Problem Solving

08/12/2022
- Is a scientific process of identifying the
NURSING RESEARCH problem and finding ways to solve that
problem.
- In the graduate school, mostly masters
and PHDs students, they do not require to
OUTLINE
write a thesis
I. Research
II. Nursing Research Example:

Master of Arts in Nursing - may thesis

Master of Nursing - walang thesis
RESEARCH
So, what will they do? Mag problem solving lang
● From the old french word cerchiers, sila, we call it “Action Research”
meaning “to seek or search”
● The prefix “re” means again - signifies
replication of the search. RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING

What are we searching for? ● All elements of a ● The same

scientific inquiry explicitness and
We are searching for new knowledge, new must be precision
information, or a solution to the problem. explicitly and though they
precisely may be utilized,
described. are not usually
RESEARCH CONT… demanded by
problem solving
● Is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer question or solve
problems. The ultimate goal of research is
to develop, refine, and expand a body of
knowledge (Polit & Beck, 2004) ● All elements of a ● The same
● (Webster) is a studious inquiry or scientific inquiry explicitness and
examination, investigation or must be precision
experimentation aimed at the discovery explicitly and though they
and interpretation of facts, revision of precisely may be utilized,
accepted theories or laws in the light of new described are not usually
facts or practical applications of such new demanded by
Philippine problem solving
or revised theories or laws. National
● (Committee on Research of the PNA)
Association
Research is an honest, scientific
investigation undertaken for the purpose of
discovering new facts which will contribute
to the present body of knowledge and can
lead to an effective solution of existing
problems

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 1

 RESEARCH NSG RESEARCH RESEARCH NSG RESEARCH
● Where ● Detailed ● Entails a written ● Entails no such
Research data statistical plan in sufficient =
requirements.
are quantitative,
they are
analyses
seldom
are
done =
detail and
explicitness that

=
analyzed with and quantitative the study may
appropriate data are usually be replicated

☐
statistical
procedures.
limited to simple
frequency
counts.
and the findings
verified.

● The research ● The problem

has moral solver needs
● Factors other ● Such controls obligation to only to provide
than the variable are not required
- =
report his =in
information,
under study are findings in verbal or tabular
controlled
-
as writing so that form, to those in
much as others may the immediate
possible. share new setting of the
knowledge. problem and to
propose
changes that
● One objective is ● The primary aim will help them
to ensure that is the solution of solve the

=
findings are a problem problem.
generalized to a
-
existing in the
population population
larger than the being studied,
one under little or no COMPARISON BETWEEN RESEARCH AND
study. attention is PROBLEM SOLVING IN TERMS OF PROCESS
given to whether parts lang
the findings are ↳ RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING
applicable to a
larger a. Identify the a. Identify the
population. problem problem

● The search for ● The facts for the b. Review related b. gather pertinent
new knowledge investigation literature information
through are always from
hypotheses =
the same setting c. Theoretical c. suggest
testing must be and from many framework solutions
done in a setting of the subjects

E-
and with study that gave rise to d. Questions to d. consider
subjects the proposal be answered & outcomes
different from that the study be hypothesis is to
those which done. be tested
gave raise to the
observations e. Research e. choice of
that prompted methodology solution
the study and
f. Data gathering f. Implement
hypotheses
solution

g. Analysis & g. evaluation

interpretation
of data

h. Summary, h. Modify, revise,

conclusion & change

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 2

 - Control is very important especially
recommendatio
n if you’re conducting an
experimental research.
Additional Notes…
3. Empiricism
RESEARCH - It refers to gathering of evidence
and relying on one’s own senses.
- From the philosophy of empiricism,
- More explicit and precise.
we only accept data that can be
- Mainly hypothesis testing for research.
tested by the 5 senses (Empirical
- You need an intensive review of related -

