Force Non-contact Forces

- A push or pull 1. Gravitational (𝐹𝑔)

- Force of attraction between two objects
Things to Consider to Describe a Force Acting on an - Mass and distance of two objects affect
Object the gravitational force
1. Magnitude - strength of the force; numbered - The bigger the mass, so is the
2. Point of Application - point where you exerted gravitational force
the force - The closer the objects are, the
3. Line of action - pathway of the object greater is the gravitational force
4. Direction - where the object will go 2. Magnetic
- Forces exerted on a field of attraction or
Newtons repulsion as in the case of magnets and
- SI Unit of force other magnetic materials
- Opposite poles attract
2 Types of Forces - Same poles repel
1. Contact force - forces where objects touch with
each other Balanced Forces
2. Non-contact force - objects do not touch; act - Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
over a zone or area called “field” - Do not cause a change in motion
- When balanced forces act on an object at rest,
Contact Forces the object will not move
1. Applied force - Balanced force = 0
- A force given to a person or
object/person Unbalanced Forces
- Symbol is F depending on who or what - Forces that cause a change in the motion of an
applies force to the object object
- The text in subscript is the - Not equal and in opposite direction
object exerting force
- “The ___ is exerting force onto Net or Resultant Forces
the ___” - The sum of all forces acting on an object
2. Friction
- Acting against an object in contact which
makes the movement slow down
- Always opposes the motion of an object
- Symbol: 𝐹𝑓
Ex: 𝐹𝐴𝐼𝑅 - air resistance
- When the surface is smooth, there is less
friction
Newton’s Law of Motion
- When the force and friction are equal,
1. The Law of Inertia
the object won’t move
● Inertia - the tendency to resist any
3. Normal
change in motion
- Acts perpendicular to the surface of the
● Mass - amount of matter in an object
object in contact with
● More mass = more inertia
- Symbol: 𝐹𝑁
● Bigger objects are harder to start and
4. Tension stop because they have more mass
- Force applied to a string, rope, ● An object in motion or at rest tends to
chain/cable stay moving or at rest unless acted upon
- Symbol: T by an outside force
 A moving object will move along a
● Sounds
straight-line path unless acted upon by - Sensation produced by stimulation of the organs
an outside force of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the
2. The Law of Acceleration air or other medium
● The stronger the force, the faster is the
acceleration Sound Energy
● The lighter the object, the faster is the - Travels in the form of sound waves
acceleration - These waves are examples of longitudinal waves
● Acceleration is directly proportional to where the vibrations are parallel to the direction
the net force applied, and inversely of the wave, they are also known as mechanical
proportional to the mass of the object waves since sound waves need a medium to
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 propagate
𝑎 = 𝑚 - Solid - where sounds travel fastest in
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑥 𝑎 - Gas - where sounds travel slowest in
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = 𝑚 ( 𝑡
)
The speed of sound can be affected by:
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇
𝑚 = Elasticity
𝑎
2 - Ability of an object or material to resume its
*1N = 1kg x m/𝑠
normal shape after being stretched or
“One newton is therefore the force compressed
needed to accelerate 1 kg of mass at the - The higher the elasticity, the faster sound travels
rate of 1 meter per second squared in the Density
direction of the applied force” - The amount of mass in a given space
3. The Law of Interaction - How tightly packed matter is
- For every action, there is an equal and - The more dense an object is, the slower sound
opposite reaction travels

Kinetic and Potential Energy With every 1 °C, the speed of sound will increase by 0.6
Energy m/s, with every 5 °C, the speed of sound will increase
- Ability to do work by 3 m/s
- Joule (J) - unit of work 𝑚
𝑚
𝑠
- Named after James Prescott Joule 𝑣 = 331 𝑠
+ (0. 6 °𝐶
)·𝑇
𝑚
𝐽 = 𝑚𝑥𝑁 𝑚 𝑠
𝑇 = (𝑣 − 331 𝑠
) ÷ (0. 6 °𝐶
)
𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑚
= 𝑚𝑥 2
𝑠

=
𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑚
2
Properties of Sounds
2
𝑠 Reflection
Kinetic Energy - energy in motion - Turning back of the wave as it hits a barrier
● The faster the object, the more kinetic energy - Echo - most common example
● The greater the mass and speed, the more - Reverberation - “multiple reflections”
kinetic energy - Echo sounding - used in mapping the seafloor
1 2
𝐾𝐸 (𝐽) = 2
𝑚𝑣 - Echolocation - used by certain animals to know
Where: m = mass (kg) their distance between other objects
v = velocity (m/s)
Potential Energy - energy at rest Refraction
● The higher the object, the more potential energy - Involves a change in the direction of waves as
● The more mass, the more potential energy they pass from one medium to another
𝑃𝐸 (𝐽) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ - Sound waves travel slower in cooler air than in
Where: m = mass of an object (kg) warmer air
2
g = gravity (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 )
h = height (m)
Colors of Light - Violet had the shortest wavelength while red has
Light the longest wavelength (inversely proportional)
- A kind of energy that can travel through space in
a form of a wave
- The colors from the sun or flashlights look white
but it is really a mixture of many colors

Prism
- A transparent optical element with flat and
polished surfaces that disperses light
- Usually has a triangular base and rectangular
sides
- Can be made from any transparent materials like
Bending of Colors
glass, plastic or fluorite
Refraction
- Bending of light when it travels from one medium
Dispersion
to another
- When white light is dispersed, ROYGBIV would
- When light crosses the boundary of two media of
show
different optical density, a change in speed takes
- A kind of refraction which provided us the colors
place
of light
- Happens when white light passes through a
Optical Density
prism
- Measurement of a component’s ability to slow
the transmission of light
Rainbow
- This change in speed is manifested by the
- Caused by the reflection and refraction of light in
bending of the light ray
water droplets on the Earth’s atmosphere
- A known indicator of the optical density of a
- The droplets serve as tiny prims that refract,
material is the index of refraction of the material
reflect, and disperse sunlight into spectrum of
(n)
light appearing in the sky

Hierarchy of Colors
Frequency of Light Wave
- Refers to the number of waves that move past a
certain point in one second
- Frequency is generally measured in Hertz, the
units of cycles per second
- Color has the frequency ranging from 430 trillion
Hertz to 750 trillion Hertz
- The more energy in the wave, the higher its
frequency (directly proportional)
- Violet has the highest energy while red has the
lowest energy

Wavelength
- Related to energy and frequency
- The distance between corresponding points on
subsequent waves
- You can measure this from peak to peak, trough
to trough, or between two consecutive
corresponding points of waves