Office Automation - UNIT - 1

OFFICE AUTOMATION –UNIT 1
OFFICE AUTOMATION
UNIT – I
NO CONTENT P.NO
1 INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 2
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER 4
3 MEMORY UNIT 5
4 CPU 10
5 INPUT DEVICES 12
6 15
7 OUTPUT DEVICES 16
6 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSYEM 20
8 WINDOWS 22
9 HISTORY AND VERSION WINDOWS OS 24
10 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING 31
LANGUAGES –LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES
11 HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 32
12 MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGES 34
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 38
C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Definition of terms
Computer is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of
programs stored in its own memory unit.
An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the
influence of a set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired
Output. (Referred to as Information).
Explanations :
A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of

electronic components and uses electric energy (such as electricity) to operate.
A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions

temporarily waiting processing, and even holds the intermediate result
(information) before it is communicated to the recipients through the Output
devices.
It works on the data using the instructions issued, means that, the computer
cannot do any useful job on its own. It can only work as per the set of
Instructions issued.
A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The
data is normally held within the computer as it is being processed.
Program:
A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of

the computer & is used to make the computer perform a specific task (or, to
direct the computer on what to do).
A set of related instructions which specify how the data is to be processed.

A set of instructions used to guide a computer through a process.

Data:
Is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much
meaning to the User.
Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be

processed to produce information.
There are two types/forms of data:
1. Digital (discrete) data:
Digital data is discrete in nature. It must be represented in form of numbers,

alphabets or symbols for it to be processed by a computer. Digital data is
obtained by counting. E.g. 1, 2, 3 …, A,B,C….
2. Analogue (continuous) data:
Analogue data is continuous in nature. It must be represented in physical nature

in order to be processed by the computer. Analogue data is obtained by
measurement. E.g. Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Lengths or currents, etc.
The output is in form of smooth graphs from which the data can be read.
Data Processing:
It is the process of collecting all items of data together & converting them into
information.
Processing refers to the way the data is manipulated (or handled) to turn it into
information.
The processing may involve calculation, comparison or any other logic to
produce the required result. The processing of the data usually results in some
meaningful information being produced.
Information: is the data which has been refined, summarized & manipulated in
the way you want it, or into a more meaningful form for decision-making. the
information must be accurate, timely, complete and relevant.

Characteristics of a Computer.
Before 20th century, most information was processed manually or by use of

simple machines. Today, millions of people are using computers in offices and
at home to produce and store all types of information.
The characteristics of the computer system are as follows −
Speed
A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while
performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of
instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds
and nanoseconds.
Accuracy
Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and
accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it
superior to that of human beings.
Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with
same accuracy and efficiency.
Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same
set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.
Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.
Memory
A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data.
Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used
to store data.

Memory Unit (computer memory)

 Computer memory refers to different types of data storage technologies
used by the computer.
 A computer system is made up of a combination of types of computer
memory. It is electronic that holds a place for instruction and data that a
computer needs to reach quickly.
 Computer memory is the collection of storage units that store binary
information in bits.
 The memory block is split into smaller components called cells. Every
cell has a unique address for storing data in memory.
Computer Memory System
The Computer Memory System consists of small bits (0 or 1).
Some units to measure memory are;
 Bits: 1 or 0
 Nibble: 1 Nibble = 4 bits
 Bytes; 1 Byte = 8 bits
 Kilo Byte: 1KB = 1024 bits
 Mega Byte: 1MB=1024 KB
 Giga Byte: 1 GB=1024MB
 Tera Byte: 1 TB=1024GB
 Peta Byte: 1 PB=1024 TB
What is Computer Memory?

Computer memory is just like the human brain. It is used to
store data/information and instructions. It is a data storage unit or a data storage
device where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing

are stored. It can store both the input and output can be stored here.
Characteristics of Computer Memory :
 It is faster computer memory as compared to secondary memory.
 It is semiconductor memories.
 It is usually a volatile memory, and main memory of the computer.
 A computer system cannot run without primary memory.

There are two main types of computer memory:
 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory

Types of Primary Memory
The Primary Memory is the internal memory of the computer, also known as
Volatile Memory. However, it is lost as soon as the power of the device is cut
off. Some features of Primary Memory are:
 It is also known as Volatile Memory or the Main Memory.