literature.
Data). ↳ sight
hearing Smell taste
, .
, ,

touch
- You are required to have a theoretical
4. Generalization
framework to anchor your study. - It means that the Research findings
(Quantitative); however in Qualitative, you may be applied to a situation on a
can anchor into a theoretical lens, there is population larger than the one
no conceptual framework also. studies.
- In research, you need to answer your - The research must be tested or
research questions and the hypothesis can be tested to a bigger or larger
must be tested using statistical methods. population.
- Wala na tayong summary sa ating format
ngayon sa SPC:
NURSING RESEARCH
- Conclusion - Quantitative
- No conclusion but we have ● A study of all aspects, components,
implications and recommendations activities, and phenomena relating to
- Qualitative health and of interest to nurses
● Is systematic inquiry designed to develop
PROBLEM SOLVING knowledge about issues of importance to
the nursing profession, including nursing
practice, education, administration, and
- It also requires precision, but it is not
informatics
demanded.
- Usually utilized descriptive statistics like
frequencies and percentages. GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH
- Pertinent information
- Suggest solutions and consider the ● It is important within the context of
outcomes. promotion and maintenance of health,
prevention and cure of illness, the
habilitation and rehabilitation of the diabled
and the handicapped whose life depends
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
on others for survival.
● Titles or topics must be related to nursing.
1. Orderly and systematic
- The researcher undertakes the
investigation systematically in an SPECIFIC GOALS:
ordered sequence of steps.
- As a researcher, you have to 1. Efficiency and Effectiveness in Nursing
Care
annotate the investigation with a
- The primary reason for conducting
sequence of steps; it’s systematic. research is to foster optimum care
for clients.
2. Control - We conduct research in order to be
- The researcher identifies and able to improve our healthcare
eliminates specific constraints or delivery system.
limitations to ensure precision and
validity of results.

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 3

 2. Worthiness and Value of the Nursing ● Our nursing interventions can be improve
Profession to Society because of research and even the nursing
- Health care is indispensable to care process
man’s survival, and nursing care is
on of its major components.
- To enable nurses to deliver quality IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING
care is to make use of the most
recent research findings that 1. Description- through research nurse
provide proofs or evidences to describes phenomenon that relates to the
validate and justify the nursing profession as well as to observe,
appropriateness and adequacy of define,and document nursing students
nursing care. under inquiry.
2. Exploration- research explores the
3. Identifying, Implementing, and phenomenon being investigated by
Evaluating Effective Health Care observing and recording events or
Modalities situations occurring in that phenomenon; it
- Nursing research enables nurses to answers “what” questions on the
cautiously assess individuals and phenomenon.
groups, as a basis for planning 3. Explanation- research seeks clarification
accurate nursing interventions. of prevailing situation to answer questions
that asks “why” a phenomenon occurred.
Nursing care modalities “Why did this happen?” What could have
happened if…?”
Primary Nursing 4. Prediction & control
- A single nurse assigned to 4-6 ○ Prediction- projects a situation or
patients from admission up to events that could arise from
discharge research investigation.
Team Nursing ○ Control- puts up a barrier to under
- Group of nurses who cares a or minimize the effects of
number of patients anticipated outcomes or reactions.
Functional Nursing ● Research anticipates possible
- Are assigned to charting and/or psychological and physiological reactions
documentation to nursing interventions. Research
Charge Nursing supports nursing decisions by eliminating
- Carry out doctor's order barriers and sourcing ways and strategies
that would bring about effective client care
4. Clinical Nursing Research has the outcomes.
potential for providing quality care of ● Research findings will help eliminate
clients. It is concerned with the nursing actions that do not achieve desired
following tasks: outcomes.
a. The systematic study of nursing
problems and phenomena, using
the nursing process of assessing, Generation of Knowledge
planning, implementing, and
evaluating nursing care. ● Research findings from rigorous studies
● Improving nursing practice and patient care constitute the best type of evidence (it’s the
through creative and scientific studies, highest form of evidence) for informing
knowledge of health and the promotion of nurses’ decisions, actions, and interactions
health throughout the lifespan. with clients.
● Identifying nursing interventions that can
help individuals efficiently and effectively to Nurses could evaluate & document their
actual or potential health problems contributions to the health care delivery system
● The initiation and assessment of change as ● Research enables nurses to describe the
a result of nursing care to clients, and characteristics of a particular nursing
incisive efforts to make this new knowledge situation
useful in nursing practice. ● To explain phenomena that must be
considered in planning nursing care

