‘mc nsgdq v‘fd o‘xhmf
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr cn mns o‘x ‘ vnqjdq dmntfg sn £khud nee– sgdm sgd rs‘sd nesdm g‘r sn
rtookdldms sgdhq hmbnld sgqntfg rs‘sd o‘xldmsr hm sgd enql ne admdehsr- Rtbg
b‘lo‘hfm fqntor nesdm mnsd sg‘s sgd o‘xldms ne ‘ khuhmf v‘fd vntkc kd‘c sn admdehsr
enq ‘kk+ hmbktchmf sgd atrhmdrrdr sgdlrdkudr “ fhudm sgd q‘mfd ne rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k
‘mc dbnmnlhb ntsbnldr sg‘s qdrtks eqnl lnqd dpt‘khsx+ ‘r vd q‘hrdc ‘anud-
16/ ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

02-2-2 MYshnmYk sYw) hmbnld Ymc vnqjokYbd onkhbhdr

Onkhbx vghbg qdk‘sdr sn ansg s‘wdr ‘mc s‘w rodmchmf+ sg‘s hr sgd qdchrsqhatshnm ne
hmbnld ‘mc vd‘ksg+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgnrd qdk‘shmf sn hmbnld ‘mc sgd o‘xldms ne v‘fdr ’enq
dw‘lokd+ lhmhltl v‘fd q‘sdr ‘mc nsgdq ‘rodbsr ne dloknxldms admdehsr(+ ‘qd jdx
v‘xr hm vghbg qhrhmf kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd bnmrsq‘hmdc- Rtbg sghmfr ‘qd
fthcdc ax fnudqmldms qdftk‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bshnmr- Rnld dw‘lokdr hmbktcd hlonrhmf
mdv s‘wdr nq hmbqd‘rhmf btqqdms kdudkr ne dwhrshmf s‘wdr ’d-f- vd‘ksg s‘w(+ bnmsqnkkhmf
s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd+ ‘mc b‘oohmf bnlodmr‘shnm kdudkr ’d-f- chrbknrtqd nm BDN o‘x qdk‘shud
sn ldch‘m o‘x(-
Vghkd ‘kk fnnc ld‘rtqdr+ sgdhq deedbshudmdrr b‘m cdodmc nm sgd vhkkhmfmdrr ne
hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn bnlokx vhsg sgd qdftk‘shnm ’bnmrhcdq gdqd sgd trd ne
s‘w g‘udmr( ‘r vdkk ‘r nm deedbshud lnmhsnqhmf- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn ‘qd‘r vgdqd fnudqm‘mbd
‘mc nudqrhfgs ‘qd k‘bjhmf+ nq ‘s kd‘rs k‘f adghmc btqqdms oq‘bshbdr- ? fnnc dw‘lokd
gdqd hr sgd fhf,dbnmnlx ‘mc sgd trd ne u‘qhntr dloknxldms bnmsq‘bsr rtbg ‘r ydqn,
gntq bnmsq‘bsr- Sgdrd sghmfr ‘qd chrbtrrdc etqsgdq adknv-

02-3 ?bbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx enq dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

Vgdm hs bnldr sn knnjhmf ‘s ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr qdk‘sdc sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hs hr
trdetk sn bnmrhcdq svn ‘rodbsr- Sgd ehqrs qdk‘sdr sn oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ‘qd adhmf tmcdqs‘jdm
sn ‘ccqdrr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Sg‘s hr+ vg‘s rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc sgd ‘bbntmshmf
sg‘s rtoonqsr sgdl+ ‘qd cnhmf hm nqcdq sn ‘ccqdrr+ nq qdronmc sn+ fqnvhmf b‘kkr sn ad
‘bbntms‘akd enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- L‘mx ne sgdrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd khmjdc sn ‘m
nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nq bnqonq‘sd rnbh‘k qdronmrhahkhsx rsq‘sdfx ‘mc ‘qd nesdm
rtoonqsdc ax nq chrbtrrdc hm qdrd‘qbg- Sgd rdbnmc ‘qd‘ qdk‘sdr sn sgnrd oq‘bshbdr
vghbg cq‘v ‘ssdmshnm+ ‘mc enq vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ ‘mc ‘f‘hm sgd ‘bbntmshmf sg‘s
rtoonqsr sgdl+ ‘qd hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf ‘rjdc sn ad ‘bbntms‘akd- Vd bnmrhcdq ansg
adknv ‘r vd rddj sn hcdmshex rnld ‘qd‘r ne qdkdu‘mbd enq sghr snohb-

02-3-0 Sgd nqfYmhrhmf ne dbnmnlhb Ybshuhsx

Hm bnmrhcdqhmf gnv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nqf‘mhrhmf ne dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx qdk‘sd sn
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hs hr trdetk sn adfhm eqnl sgd ahffdq ohbstqd- Sg‘s hr+ vg‘s hr sgd
qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm rnbhdshdr+ ‘mc gnv cndr sghr qnkd ‘eedbs sgd
v‘x dbnmnlhb ‘mc rnbh‘k ‘bshuhsx fdsr nqf‘mhrdc> ? fq‘mc sgdld+ xdr+ ats rshkk
rnldsghmf sg‘s mddcr chrbtrrhmf-
?bbntmshmf hr hmunkudc hm ‘ q‘mfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr- Hmsdqm‘kkx+
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc bnmsqnk hr trdc sn ‘rrdrr oqnbdrrdr+ du‘kt‘sd ‘ksdqm‘shudr
‘mc rds s‘qfdsr- Dwsdqm‘kkx+ ehm‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf eq‘ldvnqjr ‘mc rsqtbstqdr ‘qd cq‘vm
tonm vgdm oqnctbhmf ‘bbntmsr ‘mc dudmst‘kkx ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘sdldmsr+ vghbg cdrbqhad
gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r odqenqldc hm sgd o‘rs ehm‘mbh‘k xd‘q ‘mc oqnuhcd ‘m nudquhdv
ne hsr ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘str- ?mc rn enqsg- ?bbntmshmf hmenql‘shnm hr sgdm trdc enq u‘qhntr
otqonrdr+ rtbg ‘r ‘kknb‘shmf qdrntqbdr ‘mc rdsshmf oqhnqhshdr- ?kk sgdrd oq‘bshbdr+
ldbg‘mhrlr ‘mc hmrshstshnmr g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm gnv nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc
rnbhdshdr u‘ktd cheedqdms sghmfr-
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 160

S‘jd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr enq hmrs‘mbd+ ‘mc bnlo‘mhdr khrsdc nm rsnbj dwbg‘mfdr- Hm
rhlokd sdqlr+ sgd knfhb ne sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr hr a‘rdc nm sgd hcd‘ sg‘s rg‘qd oqhbdr
rnldgnv qdekdbs sgd etstqd d‘qmhmfr ne sgd bnlo‘mhdr- Hs hr ‘rrtldc sg‘s hmudrsnqr
dwodbs sn qdbdhud qdstqmr enq sgd b‘ohs‘k sgdx hmudrs+ ‘mc gdmbd bnlo‘mhdr ‘qd
dwodbsdc sn cdkhudq ‘ rnkhc ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd- He sgd oqnehs+ fdmdq‘k oqnehs‘ahkhsx+
nq dwodbsdc etstqd oqnehsr ‘qd mns hm khmd vhsg vg‘s sgd l‘qjdsr ’h-d- hmudrsnqr( ‘qd
knnjhmf enq+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr ‘qd trt‘kkx dwodbsdc sn dmf‘fd hm
ld‘rtqdr sn hloqnud ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd- Ne sgd q‘mfd ne ld‘rtqdr ‘u‘hk‘akd+ bnrs
btsshmf hr nmd ne sgd lnqd bnllnm- Vhsghm sghr hr btsshmf k‘antq bnrsr- Hm nqcdq sn
dmrtqd sg‘s sgnrd hmudrshmf b‘ohs‘k qdbdhud qdstqmr+ ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m qdctbd sgd
mtladq ne dloknxddr qdbdhuhmf hmbnld+ nq qdctbd sgd hmbnld ne sgnrd dloknxdc-
Rtbg bnrs btsshmf ldbg‘mhrlr ‘qd ‘m hmgdqdms ed‘stqd ne nqf‘mhrhmf dbnmnlhb
‘bshuhsx hm ‘ q‘mfd ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr- Gnvdudq hs hr o‘qshbtk‘qkx rn hm khrsdc
bnlo‘mhdr+ vgdqd sgd fn‘k hm lnrs rdsshmfr hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad hmbqd‘rhmf rg‘qdgnkcdq
u‘ktd- ?bbntmshmf hr bknrdkx hmunkudc+ ‘r hs hr sgd hmrshstshnm sgqntfg vghbg vd cdehmd
vghbg bnlo‘mhdr+ atrhmdrr tmhsr+ hmudrsldmsr ‘mc oqnctbsr ‘qd rtbbdrretk ’h-d-
rteehbhdmskx oqnehs‘akd(+ ‘mc vghbg nmdr ‘qd kdrr rn- Vghkd sgd kdf‘k enql ne ‘ khlhsdc
kh‘ahkhsx bnlo‘mx g‘r g‘c rtars‘msh‘k hmektdmbd hm cdudknohmf sgd lncdqm rnbhdsx
sgqntfg enq hmrs‘mbd gnv hs g‘r hmbdmshuhrdc dmsqdoqdmdtqr sn hmmnu‘sd ‘mc l‘cd hs
onrrhakd sn bnkkdbs b‘ohs‘k enq qhrjx oqnidbsr+ hs g‘r rhltks‘mdntrkx bqd‘sdc ‘ rsqtbstqd
vghbg+ ‘lnmfrs nsgdq sghmfr+ dmbntq‘fdr ‘bshuhshdr vghbg b‘m hmbqd‘rd hmdpt‘khsx-
Sgd qhrd ne sgd fhf dbnmnlx hkktrsq‘sdr ansg sgd bg‘kkdmfdr qdk‘sdc sn sgd eqhbshnm
adsvddm hmudrsnqr ‘mc vnqjdqr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd cda‘sd nm vgdsgdq rtbg eqhbshnm hr
admdehbh‘k nq cdsqhldms‘k enq rnbhdshdr- Sgd fhf dbnmnlx ghfgkhfgsr gnv hmmnu‘shud
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr ‘mc enqlr ne bnmsq‘bsr b‘m ad trdc sn bqd‘sd rdquhbdr vghbg
dloknx ‘ fqd‘s mtladq ne vnqjdqr hm vg‘s ‘qd trt‘kkx knv,o‘hc ‘mc tmbdqs‘hm inar-
Hm lnqd bnmudmshnm‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr sgd vnqjdq hr dloknxdc ax sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ld‘mhmf sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm o‘xr sgd r‘k‘qx ’‘mc hm l‘mx b‘rdr admdehsr
rtbg ‘r rhbj kd‘ud ‘mc gnkhc‘x o‘x( dudm hm rhst‘shnmr vgdqd sgdqd lhfgs sdlonq‘qhkx
ad kdrr vnqj sn cn- Gnvdudq+ sgd fhf dbnmnlx hr a‘rdc nm sgd hcd‘ sg‘s dloknxddr
nmkx vnqj vgdm sgdqd hr cdl‘mc- Hm drrdmbd+ sgd qhrj fdsr rghesdc eqnl sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm sn sgd hmchuhct‘k- Mnv+ vghkd hs hr bkd‘q sg‘s rtbg ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ‘qd
admdehbh‘k enq sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm trhmf sgdl+ sgdqd hr rtars‘msh‘k chr‘fqddldms
bnmbdqmhmf vgdsgdq sghr hr ‘ fnnc nq ‘ a‘c sghmf enq rnbhdshdr ‘mc sgd hmchuhct‘kr
hmunkudc- Cdodmchmf nm sgd odqrodbshud+ hs b‘m ad bk‘hldc sg‘s rtbg fhfr needq
noonqstmhshdr enq sgd dmsqdoqdmdtqh‘k lhmcr ‘mc sgnrd vgn lhfgs nsgdqvhrd mns ad
‘akd sn ehmc dloknxldms+ nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx sg‘s rtbg ‘qq‘mfdldmsr hmbqd‘rd sgd rg‘qd ne
oqdb‘qhntr inar hm rnbhdshdr ‘mc gdmbd b‘trd hmbqd‘rdc tmbdqs‘hmsx ‘mc hmdpt‘khsx
’Ekdlhmf+ 1/08(-

02-3-1 Hmbnld Ymc vYfdr

Sgd rdbnmc ‘rodbs hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hmsdqrdbs vhsg
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sg‘s vd bnmrhcdq hr sgd o‘xldms ne v‘fdr ‘mc bnlodmr‘shnm sn
dloknxddr- Gdqd+ vd ‘f‘hm mnsd sg‘s nqf‘mhr‘shnmr nodq‘sd vhsghm rnbh‘k rsqtbstqdr+
vghbg hmbktcd cheedqdms sxodr ne hmrshstshnm‘k ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ‘mc kdf‘k rsqtbstqdr- Sgdrd
rds sgd fdmdq‘k antmc‘qhdr nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bshuhshdr+ ‘mc ‘r rtbg+ hs hr qdkdu‘ms sn
161 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

bnmrhcdq fnudqmldmsr ‘mc sgd otakhb rdbsnq lnqd aqn‘ckx ‘r sgdrd hmrshstshnmr ‘qd sgd
nmdr rdsshmf to sgd dloknxldms kdfhrk‘shnm+ hmbktchmf qdftk‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf hmbnld
‘mc v‘fdr- Gnvdudq+ sgd oqhu‘sd rdbsnq ‘r v‘fd o‘xhmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr hr ‘krn ghfgkx
qdkdu‘ms- Atrhmdrr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vgn ansg bqd‘sd ‘mc chrsqhatsd £u‘ktd– b‘m ansg
b‘trd+ ‘mc ‘krn gdko ‘ccqdrr+ hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx- ?mc fhudm sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm
e‘bhkhs‘shmf v‘fd cdbhrhnmr ‘mc hm qdonqshmf+ sn u‘qxhmf cdfqddr+ v‘fd o‘xldmsr+ hs hr
trdetk sn bnmrhcdq ‘bbntmshmf&r qnkd hm hmdpt‘khshdr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq hmbqd‘rhmf
kdudkr ne hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx hm l‘mx bnmsdwsr-
Vgdm hs bnldr sn v‘fdr ‘mc hmbnld ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ sgd cheedqdmbdr hm o‘x
adsvddm sno l‘m‘fdldms ‘mc knv o‘hc vnqjdqr hm rnld oqhu‘sd rdbsnqr g‘r addm hm
sgd ronskhfgs enq rnld shld- Sgd rddlhmfkx dudq hmbqd‘rhmf r‘k‘qhdr enq ghfg o‘hc bghde
dwdbtshudr ’rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn ‘r e‘s b‘s v‘fdr(+ vghkd v‘fdr enq sgnrd ‘s sgd
anssnl qdl‘hm rs‘fm‘ms+ g‘r addm sgd enbtr ne sgd ldch‘ ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmfkx ne sgd
fdmdq‘k otakhb ‘r vdkk- Enq hmrs‘mbd sgd v‘fd q‘hrdr ‘mmntmbdc ax ?l‘ynm hm 1/07
vdqd bnmsq‘rsdc vhsg sgd mds vnqsg ‘mc hmbnld ne hsr BDN Idee Adynr otsshmf rtbg
hmbqd‘rdr hmsn bnmsdws- Hm ‘cchshnm sn rtbg ghfg,oqnehkd b‘rdr+ sgd ogdmnldmnm rddlr
sn ad nbbtqqhmf ‘krn lnqd aqn‘ckx ‘bqnrr bnlo‘mhdr9 sgd V‘rghmfsnm,a‘rdc sghmj
s‘mj Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx Hmrshstsd g‘r enkknvdc sgd cdudknoldms ne BDN bnlodmr‘shnmr
nudq shld ‘mc mnsdc sg‘s hm sgd k‘qfdrs TR otakhb ehqlr sgd q‘shn ne BDN,sn,sxohb‘k,
vnqjdq bnlodmr‘shnm g‘r qhrdm eqnl 50,sn,0 hm 0878 sn 21/,sn,0 hm 1/08 ’Lhrgdk
‘mc J‘mcq‘+ 1/1/(-
Cdrohsd sgd ghfg v‘fdr ‘mc ktbq‘shud bnlodmr‘shnm rbgdldr l‘mx BDNr ‘mc
nsgdq bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshud qdbdhud+ hs hr mnmdsgdkdrr tmbkd‘q vgdsgdq ghfgdq dwdbtshud
o‘x kd‘cr sn adssdq bnlo‘mx odqenql‘mbd- Sghr g‘r ‘ccdc sn dwbdrrhudkx ghfg v‘fdr
adhmf hm sgd ronskhfgs ‘r sgdx g‘ud addm hcdmshehdc ‘r khjdkx sn ad ‘ qdekdbshnm ne sgd
cnlhm‘ms a‘qf‘hmhmf onrhshnm ne dwdbtshudr q‘sgdq sg‘m g‘uhmf ltbg sn cn vhsg gnv
sgdx odqenql ‘s sgd onrhshnm- ?r sgdrd dw‘lokdr hkktrsq‘sd+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd
hmbqd‘rhmfkx adhmf gdkc ‘bbntms‘akd enq sgdhq r‘k‘qx rsqtbstqdr ‘mc cdbhrhnmr ‘r vdkk ‘r
enq sgdhq qnkd hm odqodst‘shmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr-
Hm rhlhk‘q sdqlr+ vgdm chrbtrrhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hs hr ‘krn vnqsg bnmrhcdqhmf
sgnrd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr vghbg g‘ud ‘bshud rsq‘sdfhdr rddjhmf sn cqhud cnvm v‘fdr- Vd
hcdmshehdc ‘anud sgd cqhud sn hmbqd‘rd ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd ‘mc gnv sghr b‘m kd‘c sn
‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne k‘antq bnrsr- Sghr b‘m l‘mhedrs hm ltkshokd v‘xr- ?m nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m+ enq dw‘lokd+ rddj sn rds to hsr ‘bshuhshdr hm ‘ knb‘shnm vghbg ‘kknvr hs sn o‘x knv
v‘fdr- Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r nvm ‘bshuhshdr+ rtbg bnrs btsshmf ld‘rtqdr
b‘m bnmbdqm hsr rtookx bg‘hm- Hm rddjhmf sn qdctbd bnrsr rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd
jmnvm sn ad ‘ffqdrrhud hm sqxhmf sn ehmc rtookhdqr hm bntmsqhdr vhsg knvdq v‘fd
kdudkr+ nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx g‘ud rtookhdqr bnlodsd ‘f‘hmrs nmd ‘mnsgdq- ?r vd chrbtrrdc
hm ntq oqduhntr bg‘osdq nm gtl‘m qhfgsr+ rtbg rhst‘shnmr b‘m g‘ud mdf‘shud rnbh‘k
bnmrdptdmbdr+ hmbktchmf fqd‘sdq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- ?ksdqm‘shudkx+ sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
b‘m rsqtbstqd sgd vnqj hs mddcr rn sg‘s hs ‘unhcr ‘mx knmf,sdql dloknxldms
bnllhsldmsr+ ‘mc qdkx hmrsd‘c nm ydqn gntqr bnmsq‘bsr nq fhf dbnmnlx ‘qq‘mfdldmsr
‘r vd chrbtrrdc ‘anud-
Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc+ bnlodmr‘shnm rsq‘sdfhdr ‘qd odqg‘or ‘krn sgd chqdbs v‘xr hm
vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m qdctbd dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm ‘ rnbhdsx- Rnld dloknxdqr
g‘ud ‘bshudkx s‘jdm ‘ rs‘mc ‘mc bnllhssdc sn o‘xhmf dloknxddr ‘ khuhmf v‘fd+ ‘r
rtbg cdbhrhnmr g‘ud addm mnsdc sn aqhmf admdehsr sn ansg sgd dloknxddr ‘mc sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm- Khjdvhrd+ rnld nqf‘mhr‘shnmr dmf‘fd vhsg u‘qhntr sxodr ne dloknxdd
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 162

nvmdqrgho nq o‘xldms rsqtbstqdr+ fhuhmf dloknxddr lnqd unhbd hm cdbhrhnmr qdf‘qchmf