 It is lost once the power is cut off.
 It provides the main working space for all the computer functions and
processes.
Some sub types of Primary Memory are:

 RAM
 ROM
RAM
Its is hardware that temporarily stores data and programs. It is the faster part of
the main memory which can be directly accessed by the CPU. It reads and
writes programs until the computer is switched on.
RAM is of two types:
 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

 SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
 DRAM is Dynamic Random-Access Memory.

o It is a type of RAM that is used for dynamic data storage.
o Every cell in DRAM consists of one-bit information.
o A cell is composed of a transistor and a capacitor.
o This capacitor and transistor are extremely small in size.
o The capacitor needs a continuous refresh to retain information since it
is volatile.

 SRAM is Static Random-Access Memory.

o This type of RAM stores static data in memory which remains active
until there is a power supply.
o Same sized SRAM chip holds less data than DRAM.
o Unlike DRAM, it does not require a continuous refresh.
ROM
 Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a permanent storage type.
 It is responsible for storing data permanently, which cannot be changed or
modified.
 The data stored in ROM is not rewritable as suggested by the name; it can
only be read. ROM is also a Non Volatile Memory, which is not lost once
the power is cut off.
Different Types of ROM are:

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
 EPROM( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
 EEPROM( Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory)
1. PROM: It is a digital ROM which only once allows writing any

information or program. This is done using a special PROM programmer
or burner device.
2. EPROM: In this type of ROM, data can be erased as well as

reprogrammed only once. It can store data for a minimum of 10-20 years.
To erase and reprogram EPROM, the user needs to pass UV light for 40
minutes. Post this, the data can be recreated.
3. EEPROM: The full form of EEPROM is Electrically Erasable and

Programmable Read Only Memory. It is an electrically erasable and
programmable ROM. This allows data to be erased using a high-voltage
electrical charge. After this, it can be reprogrammed up to thousands of
times.

Secondary Memory
 It is a permanent type of memory in computer that holds a large amount

of data.
 This is an external memory that represents different storage media on
which data and programs can be saved for long term.
 It is not directly accessible by the CPU and is available as external
devices such as CDs, DVDs and USBs.
 Secondary Memory is the physical device used for storing data
permanently.
Some examples of Secondary Memory are:
 Hard Disk
 Compact Disc
 PEN Drive
 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
 Flash Drive
 Floppy Disc
1. Hard disk: It is a type of permanent computer memory that stores

programs, files and data. It is stored on the motherboard of the computer
that does not lose data even when there is a power outage or when the
system has been switched off.
2. Compact Disc (CD): It is an optical disk storage device that stores

different types of data, such as audio, video, files, and other information.
CD uses light to read and write data from CDs.
3. Pen Drive: This portable device is a type of secondary memory in

computer that is used for permanently storing data. It is also known as a
USB flash drive that stores and transfers.

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )
The CPU, also referred to as the “central” or “main” processor, is a complex set
of electronic circuitry that runs the machine's operating system and apps. The
CPU interprets, processes and executes instructions, most often from the
hardware and software programs running on the device.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −
 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
 Memory or Storage Unit

 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or Storage Unit
 This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results.

 This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when
needed.
 It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the
primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
 Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and
secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer.
Functions of the memory unit are −
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to
an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry
out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions

among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs
the operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results
from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
 Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by
making repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,

selecting, matching, and merging of data.
Input Devices
The most common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and touch screen.
Portable keyboard, wireless mouse, and iPhone.
Input devices provide us a way to give input or instruct the computer to perform
a function.
It can be any information or data given to the processor and this processor gives
the output by some output device.
In a computer, the keyboard and mouse are input devices, CPU is the processor
and monitor is the output device.
Let us read ahead to know more about the various input devices in computers
and their functions.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Light pen
 Barcode Reader
 Microphone
 Touch screen
 Joystick
 Webcam

1. Keyboard: The keyboard is the main input device of the computer that is
used most often. The keyboard is used to perform all typing tasks on the
computer. The keyboard has many types of keys for proper function. The
QWERTY keyboard has 6 types of keys:
o Indicators
o Function keys
o Alphanumeric Keys
o Control keys
o Number keys
o Navigation keys
2. Mouse: The pointer on the

computer screen is controlled. That
is why it is also called a pointing
device. Mouse is used to open,
close, drag and drop files,icons on a
computer.
The use of the mouse has increased
a lot with the introduction of GUI
(Graphic User Interface).
3. Scanner: A scanner is used to

scan documents and enter them into
the computer in digital form. The
scanned document can be saved as
an image on the computer. You can
also edit the document if you want.