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 4

 ● Predict the probable outcomes of certain So, we put this after the Procedure
nursing decisions
● To control the occurrence of undesired If Quantitative, ethical considerations like privacy
outcomes and confidentiality; (please refer sa gisend ni sir na
● To initiate activities to promote desired format)
client behavior
Statistical treatment:
- mean,
STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS (APA) - standard deviation,
- Pearson r (test of relationship),
FORMAT OF SPC
- t-test (test of difference kung comparative
- Spc is following the IMRAD format
siya),
- Introduction, Methods, Results, and
- ANOVA (Analysis of variance),
Discussion
- Spearman Rho (Rank),
- After discussion, we add References -
- MRA-Multiple Regression Analysis
APA ang iba, also Vancouver style - yung
(Predictive), Predictive study =
may numbers
kailangan mag predict ng influence, or
- We also add Appendices
to be logistic regression if hindi
- In Qualitative, we use findings and
marami or multiple ang variables
discussion
- Chi-Square (test of relationship, nominal
- In Quantitative, we have subheading pero
yung mga data hindi sya interval, unlike sa
minor lang siya, conclusion,
Pearson r, sa mga percentage and interval
recommendation.
siya ginagamit na data.)
- While sa Qualitative, implications,
recommendations
RESULTS
THE INTRODUCTION DISCUSSIONS
- Idikit sa left margin, pero ang capital mo is SUMMARY, FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS
only letter “I” wala na yung word na “The”.

● Review of literature TITLE

● Theoretical Framework/conceptual
paradigm How do you write the title of the investigation?
● Statement of the Problem ● Should be clear and specifically stated
● Hypothesis ● Variables are included; research site; study
● Significance of the Study participants
● Should not exceed twenty (20) substantive
METHOD words
● It would be better if the words in the title is
● Design less than 10; much better if short lang
● Setting
● Participants - the shorter the better, kung
● Measures pwede 9 words or less than 10
● Analysis words ang title
● Research Procedure - not necessary to put the
research or study site anymore
If Qualitative, magdagdag ka pa ng because of confidentiality
trustworthiness, author: Guba & Lincoln

4 COMPONENTS OF TRUSTWORTHINESS PURPOSES OF THE TITLE

C- Credibility 1. It summaries of the content of the entire

T- Transferability study
D- Dependability 2. It is a frame of reference of the whole study
C- Confirmability 3. It enables you to claim the study as your
own.

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 5

 4. It helps other researchers to refer to your - Knowledge Of Health Practices
work as they survey some theories Dependent Variable
themselves. - The Management Of Bronchial Asthma
Participants
¥¥%i¥¥¥ʰ+ᵗ
SAMPLE TITLES
- Mothers

● Informal Social Support And The Quality Of

=
-

● Related Learning Experience In Psychiatric Life Of Elderly

Nursing On The Self-Concept and
=
Behavioral Tendencies of the Student Independent Variable
Nurses - Informal Social Support
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable - The Quality Of Life
- Related Learning Experience In Psychiatric Participants
Nursing On The Self-Concept - Elderly
Dependent Variable
- Behavioral Tendencies ● Extent
-
Of Understanding And Extent Of
-

Participants Application
-
of SPC CORE VALUES Among
- Student Nurses BSN 3 Students.

● Professional Competence Of Staff Nurse Independent Variable

=
And Level of Satisfaction of Patients In - Extent Of Understanding
Tertiary Hospital Dependent Variable
- Extent Of Application of SPC CORE
Independent Variable VALUES
- Professional Competence Participants
Dependent Variable - BSN 3 Students
- Level of Satisfaction
Participants Formulate a title appropriate for the given
- Staff Nurse and Patients situation

● Handwashing And Frequency Of Microbial

- ● In an effort to determine the predictive
=
Growth Among ICU Staff Nurse of Davao validity of an employment test, an industrial
Regional Hospital psychologist samples 20 workers who had
previously taken an unemployment
Independent Variable screening test. In addition to the
- Handwashing employment test score. In addition to the
Dependent Variable employment test score, the psychologist
- Frequency Of Microbial Growth has access to the evaluation given by the
Participants worker’s supervisor at the end of the 6-
- ICU Staff Nurse month probation period. Using these two
Setting scores; determine whether there is a
- Davao Regional Hospital significant positive correlation between the
New Name of DRH (Davao Regional Medical employment test score and the
Center) located at Tagum City supervisor’s evaluation score.