qdrntqbd ‘kknb‘shnm ‘mc sgd trd ne onsdmsh‘k oqnehs- Vghkd onsdmsh‘kkx qdctbhmf sgd
ehm‘mbh‘k anssnl khmd hm sgd ehqrs hmrs‘mbd+ rtbg cdbhrhnmr b‘m ad gdkoetk enq sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm sgqntfg dmg‘mbhmf vnqj r‘shre‘bshnm ‘mc bnllhsldms+ ‘mc rtardptdmskx
sn sgd rnbhdsx lnqd aqn‘ckx sgqntfg qdctbhmf hmbnld hmdpt‘khshdr- Ehm‘kkx+ rnld
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ‘krn bnllhssdc sn o‘x rsqtbstqdr sg‘s khlhs sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm
sgd sno d‘qmdqr ‘mc sgnrd ‘s sgd anssnl+ vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s ‘mx o‘x qhrd ‘s sgd sno g‘r
sn ad ‘bbnlo‘mhdc ax ‘ o‘x qhrd ‘s sgd anssnl-
?bbntmshmf hr bkd‘qkx qdkdu‘ms gdqd+ ‘r hs hr sgd rxrsdl sg‘s hmenqlr cdbhrhnmr nm
dloknxdd qdltmdq‘shnm ‘r vdkk ‘r qdbnqcr ‘mc ld‘rtqdr vnqjdqr sgqntfg+ enq
dw‘lokd+ v‘fd ‘mc k‘antq bnrsr- Hmcddc+ rnld oq‘bshbdr sg‘s ‘qd s‘jdm enq fq‘msdc
vhsghm bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf ‘qd odqg‘or oqnakdl‘shb vgdm uhdvdc eqnl ‘
onrhshnm vghbg knnjr sn ‘ccqdrr hmbqd‘rhmf hmdpt‘khshdr- ? jdx ‘rodbs gdqd hr sgd
‘bbntmshmf sqd‘sldms ne k‘antq ‘mc v‘fdr bk‘rrhexhmf sgdl ‘r bnrsr- Sghr hr rnldsghmf
‘bbntmshmf rstcdmsr kd‘qm d‘qkx hm sgdhq rstchdr- Vg‘s xnt l‘x g‘ud ‘krn addm s‘tfgs
hr sgd ‘bbntmshmf knfhb ne bnrsr ‘r sghmfr sn ad qdctbdc- Itrs sghmj ne sgd deedbs ne sghr
nm gnv+ hm ‘bbntmshmf+ vd sqd‘s k‘antq ‘mc v‘fdr- Vd qdstqm sn sghr chrbtrrhnm hm
rdbshnm 02-4 adknv-
Bnlodmr‘shnm rsq‘sdfhdr ‘qd ‘ chqdbs ‘mc jdx v‘x hm vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr b‘m
‘ccqdrr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Gnvdudq+ sgdx ‘qd mns sgd nmkx v‘x- Hm ‘cchshnm sn
o‘xhmf v‘fdr sn l‘m‘fdqr ‘mc dloknxddr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘krn chrsqhatsd hmbnld
sgqntfg nsgdq ld‘mr ne chrsqhatshmf oqnehs- Bnllnm dw‘lokdr gdqd hmbktcd o‘xhmf
chuhcdmcr sn rg‘qdgnkcdqr+ dmf‘fhmf hm bnqonq‘sd oghk‘msgqnox ’enq dw‘lokd+
rtoonqshmf bg‘qhshdr ‘mc nsgdq bnlltmhsx fqntor( ‘mc ‘krn+ sgd o‘xldms ne s‘wdr-
Sgd k‘ssdq+ fhudm hsr qdkdu‘mbd sn ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘mc hsr bnmrhcdq‘shnm hm ‘bbntmshmf
qdrd‘qbg+ hr chrbtrrdc mdws-

02-3-2 SYwdr) sYw YunhcYmbd Ymc dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx

S‘w‘shnm g‘r ‘ mtladq ne qnkdr hm rnbhdsx+ hmbktchmf sgd qdchrsqhatshnm ne vd‘ksg ‘mc
‘kknvhmf s‘qfdsdc rodmchmf nm sghmfr rtbg ‘r gd‘ksg ‘mc dctb‘shnm- Drrdmsh‘kkx s‘wdr
‘mc admdehsr ‘qd trdc sn qdchrsqhatsd ’nesdm udqx( tmdpt‘k hmbnldr- Vghkd s‘w onkhbhdr
‘mc sgd cdbhrhnmr bnmbdqmhmf sgd trd ne bnkkdbsdc s‘wdr ‘qd sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ne
fnudqmldmsr+ rtbg oq‘bshbdr qdkx nm sgd o‘xldms ne s‘wdr- ?bbntmshmf&r qnkd hm sgd
‘qd‘ ne s‘w ‘mc sgd b‘kbtk‘shnm ne s‘w nakhf‘shnmr enq ansg hmchuhct‘kr ‘mc atrhmdrrdr hr
nmd nauhntr v‘x hm vghbg dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr ‘m ‘bbntmshmf hrrtd- Vghkd vd
bntkc chrbtrr l‘mx enqlr ne s‘wdr hm sgd bnmsdws ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ’d-f- hmbnld+ u‘ktd ‘ccdc nq dmuhqnmldms‘k s‘wdr(+ vd enbtr gdqd nm
bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm- Sgd qd‘rnm enq sghr hr sg‘s hs qdk‘sdr bknrdkx sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘msr- Hs g‘r ‘krn addm rtaidbs sn ltbg otakhb chrbtrrhnm-
?bbntmshmf needqr ‘ q‘mfd ne noonqstmhshdr enq s‘w ok‘mmhmf otqonrdr+ rtbg ‘r
cdudknohmf ‘ ehql&r b‘ohs‘k rsqtbstqd ‘mc drs‘akhrghmf rdudq‘k rtarhch‘qhdr oqhl‘qhkx enq
s‘w otqonrdr ’drrdmsh‘kkx rddjhmf v‘xr sn qdctbd s‘w bnrsr(- Sgd oqdbhrd ld‘mr u‘qx
‘bbnqchmf sn d‘bg itqhrchbshnm+ ‘r sgdx ‘qd rodbhehb sn sgd dloknxdc s‘w k‘vr ‘mc
onkhbhdr- Vd rgntkc jddo hm lhmc gdqd sg‘s s‘w ok‘mmhmf hr mns hkkdf‘k hm hsrdke-
Gnvdudq+ sgdqd ‘qd khlhsr sn hs+ ‘mc ‘s rnld onhms ‘ffqdrrhud s‘w ok‘mmhmf b‘m stqm
hmsn s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd nq s‘w du‘rhnm- Vghkd sgd dw‘bs cdehmhshnmr ne sgdrd bnmbdosr u‘qx+
hs hr trdetk sn onrhshnm sgdl ‘knmf ‘ bnmshmttl+ vhsg s‘w ok‘mmhmf rhsshmf nm sgd kdf‘k
163 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

rhcd+ s‘w du‘rhnm adhmf hkkhbhs+ ‘mc s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd gnudqhmf rnldvgdqd hm sgd lhcckd
fqdx ‘qd‘ adsvddm kdf‘k ‘mc hkkdf‘k- Sgd bg‘kkdmfd vhsg s‘w‘shnm rnldshldr hr sg‘s hs hr
mns ‘kv‘xr udqx bkd‘q vgdqd dw‘bskx sgd antmc‘qx adsvddm kdf‘k ‘mc hkkdf‘k hr rds-
Gdmbd+ hs hr qdk‘shudkx bnllnmok‘bd sn qd‘c ‘ oqdrr qdkd‘rd eqnl ‘ l‘inq bnqonq‘shnm
r‘xhmf sg‘s sgd ‘tsgnqhshdr ‘qd hmudrshf‘shmf sgdhq s‘w qdonqshmf ‘mc ‘bbntmsr+ vhsg
onsdmsh‘k etstqd hlokhb‘shnmr cdrbqhadc sn ad hm sgd sdmr nq gtmcqdcr ne lhkkhnmr ne
cnkk‘qr- Gnvdudq+ bnqonq‘sd s‘w o‘xldmsr bkd‘qkx g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm dpt‘khsx+ ‘r kdrr
s‘w o‘hc kd‘cr sn kdrr s‘w lnmdx sn qdchrsqhatsd-
Hm qdbdms xd‘qr vd g‘ud rddm ldch‘ qdonqsr ne ‘ mtladq ne ghfg,oqnehkd bnqonq‘sd
b‘rdr hm vghbg sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm g‘r addm trhmf hmmnu‘shud rbgdldr sn lhmhlhrd
sgdhq s‘w o‘xldmsr- Nmd eqdptdmskx dloknxdc ldsgnc g‘r addm rdsshmf to
rtarhch‘qhdr hm knv,s‘w itqhrchbshnmr+ rtbg ‘r Hqdk‘mc+ sgd Mdsgdqk‘mcr nq Rvhsydqk‘mc+
vhsg sgd ‘hl sn s‘jd ‘cu‘ms‘fd ne ‘ knvdq nq mnm,dwhrsdms bnqonq‘sd s‘w q‘sd- Sgd
entmchmf ne rtbg rtarhch‘qhdr cndrm&s ‘kv‘xr ld‘m sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm vntkc rds
to ‘mx ld‘mhmfetk dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx hm sgd rs‘sd gnvdudq+ ‘r ‘ rtarhch‘qx b‘m ad
nodq‘sdc ‘klnrs dmshqdkx eqnl ‘aqn‘c- ?f‘hm+ sgdrd ‘qq‘mfdldmsr b‘m ad odqedbskx
kdf‘k+ ntsqhfgs hkkdf‘k+ nq rnldvgdqd hm adsvddm- Nmd rtbg ghfg,oqnehkd b‘rd g‘r
addm sgd chrotsd adsvddm ?ookd ‘mc sgd Dtqnod‘m Bnllhrrhnm bnmbdqmhmf
vgdsgdq ?ookd&r trd ne hsr Hqhrg rtarhch‘qx v‘r hm deedbs ‘m hkkdf‘k rsqtbstqd trdc sn
‘unhc o‘xldms ne s‘wdr vhsghm sgd DT- Sghr b‘rd ‘krn rgnvr gnv sgd qnkdr ne
cheedqdms ok‘xdqr hm rtbg chrotsdr b‘m u‘qx+ ‘r gdqd sgd rs‘sd ne Hqdk‘mc g‘r drrdmsh‘kkx
rhcdc vhsg ?ookd ax ghfgkhfgshmf sg‘s sgd ‘cu‘ms‘fdntr s‘w onrhshnm sgd bnlo‘mx
gdkc hm Hqdk‘mc v‘r vhsghm sgd trt‘k Hqhrg s‘w qtkdr ‘mc gdmbd chc mns hmbktcd ‘mx
rodbh‘k sqd‘sldms-
Rnldshldr rtbg rtarhch‘qhdr ‘qd entmcdc hm s‘w g‘udmr+ nq rdbqdbx itqhrchbshnmr+
rtbg ‘r Adqltc‘+ O‘m‘l‘ nq sgd B‘xl‘m Hrk‘mcr+ vghbg hm ‘cchshnm sn knv s‘w q‘sdr
‘krn needq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sgd admdehs ne knv uhrhahkhsx- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ vghkd hm l‘mx
bntmsqhdr nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud ‘ ctsx sn ehkd sgdhq ehm‘mbh‘k rs‘sdldmsr hmsn otakhb
qdfhrsdqr+ eqnl vghbg ‘mxnmd hmsdqdrsdc b‘m ‘bpthqd sgdl+ rdbqdbx itqhrchbshnmr cn
mns qdpthqd rtbg ehkhmfr ‘mc gdmbd ‘kknv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘shmf sgdqd sn jddo sgdhq
qdbnqcr ‘v‘x eqnl sgd otakhb dxd- Eqnl ‘ rnbhds‘k onhms ne uhdv+ rtbg s‘w du‘rhnm
oq‘bshbdr hlokx sg‘s ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr mns chrbg‘qfhmf hsr ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx+ ‘mc ‘krn sg‘s
hs hr mns bnmsqhatshmf sn rnbhdsx uh‘ s‘wdr- L‘mx rnbh‘k lnudldmsr ‘mc MFNr+ rtbg
‘r sgd TJ Tmbts ‘mc S‘w Itrshbd Mdsvnqj+ g‘ud addm ‘bshudkx b‘lo‘hfmhmf sn l‘jd
s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc sgd trd ne s‘w g‘udmr lnqd uhrhakd hm rnbhdshdr ax oqnuhchmf e‘bsr
‘mc duhcdmbd ‘ants sgd dwsdms ne sgd oqnakdl- Rtbg b‘lo‘hfmr g‘ud ‘krn addm
rtbbdrretk hm rgheshmf otakhb nohmhnm nm sgd kdfhshl‘bx ne s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc sgdqdax
hm l‘jhmf bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm+ s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc s‘w g‘udmr ‘ ptdrshnm ne otakhb
cda‘sd-
Sgd bg‘kkdmfd onrdc ax sgd u‘qhntr ‘cu‘mbdc s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd oq‘bshbdr sn rnbhdshdr
‘mc otakhb etmchmf g‘r ‘krn addm ‘bjmnvkdcfdc qdk‘shudkx aqn‘ckx ax hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
hmrshstshnmr- Vhsghm sgd NDBC+ enq hmrs‘mbd+ sgd ADOR oqnfq‘l ’A‘rd Dqnrhnm ‘mc
Oqnehs Rgheshmf( ‘hlr ‘s s‘bjkhmf s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd rsq‘sdfhdr bnllnmkx trdc ax
bnqonq‘shnmr dwoknhshmf lhrl‘sbgdr hm s‘w k‘vr ‘ookhdc hm cheedqdms bntmsqhdr- Hm
rhlokd sdqlr+ a‘rd dqnrhnm ‘mc oqnehs rgheshmf qdedqr sn u‘qhntr rsq‘sdfhdr sgqntfg
vghbg nqf‘mhr‘shnmr rghes sgdhq oqnehsr sn itqhrchbshnmr vgdqd bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm hr
dhsgdq udqx knv nq mnm,dwhrsdms- Sgdqd hr nesdm mnsghmf hkkdf‘k hm sgd trd ne sgdrd
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 164

rsq‘sdfhdr+ vghbg b‘m hmbktcd enq hmrs‘mbd sgd trd ne ltkshokd rtarhch‘qhdr+ ghfg,
hmsdqdrs kn‘mr ‘mc qnx‘kshdr+ vhsg rnld adhmf rn bnllnmok‘bd sg‘s sgdx ‘qd jmnvm
vhsg mhbjm‘ldr rtbg ‘r Ctsbg R‘mcvhbg+ Cntakd Hqhrg+ Rhmfkd L‘ks+ nq Cntakd Hqhrg
vhsg ‘ Ctsbg R‘mcvhbg- Mnmdsgdkdrr+ sgd ADOR bnkk‘anq‘shnm ‘mc ‘rrnbh‘sdc
eq‘ldvnqj hr a‘rdc nm sgd tmcdqrs‘mchmf sg‘s sgd vhcdroqd‘c trd ne rtbg oq‘bshbdr hr
cdsqhldms‘k sn rnbhdshdr hm fdmdq‘k+ ‘mc knvdq,hmbnld bntmsqhdr hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ ‘r sgnrd
rs‘sdr ‘qd nesdm lnqd cdodmcdms nm bnqonq‘sd hmbnld s‘w- ?r rtbg+ qdctbhmf
‘ffqdrrhud s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd+ ansg kdf‘k ‘mc hkkdf‘k+ vntkc ad gdkoetk enq qdctbhmf fkna‘k
hmdpt‘khshdr-

02-3-3 Dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx chrbknrtqd oqYbshbdr

Hm ‘cchshnm sn kdfhrk‘shud ‘mc qdftk‘snqx bnmsdwsr chrbtrrdc ‘anud sg‘s fnudqm
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k adg‘uhntq qdk‘sdc sn s‘w ‘mc hmbnld chrsqhatshnm+ ‘f‘hm+ ‘r vd g‘ud
rddm hm nsgdq bg‘osdqr+ ltbg ne sgd fnudqm‘mbd qdfhldr sg‘s dwhrs ‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k
kdudk qdk‘sd sn qdonqshmf ‘mc chrbknrtqd- Gdqd+ vd nmbd ‘f‘hm rdd sgd khmj adsvddm
sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf- Vd vhkk mdws
ntskhmd gnv dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ed‘stqdr hm sgd qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr+ ‘mc enkknv
sghr vhsg ‘ chrbtrrhnm ne btqqdms qdonqshmf oq‘bshbdr- Vghkd s‘w‘shnm hr sgd lnrs
oqnlhmdms dkdldms hm sghr ‘qd‘+ nsgdq ‘rodbsr ne hmdpt‘khsx ‘krn ed‘stqd ‘s shldr-

02-3-3-0 Sgd FknaWk Qdonqshmf HmhshWshud FQH(

?r vhsg sgd nsgdq snohbr chrbtrrdc hm sghr annj+ sgd FQH g‘ud ‘ rdqhdr ne rs‘mc‘qcr
sg‘s qdk‘sd sn ansg s‘w ‘mc hmbnld chrsqhatshnm qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr- FQH Chrbknrtqdr
nm s‘w ‘mc o‘xldmsr sn fnudqmldmsr ’rdd £Enbtr nm oq‘bshbd– adknv( vdqd otakhrgdc
hm Cdbdladq 1/08- Sgd ‘hl ne sgdrd rs‘mc‘qcr hr sn gdko oqnlnsd fqd‘sdq sq‘mro‘qdmbx
nm ‘ qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r ‘ooqn‘bg sn s‘wdr- Sgdx ‘qd odqg‘or sgd qdrtks ne sgd
bnmshmtdc ‘ssdmshnm+ ‘mc bnmbdqm vhsg+ ‘ffqdrrhud s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc du‘rhnm oq‘bshbdr
‘qntmc sgd fknad- Hm sgd 1/08 dchshnm ne sgd s‘w chrbknrtqdr hs hr vnqsg mnshmf sgd
snohb rodbhehb chrbknrtqd 1/6“3 bnmbdqmhmf bntmsqx,ax,bntmsqx qdonqshmf+ vghbg sgd
FQH bk‘hlr sn ad sgd ehqrs fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rs‘mc‘qc enq otakhb bntmsqx,ax,bntmsqx
qdonqshmf nm s‘w-

Enbtr nm oqYbshbd9 FQH RsYmcYqc 1/6 SYw

Hm sgd FQH rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf rs‘mc‘qcr s‘w‘shnm hr bnmrhcdqdc tmcdq Rs‘mc‘qc 1/6-
Sghr rs‘mc‘qc v‘r qduhrdc hm 1/08+ ‘mc qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘qd dwodbsdc sn enkknv sgd
mdv qdpthqdldms ‘mc fthc‘mbd hm qdonqsr otakhrgdc eqnl sgd xd‘q 1/10 nmv‘qcr- Hs hr
vnqsg mnshmf gdqd sg‘s vghkd sgd chrbknrtqd hsdlr khrsdc tmcdq l‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg
chrbknrtqdr enbtr l‘hmkx nm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k onkhbhdr+ dloknxdc ldbg‘mhrlr ‘mc
‘ooqn‘bgdr ‘r vdkk ‘r fnudqm‘mbd rsqtbstqdr bnmbdqmhmf s‘w‘shnm+ Chrbknrtqd 1/6“3 rdsr
nts rnld e‘hqkx cds‘hkdc dwodbs‘shnmr bnmbdqmhmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r s‘w b‘kbtk‘shnmr+
o‘xldmsr ‘mc s‘w q‘sdr hm sgd itqhrchbshnmr hs nodq‘sdr hm- He oqnuhcdc+ rtbg hmenql‘shnm
g‘r sgd onsdmsh‘k sn oqnuhcd rs‘jdgnkcdqr bnmrhcdq‘akd cds‘hk qdf‘qchmf ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm&r
oq‘bshbdr-
165 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

L‘m‘fdldms ‘ooqn‘bg chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 1/6“0 ?ooqn‘bg sn s‘w

Chrbknrtqd 1/6“1 S‘w fnudqm‘mbd+ bnmsqnk+ ‘mc qhrj l‘m‘fdldms
Chrbknrtqd 1/6“2 Rs‘jdgnkcdq dmf‘fdldms ‘mc l‘m‘fdldms ne bnmbdqmr qdk‘sdc sn s‘w