4.Light pen: This is a positioning

input device which is used to do
graphic design, text messaging, etc.
on a touch screen computer. You can
draw very easily with the Light pen.
Its pen-like shape makes it very easy
to use.
5. BCR (Barcode Reader): It is

used to read the code hidden in the
lines of the barcode. A barcode is a
vertical (permanent) line of black
colour, in which a lot of information
is hidden: product name, product
price, product price, batch number,
company name, etc.
6. Microphone: This developed by

Emile Berliner in 1877. It is used to
convert sound waves into electrical
waves or to input sound into
computers. It captures sound by
converting sound waves into an
electrical signal, which can be
digital or analogue.
7. Touch Screen: A touch screen is a

screen that you control with the
touch of your finger. You can also
use your finger or stylus to control
it. An Android phone is a simple
example of a touch screen, as a
touch screen is available in most
Android phones. You don't need a
separate mouse or keyboard to run
it.

8. Joystick: A joystick is an input

device with a stick attached and is
used to control the direction of the
device. It is most commonly used in
gaming.
9. Webcam: A webcam is a camera

that you use to take pictures or video
conferences by connecting it to your
computer or laptop. You can connect
the webcam to your computer with a
cable, or you can also use a wireless
webcam.
Use of Input Devices
Keyboard The keyboard is probably the primary means of

communication of the user with the computer system. It was
also the first example of input devices
Mouse Users can control the cursor and select all types of text, files
and icons on the computer screen.
Touch On the touch screen, users can select any text, file and image
Screen with their own fingers without any other device.
Light Pen Its shape is like a pen, using this input device to feed input
directly from this pen to the computer screen with good
accuracy.
Joysticks Joysticks are primarily devices designed for playing

games,using this device you can control any character in the
game.
Microphone This device is capable of converting sound waves into

electrical waves. It is used to record voices

Webcam We use this device to capture real-time images and connect to

a computer.
Digital A digital camera is capable of storing all images and videos in

Camera digital form (memory chip) instead of film (rolls).
Barcode With the help of a barcode, large companies can track their
Scanners products. You can quickly find out prices and stock levels
from the barcode. Companies use it in their computerised
centralised system to increase their efficiency and
productivity.
Output Devices of Computer

An output device is a hardware component of a computer system that displays
information to users.
An output device is a computer hardware device that retrieves and presents the
result of the inserted input data from the computer system and further translates
that data into human-understandable language. The output or result is then
presented to us in the form of text, visuals, audio or a hard copy (printed on
paper).
The output devices can be mainly classified into four categories such as
 visual
 data
 print
 Sound
Based on the type of output and requirements, different output devices can be
attached to the computer systems to retrieve the output.
Examples of Output Devices are-
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
 Headphones
 Projector
 Plotter

Monitor
The most general example of an output device is a monitor. It is also known as a
Visual Display Unit (VDU) and the major function of a monitor is to display the
processed data like images, videos, text, audio, etc.
Monitors are further classified into two types-
 cathode-ray tubes
 flat panel displays
Printer
Printers primarily operate by producing a copy, typically a hard copy or Xerox
copy, of the information transmitted by the computer. The printer receives
electronic data from the computers and produces a hard copy of the processed
data.
Printers are divided into two categories
 Impact Printer
 Non-Impact Printer.

Speakers
Speakers are the output devices that are connected to computers to allow sound
to be output.
For the working of speakers, sound cards send signals to the speakers which are
converted into audio.
These speakers use internal amplifiers which vibrate at different frequencies to
increase/decrease the volume or amplitude of sound.
Headphones
Headphones are the output devices that help us listen to the audio coming out of
a computer.
With the help of headphones, we can listen to the audio privately and without
disturbing anyone around.
These come in various sizes and brands and can be connected with computer
systems both wired or wirelessly.
Headphones are light and portable, unlike heavy computer speakers.