● Primary Nursing Care Modality, Its Effects

=
-

On Quality Patient’s Care

Independent Variable
- Primary Nursing Care Modality
Dependent Variable
- Its Effects On Quality Patient’s Care

● Knowledge Of Health Practices Of Mothers

=
On The Management Of Bronchial Asthma

Independent Variable

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 6

 REFERENCES

I. Notes from: Mr. Migallos’ PPT

II. Polit, Beck, Waltz, Bausell, Fraenkel,
Wallen, Hill, Downie, Heath, Vizcarra,
Aquino, & Leveriza

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 7

AMPER, BOQUEL, CASTILLO, DEIPARINE, ESPINOSA, RIVERA, SABIT, VILLARUEL BSN3A 8
 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING Quantitative
Qualitative -
Mixed Method - John Creswell
OUTLINE
- Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method
- Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method
I.
II. Kaos
Blood Transfusion
Intravenous Therapy - Convergent Parallel Mixed Method
- Concurrent Mixed Method

- Descriptive Correlational
METHODS OF RESEARCH - Predictive - at least 200 participants
● The course has been designed to introduce the student to - Ex. “Predictors of Smoking Cessation”
nearly all of the fundamental concepts of research
particularly in preparing a thesis proposal
● Last week of Oct first week of Nov (RESEARCH SR - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW and META ANALYSIS -
PRESENTATION) Dr degree
SIDE NOTES SEM - Structural Equation Modeling
● Quanti needs at least 30 participants - for pilot
Quanittative - statistics
testing - after being reviewed by ethics - Pearson r
● QUANTITATIVE- questionnares - chuchu
● QUALITATIVE -validated by panelists - give
honrary of 300 pesos - 75 pesos / member via CONTENT OUTLINE
gcash STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
● Make Introduction and literature next lab
➢ Review of Literature
➢ Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework or
Paradigm
REFERENCES
● ProQuest
➢ Statement of the Problem(Quanti)/
● Ebsco
● Science Direct etc
} Research Journals
Purpose of the Study (Qualitative)
➢ Hypothesis/Hypotheses (plural)
➢ Significance of the Study - beneficiary
■ St.N.
■ Paano makabenefit?
■ Nursing Education, Nursing
Practice, Nursing Research,
and Nursing Administration
● IMRAD
○ Introduction, Method, Results, and
Discussion, References, Appendices

SIDE NOTES
● CHANGES
● INTRODUCTION >> Introduction
● Review of literature >> Literature Review
● Ho - Null Hypothesis

CHAPTER II METHOD
● Design
● Setting >> STUDY SITE
● Participants
■ Quali - participants
■ Quanti - Respondents (use
parin participants as heading)
■ Animals - SUBJECTS
■ Bacteria and Plants -
MATERIALS

BUDLONG, BULAN SEBOG, BELTRAN BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 ● Measures >> DATA MEASURES
○ PART 1 - Demographic
○ PART 2 - …..
○ PART 3 - Independent
Variable
● Procedure
○ Pre data collection-
questionnaire etc
○ Data collection
○ Post data collection
○ Lincoln and Guba
Trustworthiness
■ Transferability -The
degree to which the
results of qualitative
research can be
transferred to other
contexts or settings
with other
respondents
■ Confirmability-
present evidences
■ Ethical Considerations
● Analysis
○ Statistics
■ Descriptive
Correlation = use
Pearson r
■ Comparative =,T-test
or Z-test
■ Predictive = MRA
Multiple Regression
Analysis AMOS Apps
-Structural Equation
Modeling R Apps
● Limitations
○ 1 paragraph “However,..... blah blah
blah”
○ number of participants
○ nabago ang setting or study site

CHAPTER III RESULTS

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
● after conclusion is recommendation then
references then appendices
● WALANG CONCLUSION ANG QUALITATIVE
>>> IMPLICATIONS
● CONCLUSION - QUANTI
IMPLICATION - QUALI