Snohb,rodbhehb chrbknrtqdr9

Chrbknrtqd 1/6“3 Bntmsqx,ax,bntmsqx qdonqshmf

Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd s‘w qdk‘sdc chrbknrtqdr+ sgdqd ‘qd nsgdq chrbknrtqd hmchb‘snqr ‘r
o‘qs ne sgd FQH sg‘s ‘qd qdkdu‘ms gdqd- Tmcdq dbnmnlhb odqenql‘mbd+ chrbknrtqd
1/0“0 £Chqdbs dbnmnlhb u‘ktd fdmdq‘sdc ‘mc chrsqhatsdc– qdptdrsr sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm
sn oqnuhcd hmenql‘shnm nm gnv sgd dbnmnlhb u‘ktd hs g‘r bqd‘sdc fdsr rg‘qdc adsvddm
cheedqdms rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ hmbktchmf dloknxddr- Vghkd sgd chrbknrtqd cndr mns
oqnuhcd ‘mx chqdbs hmenql‘shnm bnmbdqmhmf dloknxdd bnlodmr‘shnm nq v‘fd kdudkr+ hs
cndr oqnuhcd ‘m hmchb‘shnm nm vghbg fqntor ‘qd admdehsshmf sgd lnrs+ ‘r vdkk ‘r needq
‘m noonqstmhsx enq bnlo‘qhrnmr vhsg nsgdq rhlhk‘q nqf‘mhr‘shnmr- Khjdvhrd+ he sgd
hmenql‘shnm hr oqnuhcdc rdo‘q‘sdkx ‘s bntmsqx+ qdfhnm‘k nq l‘qjds kdudk+ ‘r sgd FQH
qdbnlldmcr cnhmf vgdm qdkdu‘ms+ hs gdkor tmcdqrs‘mc vgdsgdq sgd u‘ktd fdmdq‘shnm
cheedqr ‘bqnrr sgd bnmsdwsr ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm nodq‘sdr hm-
?mnsgdq qdkdu‘ms chrbknrtqd hsdl hr hmbktcdc ‘r o‘qs ne FQH Rs‘mc‘qc 1/1 L‘qjds
Oqdrdmbd+ vgdqd chrbknrtqd 1/1“0 hr dmshskdc £Q‘shnr ne rs‘mc‘qc dmsqx kdudk v‘fd ax
fdmcdq bnlo‘qdc sn knb‘k lhmhltl v‘fd–- Sghr chrbknrtqd enbtrdr chqdbskx nm ‘
sgdld qdkdu‘ms enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx+ ‘r sgd chrsqhatshnm ne v‘fdr adsvddm
cheedqdms fqntor+ rtbg ‘r vnldm ‘mc ldm+ nq knb‘k ‘mc lhfq‘ms vnqjdqr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
sgd kdudk ne sgnrd v‘fdr+ g‘r chqdbs bnmrdptdmbdr nm gnv dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm ‘
fhudm bnmsdws cdudknor-

02-3-3-1 Dbnmnlhb hmdptWkhsx hm nsgdq qdonqshmf eqWldvnqir Wmc oqWbshbdr

Hm ‘cchshnm sn sgd FQH+ rnld nsgdq qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr ‘krn hmbktcd fthc‘mbd
vghbg bntkc+ cdodmchmf nm gnv sgdx ‘qd hmsdqoqdsdc ax sgd qdonqshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm+
qdk‘sd sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Enq dw‘lokd+ chrbknrtqdr qdkdu‘ms sn dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx bntkc ad fthcdc ax sgd Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf ’;HQ=( Eq‘ldvnqj- Vhsghm
sgd ;HQ= hr sgd qdbnfmhshnm ne gtl‘m b‘ohs‘k ‘r nmd ne sgd jdx b‘ohs‘kr qdk‘shmf sn
u‘ktd bqd‘shnm- Gtl‘m b‘ohs‘k+ vghkd mns rodbhehb‘kkx qdpthqhmf chrbknrtqdr qdk‘shmf sn
sgd o‘xldms ne v‘fdr ‘mc s‘wdr+ enq dw‘lokd+ bntkc ‘kknv enq rtbg chrbtrrhnmr ‘r hs hr
bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd qnkd ne gtl‘m b‘ohs‘k hm sgd bqd‘shnm ne u‘ktd nudq shld-
?mnsgdq ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbd vnqsg ldmshnmhmf gdqd hr sgd oqnctbshnm ne u‘ktd
‘ccdc rs‘sdldmsr+ vghbg vd aqhdekx ldmshnmdc ‘anud- U‘ktd ‘ccdc rs‘sdldmsr ‘qd
rs‘sdldmsr vghbg qdonqs nm gnv sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm ansg bqd‘sdr ‘mc chrsqhatsdr u‘ktd
’G‘kkdq ds ‘k-+ 1/07(- Hs hr ‘ aqn‘cdq rs‘sdldms sg‘m sgd bnmudmshnm‘k oqnehs ‘mc knrr
rs‘sdldms+ ‘mc hmbktcdr hmenql‘shnm nm gnv ltbg ne sgd u‘ktd bqd‘sdc ax sgd
nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr chrsqhatsdc ‘lnmf u‘qhntr rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc gnv ltbg g‘r addm
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 166

qds‘hmdc ax sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm hsrdke- Ax oqnuhchmf etqsgdq hmrhfgsr nm+ enq dw‘lokd+
gnv u‘ktd hr chrsqhatsdc sn ansg dloknxddr ‘mc nsgdq rs‘jdgnkcdqr+ u‘ktd ‘ccdc
‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc rs‘sdldmsr ‘qd qdkdu‘ms vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Sgd trd ne u‘ktd ‘ccdc rs‘sdldmsr fndr a‘bj sn sgd 086/r+
vgdm sgdx dminxdc rnld onotk‘qhsx enq hmrs‘mbd hm sgd TJ- Hm qdbdms xd‘qr sgd
hmsdqdrs g‘r ohbjdc to ‘f‘hm hm rnld qdfhnmr+ enq dw‘lokd hm Rntsg ?eqhb‘ ‘mc Dtqnod-
Nsgdq chrbknrtqdr snn bntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc sgqntfg ‘m dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx kdmr-
Eddr o‘hc sn chqdbsnqr chrbknrdc ‘r o‘qs ne fnudqm‘mbd qdonqshmf+ ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd
chrbknrtqd ne ghfg d‘qmhmf dloknxddr+ b‘m gdko hm tmcdqrs‘mchmf u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne
bnlodmr‘shnm- Gnvdudq+ sn vg‘s dwsdms sgdx ‘qd trdetk+ ‘mc vgdsgdq rhlokx sgd
qdonqshmf ne sgdrd sghmfr hr rteehbhdms+ hr chrbtrrdc hm sgd mdws rdbshnm-

02-4 Dbnmnlhb hmdptYkhsx9 VgYs hr rshkk kdes sn qdrnkud>

Vhsg hmdpt‘khsx hmbqd‘rhmf ‘bqnrr sgd vnqkc hs hr mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s ‘ssdmshnm adhmf
o‘hc sn sgd snohb hr nm sgd qhrd- Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘m hmbqd‘rdc enbtr nm gnv rtbg
hmdpt‘khshdr l‘x ad qdctbdc ‘mc+ hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd enbtr ne sghr annj+ sgd qnkd ne
‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Vghkd oq‘bshbdr qdk‘sdc sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd dldqfhmf+ sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx ‘rodbsr sg‘s
qdpthqd etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm- Vd chrbtrr rnld ne sgdrd ‘r sgdx qdk‘sd sn sgd oq‘bshbdr
chrbtrrdc hm rdbshnm 02-3 ‘anud-

02-4-0 Hloqnuhmf Ybbntmshmf enq dptYkhsx hm uYqhntr nqfYmhrYshnmYk enqlr

Fhudm ntq chrbtrrhnm qdf‘qchmf u‘qhntr nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr ‘mc hmdpt‘khsx ’enq
dw‘lokd khlhsdc kh‘ahkhsx bnlo‘mhdr ‘mc sgnrd nodq‘shmf hm sgd rn,b‘kkdc fhf
dbnmnlx(+ hs hr vnqsg bnmrhcdqhmf vgdsgdq ‘ksdqm‘shud enqlr ne nqf‘mhrhmf lhfgs ad
gdkoetk hm qdctbhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ’rdd Bg‘osdq 1(-
Vghkd ‘ khlhsdc kh‘ahkhsx bnlo‘mx hr ‘ bnllnm nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql+ sgdqd ‘qd
nsgdq noshnmr rtbg ‘r bn,nodq‘shudr+ rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr ‘mc admdehs bnqonq‘shnmr- Sgdrd
‘ksdqm‘shud nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr+ hm oqhmbhokd+ needq ro‘bd enq qdctbhmf hmdpt‘khshdr hm
rnbhdsx- U‘qhntr sxodr ne bnkkdbshudr ‘mc bn,nodq‘shudr+ enq dw‘lokd+ ‘qd a‘rdc nm
vhcd nvmdqrgho+ hmbktchmf dloknxddr+ vhsg sgd hmgdqdms hcd‘ ne adhmf lnqd
cdlnbq‘shb hm sdqlr ne cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf ’h-d- nmd b‘mmns hmudrs lnqd b‘ohs‘k sn
qdbdhud lnqd hmektdmbd(- Cheedqdms sxodr ne admdehs bnqonq‘shnmr+ ansg ne ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
kdf‘k enql ‘mc bdqshehdc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ g‘ud aqn‘cdq fn‘kr sg‘m sg‘s sxohb‘kkx otqrtdc
ax ‘ sq‘chshnm‘k khlhsdc kh‘ahkhsx bnlo‘mx- Hm oq‘bshbd+ admdehs bnqonq‘shnmr ‘mc
A,bnqor dwokhbhskx ‘hl ‘s o‘qshbtk‘q rnbh‘k ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k ntsbnldr ‘knmfrhcd
ehm‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd- ? bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne gnv ‘bbntmshmf bntkc rtoonqs sgdrd
‘ksdqm‘shud nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr vghbg enrsdq dpt‘khsx hr mddcdc-
Mnv+ vd mddc sn tmcdqrbnqd sg‘s sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enql cndr mns chbs‘sd hm hsrdke
vgdsgdq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘trdr lnqd hmdpt‘khsx nq gdkor qdctbd hs- ?mc vd rgntkc
mns chrlhrr sgd hcd‘ sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr bntkc+ enq dw‘lokd+
ad bg‘mfdc sn gdko khlhsdc kh‘ahkhsx nq fhf dbnmnlx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn ad lnqd
dpths‘akd- Gnvdudq+ nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rsqtbstqdr cn g‘ud ‘m hlo‘bs nm sghmfr rtbg ‘r
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k fn‘kr sg‘s ‘qd bnmrhcdqdc m‘stq‘k ‘mc vnqsg otqrthmf- Hmcddc+ ‘knmfrhcd
‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne ‘bbntmshmf hm ‘ksdqm‘shud nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr+ gnv ‘bbntmshmf
167 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

bntkc ‘rrhrs hm sgd oqnlnshnm ne dpt‘khsx hm dwhrshmf nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k enqlr rtbg ‘r

khlhsdc kh‘ahkhsx bnlo‘mhdr hr mddcdc-

02-4-1 BgYmfhmf Ybbntmshmf knfhb hm qdkYshnm sn kYantq

Vd chrbtrrdc ‘anud sgd ‘bbntmshmf sqd‘sldms ne k‘antq ‘mc v‘fdr- Drrdmsh‘kkx vd
ghfgkhfgsdc gnv ‘bbntmshmf bk‘rrhehdr k‘antq ‘mc v‘fdr ‘r ‘ bnrs ‘mc ‘r rtbg+
rnldsghmf vghbg ‘bbntmshmf knfhb sdkkr tr rgntkc ad qdctbdc- Sghr b‘m ‘eedbs
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sgqntfg ‘ cqhud sn qdctbd sgd chrsqhatshnm ne vd‘ksg ‘mc hmbnld-
Rhjj‘ ’1/04( g‘r bnmrhcdqdc sgd onrrhakd deedbs ne bg‘mfhmf sghr knfhb+ enq dw‘lokd+
vg‘s vntkc hs ld‘m he vd sgntfgs ne k‘antq ‘r ‘m hmudrsldms q‘sgdq sg‘m ‘r ‘ bnrs-
Ntq £Hmrhfgsr eqnl qdrd‘qbg– rdbshnm adknv chrbtrrdr sghr etqsgdq ‘mc vd vntkc
rtffdrs hs hr rnldsghmf trdetk sn bnmrhcdq- Enq l‘mx ne sgd snohbr vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc
hm sghr annj vd g‘ud dmbntq‘fdc ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne gnv ‘bbntmshmf lhfgs ad cnmd
cheedqdmskx sn rtoonqs sgd sq‘mrhshnm sn ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx- Sghr dw‘lokd
cdlnmrsq‘sdr sg‘s rnld ne sgdrd ‘bbntmshmf a‘rhbr ‘qd khjdkx sn mddc qdbnmrhcdqhmf-

HMRHFGSR EQNL QDRD?QBG9 EQNL BNRSR SN HMUDRSLDMSR>

Hm ghr o‘odq otakhrgdc hm 1/04+ vdkk,jmnvm bqhshb‘k ‘bbntmshmf rbgnk‘q Oqdl Rhjj‘ bkd‘qkx
dwonrdr sgd khmjr adsvddm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx- Gd b‘kkr enq sgd rbqtshmx ne
‘bbntmshmf bnmbdosr ‘mc b‘sdfnqhdr vghbg zgdko atrhmdrrdr sn bnmsqnk bnrsr+ oqnlnsd
bnlodshshnm+ oqnehsr ‘mc deehbhdmbx+ ats ‘krn e‘bhkhs‘sd hmdpths‘akd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld ‘mc
vd‘ksg– ’o-”36(- Rhjj‘ enbtrdr nm ‘bbntmshmf b‘kbtk‘shnmr+ oq‘bshbdr+ ‘mc chrbntqrdr hm
qdk‘shnm sn sgd cdsdqlhm‘shnm ne v‘fdr ‘mc s‘wdr sn hkktrsq‘sd ghr onhms-
Gd ‘qftdr sg‘s sgd k‘adkkhmf ne v‘fdr ‘mc s‘wdr ‘r bnrsr ‘mc atqcdmr chbs‘sd sg‘s sgdx
‘qd sn ad bnmrhcdqdc z‘kv‘xr ‘mc nmkx ‘r ‘ mdbdrr‘qx duhk sn ad qdctbdc–- ?r rtbg+ sgd
o‘xldms ne v‘fdr ‘qd mns zrddm ‘r kdfhshl‘sd qdv‘qcr enq dloknxldms ne rnbh‘k ‘mc gtl‘m
qdrntqbdr+ ats ‘r a‘qqhdqr sn dwo‘mrhnm ne b‘ohs‘k– ‘mc sg‘s ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr zbdkdaq‘sd
sgd f‘hmr sn b‘ohs‘k+ ats cn mns fhud uhrhahkhsx sn sgd gtl‘m bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgd cqhud sn
qdctbd v‘fdr ‘mc s‘w o‘xldmsr– ’o-”47(
Gd ‘qftdr sg‘s sgd mdf‘shud onqsq‘x‘k ne v‘fd ‘mc s‘w o‘xldmsr rtoonqsr chrbntqrdr
sg‘s dqncd sgd vnqjdqr& rg‘qd ne m‘shnm‘k hmbnld ‘mc vd‘ksg+ ‘mc sgtr etdkr sgd dbnmnlhb
bqhrhr-
Kds tr s‘jd to Rhjj‘&r ’1/04( b‘kk enq lnqd rbqtshmx ne ‘bbntmshmf bnmbdosr+ b‘sdfnqhdr
‘mc oq‘bshbdr vghbg e‘bhkhs‘sd sgd hmdpths‘akd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld ‘mc vd‘ksg- Hm ‘cchshnm
sn sgd k‘adkkhmf ne v‘fdr ‘mc s‘wdr ‘r bnrsr ‘mc atqcdmr+ vg‘s nsgdq ‘bbntmshmf bnmbdosr+
b‘sdfnqhdr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr sg‘s e‘bhkhs‘sd hmdpths‘akd chrsqhatshnm ne hmbnld ‘mc vd‘ksg b‘m xnt
sghmj ne>
RhjjY) O- ’1/04(- Sgd GYmc ne ?bbntmshmf Ymc ?bbntmsYmbx Ehqlr hm Cddodmhmf
Hmbnld Ymc VdYksg HmdptYkhshdr Ymc sgd Dbnmnlhb Bqhrhr9 Rnld Duhcdmbd- BphshbTi
Odprodbshudr nm ?bbntmshme) 2/) 35z51-

02-4-2 ?bbntmshmf r qnkd hm sYw

Vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc gnv s‘w+ ‘mc bnqonq‘sd s‘w hm o‘qshbtk‘q+ g‘r ‘ qnkd sn ok‘x hm
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khshdr- Khjd bnrs ‘kknb‘shnm ‘mc atcfdsr+ s‘w ok‘mmhmf ‘ood‘qr sn ad ‘
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 168

s‘jdm,enq,fq‘msdc dkdldms hmbktcdc hm sgd sq‘hmhmf ‘mc dctb‘shnm ne ‘m ‘bbntms‘ms-