GPS
 GPS or Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio-based satellite
navigation system that consists of a network of multiple satellites.
 GPS satellites frequently communicate their position and time.
 GPS uses radio signals to pin point a specific location.
 The user sends a radio signal to the satellites, which collect data such as
time, location, speed, and other variables and deliver it to the reception
computer for analysis.
 GPS is considered an Output Device because this processed data can be
evaluated to obtain information.
Plotter
 A plotter is a type of output device that is used to produce high-quality
graphics, drawings, or large-format images.
 Plotters are commonly used in engineering, architecture, design, and
other industries that require accurate and detailed graphical
representations.
Types of Plotters
o Pen Plotters
o Inkjet Plotters
o Inkect Plotters
o Cutting Plotters
o Electrostatic Plotters

OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS)
 Operating System lies in the category of system software. It basically

manages all the resources of the computer.
 An operating system acts as an interface between the software and
different parts of the computer or the computer hardware.
 The operating system is designed in such a way that it can manage the
overall resources and operations of the computer.
 The Operating System provides a user with an interface that makes any
application attractive and user-friendly.
EXAPMLE OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 Microsoft Disk operating system ( Ms DOS)
 Windows ( 98, 2000, XP, vista)
 Linux
 Unix
PARTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 Shell – it is the outer part of an operating system and it is responsible of
interacting with the operating system
 Kernel – Responsible for managing and controlling computer resources
such as the processor, main memory, storage devices, input devices,
output devices and communication devices
RESOURCE UNER THE OPERATING SYSTEM CONTROL

 The processor
 Main memory
 Input/Output Device
 Secondary storage devices
 Communication devices and ports

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Job scheduling
– it is the process of the operating system to keep list of jobs currently being run
by the computer and clocking them in and out of the processor.
2. Interrupt handling
It is a break from the normal sequential processing of instructions in a program
3. Resource control and allocation
It is situation where the processor gives a computer resources a unique number
called interrupt number so that it can be able to recognize and prioritize it.
4. Memory Management
It is where the operating system constantly assigns main memory storage
partitions to data an instructions
5. Error handling
It is a situation whereby an operating system alerts the user of errors that arises
in ease of illegal operations, hardware or software failure.
CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
They are classified into three ways / two types:-
1. According to the number of tasks handled concurrently
2. Single task – one task is operated at a any given time
3. Multi-Task – More than one task is processed apparently simultaneously
1. According to the number of users

2. Single user – Single (One) user operates a computer at any given time
3. Multi user – More than one user can operate the computer at the same
time
Advantages
 Fast in operation by experienced users
 flexible
 Use Less memory
 Don’t require expensive hardware

Disadvantages
 Hard to learn and understand
 Not user friendly
 If you mistype or forgot the syntax of writing the command, you
cannot operate it
 Difficult to learn
 Difficult to move information from one application to another
 Difficult to design and produce printed reports
 Do not support multi-users and multi-task
WINDOWS as used in operating system
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system

is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new
personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating
system in the world.
Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your

computer. For example, you can use Windows to browse the Internet, check
your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, play games, and do much more.
Windows is also used in many offices because it gives you access

to productivity tools such as calendars, word processors, and spreadsheets.
Microsoft released the first version of Windows in the mid-1980s. There have
been many versions of Windows since then, but the most recent ones
include Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows
7 (2009), Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001).
Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft. It allows

users to view and store files, run the software, play games, watch videos, and
provides a way to connect to the internet. It was released for both home
computing and professional works.
Graphical User Interface(GUI) – The user interacts with the computer using
icons and menus and select them using pointer
Advantages
 It is easy to learn and operate
 They make it easy to exchange information between
application
 Reduce the user training time and cost due to their inform
mode of operation
 It is more user friendly
 Supports multi user and multi task
Disadvantages
 Cost of GUI supporting hardware is higher
 Many objects on the GUI confuse new computer users
 Require faster processors that are more expensive
Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0
It was released for both home computing and professional functions of

Windows on 10 November 1983. Later, it was released on many versions of
Windows as well as the current version, Windows 10.
In 1993, the first business-oriented version of Windows was released, which is

known as Windows NT 3.1. Then it introduced the next versions, Windows
3.5, 4/0, and Windows 2000. When the XP Windows was released by Microsoft
in 2001, the company designed its various versions for a personal and business

environment. It was designed based on standard x86 hardware,

like Intel and AMD processor. Accordingly, it can run on different brands of
hardware, such as HP, Dell, and Sony computers, including home-built PCs.
Editions of Windows
Microsoft has produced several editions of Windows, starting with Windows

XP. These versions have the same core operating system, but some versions
included advance features with an additional cost. There are two most common
editions of Windows:
 Windows Home
 Windows Professional
History of Microsoft Windows
Since 1983, Microsoft is producing Windows. The founder of Microsoft 'Bill

Gates' announced for Microsoft Windows on 10 November 1983 and
released the first version of Windows in 1985. The following table contains
history of Windows from edition 1 to 10.

