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    Satellite Misc

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    Priyanshu Ahir
    A communication satellite orbits Earth and carries communication equipment like antennas and transmitters to establish links between distant points, with advantages including wide coverage areas, bandwidth, and reliability but disadvantages such as high costs and propagation delays. Satellites in geostationary orbit appear stationary from Earth's surface due to matching the planet's rotational speed and lying in the equatorial plane, allowing continuous coverage of large areas. Transponders on satellites receive weak uplink signals, amplify and shift them to downlink frequencies to transmit the signals back to Earth without interference.

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    Satellite Misc

    Uploaded by

    Priyanshu Ahir
    7 views10 pages
    A communication satellite orbits Earth and carries communication equipment like antennas and transmitters to establish links between distant points, with advantages including wide coverage areas, bandwidth, and reliability but disadvantages such as high costs and propagation delays. Satellites in geostationary orbit appear stationary from Earth's surface due to matching the planet's rotational speed and lying in the equatorial plane, allowing continuous coverage of large areas. Transponders on satellites receive weak uplink signals, amplify and shift them to downlink frequencies to transmit the signals back to Earth without interference.

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    A communication satellite orbits Earth and carries communication equipment like antennas and transmitters to establish links between distant points, with advantages including wide coverage areas, bandwidth, and reliability but disadvantages such as high costs and propagation delays. Satellites in geostationary orbit appear stationary from Earth's surface due to matching the planet's rotational speed and lying in the equatorial plane, allowing continuous coverage of large areas. Transponders on satellites receive weak uplink signals, amplify and shift them to downlink frequencies to transmit the signals back to Earth without interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views10 pages

    Satellite Misc

    Uploaded by

    Priyanshu Ahir
    A communication satellite orbits Earth and carries communication equipment like antennas and transmitters to establish links between distant points, with advantages including wide coverage areas, bandwidth, and reliability but disadvantages such as high costs and propagation delays. Satellites in geostationary orbit appear stationary from Earth's surface due to matching the planet's rotational speed and lying in the equatorial plane, allowing continuous coverage of large areas. Transponders on satellites receive weak uplink signals, amplify and shift them to downlink frequencies to transmit the signals back to Earth without interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    What is a communication satellite?

    A communication satellite is an object that goes around, or orbits, a larger object, such as a
    earth. It carries all communication equipment such as antennas, radio receivers and
    transmitters so that a communication link is established between distant points. There is a
    balance between centrifugal force and gravitational forces.

    Advantages of Satellite Communications

    1. Covers Wide Geographical Areas


    2. Wide Bandwidth
    3. Distance Insensitive Cost
    4. High Reliability
    5. Independent from Terrestrial Infrastructure
    6. Mobility

    Disadvantages of Satellite Communications

    1. Propagation Delays
    2. High Initial Cost
    3. Regulatory Licensing Requirements
    North Ascending
    Node Right Ascension
    Orbital Perigee of the Ascending
    Plane Node
    Ω

    Inclination (from
    Equatorial Plane),
    i

    Argument of
    Perigee, ω
    Equatorial
    Plane

    Line of
    Nodes Line of
    Aries
    Geostationary Satellite

    Geostationary satellite appears stationary with respect to


    earth because it orbit in circular pattern with an angular
    velocity equal to that of earth.

    Conditions for Geostationary Orbit

    1. The satellite must travel eastward at the same rotational


    speed as the earth. So, satellite orbital period (23 hours 56
    minutes) must be same as earth.
    2. The orbit must be circular
    3. The inclination of the orbit should be zero. So, it must lie in
    equatorial plane.
    Steps for Calculation of Look Angles (Az & El) of Earth Stations

    1. Calculate fS, fE and lE for north/south latitude and east/west


    longitude.
    2. Calculate B and then A.
    3. From lE and B, calculate Az.
    4. Calculate cos (b).
    5. Calculate d and sin (b). Then, calculate El.
    Kepler’s Third Law
    Orbital Velocity = v= 
    r

    Period of Satellite Orbit or Orbital Period = (


    T = 2 r
    3
    2
    ) ( 12
    )
    = Kepler’s Constant = 3.986004418 X 105 km3/s2

    r is in km and T is in seconds

    r=R+h

    R = Earth Radius = 6378 km


    Advantages of Geostationary Orbits
    1. Expensive tracking equipment not required.
    2. No need to switch from from one satellite to another.
    3. Large coverage area or large footprint. 38% of the earth.
    4. Three satellites can cover the entire earth except polar regions.
    5. No Doppler shift.
    Disadvantages of Geostationary Orbits
    1. Long Propagation time.
    2. Higher transmitted power and sensitive receivers are required.
    What is a transponder?
    It is series of interconnected units which form a single
    communication channel between the receive and transmit
    antennas in a communication satellite.
    Functions of a Satellite Transponder
    1.Amplification of very week received signal from uplink.
    2.Frequency translation of uplink frequency to downlink
    frequency.
    3.Limit noise and interference.
    Why uplink and downlink frequencies are different?

    To avoid interference between very weak received signal from the uplink
    antenna and very strong transmitted signal from the downlink antenna.

    Why uplink frequency is higher than the downlink frequency?


    Path losses are proportional to frequency. It is easier to increase power from an
    earth station as compared to satellite.

    How the bandwidth of satellite is increased?


    1. Spatial frequency reuse
    2. Polarization frequency reuse
    3. Using different frequency bands
    Free Space Loss [FSL] in dB

    [FSL] = 32.5 + 20 Log10 d + 20 Log10 f


    d is in kilometers and f is in megahertz.

    Boltzmann’s Constant
    k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K
    Home Work Assignment 1

    1. From Chapter 3 - Problems - Dennis Roddy, problem number 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9.
    2. Prove equations using Napiers Rules. .

    Definition of Directive Gain/Directivity

    D (dBi) = Ratio of power density in the direction of maximum radiation to power density due
    to isotropic antenna or isotropic radiator

    D (dBd) = Ratio of power density in the direction of maximum radiation to power


    density due to half-wave dipole

    Definitation of Radiation Pattern

    Plot of power density as a function of spherical coordinates q (Elevation) and f (Azimuth)


    in the far field region.

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