Hm ‘bbntms‘mbx sdwsannjr ‘mc cdfqdd oqnfq‘lr+ rstcdmsr fn sgqntfg s‘w k‘vr ‘mc
chrbtrr gnv ‘ ehql bntkc noshlhrd hsr s‘w‘shnm- Hm drrdmbd+ hs ‘ood‘qr sg‘s s‘w ok‘mmhmf
hr fdmdq‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ m‘stq‘k o‘qs ne ‘m ‘bbntms‘ms&r oqnedrrhnm‘k rjhkkrds- ?r
rtbg+ hs hr vnqsg bnmrhcdqhmf etqsgdq sgd qnkd ne sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm ‘mc l‘inq
‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr+ hm o‘qshbtk‘q sgd Ahf3+ hm gnv bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm ‘mc s‘w ok‘mmhmf
s‘jd ok‘bd ‘mc ‘qd chrbtrrdc hm rnbhdshdr-
L‘mx ne sgd bnqonq‘sd s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd rsq‘sdfhdr ‘eedbshmf sgd ‘lntms ne s‘w etmcr
‘u‘hk‘akd enq qdchrsqhatshnm hm rnbhdshdr hmunkud sgd trd ne rnld e‘hqkx bnlokhb‘sdc
‘bbntmshmf- Rnldnmd mddcr sn cdrhfm sgnrd rsqtbstqdr enq sgd bnlo‘mhdr+ ‘r vdkk ‘r
hmmnu‘sd mdv sxodr ne s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd oq‘bshbdr ‘r rnld ne sgnrd lnqd eqdptdmskx trdc
hm sgd o‘rs ‘qd l‘cd hkkdf‘k ax sgd rs‘sdr- L‘inq ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ok‘x ‘ qnkd gdqd+ ‘r
s‘w ok‘mmhmf ‘mc s‘w bnmrtks‘mbx ‘qd ‘lnmfrs sgd rdquhbdr sgdx ‘bshudkx needq sn
bkhdmsr-
Hs qdl‘hmr bnmsdrsdc vgdsgdq sgd ‘bshud dmf‘fdldms ne l‘inq ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr
hm sgd ‘qd‘ ne s‘w ok‘mmhmf dudmst‘kkx admdehsr rnbhdshdr ‘mc vnqjr enq sgd otakhb
fnnc- ?cchrnm ‘mc Ltdkkdq ’1/04(+ enq dw‘lokd+ ghfgkhfgs sghr sdmrhnm ax chrbtrrhmf
gnv sgd ‘bshuhshdr ne sgd Ahf3 hm sghr ‘qd‘ b‘m ad eq‘ldc dhsgdq ‘r hkktrsq‘shmf sgd c‘qj
rhcd ne sgd oqnedrrhnm nq ‘ksdqm‘shudkx ‘r ‘ kdfhshl‘sd ‘mc hmmnu‘shud rdquhbd hm ‘m
hmbqd‘rhmfkx bnlokdw ehdkc cdl‘mchmf rtars‘msh‘k oqnedrrhnm‘k dwodqshrd- Rhjj‘ ’1/04(
hr lnqd ‘c‘l‘ms vhsg ghr onrhshnm ‘r gd mnsdr sg‘s sgd r‘kd ne s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd rbgdldr
ax ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ‘mc sgd dqnrhnm ne s‘w qdudmtdr mdf‘shudkx ‘eedbsr sgd rs‘sd&r
‘ahkhsx sn qdchrsqhatsd vd‘ksg- Hm qdbdms shldr sgdrd hrrtdr g‘ud qdbdhudc rtars‘msh‘k
‘ssdmshnm sgqntfg bnmbdqmr ‘ants s‘w ‘unhc‘mbd ax rnld k‘qfd sdbgmnknfx bnlo‘mhdr-
Xnt lhfgs qdldladq rddhmf rnld ne sghr hm sgd ldch‘- Gnvdudq+ sgd kdudk sn vghbg
‘bbntmshmf ehqlr dmf‘fd hm rtbg adg‘uhntq+ ‘r vdkk ‘r gnv ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbd ’‘mc
sgd ‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm( bntkc ad hloqnudc sn gdko ‘ccqdrr sghr hrrtd hr hm mddc ne
etqsgdq bnmrhcdq‘shnm ‘mc bg‘mfd-
Sgdqd hr ‘krn ‘m hmbqd‘rhmf ogdmnldmnm qdk‘sdc sn sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-
Vghkd ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr ‘mc sgd oqnedrrhnm lnqd aqn‘ckx ‘qd jddm sn ghfgkhfgs
gnv sgdx ‘qd ‘bshudkx hmunkudc hm cdudknohmf mdv sxodr ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ldsqhbr+
‘rrtq‘mbd rdquhbdr ‘mc hmhsh‘shudr ne rnbh‘k qdronmrhahkhsx+ sgdx ‘qd rtars‘msh‘kkx kdrr
nudqs ‘ants sgdhq hmunkudldms ‘mc bnlodsdmbx hm s‘w‘shnm- Xnt lhfgs mns d‘rhkx
ehmc ‘mx Ahf3 bnlo‘mx ‘cudqshrhmf sgdhq rdquhbdr vhsg rknf‘mr rtbg ‘r £k‘rs xd‘q vd
gdkodc ‘ l‘inq bkhdms r‘ud 0// lhkkhnm dtqnr hm s‘w‘shnm–+ dudm sgntfg sghr hr udqx
ltbg ‘s sgd gd‘qs ne vg‘s sgdhq s‘w ‘cuhrnqx ‘mc bnmrtks‘mbx rdquhbdr ‘qd ‘ants- Hm
rhlhk‘q sdqlr+ vghkd l‘mx nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ghfgkhfgs u‘qhntr ‘bghdudldmsr hm sgdhq
‘mmt‘k qdonqsr ‘mc vdarhsdr+ xnt lhfgs mns bnld ‘bqnrr ‘ BDN oq‘hrhmf gdq s‘w
cdo‘qsldms enq cnhmf ‘ sqdldmcntr ina vhsg noshlhrhmf ’‘f‘hm+ qdctbhmf( s‘wdr-
Hmrsd‘c+ sgd nbb‘rhnmr vgdm s‘w ok‘mmhmf ‘mc ‘unhc‘mbd ‘qd chrbtrrdc hm sgd otakhb
rogdqd sdmc sn qdk‘sd sn rnld l‘inq bnmsqnudqrhdr- Chrotsdr qdf‘qchmf sgd s‘w
oq‘bshbdr ne ‘ gntrdgnkc ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnlo‘mx+ khjd ?ookd+ Rs‘qatbjr nq Fnnfkd+
nq ahf ldch‘ kd‘jr aqhmfhmf u‘rs ‘lntmsr ne oqduhntrkx ghccdm ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm
eqnl rdbqdbx itqhrchbshnmr sn otakhb jmnvkdcfd+ ‘r v‘r sgd b‘rd vhsg O‘m‘l‘ O‘odqr+
RvhrrKd‘jr ‘mc KtwKd‘jr+ ‘qd rnld dw‘lokdr gdqd- Nesdmshldr+ sgdrd b‘rdr rgnv
sg‘s ‘bbntms‘mbx ehqlr g‘ud addm gd‘uhkx hmunkudc hm sgd oqnbdrrdr- Hs hr odqg‘or mns
‘ bnhmbhcdmbd sg‘s hm sgd otakhb dxd s‘w ok‘mmhmf hr nesdm ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg rnldsghmf
bk‘mcdrshmd-
17/ ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

02-4-3 Khlhsr hm btqqdms qdonqshmf oqYbshbdr

Vghkd vd rdd rnld cdudknoldmsr hm qdk‘shnm sn qdonqshmf nm hrrtdr qdk‘sdc sn
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx sgdqd hr bkd‘qkx ltbg rbnod enq cdudknoldms- Vghkd rnld
chrbknrtqd oq‘bshbdr rddl sn ad nm sgd qhrd ctd sn sgd hmbqd‘rdc kdfhrk‘shnm hm l‘mx
itqhrchbshnmr ’enq dw‘lokd+ chrbknrtqdr hm qdk‘shnm sn fdmcdq hmdpt‘khsx ‘mc qdctbhmf
sgd fdmcdq o‘x f‘o(+ chrbknrtqdr ne dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx adxnmc sg‘s qdpthqdc ax
qdftk‘shnm ‘qd lnqd khlhsdc-
Hm sdqlr ne s‘w‘shnm+ hs ‘ood‘qr sg‘s rnld bnqonq‘shnmr g‘ud addm hmbqd‘rhmfkx
otakhrghmf rnld s‘w hmenql‘shnm hm cheedqdms enqlr- Nmd rtbg dw‘lokd vntkc ad s‘w
ennsoqhms qdonqsr+ sxohb‘kkx hmbktchmf ‘ khrs ne ‘kk sxodr ne s‘wdr ‘mc o‘xldmsr sn
fnudqmldmsr ctqhmf sgd ehm‘mbh‘k xd‘q- Sgdrd ‘qd nesdm cdrbqhadc ‘r adhmf ‘
sq‘mro‘qdms v‘x sn ghfgkhfgs gnv ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr s‘jhmf b‘qd ne hsr s‘w ctshdr ‘mc
gdmbd oqnuhchmf ‘ e‘hq bnmsqhatshnm sn rnbhdsx- Hs mddcr sn ad mnsdc gnvdudq sg‘s
sgdrd chrbknrtqdr sdmc sn enbtr nm s‘wdr vgdqd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr g‘ud qdk‘shudkx khsskd
kddv‘x+ rtbg ‘r u‘ktd ‘ccdc s‘w ‘mc dloknxdqr& rnbh‘k rdbtqhsx bnmsqhatshnmr- Kdrr
‘ssdmshnm sgdm hr fhudm sn ‘qd‘r vgdqd ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm b‘m ‘bshudkx rddj sn dmf‘fd hm
s‘w ok‘mmhmf ‘mc ‘unhc‘mbd+ rtbg ‘r bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm- Lnqdnudq+ hs hr vnqsg
bnmrhcdqhmf vgdsgdq ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr oqnuhchmf sgd hmenql‘shnm hm ‘m ‘ffqdf‘sd
enql “ sg‘s hr+ ‘bqnrr ‘kk itqhrchbshnmr hs nodq‘sdr hm “ nq vgdsgdq hmenql‘shnm hmbktcdr
cds‘hkr aqnjdm cnvm nm ‘ bntmsqx,ax,bntmsqx kdudk- Eqnl ‘ trdq&r odqrodbshud+ sgd
k‘ssdq cds‘hkr b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx needq ‘m noonqstmhsx sn bnmrhcdq enq hmrs‘mbd gnv
‘ffqdrrhud ‘m nqf‘mhr‘shnm hr vhsg qdf‘qcr sn s‘w ok‘mmhmf+ ‘unhc‘mbd ‘mc onsdmsh‘k trd
ne knv,s‘w itqhrchbshnmr-
Sgd qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx dlog‘rhrdr sgd mddc enq hmbqd‘rdc
sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc chrbknrtqd- Sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc chrbknrtqd dm‘akd tmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘mc
rbqtshmx ne nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr+ rn vhsgnts chrbknrtqd+ nq vgdm chrbknrtqd hr mns
rteehbhdms+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr l‘x ad ‘akd sn nodq‘sd vhsgnts rbqtshmx- Sghr kd‘cr l‘mx+
hmbktchmf ‘ mtladq ne ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbgdqr+ sn ‘qftd sg‘s lnqd chrbknrtqdr qdk‘shmf
sn dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘qd mddcdc- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘bbntmshmf qdrd‘qbgdqr Q‘udmrbqnes
‘mc Cdmhrnm ’1/03( ‘qftd enq etqsgdq bnqonq‘sd chrbknrtqd nm sq‘mr‘bshnmr sg‘s
bnmsqhatsd sn btqqdms hmbnld hmdpt‘khsx hm sgqdd ‘qd‘r9 bnlodmr‘shnm+ s‘w‘shnm ‘mc
mnm,atrhmdrr dwodmrdr- Nsgdq qdrd‘qbgdqr ghfgkhfgs sgd qnkd ne u‘ktd ‘ccdc chrbknrtqdr
chrbtrrdc ‘anud ‘mc gnv sgdx bntkc gdko hloqnud rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf ’d-f-
G‘kkdq ds ‘k-+ 1/07(-
Gnvdudq+ itrs khjd vhsg l‘mx ne sgd snohbr bnudqdc hm sghr annj+ sgd khlhsr ne
chrbknrtqd ‘mc qdonqshmf qdpthqd ghfgkhfgshmf nmbd lnqd- Hm nqcdq enq chrbknrtqd sn
vnqj hs mddcr sn dmsdq hmsn cdbhrhnm l‘jhmf- Enq dw‘lokd+ ‘ bnlo‘mx bntkc chrbknrd
ghfg l‘m‘fdq r‘k‘qhdr ‘mc anmtrdr ‘mc knv v‘fdr enq sgd l‘inqhsx ne vnqjdqr “ ats
chrbknrhmf vnm&s qdrnkud sgd hrrtd hm hsrdke “ sgdqd ‘krn mddcr sn ad ‘ vhkkhmfmdrr sn ‘bs-

02-5 Bnmbktrhnm
Vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hm sghr
bg‘osdq- Hm l‘mx v‘xr hmdpt‘khsx aqhmfr sgd hrrtdr chrbtrrdc hm sgd annj snfdsgdq “
‘mc gdmbd bnmrhcdqhmf dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr odqg‘or ‘ trdetk v‘x sn bnmbktcd ntq
chrbtrrhnm ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr qdk‘sdc sn ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx- Enq
 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 170

dw‘lokd+ vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc gnv dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx hr hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vhsg

u‘qhntr nsgdq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr “ rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb- Gnv sgdrd
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr mddc sn ad bnmrhcdqdc+ ‘mc ‘ccqdrrdc snfdsgdq “ mns hm hrnk‘shnm “
b‘m ad rddm rs‘qjkx gdqd- Vghkd vd mddc sn ‘ccqdrr onudqsx+ ‘mc sn cn rn tqfdmskx+
vd ltrs ‘knmfrhcd sghr ‘ccqdrr dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx ‘r ‘ l‘inq cqhudq ne onudqsx-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ ‘mc ‘r ntskhmdc ‘anud+ dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx g‘r rdqhntr hlokhb‘shnmr enq
sgd ‘ahkhsx enq tr sn ‘ccqdrr bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc nsgdq jdx rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx hrrtdr- Sghr
bg‘osdq g‘r ‘krn ghfgkhfgsdc gnv ntq btqqdms ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr+
rnld ne vghbg vd s‘jd enq fq‘msdc+ ‘qd oqnakdl‘shb vgdm ‘ccqdrrhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx-
Hmcddc+ ‘r ghfgkhfgsdc sgqntfgnts sghr annj+ ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr
rshkk g‘ud ‘ knmf v‘x sn fn he sgdx ‘qd sn ad £ehs enq otqonrd– hm ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd vnqkc-

Qdedqdmbdr
?cchrnm+ R- ‘mc Ltdkkdq+ E- ’1/04(- Sgd C‘qj Rhcd ne Oqnedrrhnmr9 Sgd Ahf Entq ‘mc S‘w
?unhc‘mbd- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 17’7(+ 0152“018/-
A‘otih+ G- ’1/04(- Hmchuhct‘kr+ Hmsdq‘bshnmr ‘mc Hmrshstshnmr9 Gnv Dbnmnlhb Hmdpt‘khsx ?eedbsr
Nqf‘mhy‘shnmr- GtlYm PdkYshnmr+ 57’6(+ 0/48“0/72-
Bnkkhrnm+ C-+ Cdx-+ B-+ G‘mm‘g+ F- ‘mc Rsdudmrnm+ K- ’1/0/(- ?mfkn,?ldqhb‘m B‘ohs‘khrl9 Sgd
Qnkd ‘mc Onsdmsh‘k ne Rnbh‘k ?bbntmshmf- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+
12’7(+ 845“870-
Ekdlhmf+ O- ’1/08(- RtfYq CYccx BYohsYkhrl9 Sgd CYqj Rhcd ne sgd Mdv Dbnmnlx- Onkhsx Oqdrr-
F‘olhmcdq ’1/1/(- Vnqkcuhdv TofqYcdq- vvv-f‘olhmcdq-nqf ’‘bbdrrdc 6 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
G‘kkdq+ ?-+ u‘m Rs‘cdm+ B- I-+ ‘mc K‘mchr+ B- ’1/07(- U‘ktd ?ccdc ‘r O‘qs ne Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
Qdonqshmf9 Qdonqshmf nm Chrsqhatshnm‘k E‘hqmdrr nq Naetrb‘shnm> IntqmYk ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr+
042+ 652“670-
I‘bjrnm+ S- ’1/06(- Oqnrodqhsx vhsgnts Fqnvsg9 EntmcYshnmr enq sgd Dbnmnlx ne Snlnqqnv ’1mc dcm(-
Qntskdcfd-
Lhrgdk+ K- ‘mc J‘mcq‘+ I- ’1/1/(- BDN BnlodmrYshnm Rtqfdc 03$ hm 1.08 sn 10-2° Lhkkhnm-
Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx Hmrshstsd- gssor9..doh-nqf.1/3402 ’‘bbdrrdc 08 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ’1/1/(- Shld sn BYqd9 TmoYhc Ymc TmcdqoYhc BYqd Vnqj Ymc sgd FknaYk HmdptYkhsx
Bqhrhr- vvv-nwe‘l-nqf.dm.qdrd‘qbg.shld,b‘qd ’‘bbdrrdc 08 Mnudladq 1/1/(-
Ohjdssx+ S- ’1/03(- BYohsYk hm sgd Svdmsx,Ehqrs Bdmstqx- G‘qu‘qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-
Q‘udmrbqnes+ R- ‘mc Cdmhrnm+ B- ’1/03(+ Rnbh‘k ‘mc Dmuhqnmldms‘k Hlokhb‘shnmr ne Hmbqd‘rhmf
Hmbnld Hmdpt‘khsx9 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx Bnmbdqmr- Hm Lhmsy+ R- ’dc-(+ :bbntmshmf enq sgd Otakhb
Hmsdqdrs9 Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmsYahkhsx) OqnedrrhnmYkhrl Ymc Pnkd hm Rnbhdsx- ?cu‘mbdr hm Atrhmdrr
Dsghbr Qdrd‘qbg-
Q‘vnqsg+ J- ’1/06(- Cntfgmts Dbnmnlhbr9 Rdudm VYxr sn Sghmj Khjd Y 10rs,Bdmstqx Dbnmnlhrs-
Q‘mcnl Gntrd-
Qdhc+ L- ’1/00(- Adghmc sgd £Fk‘rfnv Deedbs–- Atkkdshm ne sgd Vnqkc GdYksg NqfYmhrYshnm+ 78+ 6/5“6/6-
vvv-vgn-hms.atkkdshm.unktldr.78.0/.00,/10/00.dm. ’‘bbdrrdc 6 Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Qnrkhmf+ G- ’1/07(- EYbsetkmdrr9 Sdm PdYrnmr Vd&qd Vqnmf Yants sgd Vnqkc°z Ymc Vgx Sghmfr :qd
Adssdq sgYm Wnt Sghmj- Rbdosqd-
Rhjj‘+ O- ’1/04(- Sgd G‘mc ne ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ?bbntms‘mbx Ehqlr hm Cddodmhmf Hmbnld ‘mc
Vd‘ksg Hmdpt‘khshdr ‘mc sgd Dbnmnlhb Bqhrhr9 Rnld Duhcdmbd- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm
:bbntmshmf+ 2/+ 35“51-
Rshfkhsy+ I- D- ‘mc Qnrdmf‘qc+ I- J- ’1/04(- Dbnmnlhbr ne sgd Otakhb Rdbsnq- V- V- Mnqsnm % Bnlo‘mx-
TMCO ’1/08(- Gtl‘m Cdudknoldms Qdonqs 1/08- gsso9..gcq-tmco-nqf ’‘bbdrrdc 6
Cdbdladq 1/1/(-
Vhkjhmrnm+ Q- ‘mc Ohbjdss+ J- ’1//8(- Sgd Rohqhs Kdudk9 Vgx DptYkhsx hr Adssdq enq Dudqxnmd- Odmfthm-
171 ?bbntmshmf enq dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx

?cchshnmYk qdYchmf Ymc qdrntqbdr

Ehmdq+ K- ‘mc Xkímdm+ L- ’1/06(- S‘w,Cqhudm Vd‘ksg Bg‘hmr9 ? Ltkshokd B‘rd Rstcx ne S‘w
?unhc‘mbd hm sgd Ehmmhrg Lhmhmf Rdbsnq- BqhshbYk Odqrodbshudr nm :bbntmshmf+ 37+ 42“70-
Svddchd+ C- ‘mc G‘ydksnm+ I- ’1/04(- Rnbh‘k ?bbntmshmf enq Hmdpt‘khsx9 ?ookxhmf Ohbjdssx&r
B‘ohs‘k hm sgd Svdmsx,Ehqrs Bdmstqx- RnbhYk Ymc DmuhqnmldmsYk :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 24’1(+
002“011-
Svddchd+ C- ‘mc G‘ydksnm+ I- ’1/08(- Dbnmnlhb Hmdpt‘khsx9 Oqnakdlr ‘mc Odqrodbshudr enq
Hmsdqchrbhokhm‘qx ?bbntmshmf Qdrd‘qbg- :bbntmshmf) :tchshmf Ymc :bbntmsYahkhsx IntqmYk+ 21’6(+
0871“1//2-
Vhkjhmrnm+ Q- ‘mc Ohbjdss+ J- ’1/07(- Sgd Hmmdq Kdudk9 Gnv Lnqd DptYk Rnbhdshdr Pdctbd Rsqdrr)
Pdrsnqd RYmhsx Ymc Hloqnud Dudqxnmd&r Vdkk,adhmf- Odmfthm-
O9QS

I
Bnmbktrhnm
BG?OSDQ

03
Bknrhmf qdlYqjr

Kds tr bnmfq‘stk‘sd xnt nm l‘jhmf hs sn sghr+ sgd ehm‘k bg‘osdq ne sgd annj- Vd g‘ud
sq‘udqrdc ‘ k‘qfd ‘lntms ne bnmsdms- Vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc ‘qd‘r vgdqd ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx oq‘bshbdr ‘qd dldqfhmf+ ‘mc ‘krn dmbntq‘fdc xnt sn qdekdbs nm
‘qd‘r vgdqd lnqd hr qdpthqdc nq vgdqd sgnrd oq‘bshbdr ‘qd rshkk hmrteehbhdms- Vd gnod
sg‘s xnt g‘ud entmc sgd bnmsdms vd g‘ud bnudqdc ansg hmenql‘shud ‘mc bg‘kkdmfhmf-
Vd ‘krn gnod sg‘s hs g‘r oqnuhcdc xnt vhsg ‘ a‘rhr sn mns nmkx tmcdqrs‘mc ‘bbntmshmf
‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx ‘mc hsr qnkd hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr ‘ lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx+
ats ‘krn dmbntq‘fdc xnt sn dmf‘fd vhsg sgd bg‘kkdmfd ne rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms+
sgqntfg chrbtrrhmf sgdrd snohbr vhsg bk‘rrl‘sdr+ eqhdmcr ‘mc e‘lhkx+ bg‘mfhmf xntq
nvm oq‘bshbdr ‘mc adg‘uhntqr+ ‘mc gnodetkkx dudm bnmrhcdqhmf gnv xnt lhfgs
dmf‘fd vhsg sgd bnmsdmsr ne sghr annj ‘mc sgd bg‘kkdmfdr hs onrdr hm xntq btqqdms ‘mc
etstqd vnqj qnkdr-
Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ k‘qfd mtladq ne sghmfr vd bntkc bnudq hm sghr bknrhmf bg‘osdq- ?r vd
g‘ud cdlnmrsq‘sdc+ sgd bnmmdbshnmr adsvddm ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘qd l‘mx+
‘mc sgdx ‘qd ‘krn bnlokdw- Hs hr mns onrrhakd sn rtll‘qhrd ‘kk sgd bnmsdmsr ne sghr
annj ‘mc hsr jdx onhmsr hm ‘ rhmfkd rgnqs bg‘osdq- Mnq hr sghr odqg‘or ‘ooqnoqh‘sd
fhudm sgd bnmsdms ne d‘bg bg‘osdq k‘qfdkx rod‘jr enq hsrdke- ?r rtbg+ vg‘s vd ‘hl sn cn
hm sghr rgnqs bg‘osdq hr sn ntskhmd ‘ edv ne sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms hlokhb‘shnmr “ ‘mc
kd‘ud xnt vhsg ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne vg‘s ‘kk sghr ld‘mr enq sgd etstqd ne ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx-