BUDLONG, BULAN SEBOG, BELTRAN BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING ● The goal is to describe the problem in broad
strokes, justify its study, and capture the interest of
the reader
● What theoretical and/or practical situations brought
OUTLINE about this study? Of what application is the problem
or what is its significance
I.
FORMAT
● The overview of the study has no heading
● This, as well as the rest of the introduction, is
written in the present tense. Sections within this
INTRODUCTION chapter follow one after the other, with no page
breaks in between.
● The introductory chapter begins with the overview LITERATURE REVIEW
of the study ● Divided into two: 1st=conceptual literature; 2nd=
● You should describe the general problem you are related studies na published regarding sa topic
studying in a manner that it is sufficient ● Vancouver format na year na lang
● This includes the problem statement that expresses ● This section discusses the theoretical foundations
the dilemma or disturbing situation that needs of the problem.
investigation for the purposes of providing ● The goal is to develop your problem conceptually
understanding and direction and place it in the context of previous scientific
work. Thus, a conceptual integration of previous
SIDE NOTES research is needed.
● Theory testing
● Point out the themes, link, gaps, and
● 2 pages at most inconsistencies in the literature with the aim to
● Overview of the study; quanti dapat five; quali kay 4 provide a clear conceptualization of the problem
o 1st paragraph - describe the current ● Note that it is NOT the purpose of this section to
practices; point out the gaps regarding display ow much literature you have read
the topic; establish the gaps ● Strengthen the gap that you have claimed
● Avoid presenting a litany of past studies that are
quantic o 2nd paragraph - dependent variable;
conceptually disconnected from each other. This
the problematic variable section provides justification of your problem and
o 3rd paragraph - connection ng hypothesis:
dependent sa independent ❖ Why study these particular variables?
o 4th paragraph - why is there a need ❖ Why propose these particular hypotheses?
❖ Why study the problem with this method?
for this study?
❖ What differentiates your approach from what has
o 5th paragraph -cite
the been previously done?
significance in nsg implications ● Unlike other sections in Chapter I, this section is
written in the past tense. Begin this section with a
● No page break heading (justify to the left, upper and lowercase). To
● Lit rev is divided sa 2, 1st is definitions enhance organization, use subheadings.
Types of Related Literature:
(Conceptual Literature) di dapat always (+) 1. Conceptual Literature
● 2nd part is related studies (Related Studies) 2. Research Literature or Related Studies
● Group according to variables NOte: Researchers undertake a literature review to
familiarize themselves with the knowledge base
● Vancouver Format Purposes of Literature Review
● Lit review is written in a past tense 1. Identification of a research problem and
development or refinement of research questions or
● Have a synthesis hypotheses.
2. Orientation to what is known and not known about
an area of inquiry, to ascertain what research can
best make a contribution to the existing base of
evidence
● 2nd paragraph - dependent variable
3. Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a
● 5th paragraph for quanti - cite its benefits in Nursing
body of research.
Education, Nursing Practice, Nursing Research,
4. Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in
Nursing Administration
a different setting or with a different study
● Qualitative has 4 paragraphs lang
population
● It identifies the nature of the problem that is being
5. ‘Identification or development of new or refined
addressed in the study, and typically, its context and
clinical interventions to tet through empirical
significance
research