Windows versions

Features of Windows
Microsoft Windows includes a lot of features to help users. Some of its

excellent features are as follows:
1. Control Panel: Windows provides a Control Panel feature that includes

many tools to configure and manage the resources on their computer. For
example, users can change settings for audio, video, printers, mouse,
keyboard, network connections, date and time, power saving options, user
Accounts, installed, Applications, etc.

2. Cortana: Windows 10 introduced a feature named Cortana, which is able

to accept voice commands. It can perform various tasks such as it can
answers your questions, search data on your computer, online purchases,
set reminders, and appointments, etc. Furthermore, it acts like other
voice-activated services such as Google Assistant, Alexa, or Siri,
including one more benefit of searching the information on your
computer. To open the Cortana in Windows 10, press Window key + S.
3. File Explorer: It is also known as Windows Explorer, which displays

your files and folders on the computer. It allows users to browse the data
on the hard drive, SSD and other inserted removable disks like pen drives
and CDs, and you can manage the content according to the requirements
such as delete, rename, search, and transfer the data.

4. Internet browser: As the internet browser is very important to search for

anything, view pages, online shopping, play games, watch videos, etc.
Windows come with a pre-installed internet browser. in Windows 10, the
Edge internet browser is the default browser. Furthermore, Internet
Explorer was the default browser in Microsoft Windows from the
Windows edition 95 to 8.1 version.
5. Microsoft Paint: Since November 1985, Microsoft Windows comes with

pre-installed Microsoft Paint. It is a simple software to create, view, and
edit an image. It offers several tools to draw an image, crop, resize, and
save an image with a different file extension.

6. Taskbar: Windows comes with a taskbar that displays currently opened

programs, it also allows users to access any specific programs.
Additionally, it includes the notification area on the right side that shows
date and time, battery, network, volume, and other background running
applications.
7. Start menu: Microsoft Windows contains a start menu to the left side of
the taskbar. It displays programs and utilities that are installed on the
computer. It can be simply opened by clicking on the Start menu button
or pressing the start key on the keyboard.
8. Task Manager: Windows includes the task manager feature that provides
detail of the running applications or programs on the computer. You can
also check how much of the system resources, such as RAM, CPU, disk
I/O, are being used by each of the applications.

9. Disk Cleanup: It is used to free up disk space with the help of deleting
temporary or unnecessary files. It also helps to enhance the performance
of the computer, and boost storage space to download the programs and
documents. To open Disk Cleanup, follow the below steps:
o Open the File Explorer by pressing Window + E.
o Then, right-click on any disk drive and select Properties option
from the drop-down list.
o Now, click on the Disk Cleanup.
Is a rectangular object created on a screen by operating system to contain input

or output data for a particular program
PROPERTIES OF A WINDOW
 Title bar
 Display/ working area
 Horizontal and vertical scrolls bars
 Menu bars
 Status bar
 Tool bar
TYPES OF MENUS
 Pop up menu
 Pop down menu
 Sub menu( Cascading / Side kick menu)
COMPUTER FILES
Are classified into types :-
 System Files - that contain information that is critical to the
operations of the computer.
 Application Files - that holds programs or application files.
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMINNG LANGUAGES
A programming language is a set of symbols, grammars and rules with the help
of which one is able to translate algorithms to programs that will be executed by
the computer. The programmer communicates with a machine using
programming languages. Most of the programs have a highly structured set of
rules.
To communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to
communicate with computers, programmers also need a language is called
Programming language.
What is Language?
Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with

each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that
is understandable by both communicators.
What is a Programming Language?
A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers

(developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written
in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications,

websites, and mobile applications.
Types of programming language
1. Low-level programming language

2. High-level programming language
3. Middle-level programming language
1.Low-level programming language
Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language.