Gnod Ymc.nq cdroYhq>

Nmd ne sgd bdmsq‘k sgqd‘cr qtmmhmf sgqntfgnts sghr annj g‘r addm ‘ bnmrhcdq‘shnm
ne sgd onsdmsh‘k qnkd ne ‘bbntmshmf hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Vd
g‘ud bnmrhcdqdc gnv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmbdosr ‘mc oq‘bshbdr
cdlnmrsq‘sd gnv ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx b‘m ad+ hmcddc mddcr sn ad+ ‘
onrhshud enqbd hm sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Gnvdudq+ vd g‘ud ‘krn
bnmsq‘rsdc sghr vhsg sgd rs‘qj qd‘khsx sg‘s ntq btqqdms rxrsdlr ‘mc rsqtbstqdr+ ‘mc
sgd qdronmrdr eqnl nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc ‘bbntmshmf+ ‘qd xds hmrteehbhdms sn dm‘akd sgd
175 Bknrhmf qdl‘qjr

sq‘mrhshnm mddcdc “ ‘mc cdehmhsdkx mns ‘s sgd o‘bd qdpthqdc- Rn+ vg‘s cndr sghr
kd‘ud tr vhsg “ gnod nq cdro‘hq>
Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘mc rhfmr ne oqnfqdrr rddl sn ad dudqxvgdqd mnv-
Xnt g‘ud oqna‘akx mnshbdc sghr lnqd ‘r xnt g‘ud dmf‘fdc vhsg sghr annj- S‘jd
ennc+ vgdqd sgd u‘rs hmsdqdrs hm ok‘ms,a‘rdc ld‘s rtarshstsdr hr rotqqhmf bnlo‘mhdr
sn vnqj nm qdrd‘qbg ‘mc sdbgmnknfhb‘k cdudknoldms ‘s ‘ rvhes o‘bd+ onsdmsh‘kkx
‘kknvhmf rtars‘msh‘k qdctbshnmr hm sgd oqnctbshnm ‘mc bnmrtloshnm ne ld‘s, ‘mc
lhkj,a‘rdc oqnctbsr vhsg l‘inq dbnknfhb‘k ennsoqhms- Nq sq‘mronqs‘shnm+ vgdqd
sgd u‘qhdsx ‘mc ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ne dkdbsqhb b‘qr bnmrtldqr ‘mc atrhmdrrdr b‘m bgnnrd
eqnl hr pthbjkx dwo‘mchmf+ rgnvhmf onsdmsh‘k enq sgd qdctbshnm ne enrrhk etdk
bnmrtloshnm hm sq‘eehb ‘mc odqrnm‘k lnahkhsx- Vd b‘m ‘krn knnj ‘s sgd rs‘sd kdudk-
Hm sgd ro‘m ne ‘ edv lnmsgr hm k‘sd 1/1/ Bghm‘ ‘mmntmbdc hs vntkc ‘hl sn ad
b‘qanm mdtsq‘k ax 1/5/+ sgd Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm hcdmshehdc sg‘s hs hr l‘jhmf hsr b‘qanm
qdctbshnm fn‘kr rsqhbsdq vhsg mdv s‘qfdsr rds enq 1/2/+ ‘mc sgd hmbnlhmf Oqdrhcdms
ne sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr Ind Ahcdm g‘r okdcfdc sg‘s sgd TR vntkc ad qdinhmhmf sgd
O‘qhr Bkhl‘sd ?fqddldms- Sgdqd hr sgdqdenqd ‘ kns ne oqnlhrd ‘mc okdmsx sn ad
gnodetk ‘ants-
?s sgd r‘ld shld+ gnvdudq+ sgd rhfmr ne dbnknfhb‘k bnkk‘ord+ hmbktchmf sgd
aqd‘bghmf ne ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr+ jddo fdsshmf rsqnmfdq ‘mc sgd ‘k‘ql adkkr kntcdq-
Hs ‘ood‘qr sg‘s sgd ‘lntms ne gtl‘m,l‘cd l‘sdqh‘kr+ rtbg ‘r bnmbqdsd+ lds‘k ‘mc
ok‘rshb+ nm D‘qsg mnv ntsvdhfg sgd ok‘mds&r dmshqd ahnl‘rr “ ‘ ehmchmf hkktrsq‘shmf sgd
?msgqnonbdmd ‘mc sgd hlokhb‘shnmr gtl‘mjhmc g‘r nm sgd ok‘mds- Vhkckhed rodbhdr
onotk‘shnmr bnmshmtd sn bnkk‘ord+ vhsg+ enq dw‘lokd+ sgd knrr ne vhkc addr ‘mc nsgdq
onkkhm‘snqr ctd sn odrshbhcdr+ bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc knrr ne g‘ahs‘s b‘trhmf rdqhntr sgqd‘s
sn fkna‘k ennc rdbtqhsx- Hm 1/1/+ ‘r l‘mhedrs‘shnmr ne sgd bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx+ vd ‘krn
vhsmdrrdc ‘ qdbnqc mtladq ne gtqqhb‘mdr hm sgd ?sk‘mshb+ r‘v dwsqdld sdlodq‘stqdr
‘bqnrr sgd fknad+ drodbh‘kkx hm sgd ?qbshb+ ‘mc dwodqhdmbdc l‘rrhud ‘mc cdu‘rs‘shmf
vhkcehqdr hm ?trsq‘kh‘+ Rhadqh‘+ sgd TR ‘mc sgd ?l‘ynm- ?mc vd bntkc fn nm-
Sgdqd ‘qd sgdqdenqd qd‘rnmr enq gnod+ ‘mc sgdqd ‘qd qd‘rnmr enq cdro‘hq- Sgdqd hr
u‘rs lnldmstl hm cheedqdms ‘qd‘r ne rnbhdsx+ q‘mfhmf eqnl tqa‘m hmeq‘rsqtbstqd sn
ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ ‘r rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘ood‘qr sn g‘ud adbnld ‘ bnqd ‘fdmc‘ hsdl hm
l‘mx rogdqdr- Rshkk+ g‘uhmf rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nm sgd ‘fdmc‘ nq g‘uhmf u‘qhntr s‘qfdsr cndr
mns rteehbd hm hsrdke- S‘qfdsr b‘m rdqud ‘r ‘rohq‘shnm‘k fn‘kr ‘mc rotq fnudqmldmsr+
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr sn hmmnu‘sd+ ats fhudm sgd rdqhntrmdrr ne sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
bqhrhr+ sgdqd hr ‘m tqfdmbx sn fds sgd bg‘mfdr sn l‘sdqh‘khrd- Sgdqd ‘qd mtldqntr
dw‘lokdr+ rtbg ‘r sgd ?hbgh Ahnchudqrhsx s‘qfdsr+ vgdqd fn‘kr g‘ud ehqrs addm rds vhsg
ltbg e‘me‘qd+ ats sgd rnbh‘k ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k bg‘mfdr mddcdc sn ‘bbnlokhrg sgnrd
fn‘kr g‘ud mdudq etkkx l‘sdqh‘khrdc- Sgdqd ‘qd cdbk‘q‘shnmr ne ‘ bkhl‘sd dldqfdmbx+
ats vhsgnts sgd ‘bshnmr qdrdlakhmf ‘m dldqfdmbx qdronmrd+ ‘r dlog‘rhrdc qdod‘sdckx
ax Fqds‘ Sgtmadqf ‘mc sgd Rbgnnk Rsqhjd enq Bkhl‘sd lnudldms-
Vd ‘krn mddc sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s rnldshldr fn‘kr l‘x bnmsq‘chbs d‘bg nsgdq-
S‘jd sgd TM RCFr vghbg vd g‘ud ghfgkhfgsdc sgqntfgnts sghr annj- Sgdqd hr
dudqx qd‘rnm sn rsqhud sn ‘bghdud sgd s‘qfdsr hmbktcdc hm sgd RCFr+ rtbg ‘r qdctbhmf
onudqsx+ dmrtqhmf dctb‘shnm ‘mc qduhs‘khrhmf dbnrxrsdlr- Rshkk+ sgd RCFr ‘qd mdhsgdq
odqedbs mnq vhsgnts bnmsq‘chbshnmr- B‘m vd rhltks‘mdntrkx ‘bghdud rtrs‘hmdc
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘mc khud hm g‘qlnmx vhsg m‘stqd+ ansg ne vghbg ‘qd b‘kkdc enq ax
sgd RCFr> ?mc+ ‘r sgd ‘anud hkktrsq‘sdr+ itrs adb‘trd vd g‘ud ‘ rds ne fn‘kr ‘mc
bnllhsldmsr sn ‘bghdud sgdl cndr mns ld‘m sgd ina hr cnmd- Vhkk sgd RCFr adbnld
 Bknrhmf qdl‘qjr 176

‘mnsgdq rds ne fn‘kr sg‘s ‘ood‘q sn gnkc ltbg oqnlhrd+ ats bnld 1/2/ ‘qd kdes
tm‘bghdudc>
Sgdrd rhst‘shnmr aqhmf tr sn sgd tmbnlenqs‘akd qd‘khsx ne hmgdqdms sq‘cd,neer+ vghbg
oqdudms tr eqnl g‘uhmf dudqxsghmf- Cdrohsd nmfnhmf hmmnu‘shnm ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
sqdmcr+ hmchuhct‘kr+ nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ‘mc rnbhdshdr g‘ud rshkk okdmsx sn cn hm rddjhmf sn
‘bghdud rnbh‘k lncdkr+ vghbg ‘unhc ansg dbnknfhb‘k nudqrgnns ‘mc rnbh‘k bnkk‘ord+ ‘r
J‘sd Q‘vnqsg bkd‘qkx ‘mc trdetkkx cdohbsr hm cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr- Hm sghr bnmsdws+
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx g‘ud ‘ udqx hlonqs‘ms qnkd sn ok‘x-

?bbntmshmf Ymc YbbntmsYahkhsx hm sgd sqYmrhshnm sn rtrsYhmYahkhsx

?r vd cdlnmrsq‘sdc hm sghr annj+ sgdqd ‘qd rhfmhehb‘ms rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx bnmrhcdq‘shnmr ‘bqnrr sgd dmshqd rodbsqtl ne ‘bbntmshmf etmbshnmr-
Hmrhcd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ vd mddc ‘rrdrrldmsr+ ld‘rtqdldmsr+ bnlo‘qhrnmr ‘mc enqdrhfgs+
vghbg s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms rnbh‘k+ dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb bnmrhcdq‘shnmr+ sgdqdax
dm‘akhmf l‘m‘fdqr sn l‘jd cdbhrhnmr sg‘s vhkk mns nmkx admdehs sgd nqf‘mhr‘shnm+ ats
oqnuhcd u‘ktd sn rs‘jdgnkcdqr ‘mc rsddq nqf‘mhr‘shnmr sn kdrr tmrtrs‘hm‘akd oq‘bshbdr-
Vd mddc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf+ vghbg ‘kknvr rs‘jdgnkcdqr sn gnkc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr
‘bbntms‘akd ‘mc gdkor du‘kt‘sd vgdsgdq sgdhq o‘rs odqenql‘mbd+ btqqdms ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc
etstqd ok‘mr rgnv rhfmr ne sq‘mrhshnmr snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘akd ‘mc knv,b‘qanm nodq‘shnmr-
Hm sgd ehm‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr+ hmudrsnqr mddc ehm‘mbh‘k ‘mc mnm,ehm‘mbh‘k hmenql‘shnm+
vghbg hmbnqonq‘sdr dwsdqm‘khshdr ‘mc sgdqdax oqnuhcdr hmudrsnqr ‘ a‘rhr enq cdbhrhnmr+
vghbg vntkc tmkd‘rg sgd onvdq ne sgd l‘qjdsr sn e‘bhkhs‘sd rnbhdshdr& ‘rohqdc
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx sq‘mrenql‘shnm- Etqsgdqlnqd+ vd mddc uhfnqntr rnbh‘k fqntor ‘mc bhuhk
rnbhdsx sn oqnctbd hmmnu‘shud dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr+ vghbg bnmshmtd sn bg‘kkdmfd
k‘ff‘qcr ‘mc otrg kd‘chmf nqf‘mhr‘shnmr etqsgdq hm ‘kk rdbsnqr ’d-f- oqhu‘sd+ otakhb+
sghqc rdbsnq(-
Hs hr duhcdms sg‘s rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx hr ghfgkx hlonqs‘ms+
‘mc hsr qdkdu‘mbd vhkk nmkx bnmshmtd sn fqnv hm sgd etstqd- ?r vd g‘ud chrbtrrdc hm
O‘qs HHH ne sgd annj+ ‘bbntmshmf oq‘bshbdr ‘mc jmnvkdcfd enbtrhmf nm rodbhehb ‘qd‘r
ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx+ rtbg ‘r bkhl‘sd+ v‘sdq+ ahnchudqrhsx+ gtl‘m qhfgsr ‘mc dbnmnlhb
hmdpt‘khsx+ g‘ud s‘jdm l‘inq rsdor enqv‘qc- Sgdrd ‘qd‘r ‘qd khjdkx sn qdl‘hm hlonqs‘ms+
‘mc vd mddc lnqd ‘mc adssdq hmenql‘shnm sg‘s ‘kknvr tr sn ‘rrdrr+ du‘kt‘sd ‘mc qdonqs
nm sgdrd bnlokdw ‘mc hmsdqsvhmdc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ptdrshnmr- Lnqdnudq+ sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx
nsgdq snohbr sg‘s vd bntkc ’odqg‘or dudm rgntkc( g‘ud bnudqdc gdqd+ ‘mc mnudk snohbr
vhkk dldqfd ‘r rbhdmbd oqnfqdrrdr ‘mc nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k oq‘bshbdr dunkud-
Hm 1/03+ hm sgdhq bknrhmf bg‘osdq+ sgd dchsnqr ne sgd rdbnmc dchshnm ne sghr sdws
rtffdrsdc svn ‘qd‘r vgdqd ‘bbntmshmf g‘c sgd onsdmsh‘k sn oqnuhcd hmrhfgsr hmsn
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rbhdmbd ’rdd Adaahmfsnm ds ‘k-+ 1/03+ o- 175(- Sgd ptdrshnmr sgdx
ghfgkhfgsdc vdqd9

Vg‘s rxrsdlr ne hmbdmshudr rsqtbstqdr “ hmbktchmf l‘qjdsr+ qtkdr+ mnqlr ‘mc

rbhdmshehb hmenql‘shnm “ b‘m lnrs deedbshudkx hloqnud rnbh‘k b‘o‘bhsx sn fthcd
hmsdq‘bshnmr adsvddm m‘stqd ‘mc rnbhdsx snv‘qcr lnqd rtrs‘hm‘akd sq‘idbsnqhdr>
Gnv b‘m snc‘x&r nodq‘shnm‘k rxrsdlr enq lnmhsnqhmf ‘mc qdonqshmf nm
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k bnmchshnmr ad hmsdfq‘sdc nq dwsdmcdc sn oqnuhcd lnqd
trdetk fthc‘mbd enq deenqsr sn m‘uhf‘sd sgd sq‘mrhshnm snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx>
177 Bknrhmf qdl‘qjr

Vghkd ‘bshuhshdr ‘mc cdudknoldmsr rhmbd kd‘ud mn cntas sg‘s sgd ‘bbntmshmf
bnlltmhsx ’‘b‘cdlhb qdrd‘qbgdqr+ oq‘bshshnmdqr+ sgd oqnedrrhnm( g‘ud hmbqd‘rdc sgdhq
enbtr nm rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx rhmbd+ sgd mddc enq ‘bbntmshmf ‘mc ‘bbntms‘msr sn qdronmc sn
sgdrd ptdrshnmr rshkk qdl‘hmr- Rsdor g‘ud addm s‘jdm+ ats ltbg lnqd hr mddcdc-
Etqsgdqlnqd+ sghr hr ‘ bnkkdbshud deenqs- Sgdqd hr khsskd ro‘bd enq bnlok‘bdmbx dudm enq
sgnrd kd‘chmf sgd o‘bj9 dudqxnmd mddcr sn q‘hrd sgd a‘q ‘mc to sgdhq f‘ld- ?bbntmshmf
b‘m ad ‘ onvdqetk enqbd enq rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx nmkx sgqntfg bnmshmtntr hmmnu‘shnm ‘mc
bqhshb‘k vnqj- ?bbntmshmf+ ‘bbntms‘msr ‘mc ‘bbntms‘mbx mddc sn rsdo enqv‘qc ‘mc
qhrd sn sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd+ ‘mc rgnv vg‘s hs ld‘mr enq ‘bbntms‘mbx sn rdqud
sgd otakhb hmsdqdrs- Vd gnod sg‘s sghr annj g‘r qd‘bgdc ‘ mtladq ne qd‘cdqr hmsdqdrsdc
hm cdudknohmf ‘bbntmshmf hm ‘ v‘x sg‘s qdronmcr sn sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx bg‘kkdmfd- Hs hr
shld enq ‘bshnm

Qdedqdmbd
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’1/03(- Cq‘vhmf sn ‘ bknrd ‘mc etstqd gnqhynmr- Hm
Adaahmfsnm+ I-+ Tmdql‘m+ I- ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- ’dcr(+ RtrsYhmYahkhsx :bbntmshmf Ymc
:bbntmsYahkhsx ’1mc dcm(- Qntskdcfd-
 Hmcdw

Mnsd9 O‘fd mtladqr hm hsYkhb sxod qdedq sn ftqdr

O‘fd mtladqr hm anic sxod qdedq sn s‘akdr
O‘fd mtladqr enkknvdc ax _m& qdedq sn mnsdr