BUDLONG, BULAN SEBOG, BELTRAN BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 6. Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual
frameworks for a research problem
7. Identification of suitable designs and data collection
methods for a study
8. For those developing research proposals for
funding, identification of experts in the field who
could be used as consultants
9. Assistance in interpreting study findings and in
developing implications and recommendations
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
● Primary source research reports
- Descriptions of studies written by the researchers
who conducted them
● Secondary source research reports
- Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other
that the original researchers
Location of Relevant Literature For a Research Review
1. Electronic Literature Searches
● Commonly used service providers:
- Aries Knowledge Finder
(www.ariessys.com)
- Ebsco Information services
(www.ebsco.com)
- PaperChase
(www.paperchase.com)
- SilverPlatter Information
(www.silverplatter.com)
Key Electronic Databases for Nurse Researchers:
a. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
Health Literature)
b. MEDLINE ( MEdical Literature On-Line)
c. AIDSLINE (AIDS Information On-Line)
d. CancerLit (Cancer Literature)
e. CHID (Combined Health Information Database)
f. EMBASE (the Excerpta Medica database)
g. ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science
Database)
h. HealthSTAR (Health Services, Technology,
Administration, and Research) Paspasag ka type uy
i. PsycINFO (Psychology Information) Omayghad paspasa ato oy
2. Print Resources
2.a. Print indexes
- Are books that are used to locate articles in journals
and periodicals, books, dssertations, publications of SIDE NOTES
professional organization, and government
documents
Common print indexes ● 2 pages at most
a. International Nursing Index
● Overview of the study; quanti dapat five; quali
b. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
Literature kay 4;
c. Nursing Studies Index ● 1st paragraph - describe the current practices;
d. Index Medicus point out the gaps regarding the topic; establish
e. Hospital Literature Index
2.b. Abstract Journals the gaps
- Summarize articles that have appeared in other ● 2nd paragraph - dependent variable; the
journals problematic variable
Two most important abstracts:
● 3rd paragraph - connection ng dependent sa
a. Nursing abstracts
b. Psychological abstracts independent
● 4th paragraph - why is there a need for this
study?
● 5th paragraph -cite the significance in nsg
implications
●No page break

BUDLONG, BULAN, SEBOG, BELTRAN, BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 - Focus on helping the patient with activities
●Lit rev is divided sa 2, 1st is definitions or providing conditions under which he can
perform them unaided
(Conceptual Literature) di dapat always 4. Hildegard Peplau
(+) - Nursing is a significant therapeutic
interpersonal process. An educative
●2nd part is related studies (Related instrument, a maturing force that aims to
Studies) promote froward movement of personality
in the direction of creative, constructive,
●Group according to variables productive, personal, and community living
●Vancouver Format - 4 planes of nurse-patient relationship;
orientation, identification, exploitation and
●Lit review is written in a past tense resolution
●Have a synthesis - Interpersonal model
- Peplau based her model on
psychodynamic nursing which she
defines as using an understanding of one’s
[if ever naa moy na miss naga record man me i view nyo own behaviour to help other identify their
lang] difficulties.
5. Faye Abdellah
THEORETICAL / CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - Patient’s problems into 21 categories
- Views the nurse as a problem
Theory 6. Dorothea Orem
- refers to an abstract generalized that offers a systematic - Theory of self-care
explanation about how phenomena are interrelated - The nurse provides “wholly compensatory”
- is a set of interrelated constructs, definitions and - Partial compensatory
propositions that present - “Supportive-educative care”
- a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations 7. Martha Rogers
among variables with the purpose of explaining and - Unitary person as the basis of nursing
predicting the phenomena uniqueness
8. Myra Levine
Framework - 4 Conservative Principles:
- Is the overall conceptual underpinning of the study - Conservation of patients energy
- Structural integrity
Theoretical Framework - Personal integrity
- Is presented when the study is based on a theory - Social integrity
9. Sister Callista Roy
Conceptual Framework - Adaptation model
- is used when the study has its roots in a specified - 4 Adaptive Models:
conceptual model - Basic physiologic needs
- Self-concept
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - Role function
- This is the “creative” section of your work, where - Interdependence
you define your researcher’s theoretical/conceptual 10. Imogene King
frame - General system in 1978 - human level of
- The build-up of arguments from the literature functioning
review, tot he theoretical or conceptual framework, - Basic Concepts
to the research problem and hypothesis should be - People
clear and logical. - Environment
- It is different from the literature review, in which you - Nursing
discuss your own original integration of the major - Health
theories and/or frameworks that you intend to apply, - Dynamic interaction of these
which serves as the basis of the conceptual concepts
definitions of your variables and the laws of 11. Betty Neuman
interactions or presumed relationships among them. - Health care system models that views a
person as a complete system with parts
NURSING THEORISTS and sub parts that: interrelate,
inter-personal, intrapersonal, and
1. Florence Nightingale extrapersonal
- Environmental approach to nursing 12. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
- 1st nursing theorist - Paradigm that provides explicit framework
2. Lydia Hall allowing nurses to uncover the meaning of
- 3 Aspects of Nursing: phenomenon experienced by human being
- The person or the care of nursing 13. Dorothy E. Johnson Theory
- The body or the care of nursing - Behavioral system model
- The disease or the care of 14. Patricia Benner
nursing - From novice to expert
3. Virginia Henderson - Excellence and Power in clinical nursing
- Lists of 14 components of nursing care practice
15. Jean Watson