The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler
or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very
fast. Low-level language is further divided into two parts -
i. Machine Language
ii. Assembly Language

i.Machine Language
Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called

as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it
is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form.
It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers

directly understand the machine language programs.The advantage of machine
language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the
high-level programming language.
ii. Assembly Language
Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language

that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in
a symbolic and human-understandable form.
It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.
The advantage of assembly language is that it requires less memory and less
execution time to execute a program.
2. High-level programming language
High-level programming language (HLL) is designed for developing user-

friendly software programs and websites. This programming language
requires a compiler or interpreter to translate the program into machine
language (execute the program).
The main advantage of a high-level language is that it is easy to read, write,

and maintain.
High-level programming language includes Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP,

C#, C++, Objective C, Cobol, Perl, Pascal, LISP, FORTRAN, and Swift
programming language.
A high-level language is further divided into three parts –
i. Procedural Oriented programming language

ii. Object-Oriented Programming language
iii. Natural Language

i.Procedural Oriented programming language
Procedural Oriented Programming (POP) language is derived from structured

programming and based upon the procedure call concept. It divides a program
into small procedures called routines or functions.
Procedural Oriented programming language is used by a software programmer

to create a program that can be accomplished by using a programming editor
like IDE, Adobe Dreamweaver, or Microsoft Visual Studio.
The advantage of POP language is that it helps programmers to easily track the
program flow and code can be reused in different parts of the program.
Example: C, FORTRAN, Basic, Pascal, etc.
ii. Object-Oriented Programming language
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language is based upon the objects. In

this programming language, programs are divided into small parts called objects. It is
used to implement real-world entities like inheritance, polymorphism,
abstraction, etc in the program to makes the program resusable, efficient, and
easy-to-use.
The main advantage of object-oriented programming is that OOP is faster and

easier to execute, maintain, modify, as well as debug.
Example: C++, Java, Python, C#, etc.
iii. Natural language
Natural language is a part of human languages such as English, Russian,

German, and Japanese. It is used by machines to understand, manipulate, and
interpret human's language. It is used by developers to perform tasks such as
translation, automatic summarization, Named Entity Recognition (NER),
relationship extraction, and topic segmentation.
Example: The main advantage of natural language is that it helps users to ask
questions in any subject and directly respond within seconds.

3. Middle-level programming language
Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level programming

language and high-level programming language.
It is also known as the intermediate programming language and pseudo-
language.
A middle-level programming language's advantages are that it supports the
features of high-level programming, it is a user-friendly language, and closely
related to machine language and human language.
Example: C, C++, language
Most commonly used Programming Language
As we all know, the programming language makes our life simpler.
Currently, all sectors (like education, hospitals, banks, automobiles, and more )
completely depend upon the programming language.
There are dozens of programming languages used by the industries. Some most
widely used programming languages are given below –
 Python
 Java
 C
 C++
 C#
 Java Script
 R
 PHP
 GO
 Ruby

1. Python 3. C
o C is a popular, simple, and

o Python is one of the most flexible general-purpose
widely used user-friendly computer programming
programming languages. language.
o It is an open-source and easy o Dennis M Ritchie develops it
to learn programming in 1972 at AT&T. It is a
language developed in the combination of both low-level
1990s. programming language as
o It is mostly used in Machine well as a high-level
learning, Artificial programming language.
intelligence, Big Data, GUI o It is used to design
based desktop applications, applications like Text Editors,
and Robotics. Compilers, Network devices,
and many more.
2. Java 4. C++
o Java is a simple, secure,

o C++ is one of the thousands
platform-independent,
of programming languages
reliable, architecture-neutral
that we use to develop
high-level programming
software.
language developed by Sun
o Developed by Bjarne
Microsystems in 1995.
Stroustrup in 1980.
o Now, Java is owned by
o It is similar to the C
Oracle.
programming language but
o It is mainly used to develop
also includes some additional
bank, retail, information
features such as exception
technology, android, big data,
handling, object-oriented
research community, web, and
programming, type checking,
desktop applications.
etc.
5. C# o It is developed in
the 1990s for the Netscape
Navigator web browser.
o It allows programmers to
implement complex features
to make web pages alive.
o C# (pronounced as C sharp) is
o It helps programmers to create
a modern, general-purpose,
dynamic websites, servers,
and object-oriented
mobile applications, animated
programming language used
graphics, games, and more.
with XML based Web services
6. R
on the .NET platform.
o It is mainly designed to
improve productivity in web
applications.
o It is easier to learn for those o R programming is one of the
users who have sufficient popular programming
knowledge of common languages .
programming languages like o that is used in data analytics,
C, C++, or Java. scientific research, machine
6. JavaScript learning algorithms, and

statistical computing.
o It is developed in 1993 by
Ross Ihaka and Robert
Gentleman.
o It helps marketers and data
o JavaScript is a type
scientists to easily analyze,
of scripting language that is
present, and visualize data.
used on both client-side as
well as a server-side. o