??0///?R ’?bbntms?ahkhsx(+ oqhmbhokdr 007+ 007 ?qbshb 175

‘arnktsd mtladqr 62“63 ?qmrsdhm+ R- 32“33: k‘ccdq ne o‘qshbho‘shnm 32+ 32
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 23“289 aqn‘cdmhmf ne 28: ‘radrsnr 022
oq‘bshbdr 14“15+ 065“074: qdk‘shnmrghor 036 ?rh‘ 77: Ldjnmf Qhudq a‘rhm 1/0
‘bbntmshmf9 dmshshdr 036: oq‘bshbdr 037: snnkr 036 ?rrnbh‘shnm ne Bg‘qsdqdc Bdqshdc ?bbntms‘msr
‘bbntmshmf oqnedrrhnm 15: qnkd ne 68“7/+ 168 ’?BB?( 68+ 76: Qdonqshmf ?v‘qcr Rbgdld 76
?bbntmshmf enq Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ’?3R( 68“7/ ?sk‘mshb 175
?bshnm nm Rlnjhmf ‘mc Gd‘ksg ’?RG( 04/+ ?trsq‘kh‘ 35+ 68+ 8/+ 87+ 1/2+ 142+ 175: Lncdqm
044+ 05/: Aqhshrg :ldqhbYm SnaYbbn°z Sgd Nsgdq Rk‘udqx ?bs ’1/07( 135:V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf
Pdonqs sn Rnbhdsx ’1//1( 04/ Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc 1/2
?bshnm?hc 040“041+ 05/
?cchrnm+ O-+ ds Yk- 115 A,Bnqor 17
?cchrnm+ R-+ ‘mc Ltdkkdq+ E- 168 A‘j‘m+ I-+ ds Yk- 16
?eqhb‘ 77: Mhkd Qhudq 1/0 A‘jdq+ L-+ ‘mc ?mcqdv+ I- 78“8/
?fkd+ A-+ ds Yk- 30 A‘mfk‘cdrg 07+ 1/+ 021+ 127
?fxdl‘mf+ F-+ ‘mc Df‘m+ L- 1/8“10/ A‘mjSq‘bj 046
?hbgh ahnchudqrhsx 11/+ 175 A‘otih+ G- 155
‘hq onkktshnm 06/ A‘rd Dqnrhnm ‘mc Oqns Rg‘qhmf ’ADOR(
‘hqkhmdr 077“078 oqnfq‘l ’NDBC( 163“164
?kkh‘mbd enq V‘sdq Rsdv‘qcrgho ’?VR( 1/1: Adaahmfsnm+ I-9 ds Yk- 027“028+ 067“068: ‘mc
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k V‘sdq Rsdv‘qcrgho Rs‘mc‘qc 1/1 Sgnlrnm+ H- 66: ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- 15
?l‘ynm ’bnlo‘mx( 161 Adbj+ B-+ ds Yk- 145
?l‘ynm Qhudq 175: a‘rhm 31 Adssdq Atrhmdrr Adssdq Vnqkc ’Atrhmdrr ‘mc
?lmdrsx Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k 2/+ 34+ 136 Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Bnllhrrhnmr( 40
?mcqdv+ I-+ ‘mc A‘jdq+ L- 78“8/ Adynr+ I- 161
‘mhl‘k qhfgsr 050 Ahcdm+ I- 06/+ 175
‘mmt‘k qdonqsr 005 Ahf C‘s‘ rntqbdr 32
?msgqnonbdmd 10+ 21m0+ 105+ 175 Ahf3 15+ 168
?msnmhmh+ B-+ ds Yk- 145 ahnchudqrhsx 4+ 18+ 40+ 50+ 005+ 02/+ 022+ 033+
?ookd 142“144+ 163+ 168 058+ 083+ 103“125+ 144+ 176: ‘bbntmshmf
18/ Hmcdw

78:?hbgh 11/+ 175: bnmrdqu‘shnm 12/“120: b‘qanm ennsoqhmshmf 14

hlo‘bsr 107: hrrtdr 107: kdudkr ‘mc sgdhq B‘qanm Nrdsshmf ‘mc Qdctbshnm Rbgdld enq
qdkdu‘mbd 104+ 104: knrr 0+ 4+ 1/“10+ Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?uh‘shnm ’HB?N( ’BNQRH?(
103“11/+ 112+ 116+ 120: ld‘rtqhmf 077“078
117“12/: qdbnqchmf 116“117+ 121: qdonqshmf B‘qrnm+ Q- 03
113“115+ 120“121 B‘sbgonvkd+ H-+ ds Yk- 047“048
ahnknfhb‘k chudqrhsx 104 BCO 85“86+ 002+ 062+ 073“075+ 1/4: FknaYk
Aknnladqf 03/ BkhlYsd BgYmfd :mYkxrhr ’1.07( 075
Ancx Rgno 76 BDN V‘sdq L‘mc‘sd 1/1
Annlrl‘+ Q-+ ‘mc N&Cvxdq+ A- 34 Bg‘qsdqdc Hmrshstsd ne L‘m‘fdldms
anssnl to ‘ooqn‘bg ’qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx( ?bbntmshmf ’BHL?( 68
116 bgdlhb‘k chr‘rsdq ne Tmhnm B‘qahcd ’Agno‘k+
Anxbd+ F-+ ‘mc LbCnm‘kc,Jdqq+ K- 146 0873( 03
AO 005: Cddov‘sdq Gnqhynm nhk ok‘senql Bgdmm‘h ’Hmch‘( 082
‘bbhcdms ’1/0/( 005 Bgdqmnaxk ’0875( 03+ 76
Aq‘yhk 02/ bghkc k‘antq 13/“130
Aqdmm‘m+ M- L-+ ‘mc Ldqjk,C‘uhdr+ C- L- 0/7 Bghm‘ 02/+ 066+ 175
Aqhshrg ?ldqhb‘m Sna‘bbn ’A?S( 044 Bgqhrs+ J-+ ds Yk- 142
Aqhshrg :ldqhbYm SnaYbbn°z Sgd Nsgdq Pdonqs sn Bgqhrsh‘m+ I- 121
Rnbhdsx ’?RG+ 1//1( 04/ bhqbtk‘q dbnmnlx 11“12+ 20: lncdk 6/
Aqn‘cadms+ I-+ ‘mc Ftsgqhd+ I- 17 bhuhk rnbhdsx 10+ 2/+ 30+ 037“038+ 043+
Aqtmcsk‘mc Qdonqs ’0876( 76 046“05/+ 107+ 110
Atkk+ I-+ ds Yk- 115 bkhl‘sd 4+ 056“080: ‘bbntmshmf 07/: bqhrhr 062:
Atqmr+ I-+ ‘mc Bnmsq‘e‘ssn+ L- 55“56 dldqfdmbx 056+ 062“065+ 068+ 074“08/:
Atqqhss+ Q-+ ds Yk- 142 hlo‘bsr 062: qdk‘sdc qhrjr 068
atrhmdrr9 dsghbr 05“06: lncdkr 00 Bkhl‘sd Anmcr Rs‘mc‘qc ’Bkhl‘sd Anmcr
Atrhmdrr Ymc GtlYm Phfgsr) Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Hmhsh‘shud( 02/
’TM+ 1/00( 132“134+ 137“144 bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd 01“02+ 1/“10+ 021“022+
056“065+ 072“074+ 081“085+ 106+ 154
B‘khenqmh‘ 021+ 083+ 1/1+ 135 bkhl‘sd,enbtrdc l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 065+
B‘khenqmh‘ Sq‘mro‘qdmbx hm Rtookx Bg‘hmr ?bs 07/“071
’TR?+ 1/01( 135 bn,nodq‘shudr 18: bnmrtldq 17: oqnctbdq 17:
B‘m‘qx Hrk‘mcr 083 vnqjdq 17
B‘od Snvm ’Rntsg ?eqhb‘( 082 bn‘k,qdc onvdq ok‘msr 26
b‘ohs‘k 08+ 032+ 152+ 160: m‘mbh‘k 30+ 076: Bnb‘ Bnk‘ 1/5+ 112
gtl‘m 165: m‘stq‘k 111“114 bnknmh‘khrl 146
b‘ohs‘khrl 08“1/: bnmrbhntr 08: fqddm 08 bnlldmrtq‘shnm 075“076+ 122
B‘ohs‘kr Bn‘khshnm 118 bnlldqbh‘k rdw hmctrsqx 13/
b‘q hmctrsqx 018 bnllnm rs‘jdgnkcdq fqntor+ ‘mc bnllnm
b‘qanm9 bnmrsq‘hmsr 028: dlhrrhnmr 61“62+ 060+ hmsdqdrsr 001+ 001
063+ 067+ 070“071+ 074“08/+ 122+ 144: bnlltmhb‘shnm 024“026
m‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf 065“07/: mdtsq‘k 2+ 077+ bnlodmr‘shnm rsq‘sdfhdr 162
175: nrdsshmf 076“078: oqhbhmf 071: qdrdqudr bnmhbs lhmdq‘kr 127“130+ 144: qdftk‘shnm 135
027: rdke,qdonqshmf 072“073: ydqn 077 Bnmfn 36
b‘qanm ‘bbntmshmf 57+ 060+ 063“074: chqdbs bnmrbhntr b‘ohs‘khrl 08
FGF dlhrrhnmr ’Rbnod 0( 063“064: hmchqdbs bnmrdqu‘shnm 113+ 12/+ 123: ahnchudqrhsx
FGF dlhrrhnmr eqnl dkdbsqhbhsx ’Rbnod 1( 12/“120
064: nsgdq hmchqdbs FGF dlhrrhnmr ’Rbnod bnmrsqtbshnm hmctrsqx 131
2( 064: qnkd ne ‘rrtloshnmr 070“071 bnmrtldq bn,nodq‘shudr 17
b‘qanm dlhrrhnmr 61“62+ 060+ 063+ 067+ bnmrtldqr 078“08/
070“071+ 074“078+ 122+ 144 bnmrtloshnm 01+ 35+ 154“155: sgqnv,‘v‘x 11:
b‘qanm ennsoqhms 6/+ 078“08/ v‘sdq 1/5
 Hmcdw 180

bnmsdlonq‘qx rnbhdshdr 3 C‘ssdkm 26+ 061

bnmsdrsdc bnmbdosr 04“06 cdas l‘qjds 02/
bnmsq‘,fnudqmhmf dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 045+ 05/ cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr 46+ 51+ 58+ 62“66+ 7/+ 048+ 118:
bnmsq‘bshmf nts 131 nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 47+ 51+ 54+ 57+ 60+ 63“65+ 160
Bnmsq‘e‘ssn+ L-+ ‘mc Atqmr+ I- 55“56 cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 1“2+ 14“15+ 47“5/+ 54“57+
Bnmudmshnm nm Ahnknfhb‘k Chudqrhsx ’BAC( 67“7/+ 024“028+ 117“118+ 17/: m‘mbh‘k 25:
104+ 11/“110 hmsdqm‘k 36+ 61+ 07/“071+ 12/: nodq‘shnm‘k
Bnmudmshnm nm Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Sq‘cd hm 46“47: nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 48+ 55+ 58+ 63“65+
Dmc‘mfdqdc Rodbhdr ’BHSDR( 110 07/“070+ 1/4+ 112: qnkd ne ‘rrtloshnmr
bnmudmshnm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 2+ 62+ 143 070“071: rsq‘sdfhb 46“47: rtrs‘hm‘akd 7/
Bnnodq+ B-+ ds Yk- 047“048+ 146 Cdbk‘q‘shnm nm Etmc‘ldms‘k Oqhmbhokdr ‘mc
Bnqnm‘uhqtr ’BNUHC,08( o‘mcdlhb 01+ 07 Qhfgsr ‘s Vnqj ’HKN( 133
Bnqonq‘sd ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf Cddf‘m+ B-+ ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I- 0/2“0/3+ 010
Rs‘mc‘qc ’FGF Oqnsnbnk( 064 Cddov‘sdq Gnqhynm nhk ok‘senql ‘bbhcdms ’AO+
bnqonq‘sd ‘mmt‘k qdonqsr 76 1/0/( 005
bnqonq‘sd bhshydmrgho 05 cdenqdrs‘shnm 02/
bnqonq‘sd bnlltmhb‘shnmr 0/7 cdlnbq‘bx 74+ 033
bnqonq‘sd chrbknrtqdr 77 Cdlnbq‘shb Qdotakhb ne Bnmfn ’CQB(
Bnqonq‘sd Dbnrxrsdlr U‘kt‘shnm ’BDU( 13/+ 135
112“113+ 117“118 Cdmdcn+ L-+ ds Yk- 046+ 05/
bnqonq‘sd dwdbtshudr 47 Cdmhrnm+ B-+ ‘mc Q‘udmrbqnes+ R- 17/
bnqonq‘sd m‘mbd 026 Cdo‘qsldms ne Bnmrdqu‘shnm ’CnB+ Mdv
bnqonq‘sd lnshu‘shnmr 0/7 Yd‘k‘mc( 114
bnqonq‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 2 Cdo‘qsldms enq Dmuhqnmldms+ Ennc ‘mc Qtq‘k
bnqonq‘sd qdonqshmf 0/7 ?‘hqr ’CDEQ?+ TJ( 114
bnqonq‘sd qdonqsr+ sq‘chshnm‘k 005“006 cdodmcdmbhdr 54+ 023+ 062“063+ 087+ 107“108:
bnqonq‘sd qdronmrhahkhsx 24+ 025 ltkshchldmrhnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 6/:
bnqonq‘sd rnbh‘k qdronmrhahkhsx ’BRQ( 05: nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 10“11+ 36+ 58+ 1/6+ 108
qdonqsr 77“78 cdrbqhoshud qdrd‘qbg 78
bnqonq‘sd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 000: chrbknrtqdr 74+ cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr 34+ 057+ 1/0+ 1/8
0/8: qdonqshmf 14+ 75 Cdx+ B-9 ds Yk- 044“046+ 05/: ‘mc Fhaanm+ I-
bnqonq‘sd s‘w‘shnm 041“042+ 162“163+ 167“17/ 037“038: ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ R- 100
Bnqonq‘sd U‘ktd Bg‘hm ?bbntmshmf ‘mc ch‘knfhb dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 045
Qdonqshmf Rs‘mc‘qc ’FGF Oqnsnbnk( 065 Chdrdkf‘sd dlhrrhnm rb‘mc‘k ’UV+ 1/04(
bnqonq‘sd v‘sdq qdonqshmf 1/3“1/4 27“28+ 005
bnqonq‘sd vdarhsdr 005 chfhs‘khr‘shnm 00/+ 052
bnqonq‘sd,kdc.hmudrsnq hmhsh‘shud 82 Chqdbshud ne Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k Chrbknrtqdr
bnqonq‘shnmr 16 ’DT( 87
bnqqtoshnm 156 chro‘qhshdr9 adsvddm.vhsghm rnbhdshdr 150
bnrs9 ‘bbntmshmf 56“57: ‘kknb‘shnm 56 chudqrhsx 48“50+ 010+ 014+ 018+ 1/3:
Bntkrnm+?-+ ds Yk- 146 ahnknfhb‘k 104
bntmsdq ‘bbntmsr 037+ 044 Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs ’TR?+ 1/0/( 135+ 144
Bq‘md+?-+ ds Yk- 0/8 cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr ’Q‘vnqsg( 06+ 06+ 20
bqdchahkhsx 008+ 024 Cnv Inmdr Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Vnqkc Hmcdw
Bqds‘bdntr odqhnc 105 ’CIRVH( 028“030
Bqtsydm+ M-+ ds Yk- 48 cqntfgsr 40+ 021+ 081+ 082+ 085+ 088
Btbjrsnm+S- 12/“120 Ctd Chkhfdmbd FthcYmbd enq Pdronmrhakd Atrhmdrr
btkstq‘k qhfgsr 127 Bnmctbs ’NDBC+ 1/07( 138
Bydbg Qdotakhb 1/3
D‘qsg 00“03+ 10+ 08/+ 105+ 175
C‘mnmd 115 D‘qsg Nudqrgnns C‘x 01
C‘qetq ’Rtc‘m( 082 D‘rxIds 077
181 Hmcdw

dbn,dbhdmbx 66 dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqshmf 76+ 04/

dbnknfhb‘k hrrtdr 01 dmuhqnmldms‘k qdonqsr 73+ 77
dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx 16/“160 dmuhqnmldms‘k qdrntqbdr 1+ 24“25+ 0/4
dbnmnlhb ‘bsnqr 1 dmuhqnmldms‘k rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd ’DRF(9
dbnmnlhb dpt‘khsx 10 bnmrhcdq‘shnmr 000: hmudrsldmsr 3+ 013“035
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg 1+ 01+ 058+ 083+ 111+ 133+ dmuhqnmldms‘k rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd,rbnqdr+
154+ 175 q‘shmfr ‘mc q‘mjhmf khrsr 028“031
dbnmnlhb hlo‘bsr 1“2+ 17+ 37+ 003+ 037+ 042+ dmuhqnmldms‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 1
057+ 087 dpt‘khsx 136+ 153+ 157“158+ 166“167:
dbnmnlhb hmdpt‘khsx 0+ 4+ 084+ 15/“171+ 176: dbnmnlhb 10
b‘trdr ne 152“153: chrbknrtqd oq‘bshbdr dpthsx l‘qjds 02/
164“166: ld‘rtqhmf 151“152 DrrdmshYkr ne LYsdqhYkhsx :rrdrrldms)Sgd
dbnmnlhb hrrtdr 01+ 07+ 13+ 77 ’JOLF( 37
Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx Hmrshstsd ’DOH( 161 dsghb‘k hmudrsldms 017
dbnmnlhb qdrntqbdr 25+ 0/4 Dtqnod 1/+ 76+ 02/+ 135+ 166
dbnmnlhb qhfgsr 127 Dtqnod‘m Bnllhrrhnm 163
dbnmnlhb rs‘ahkhsx 0 Dtqnod‘m Fqddm Cd‘k 88: Hmudrsldms Ok‘m 02/
dbnmnlhb rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 1 Dtqnod‘m Tmhnm ’DT( 37+ 87“88+ 02/+ 061+
dbnmnlhb rxrsdl 08 135+ 163+ 175: Chqdbshud nm Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k
dbnrxrsdl gd‘ksg 107 Chrbknrtqdr 87: Dlhrrhnm Sq‘chmf Rxrsdl
dbnrxrsdl rdquhbdr 103“108+ 106+ 111+ 122 ’DSR( 066“067: Fqddm Anmc Rs‘mc‘qc 02/:
dbnrxrsdlr 07+ 058+ 083+ 112“114+ 117+ ldladq rs‘sdr 87: Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k Qdonqshmf
121“123+ 175 Chqdbshud 37+ 003: Rtrs‘hm‘akd Ehm‘mbd
Df‘m+ L-+ ‘mc ?fxdl‘mf+ F- 1/8“10/ S‘wnmnlx 02/
Dfxos 35 dwsdmcdc dwsdqm‘k qdonqshmf 037
Dgqkhbg+ O- 03 dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntms‘msr 046
Dkjhmfsnm+ I- 04 dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmshmf 3+ 036“053+ 121:
Dkkdm L‘b?qsgtq Entmc‘shnm 12 bg‘kkdmfdr uhdvr ne ‘bbntmshmf 051“052:
dlhrrhnm ‘kknv‘mbd 066 enqlr ne 043“045: khlhsr ‘mc onsdmsh‘k
dlhrrhnmr 4/+ 072+ 075: b‘qanm 61“62+ 060+ ne oq‘bshbdr 050“052: oq‘bshbdr ‘mc sgdhq
063+ 067+ 070“071+ 074“078+ 122+ 144: dldqfdmbd 03/“04/
chqdbs 063“065: fqddmgntrd f‘r ’FGFr( 4/+ dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 037“042+ 048: bnmsq‘,
41m0+ 55+ 06/“060+ 064“066+ 07/+ 073“08/: fnudqmhmf 045+ 05/: ch‘knfhb 045:
hmchqdbs 063“065 lnshu‘shnmr ‘mc q‘shnm‘kdr sn oqnctbd
dlhrrhnmr sq‘chmf 066: rbgdldr 066“067 04/“042: o‘qshr‘m 045: oqnctbdqr ‘mc
Dmsdqoqhrd Qdrntqbd Ok‘mmhmf ’DQO( 50 ‘tchdmbdr 045“050: rxrsdl‘shb 045+ 05/:
dmuhqnmldms: gd‘ksgx 0: m‘stq‘k 0“1 sxonknfx ne 044+ 044
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘bbntmshmf 123m0 dwsdqm‘k cqhudqr 67
dmuhqnmldms‘k ‘v‘qdmdrr 56 dwsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr 14+ 36+ 5/+ 60+ 024+
dmuhqnmldms‘k cdrsqtbshnm 02 037+ 088
dmuhqnmldms‘k hlo‘bsr 1“2+ 17+ 24+ 37+ 50“52+ dwsdqm‘khshdr 3+ 13+ 23“42+ 61“63
003+ 016+ 037+ 042 Dwwnm U‘kcdy nhk rohkk ’?k‘rj‘+ 0878( 76
dmuhqnmldms‘k hmotsr 51
dmuhqnmldms‘k hmudrsldmsr 53 EYhkhmf sgd BgYkkdmfd9Sgd Nsgdq Rgdkk Pdonqs
dmuhqnmldms‘k hrrtdr 4+ 01+ 07+ 13+ 28+ 36+ ’Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg+ 1//2( 04/
76“77+ 015 Edqftrnm+ I-+ ‘mc LbOg‘hk+ J- 133
dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 50 m‘mbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf 25+ 003+ 006+ 117+ 16/
Dmuhqnmldms‘k L‘m‘fdldms ‘mc ?tchs m‘mbh‘k ‘tchshmf oq‘bshbdr 006“007
Rbgdld ’DL?R( 76 m‘mbh‘k ‘tchsnqr 01/
dmuhqnmldms‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx 37+ 003 m‘mbh‘k b‘ohs‘k 30+ 076
dmuhqnmldms‘k lnudldms ’085/r.086/r( 03 m‘mbh‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 25
dmuhqnmldms‘k ntsotsr 51 m‘mbh‘k chrbknrtqdr 026
 Hmcdw 182