BUDLONG, BULAN, SEBOG, BELTRAN, BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 - Philosophy and Science of Caring SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
16. Ernestine Weidenbach a. Fields of specialization. Personal and professional
- The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing experiences and interests
17. Kathryn E. Bernard Model b. Instructional program
- Patient - Child Interaction Model c. Reading program. Literature sources and previous
18. Madeline Leininger Theory research studies
- Culture Care: Diversity and Universality d. Organizational structure, policies, and interpersonal
Theory relationships
19. Nola J. Pender e. New technologies
- The Health Promotion Model f. Conflicting ideas and ideals
20. Joyce Travelbee g. Journals, books, thesis, or dissertations and mass
- Human to Human Relationship Model media
h. Theories and principles afflicting certain
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING USED BY NURSE phenomena
RESEARCHERS i. Problem areas in nursing
1. Open systems model j. Problem situations and issues
2. Theory of culture care diversity and universality k. Suggestions of experts and authorities
3. Conservation model
4. Health care systems model CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
5. Health as expanding consciousness a. The right question is feasible
6. Self-care model b. The right question is important
7. Theory of human becoming c. The concept to be studies must relate to observable
8. Science of unitary human beings events
9. Adaptation model d. The findings can be generalized
10. Theory of caring e. The purpose is clearly defines
f. The researcher must be interested and qualified to
Problem do the study
● is a situation in need of a description, quantification,
solution, improvement or alterations. FACTORS INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF A PROBLEM
a. Availability of data
Research problem b. Time constraint
● an enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling condition. c. Funds
d. Capability of the researcher
Note: Both qualitative and quantitative researchers identify a e. Attitudes and interest of the researcher
research problem within a broad area of interest. The f. Interest of the sponsor or the benefactor
purpose of research is to "solve" the problem - or to g. Importance of the issues involved
contribute to its solution - by accumulating h. Recentness of such issues
relevant information. i. Facilities and equipment

Content: THREE LEVELS OF INQUIRY

• This section presents the specific research question(s).
• The statement of the problem should have a several 1. Level 1
characteristics: - Questions are asked when the researcher
has limited knowledge of the topic. They
● It should be phrased in the form of a question; usually start whit “what” and are
● The question should suggest a relationship between exploratory in nature
variables to be examined (unless the study is 2. Level 2
exploratory and descriptive). - Questions are on relationships or effects of
● The research question should imply the possibility variables
of empirical testing. 3. Level 3
- Questions are those which assume
Criteria relationships and effects and as “why” of
● Significance of the problem the results
● Researchability of the problem
● Interest to the researcher ● At first, purpose statement is established to show
● Feasibility the general direction of inquiry
○ The words purpose or goal usually
How to determine if the problem is feasible? appears in purpose statements (EX. The
● Time and timing purpose of this study is or The goal of this
● Availability of study participants study is)
● Cooperation of others ○ EXAMPLE: The purpose of this study is to
● Facilities and equipment explore the relationship between methods
● Money of pain management during labor and
● Experience of the researcher specific labor and birth outcomes.
● Ethical considerations ● Usually, the statement of purpose is broken down to
specific questions also known as research
TYPES OF PROBLEM questions, which are direct rewordins of statements
● Research Problem of purpose, phrased interrogatively rather than
● Non-research Problem declaratively

BUDLONG, BULAN, SEBOG, BELTRAN, BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
 ○ EXAMPLE: What is the relationship Indicators
between the dependency level of renal ● These are statements of traits, characteristics,
transplant recipients and their rate of trends and practices that define or describe the
recovery? variables. They belong to certain area evaluated.
● These must be clearly stated or defined by the
HOW TO SELECT AND DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM researcher in her study to facilitate qualitative or
- Through observation of your job, of the place quantitative measurement and analysis of variables,
around your and to avoid conflicting or erroneous findings
- List down all the possible problems that bother you ● EXAPLES:
in your work