7. PHP o Go or Golang is an open-

source programming
language.
o It is used to build simple,

reliable, and efficient
software.
o It is developed by Robert
o PHP stands for Hypertext Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken
Preprocessor. Thompson in 2007.
o It is an open-source, powerful
10. Ruby
server-side scripting language
mainly used to create static as
well as dynamic websites.
o It is developed by Rasmus
Laird in 1994.
o Ruby is an open-source,
o Inside the php, we can also
general-purpose, and pure
write HTML, CSS,
object-oriented programming
and JavaScript code.
language released in 1993.
o To save php file, file
extension .php is used.
o It is used in front-end and
9. Go back-end web development.
o It is mainly designed to write

CGI (Common Gateway
Interface) scripts.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

 Two Marks Questions
1. Differentiate Primary and secondary memory.
2. What are the characteristics of Printer?
3. What are the logical operations performed by ALU?
4. What are the characteristics of a computer?
5. What are the components of CPU?
6. Draw the block diagram of a computer memory.
7. Differentiate ROM and RAM
8. List out the Input Devices.
9. List out the Output Devices.
10. What is Computer Memory?
11. Types of primary memory ?
12. Define CPU ( Central Processing Unit ).
13. CPU itself has following three components.
14. Define BCR (Barcode Reader)
15. The output devices can be mainly classified into four categories?
16. Define GPS
17. What is operating systems (os) ?
18. Example of operating system.
19. Define Graphical User Interface(GUI)
20. List out the Windows versions
21. Properties of a window.
22. Types of menus .
23. What are the Computer files .
24. What is Language?
25. What is a Programming Language?
26. Types of programming language
27. Types of Low-level programming language
28. Types of High-level programming language
29. Types of Middle-level programming language
30. Expand
o DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
o SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
o PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
o EPROM( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
o EEPROM( Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory)

 Ten Marks Questions
1. Explain about the memory units.

2. Explain about CPU with necessary diagram.
3. Elaborate on various Input devices
4. Elaborate on various output devices
5. Use of Input Devices.
6. Explain the functions of operating systems in detail.
7. Describe about the windows and generation of Windows OS
8. What are the features of Windows Operating Systems.
9. Explain the following Programming languages ? Low-level programming
language
10. Discuss about High-level programming language.
11. Discuss about Middle-level programming language.

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OFFICE AUTOMATION –UNIT 1

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 1

A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of

A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions

A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of

A set of related instructions which specify how the data is to be processed.

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 2

Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be

1. Digital (discrete) data:

Digital data is discrete in nature. It must be represented in form of numbers,

2. Analogue (continuous) data:

Analogue data is continuous in nature. It must be represented in physical nature

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 3

Before 20th century, most information was processed manually or by use of

The characteristics of the computer system are as follows −

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 4

Memory Unit (computer memory)

What is Computer Memory?

device where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 5

There are two main types of computer memory:

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 6

Types of Primary Memory

 It is also known as Volatile Memory or the Main Memory.

Some sub types of Primary Memory are:

RAM is of two types:

 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

 DRAM is Dynamic Random-Access Memory.

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 7

 SRAM is Static Random-Access Memory.

Different Types of ROM are:

1. PROM: It is a digital ROM which only once allows writing any

2. EPROM: In this type of ROM, data can be erased as well as

3. EEPROM: The full form of EEPROM is Electrically Erasable and

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 8

 It is a permanent type of memory in computer that holds a large amount

Some examples of Secondary Memory are:

1. Hard disk: It is a type of permanent computer memory that stores

2. Compact Disc (CD): It is an optical disk storage device that stores

3. Pen Drive: This portable device is a type of secondary memory in

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 9

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −

 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

CPU itself has following three components.

 Memory or Storage Unit

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 10

Memory or Storage Unit

 This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results.

Functions of the memory unit are −

Functions of this unit are −

 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely,

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 11

Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,

Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,

C.S.Nithya ., Department of Computer Science Page 12