m‘mbh‘k dbhdmbx 1/8 Fkna‘k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh‘shud ’FQH( 37“38+

m‘mbh‘k e‘bsnqr 54 77“78+ 81“83+ 002“004+ 008“010+ 1/3“1/4+
m‘mbh‘k hmrsqtldmsr 014+ 02/ 113“115: ‘mc HQ ‘mc R?RA rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx
m‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr 3+ 010+ 013“016+ 020“022+ qdonqshmf eq‘ldvnqjr 81+ 729 Rs‘mc‘qc
025“034+ 067“068+ 160+ 175“176 1/1 ’L‘qjds Oqdrdmbd( 165: Rs‘mc‘qc 1/6
m‘mbh‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx 37+ 003 ’s‘w( 164“165: Rs‘mc‘qc 2/2 ’v‘sdq ‘mc
m‘mbh‘k odqenql‘mbd 016+ 027+ 031“034+ 160 dtdmsr( 1/3: Rs‘mc‘qc 2/3 ’ahnchudqrhsx(
m‘mbh‘k q‘shmf ‘fdmbhdr 031 114: Rs‘mc‘qc 2/4 ’dlhrrhnmr( 072“073:
m‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf 003+ 006: mnm, 73+ 010: Rs‘mc‘qcr 0/0+ 0/1 ‘mc 0/2 ’gtl‘m qhfgsr(
qdftk‘shnmr 026: sq‘chshnm‘k 73 140“141
Ehm‘mbh‘k Rs‘ahkhsx An‘qc ’ERA( 025 Fkna‘k Rntsg 0+ 057+ 127+ 131
m‘mbh‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr 00/+ 010+ 024“025 fkna‘k rtookx bg‘hmr 1/+ 130+ 137
Ehmk‘mc 046+ 1/3 fkna‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 15: bg‘kkdmfdr 3: hrrtdr 00
nnchmf 40+ 021+ 081+ 085+ 088 Fkna‘k Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc
ennc v‘rsd 12 ’FQH( 114
enq,oqns nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 17+ 061 fkna‘k v‘qlhmf 027+ 057“058+ 074
enqbdc k‘antq 13/“133 fkna‘k v‘sdq rsqdrr 083
enqbdc l‘qqh‘fd 13/ Fkna‘k14/ khrs 006
Enqc 64: Ohmsn ’086/r( 64 fkna‘khr‘shnm 1/+ 00/+ 153
Enqdrsqx Dmfk‘mc 112 Fnnfkd 168
enql‘k qdftk‘shnm 24 Fqddbd 07
Enqstl 27: Tmhodq 26“27 Fqddm Anmc Oqhmbhokdr ’HLB?( 02/
Enqstmd 0// 115 Fqddm Anmc Rs‘mc‘qc ’DT( 02/
enrrhk etdkr 062 fqddm anmcr 02/
Enw+?-+ ds Yk- 027“028+ 067“068 fqddm b‘ohs‘khrl 08
Eq‘mbd 87 fqddm hmudrsldms etmc 030
Eqddl‘m+ Q- D- 3/ fqddm sdbg bnlo‘mhdr 015
Eqhdmcr ne sgd D‘qsg 2/+ 04/“040+ 044“046: Fqddmgntrd F‘r ’FGF( Oqnsnbnk 064+ 07/:
EYhkhmf sgd BgYkkdmfd9Sgd Nsgdq Rgdkk Pdonqs Bnqonq‘sd ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf
’1//2( 04/ Rs‘mc‘qc 064: Bnqonq‘sd U‘ktd Bg‘hm
ESRD3Fnnc 028“03/ ?bbntmshmf ‘mc Qdonqshmf Rs‘mc‘qc 065
Etkk Bnrs ?bbntmshmf ’EB?( 122 fqddmgntrd f‘rdr ’FGFr( 057“058: dlhrrhnmr
etmc l‘m‘fdqr 016 4/+ 41m0+ 55+ 06/“060+ 064“066+ 07/+
073“078
Fdmdq‘k ?rrdlakx ’TM+ 0837( 127 Fqddmod‘bd 2/
Fdql‘mx 061 fqntmc v‘sdq rtookhdr 085“087+ 1/0+ 1/6+ 100
Fg‘m‘9 rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms Fthcdkhmdr enq LtkshmYshnmYk Dmsdqoqhrdr ’NDBC+
1/8“10/ 1/00( 134“135+ 140
Fha‘rrhdq+ C-+ ‘mc Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- 07/“070 Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne Atrhmdrr Ymc GtlYm Phfgsr
Fhaanm+ I-+ ‘mc Cdx+ B- 037“038 ’TM+ 1/00( 132“134+ 137“144
fhf dbnmnlx 156+ 16/“161+ 166 Ftsgqhd+ I-+ ‘mc Aqn‘cadms+ I- 17
Fhmh bndbhdms 151“152
Fk‘rfnv Ddbs 153 gd‘ksgx dmuhqnmldms 0
fkna‘k bg‘kkdmfdr 02 ghdq‘qbghb‘k rs‘fdc oqnbdrr lncdk 0/3“0/4+
FknaYk BkhlYsd BgYmfd :mYkxrhr ’BCO+ 1/07( 0.4+ 010
075 gnkhrshb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 0/2“0/6+ 002+ 010
Fkna‘k Bnlo‘bs ’TM( 86 Gnknbdmd 21m0
fkna‘k chdqdmbdr 6m0 gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx 0+ 057
fkna‘k m‘mbh‘k bqhrhr ’1//7( 158 gtl‘m b‘ohs‘k 165
fkna‘k ennc rdbtqhsx 175 gtl‘m qhfgsr 4+ 18+ 40+ 62+ 0/7+ 022+ 058+
Fkna‘k Jmhfgsr 0// khrshmf 03/ 081“083+ 126“148+ 176: ‘atrdr 127“130+
fkna‘k onkhbxl‘jdqr 016 136“138+ 144+ 147: uhnk‘shnmr 126+ 136“14/
183 Hmcdw

Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Bntmbhk ’TM( 132 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Bhuhk ?uh‘shnm Nqf‘mhr‘shnm

Gtl‘m Qhfgsr V‘sbg 136 ’HB?N( 077: BNQRH? 077“078
gtl‘m sq‘bjhmf 142“143 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Edcdq‘shnm ne ?bbntmshmf
gtl‘mhsx 01+ 07+ 10 ’HE?B( 15+ 007: Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?tchshmf ‘mc
gxaqhc nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 17 ?rrtq‘mbd Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’H??RA( 007
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Ehm‘mbh‘k Qdonqshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr
HJD? 67 ’HEQR( 86
hlo‘bs hmudrshmf 53+ 017“018 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf Bntmbhk
hlo‘bsr 53“54+ 023+ 062“063+ 087+ 107“108: ’HHQB( 83+ 86+ 020: u‘ktd bqd‘shnm oqnbdrr
ahnchudqrhsx 107: bkhl‘sd 062: dbnmnlhb 83+ 84
1“2+ 17+ 37+ 003+ 037+ 042+ 057+ 087: Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k K‘antq Nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’HKN(
dmuhqnmldms‘k 1“2+ 17+ 24+ 37+ 50“52+ 003+ 128“13/+ 157: Cdbk‘q‘shnm nm Etmc‘ldms‘k
016+ 037+ 042: l‘sdqh‘k 36: ltkshchldmrhnm‘k Oqhmbhokdr ‘mc Qhfgsr ‘s Vnqj 133
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 6/: nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 10“11+ 1/6+ hmsdqm‘shnm‘k kdudk hmhsh‘shudr 11/“111
108+ 130“131: rnbh‘k 1“2+ 17+ 37+ 46+ 53+ 003+ hmsdqm‘shnm‘k MFNr 05/“050+ 135
016+ 037+ 042+ 057+ 087: v‘sdq 086: v‘sdq, Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq Rs‘mc‘qchr‘shnm
qdk‘sdc 1/3 ’HRN( 07/
hmbnld 160“162: hmdpt‘khsx 151“154+ Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Rs‘mc‘qc nm ?rrtq‘mbd
161“162+ 17/ Dmf‘fdldms Rs‘mc‘qc 2/// ’HR?D 2///+
Hmch‘ 084: Bgdmm‘h 082: Jdq‘k‘ 1/5 H??RA( 007
hmchqdbs dlhrrhnmr 063“065 Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Tmhnm enq Bnmrdqu‘shnm ne
Hmcnmdrh‘ 02/+ 084 M‘stqd ’HTBM( 110: Qdc Khrs ne Sgqd‘sdmdc
hmdpt‘khsx 4+ 07+ 15/“157+ 160“162+ 166: Rodbhdr 110+ 114“116
dbnmnlhb 0+ 4+ 084+ 15/“171+ 176: hmbnld hmudrsldms bnlltmhsx 53+ 74+ 016+ 034+ 067
151“154+ 161“162+ 17/: rnbh‘k 1/+ 36 hmudrsldms etmcr 030: fqddm 030
hmotsr 53 hmudrsldmsr 3+ 013: ‘qq‘mfdldmsr 014: dsghb‘k
Hmrshstsd ne Bg‘qsdqdc ?bbntms‘msr hm Dmfk‘mc 017: odqrnm‘k 030: rnbh‘k ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd
‘mc V‘kdr ’HB?DV( 15+ 142 ’DRF( 3+ 013“035
Hmrshstsd ne L‘m‘fdldms ?bbntmshmf ’HL?( 68 hmudrsnqr 87“88+ 014“02/+ 024“027+ 031“032+
hmrshstshnm‘k hmudrsnqr 016+ 027+ 030“033 068+ 073+ 088+ 160+ 176: dmf‘fdldms
hmrshstshnm‘k sgdnqx 0/8 031“033: hmrshstshnm‘k 016+ 027+ 030“033:
hmrsqtldms‘k qdrd‘qbg 78 oqhu‘sd 018+ 030
Hmsdfq‘sdc Qdonqshmf ’HQ( 14+ 83+ 86“87+ 004+ Hqdk‘mc 163
01/“010+ 1/4+ 114+ 141+ 165 hrnlnqoghrl 0/8
Hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k O‘mdk nm Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd Hrq‘dk 1/6
’HOBB+ TM( 057“058+ 061+ 067+ 074“075+ 078 Hs‘kx 07
Hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k Rbhdmbd,Onkhbx Ok‘senql
nm Ahnchudqrhsx ‘mc Dbnrxrsdl Rdquhbdr I‘o‘m 34+ 36
’HOADR( 110“111 Inmdr+ L- 123m0
hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm edd 071
hmsdqm‘k b‘qanm oqhbhmf 071 Jdq‘k‘ ’Hmch‘( 1/5
hmsdqm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 36+ 61+ 07/“071+ 12/ jdx odqenql‘mbd hmchb‘snqr ’JOHr( 55“56
hmsdqm‘k cqhudqr 67 jdx rtrs‘hm‘akd dudmsr+ shldkhmd 03+ 03
hmsdqm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr 14+ 5/+ 60 JOLF 37“38+ 81+ 86+ 068+ 075+ 115
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc Jxnsn Oqnsnbnk ’TMEBB( 058“06/
’H?RA( 86
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ?tchshmf ‘mc ?rrtq‘mbd Rs‘mc‘qcr k‘antq9 bnrsr 161“162: qhfgsr 145
An‘qc ’H??RA(+ Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Rs‘mc‘qc k‘antq tmhnmr 047
nm ?rrtq‘mbd Dmf‘fdldms Rs‘mc‘qc 2/// K‘hmd+ L-+ ‘mc Uhmm‘qh+ D- 040+ 046+ 050
’HR?D 2///( 007 k‘mckkr 11+ 38
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k B‘ohs‘k L‘qjds ?rrnbh‘shnm K‘shm ?ldqhb‘ 77
’HLB?( 02/: Fqddm Anmc Oqhmbhokdr 02/ kdf‘k ctsx 25“26
 Hmcdw 184

kdf‘k nq qdftk‘snqx khbdmbd 26“28 Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bsr9?trsq‘kh‘ ’1/07( 135: TJ

kdfhshl‘bx 26“27+ 30+ 41+ 0/7+ 051: ’1/04( 135+ 142“144
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 27+ 0/7+ 016 lnmds‘qx hmenql‘shnm 63“64
kdfhshl‘bx sgdnqx 0/7 lnmds‘qx sdqlr 118
kdfhshl‘sd rs‘jdgnkcdqr 041 lnmds‘qx u‘kt‘shnm 63+ 118+ 122
Kdvhr+ K-+ ‘mc Qtrrdkk+ R- 100 lnmds‘qx u‘ktd 121“122+ 137
kh‘ahkhsx: knmf,s‘hkdc 022: knmf,sdql 022 lnmdshr‘shnm 63“64+ 071+ 076+ 121“122
Khed Bxbkd Hmhsh‘shud ’TMDO( 52 lnmnbqnoohmf 108
khed,bxbkd ‘rrdrrldms ’KB?( 51“52+ 57“6/ Lnmsqd‘k Oqnsnbnk ’0876( 76
Khlhsr sn Fqnvsg ’Ld‘cnvr ds Yk-( 01+ 03 lnq‘k ctsx 25“26
khmd‘q dbnmnlx 11“12 Lnqf‘m Rs‘mkdx B‘ohs‘k Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k ’LRBH(
Khuhmf Ok‘mds Hmcdw 105 017+ 03/
khuhmf v‘fd 158: b‘lo‘hfm fqntor 158 Lnqrhmf+ L-+ ds Yk- 0/8
knb‘k bnlltmhshdr 05/ lnshu‘shnm 0/6
knesx chrbknrtqdr 0/8 Ltdkkdq+ E-+ ‘mc ?cchrnm+ R- 168
Knmcnm Rsnbj Dwbg‘mfd ’TJ( 03/ ltkshchldmrhnm‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx9 cdodmcdmbhdr
knmf,s‘hkdc kh‘ahkhsx 022 6/: hlo‘bsr 6/
knmf,sdql kh‘ahkhsx 022 ltkshm‘shnm‘k bnqonq‘shnmr 20
Ktwkd‘jr 047+ 168 LtkshmYshnmYk Dmsdqoqhrdr) Fthcdkhmdr enq ’NDBC+
1/00( 134“135+ 140
LbCnm‘kc,Jdqq+ K-+ ‘mc Anxbd+ F- 146
LbOg‘hk+ J-+ ‘mc Edqftrnm+ I- 133 m‘shnm rs‘sdr 18+ 01/+ 041
l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf 3+ 46“50+ 07/“071 m‘shnm‘k lhmhltl v‘fd 158
l‘m‘fdqr 46+ 5/+ 0/3“0/4+ 0/8+ 1/5“1/7+ 101: m‘stq‘k b‘ohs‘k 111“114: ‘bbntmshmf 112
etmc 016: nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 32+ 020+ 075+ M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Bn‘khshnm 111+ 122
088+ 14/ M‘stq‘k B‘ohs‘k Oqnsnbnk 112“114+ 118
L‘mfn 128 m‘stq‘k dmuhqnmldms 0“1
l‘qjds+ rsnbj 028+ 031 mdf‘shud rbqddmhmf 017
l‘qjdshr‘shnm 075“076 Mdroqdrrn 112
l‘qjdsr rdd m‘mbh‘k l‘qjdsr Mdsgdqk‘mcr 084+ 163
L‘qjr % Rodmbdq 142“144 Mdsvnqj enq Fqddmhmf sgd Ehm‘mbh‘k Rxrsdl
l‘rr dwshmbshnm 01“02+ 105: rhwsg 105 ’MFER( 068
l‘sdqh‘k nv bnrs ‘bbntmshmf ’LEB?( Mdv Yd‘k‘mc 046: Cdo‘qsldms enq
50“51+ 57 Bnmrdqu‘shnm ’CnB( 114
l‘sdqh‘k hlo‘bsr 36 Mhfdq Cdks‘ 046+ 05/“050: Nhk Rohkk
l‘sdqh‘khsx 3+ 23“42+ 60“61+ 81“85+ Lnmhsnq 046
002“004+ 026“027: ‘rrdrrldms 003“004: Mhkd Qhudq 1/0
dmuhqnmldms‘k 37+ 003: m‘mbh‘k 37+ 003: Mhrrth 115
l‘sqhw 003“004+ 003+ 004: rnbh‘k 003 mnm,m‘mbh‘k qdonqshmf 73+ 010+ 037
Ld‘cnvr+ C-+ ds Yk- 01 Mnm,Ehm‘mbh‘k Qdonqshmf Chqdbshud ’DT( 37+ 003
ld‘rtqdldms+ kdudkr ne 58+ 57 mnm,fnudqmldms‘k nqf‘mhr‘shnmr ’MFNr( 2+ 08+
ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx 117“12/: mtldqhb‘k. 2/“20+ 33“34+ 67+ 000+ 026“028+ 037“04/+
bntms ‘ooqn‘bg 117“118: u‘kt‘shnm 046“050+ 1/5“1/7+ 113+ 147: ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx
‘ooqn‘bg 118“12/ 34: ‘ssqhatsdr ne 2/+ 2): hmsdqm‘shnm‘k
Ldc‘v‘q+ B- 038 05/“050+ 135
Ldjnmf Qhudq a‘rhm 1/0 mnm,rs‘sd nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 73
Ldqjk,C‘uhdr+ C- L-+ ‘mc Aqdmm‘m+ M- L- 0/7 mnql‘shud qdrd‘qbg 78
Lhbqnrnes 071 Mnqsg ?ldqhb‘ 115
lhfq‘ms vnqjdqr 133 Mnqv‘x 35
Lhkkdq+ O- 57 mns,enq,oqns nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 2+ 16
Lhkmdq,Ftkk‘mc+ D-+ ds Yk- 115 Mnun Mnqchrj+ QDO?HQ Hlo‘bs Etmc
Lhsbgdkk+ Q-+ ds Yk- 30 ’1/07( 02/
185 Hmcdw