RESEARCH VARIABLES VARIABLES INDICATORS

Variables Respiratory Care Levels, Categories

- Are qualities, properties, or characteristics of
people, things, events or situations under study, Respiratory Therapy Baccalaureate, New or Old
which are assessed and measured quantitatively or Education Curriculum
qualitatively
Emotional stress Extent of degree (mild,
TYPES OF RESEARCH VARIABLES: moderate, severe)
1. Independent Variables
- These are factors that are being
manipulated by the researcher and the Hypothesis
focus of the inquiry. They are also called ● It is a prediction about a relationship between two or
experimental, treatment, causal, or more variables.
stimulus variables ● Translates a quantitative research question into a
2. Dependent variables precise prediction of expected outcomes
- This is the variable that is affected or ● State expected relationships between the
influenced by the independent variable. It independent variable (the presumed cause of
is also a criterion, effect, or response antecedent) and the dependent variable (the
variable. presumed effect or outcome)
3. Intervening or Moderating Variable ●
- This is a factor or variable that exists This section is necessary if you have a particular
between the independent and the theory/framework/premise that you are testing. In the case of
dependent variable exploratory research.
- It bears on the effect of the independent
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS (STATEMENT)
● INFORMAL SOCIAL SUPPORT AND THE 1. Alternative or Research
QUALITY OF LIFE OF ELDERLY PULMONARY - Also referred to as substantive,
PATIENTS declarative, or scientific
○ EXAMPLE: What is the profile of the - State that there is an expected relationship
respondents when grouped according toL between variables
■ Age 2. Null or Statistical
■ Gender - State that there is no relationship between
■ Civil status the independent and dependent variables
■ Education attainment and
■ Household size TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS (DIRECTION)
1. Directional - is one that specifies not only the
existence but the expected direction of the
INDEPENDENT INTERVENIING DEPENDENT relationship between variables
2. Nondirectional - does not stipulate the direction of
Pulmonary Experience; attitude Extent of recover of the relationship
Intervention of the RT; facilities post-thoracentesis
of patients patients WORDING OF HYPOTHESES
a. Simple - a hypothesis that expresses an expected
Pulmonary Teaching Extent of relationship between one independent and
Preoperative approachesl pulmonary dependent
Teaching subjects; skill of the rehabilitation EXAMPLE: Is there a relationship between
RT needed by the post the extent understanding and extent of application
surgery patient of the core values of San Pedro College?
There is a significant relationship between
Respiratory Age, Sex, Staus/Extent the extent of application of the core values of San
Therapy Education, and patient satisfaction Pedro College
Training of RT b. Complex or multivariate - is a prediction of a
relationship between two or more variable and/or
two
EXAMPLE: Is there a significant
relationship between the respiratory therapists’
extent of knowledge and their clinical performance
of the respiratory care as basis of improving the

BUDLONG, BULAN, SEBOG, BELTRAN, BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A
curriculum and the related learning experience
programs of RT education?
EXAMPLE: There is a significant
relationship between the RT’s extent of knowledge
and their clinical performance of the respiratory care
as basis for improving the curriculum and the
internship programs of respiratory therapy
education

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

- The study aims to determine relationship
of informal social support and quality of life
of elderly pulmonary patients at Quezon
Institute in Quezon city
- It seeks to answer the following questions:
- What is the profile of the
respondents when grouped
according to:
- Age
- Gender
- Civil status
- Education attainment
- Household size?
- What is the level of informal
social support received by the
elderly pulmonary patients in
terms of:
- Informational
- Tangible
- Emotional
- Integral?
- What is the level of quality of life
of the pulmonary elderly patients
in therms of:
- Physical
- Psychological
- Spiritual?
- Is there a significant difference in
the level of quality of life of the
pulmonary elderly patients when
grouped according to:
- Age
- Gender
- Civil status
- Education attainment
- Household size?
- EXAMPLE: Is there

BUDLONG, BULAN, SEBOG, BELTRAN, BIJIS, JOVER, PADUA, GOC-ONG, LABANA BSN3A