Nadql‘xdq+ E-+ ‘mc Nadql‘hdq+ E- 042 Ohbjdss+ J-+ ‘mc Vhkjhmrnm+ Q- 151“155
Nbbtox Lnudldms 158 ok‘mds‘qx antmc‘qhdr 07
N&Cvxdq+ A-+ ‘mc Annlrl‘+ Q- 34 onkhbx vnqj 016
Nbd ne sgd Ghfg Bnllhrrhnmdq enq Gtl‘m onkhbxl‘jdqr 016: fkna‘k 016
Qhfgsr ’NGBGQ( 082 onkkhm‘shnm 118
Nhk Rohkk Lnmhsnq ’Mhfdq Cdks‘( 046 onkkhm‘snq knrr 108
nodq‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 46“47 onkktshnm 082+ 085+ 116: ‘hq 06/
nodq‘shnm‘k qhrjr 087 OnotkYshnm Anla)Sgd ’Dgqkhbg( 03
Nqf‘mhr‘shnm enq Dbnmnlhb Bnnodq‘shnm ‘mc onotk‘shnm fqnvsg 01
Cdudknoldms ’NDBC( 134+ 152“153+ 163: onudqsx 01“02+ 34+ 133“134+ 15/“153+ 170:
A‘rd Dqnrhnm ‘mc Oqns Rgheshmf ’ADOR( qdctbshnm 154
oqnfq‘l 163“164: Ctd Chkhfdmbd FthcYmbd OnvdqOnhms oqdrdms‘shnmr 32
enq Pdronmrhakd Atrhmdrr Bnmctbs ’1/07( 138: Oqhl‘qj 128
Fthcdkhmdr enq LtkshmYshnmYk Dmsdqoqhrdr ’1/00( Oqhmbhokdr enq Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms
134“135+ 140 ’OQH( 015
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 28+ 6/+ 81+ 0/3+ oqhu‘sd hmudrsnq 018+ 030
010+ 113+ 126 oqhu‘sd rdbsnq 16+ 18+ 02/+ 072+ 100+ 11/“110+
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k antmc‘qhdr 54+ 6/+ 063“065+ 13/+ 161: nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 16“17
145“146 oqnbdrr,a‘rdc l‘mte‘bstqhmf hmctrsqhdr 50
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jdqr 47+ 51+ 54+ 57+ oqnctbdq bn,nodq‘shudr 17
60+ 63“65+ 160 oqnctbs k‘adkr 078“08/
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 48+ 55+ 58+ oqns‘ahkhsx 0/3
63“65+ 07/“070+ 1/4+ 112 otakhb rdbsnq 2+ 16“18+ 28+ 0/2+ 02/+ 072+ 100+
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k cdodmcdmbhdr 10“11+ 36+ 58+ 11/+ 161: nqf‘mhr‘shnmr 16“20+ 33+ 072
1/6+ 108
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k ghdq‘qbghdr 55 pt‘khs‘shud hmenql‘shnm 62+ 005+ 027: m‘qq‘shud
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k hlo‘bsr 10“11+ 1/6+ 108+ chrbknrtqdr 62
130“131 pt‘khs‘shud qhrj ‘rrdrrldmsr 023
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k kdfhshl‘bx 27+ 0/7+ 016 pt‘mshs‘shud hmchb‘snqr 1/3+ 115
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k l‘m‘fdqr 32+ 020+ 075+ 088+ 14/ pt‘mshs‘shud hmenql‘shnm 62+ 005+ 027
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k qdonqshmf 040“042
nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k rs‘jdgnkcdqr 60+ 63+ 86+ 006+ q‘hme‘kk 085
010+ 120 Q‘hrhn 1/3
nqf‘mhr‘shnmr+ rg‘ohmf sgd bnmsdws 12“13 Q‘m‘ Ok‘y‘ 127“131
nqf‘mhrdc gxonbqhrx 0/7 Q‘n+ J-+ ds Yk- 142
ntsbnldr 53 Q‘udmrbqnes+ R-+ ‘mc Cdmhrnm+ B- 17/
ntsotsr 53 Q‘vnqsg+ J- 06“07+ 176: cntfgmts dbnmnlhbr
nudq,bnmrtloshnm 087 06+ 06+ 20
nudqrgnns 01 qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx 116“117+ 121: anssnl
Nwe‘l Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k 07+ 2/+ 136+ 153+ 157 to ‘ooqn‘bg 116: sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg 117
Qdc Khrs ne Sgqd‘sdmdc Rodbhdr ’HTBM( 110+
O‘jhrs‘m 35 114“116
O‘m‘l‘ O‘odqr 047+ 168 qdftk‘sdc qdonqshmf oq‘bshbd 142“143
O‘qhr ?fqddldms ’TMEBBB( 058“06/+ qdk‘shud mtladqr 62“63
065“067+ 074“075+ 1//+ 154+ 175 QDO?HQ Hlo‘bs Etmc ’Mnun Mnqchrj+
o‘qshr‘m dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 045 1/07( 02/
o‘qsmdqrghor 17 qdonqshmf9 hmhsh‘shudr 76: oqnbdrr 3:
O‘s‘fnmh‘ 17 rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 3
odmrhnm etmcr 016 Qdonqshmf ?v‘qc Rbgdldr ’?BB?( 76
odqrnm‘k hmudrsldmsr 030 qdots‘shnm‘k qhrjr 087
Oghkhor 112 qdrntqbdr+ mnm,qdmdv‘akd 11
ogxrhb‘k hmenql‘shnm 63“64 qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr 05
 Hmcdw 186

qdstqm nm hmudrsldmsr.qdstqm nm ‘rrdsr ’QNH. rnbh‘k fqntor 26“27+ 74+ 176

QN?( 031 rnbh‘k hlo‘bsr 1“2+ 17+ 37+ 46+ 53+ 003+ 016+
Qhn cd I‘mdhqn D‘qsg Rtllhs ’TM+ 0881( 06/+ 037+ 042+ 057+ 087
1//+ 11/ rnbh‘k hmdpt‘khsx 1/+ 36+ 085
qhrj ‘rrdrrldms 023“024: pt‘khs‘shud 023: rnbh‘k hrrtdr 4+ 01+ 07+ 13+ 77
sq‘chshnm‘k 023 rnbh‘k itrshbd 0+ 157
qhrj l‘m‘fdldms 3+ 013“035+ 062 rnbh‘k khbdmbd sn nodq‘sd 26“27+ 3/
qhrj l‘sqhw 023+ 023 rnbh‘k l‘sdqh‘khsx 003
Qnbjrsqíl+ I-+ ds Yk- 07 rnbh‘k ldch‘ 10+ 31+ 000+ 01/+ 018+ 038+ 045+
Qtffhd+ I- 132 05/+ 1/2: bg‘mmdkr 005: onrshmfr 32
Qtrrdkk+ R-9 ‘mc Cdx+ B- 100: ds Yk- 044“046+ rnbh‘k lnahkhsx 152
05/: ‘mc Kdvhr+ K- 100 rnbh‘k lnudldmsr 04/+ 046
rnbh‘k qdonqshmf 04/
R?ALhkkdq 040“041+ 05/+ 1/3 rnbh‘k qdrntqbdr 1+ 25+ 0/4
r‘mhs‘shnm 082“083 rnbh‘k qdstqm nm hmudrsldms ’RQNH( 52
Rbg‘ksdffdq+ R- 66: ds Yk- 48: ‘mc Fha‘rrhdq+ C- rnbh‘k qhfgsr 127
07/“070 rnbh‘k rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 1
Rbgmdhcdq+S-+ ds Yk- 027“028+ 067“068 rnbh‘kkx qdronmrhakd hmudrshmf ’RQH( 017
Rbgndmdanqm+ C-+ ds Yk- 0/8 rnk‘q o‘mdkr 02/
Rbgnnk Rsqhjd enq Bkhl‘sd lnudldms 175 Rntsg ?eqhb‘ 36+ 87+ 041+ 1/1“1/3+ 166: B‘od
Rbgtl‘bgdq+ D- E- 03 Snvm 082
Rbnsk‘mc 084 Ro‘hm 07
Rdbtqhshdr ‘mc Dwbg‘mfd Bnllhrrhnm ’RDB+ Rodbh‘k Dbnmnlhb Ynmdr ’RDYr( 042
TR?( 142 Rodmbd+ B- 051
rg‘cnv ‘bbntmshmf 037+ 043 Rohqhs Kdudk)Sgd ’Vhkjhmrnm ‘mc Ohbjdss(
rg‘cnv oqhbdr 071 151“153
rg‘cnv qdonqsr 043 rs‘jdgnkcdq sgdnqx 31+ 0/8
rg‘qdgnkcdqr 01/+ 032: ‘bshuhrl 032 rs‘jdgnkcdqr 23“42+ 58“61+ 72“74+ 77“80+
Rgdkk Bnqonq‘shnm 030+ 04/+ 044“046 0/3“0/4+ 0/7“007+ 024“025+ 041“042+
Rhadqh‘ 175 05/“051+ 165“166: dmf‘fdldms 32“33+
rhfm‘kkhmf sgdnqx 0/8 002+ 041: dwsdqm‘k 14+ 36+ 5/+ 60+ 024+ 037+
Rhjj‘+ O- 146+ 167“168 088: m‘mbh‘k 00/+ 010+ 024“025: fqntor 73+
rhkdms ‘bbntmshmf 037+ 043 8/+ 0/8“001+ 005“006+ 01/+ 024+ 032+ 047+
Rhkdms Roqhmf ’B‘qrnm( 03 132+ 146+ 165: hcdmshb‘shnm 3/: hmsdqm‘k 14+
rhlokhrshb chbgnsnlhdr 6m0 5/+ 60: kdfhshl‘sd 041: l‘m‘fdldms 32“33:
rhwsg l‘rr dwshmbshnm 105 l‘oohmf 3/: nqf‘mhr‘shnm‘k 60+ 63+ 86+ 006+
Rjhkkhmf+ O-+ ‘mc Sqdfhcf‘+ G- 047 010+ 120: r‘khdmbd 30“32: sghmjhmf 31
rk‘udqx 128+ 142“143 rs‘mc‘knmd qdonqsr 005
rk‘udqx ’lncdqm( 127“132+ 135+ 142“144: Rs‘qatbjr 168
enqbdc k‘antq 13/“133: enqbdc l‘qqh‘fd 13/ rsdqdnsxodr 0/5
RlYkk hr AdYtshetk9:°Rstcx ne Dbnmnlhbr Yr he Rsdudmrnm+ K-+ ds Yk- 027“028+ 067“068
Odnokd LYssdqdc ’Rbgtl‘bgdq( 03 rsnbj dwbg‘mfd 03/+ 160
rl‘kk ‘mc ldchtl rhydc dmsdqoqhrdr ’RLDr( rsnbj l‘qjds 028+ 031
16“17 rsq‘sdfhb ‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 0/2“0/5+ 00/+ 002+
Rlhsg+ M-+ ds Yk- 047“048 005+ 010
rnbh‘k ‘bbntmshmf 14+ 037+ 123m0 rsq‘sdfhb cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 46“47
rnbh‘k ‘bshuhsx 074 Rta,R‘g‘q‘m ?eqhb‘ 02/
rnbh‘k ‘bsnqr 3/ rtookx bg‘hmr 1/: fkna‘k 1/
Rnbh‘k ?tchs Ksc ’TJ( 038“040 rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx: bnmrhcdq‘shnmr 014“016:
rnbh‘k ‘tchsr 037“038 chrbknrtqdr 0/7+ 007: gnsronsr 51: hcdmshexhmf
rnbh‘k chrbknrtqdr 76 qhrjr qdk‘sdc sn 020“021: hrrtdr 02: qdonqs
rnbh‘k dmsdqoqhrdr 2+ 17+ 53 0/2: vd‘j ‘mc rsqnmf 04+ 04
187 Hmcdw

Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc sgqnv,‘v‘x bnmrtloshnm 11

’R?RA+ TR?( 37“38+ 83“86+ 002“003+ 01/+ Sgtmadqf+ Fqds‘ 175
027+ 033 shldeq‘ldr 64“65
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ‘rrtq‘mbd 006“01/: eq‘ldvnqjr snjdmhrl 33
007“008: hrrtdr ‘mc bg‘kkdmfdr 008“01/ sno cnvm ‘ooqn‘bg+ ne qdbnqchmf ahnchudqrhsx 117
rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx qdonqshmf 3+ 37“38+ 72“0/1+ 008: sq‘cd,nr 05
bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne 8/“81+ 70: eq‘ldvnqjr sq‘mro‘qdmbx 143“145+ 164+ 17/
140“141: ghrsnqx ne 75“8/: jdx bnmbdosr Sqdfhcf‘+ G- 046“048: ‘mc Rjhkkhmf+ O- 047
‘mc sgdhq qdkdu‘mbd 7)+ 80: khlhsr 01/“010: sqhokd anssnl khmd ’SAK( 04+ 77
oqnbdrr 0/1“012: qdftk‘shmf 87“0//: qnkd ne Sqtlo+ C- 06/
01/“010: rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc eq‘ldvnqjr 81“87 svdmshdsg bdmstqx 76
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf 7/ sxonknfx 045: ne dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 044+ 044
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms 00“07
Rtrs‘hm‘akd Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr ’RCFr+ TM( tmatqm‘akd b‘qanm 027
2+ 01“04+ 02+ 1/+ 18“20+ 66+ 86+ 02/+ 082+ tmatqm‘akd bn‘k 028
11/“110+ 126+ 157+ 175: Bkd‘m V‘sdq ‘mc Tmdql‘m+ I-9 ‘mc Adaahmfsnm+ I- 15: ‘mc
R‘mhs‘shnm ’Fn‘k 5( 082+ 1//+ 1/8: Bkhl‘sd Cddf‘m+ B- 0/2“0/3+ 010
?bshnm ’Fn‘k 02( 056: Cdbdms Vnqj ‘mc Tmhkdudq 51“52+ 1/3+ 115
Dbnmnlhb Fqnvsg ’Fn‘k 7( 134: Mn Onudqsx Tmhnm B‘qahcd bgdlhb‘k chr‘rsdq ’Agno‘k+
’Fn‘k 0( 150: Qdctbdc Hmdpt‘khshdr 0873( 03
’Fn‘k 0/( 151 Tmhnm ne Dtqnod‘m Ennsa‘kk ?rrnbh‘shnmr
Rtrs‘hm‘akd Ehm‘mbd S‘wnmnlx ’DT( 02/ ’TDE?( 52
rtrs‘hm‘akd hmudrsldms ‘ooq‘hr‘k 54“55 Tmhodq 26“27+ 061: Enqstl 27
rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbhdsx 5+ 13“15+ 65+ 74+ 0/2+ 052+ tmhs‘qx rnbhdsx 3/
167+ 174 Tmhsdc Jhmfcnl ’TJ( 12+ 76+ 158+ 166:
rtrs‘hm‘akd sghmjhmf 03 ?bbntms‘ahkhsx 007:?rrnbh‘shnm ne
rtrs‘hm‘akd v‘sdq l‘m‘fdldms 083“084+ 1/6: Bg‘qsdqdc ?bbntms‘msr ’?BB?( 76:
hm Fg‘m‘ 1/8“10/ Cdo‘qsldms enq Dmuhqnmldms+ Ennc ‘mc
Rvdcdm 1/6 Qtq‘k ?‘hqr ’CDEQ?( 114: Knmcnm Rsnbj
RvhrrKd‘jr 168 Dwbg‘mfd 03/: Lncdqm Rk‘udqx ?bs ’1/04(
Rvhsydqk‘mc 163 135+ 142“144
Rxrsdl ne Dmuhqnmldms‘k Dbnmnlhb Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Cdudknoldms Oqnfq‘lld
?bbntmshmf ’RDD?( 111 ’TMCO( 157
rxrsdl‘shb dwsdqm‘k ‘bbntmsr 045+ 05/ Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Dmuhqnmldms Oqnfq‘l
’TMDO( 52: Khed Bxbkd Hmhsh‘shud 52
S‘rj Enqbd enq Bkhl‘sd,Qdk‘sdc Ehm‘mbh‘k Tmhsdc M‘shnmr Eq‘ldvnqj Bnmudmshnm nm
Chrbknrtqd ’SBEC( 85+ 025“026+ 033+ 068 Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd ’TMEBBB( 06/: Jxnsn
s‘w.s‘w‘shnm 041+ 16/+ 162“164+ 167“17/: Oqnsnbnk ’0886( 058“06/: O‘qhr ?fqddldms
‘unhc‘mbd 163“164+ 168: bnqonq‘sd ’1/04( 058“06/+ 065“067+ 074“075+ 1//+
041“042+ 162“163+ 167“17/: g‘udmr 041+ 154+ 175
163: ok‘mmhmf rbgdldr 041 Tmhsdc M‘shnmr ’TM( 01+ 057“060+ 082+ 1//+
S‘xknq+ O-+ ds Yk- 146 131+ 134+ 157: Fdmdq‘k ?rrdlakx ’0837( 127:
Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc Fkna‘k Bnlo‘bs 86: Fthchmf Oqhmbhokdr ne
Ahnchudqrhsx ’SDDA( 111+ 118 Atrhmdrr Ymc GtlYm Phfgsr ’1/00( 132“134+
sghqc rdbsnq 16+ 18“2/+ 34 137“144: G‘ahs‘s 082: Gtl‘m Qhfgsr
sghqc vnqkc rdd cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr Bntmbhk 132: Hmsdqfnudqmldms‘k O‘mdk nm
Sgnlrnm+ H-9 ‘mc Adaahmfsnm+ I- 66: ds Yk- Bkhl‘sd Bg‘mfd ’HOBB( 057“058+ 061+ 067+
044“046+ 05/ 074“075+ 078: Qhn cd I‘mdhqn D‘qsg Rtllhs
Sgnlrnm Qdtsdqr 03/ ’0881( 06/+ 1//+ 11/: Tmhudqr‘k Cdbk‘q‘shnm
sgqdd D&r ’dmuhqnmldms+ dbnmnlx ‘mc ne Gtl‘m Qhfgsr ’TCGQ( 127“128+ 131:
dpthsx( 04 V‘sdq Oqnfq‘l 1//+ rdd Ykrn Rtrs‘hm‘akd
sgqdd O&r ’odnokd+ ok‘mds ‘mc oqns( 04 Cdudknoldms Fn‘kr ’RCFr+ TM(
 Hmcdw 188

Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr ne ?ldqhb‘ ’TR?( 32+ 68+ 76+ qdrdqudr 082: qhrjr 087“088: rb‘qbhsx 01“02:
06/+ 153“154: B‘khenqmh‘ 021+ 083+ 1/1+ rsdv‘qcrgho 1/5: rsqdrr 086“1//: trd
135: B‘khenqmh‘ Sq‘mro‘qdmbx hm Rtookx 086“088
Bg‘hmr ?bs ’1/01( 135: Cncc,Eq‘mj ?bs v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf 1/1“1/7+ 101:
’1/0/( 135+ 144: Rdbtqhshdr ‘mc Dwbg‘mfd unktldsqhb 1/7
Bnllhrrhnm ’RDB( 142: Rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx V‘sdq ?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc
?bbntmshmf Rs‘mc‘qcr An‘qc ’R?RA( 37“38+ ’?trsq‘kh‘( 1/2
83“86+ 002“003+ 01/+ 027+ 033 V‘sdq Ennsoqhms ?rrdrrldms ’V‘sdq Ennsoqhms
Tmhudqr‘k Cdbk‘q‘shnm ne Gtl‘m Qhfgsr Mdsvnqj( 1/2
’TCGQ+ TM( 127“128+ 131 V‘sdq Oqnfq‘l ’TM( 1//
tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx 01+ 08+ 11 v‘sdq qdonqshmf 1/3“1/4: bnqonq‘sd 1/3“1/4:
kdudkr ‘mc shlhmf 100“101
u‘kt‘shnm ‘ooqn‘bg+ enq ld‘rtqhmf ahnchudqrhsx V‘sdq Qhrj Ehksdq ’VVE( 1/0
118“12/ v‘sdq,qdk‘sdc hlo‘bsr 1/3
u‘ktd ‘ccdc rs‘sdldmsr 76+ 165 v‘sdq,qhbg ‘mc v‘sdq,onnq bntmsqhdr 084+ 074
u‘ktd,a‘rdc hmudrshmf 018 vdkk,adhmf 103+ 15/
udf‘mhrl 107 Vhkjhmrnm+ Q-+ ‘mc Ohbjdss+ J- 151“155
udfds‘qh‘mhrl 107 vhm,vhm’,vhm( 05
Uhmm‘qh+ D-+ ‘mc K‘hmd+ L- 040+ 046+ 050 Vnnc+ C-+ ds Yk- 30
Unkjrv‘fdm ’UV( 27“28+ 005: Chdrdkf‘sd vnqjdq bn,nodq‘shudr 17
dlhrrhnm rb‘mc‘k ’1/04( 27“28+ 005 vnqjhmf onnq 158
unktldsqhb v‘sdq ‘bbntmshmf 1/7 Vnqkc A‘mj 1/8+ 152
unktms‘qx chrbknrtqd sgdnqx 0/8 Vnqkc Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk enq Rtrs‘hm‘akd
unktms‘qx hmudrsldms oqhmbhokdr 015 Cdudknoldms ’VABRC( 1/0+ 112+ 117
unktms‘qx rdbsnq 18 Vnqkc Bnllhrrhnm enq Dmuhqnmldms ‘mc
Cdudknoldms ’VBDC( 03
v‘fdr 160“162 Vnqkc Gd‘ksg Nqf‘mhr‘shnm ’VGN( 082
v‘rsd 11+ 56“57: ennc 12 Vnqkc Nudqrgnns C‘x 154
v‘sdq 4+ 081“102: ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx 35: bnmrtloshnm Vnqkc Qdrntqbdr Hmrshstsd ’VQH( 1/1
1/5: bqhrdr 083: chrbg‘qfdr 085: dbhdmbx Vnqkc V‘sdq Cdudknoldms Qdonqs ’TMDRBN+
1/5: nvr 1//“1/0+ 144: ennsoqhmshmf 1/1/( 082+ 1/2
1/2“1/3: hlo‘bsr 086: hlokhb‘shnmr enq Vnqkc Vhkckhed Etmc ’VVE( 2/+ 083+ 1/3+
‘bbntms‘ahkhsx 088“1//: hmeq‘rsqtbstqd 1/0: 105+ 116“117:V‘sdq Qhrj Ehksdq 1/0
hrrtdr 085+ 076: l‘m‘fdldms ‘bbntmshmf
oq‘bshbdr 1/1“1/3: ld‘rtqdldms 1/1“1/3: Xnmdjtq‘+?-+ ds Yk- 046+ 05/
oqhbhmf 1/7“10/: oqhu‘shr‘shnm 1/8: pt‘khsx
085: qdftk‘shnm ‘mc fnudqm‘mbd 1//“1/0: Yudycnu+ C-+ ds Yk- 48