NATURE OF RESEARCH MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS, DRIVES INNOVATION

AND PROGRESS, AND HELPS US SOLVE PROBLEMS.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH

1. EMPIRICAL: BASED ON DIRECT EXPERIENCE

OR OBSERVATION. TYPES OF RESEARCH
2. LOGICAL: FOLLOWS VALID PROCEDURES AND
A. BASIC/PURE RESEARCH
PRINCIPLES FOR SOUND CONCLUSIONS.
3. CYCLICAL: BEGINS WITH A PROBLEM AND ➢ It is a research approach that seeks to
OFTEN LEADS TO NEW QUESTIONS OR ISSUES. gain a better understanding of a
4. ANALYTICAL: USES STANDARD METHODS subject, phenomenon, or fundamental law
(E.G., HISTORICAL, EXPERIMENTAL) TO of nature. This type of research
INTERPRET DATA. focuses on knowledge advancement rather
5. CRITICAL: INVOLVES CAREFUL AND PRECISE than problem solving.
JUDGMENT OF DATA AND FINDINGS. B. APPLIED RESEARCH
6. METHODICAL: SYSTEMATIC AND UNBIASED ➢ Applied research applies the principles
WITH ORGANIZED PROCEDURES. found in basic research which
7. REPLICABILITY: OTHERS CAN REPEAT THE concentrates on understanding concepts
STUDY AND GET SIMILAR RESULTS, ENSURING merely to gain knowledge of real-world
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY. situations.
8. INNOVATIVE: NEW INSIGHTS, ORIGINAL C. ACTION RESEARCH
IDEAS, ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE, PUSHES ➢ Action research is decision-oriented
BOUNDARIES, NOVEL SOLUTIONS. research involving the application of
the steps of the scientific method in
ETHICS IN RESEARCH response to an immediate need to
improve existing practices
1. INFORMED CONSENT: FULL PARTICIPANT
INFORMATION AND VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT TO TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH
PARTICIPATE.
2. CONFIDENTIALITY: PROTECTION OF PERSONAL 1. PARTICIPATORY
INFORMATION AND NO UNAUTHORIZED ➢ emphasizes that participants should be
DISCLOSURE. members of the community being studied,
3. AVOIDING HARM: MINIMIZING PHYSICAL OR empowering those directly affected by
PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM TO PARTICIPANTS. the outcomes of the research.
4. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY: ACCURATE 2. PRACTICAL
REPORTING AND AVOIDANCE OF DATA ➢ focuses more on the methodology of
FABRICATION OR FALSIFICATION. conducting research and is specifically
5. RESPECT FOR PARTICIPANTS: DIGNITY AND designed to address and solve targeted
SENSITIVITY TO PARTICIPANTS’ NEEDS AND issues.
RIGHTS. D. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
6. ETHICAL REVIEW: COMMITTEE REVIEW TO ➢ Education research is the scientific
ENSURE ETHICAL STANDARDS ARE MET. field of study that examines education
and learning processes and the human
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER attributes, interactions,
1. CURIOUSITY organizations, and institutions that
2. CRITICAL THINKING shape educational outcomes.
3. CREATIVITY OBJECTIVITY TPYES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
4. COLLABORATIVE SPIRIT
5. COMMUNICATION SKILLS 1. Quantitative Research
6. ATTENTION TO DETAIL ➢ is the collection and analysis of
7. TIME MANAGEMENT numerical data to describe, explain,
8. PERSISTENCE AND FLEXIBILITY predict, or control phenomena of
9. FOCUS ON SELF CARE interest. However, a quantitative
research approach entails more than
RESEARCH IS ESSENTIAL IN OUR DAILY LIVES just the use of numerical data.
AS IT PROVIDES US WITH KNOWLEDGE, HELPS US 2. Qualitative Research
➢ is the collection, analysis, and ➢ Time frame is required in every
interpretation of comprehensive activity because the shorter completion
narrative and visual (i.e., of the activity, the better
nonnumerical) data to gain insights
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
into a particular phenomenon of
interest. ➢ Specialization of the researcher
3. MIXED METHODS ➢ Current and past researches
➢ Mixed methods research designs combine ➢ Recommendation from theses,
quantitative and qualitative approaches dissertations and research journals
by including both quantitative and ➢ Original and creative ideas of the
qualitative data in a single study researcher based on the problems met in
the locality and country
E. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
➢ Exploratory research investigates TYPES OF OBJECTIVES
problems that are not clearly defined.
A. Broad Objective or General
It is conducted to gain insight into
➢ States what is to be achieved by the
the existing problem, however,
study in general terms
exploratory research does not provide a
B. Specific Objective
conclusive answer to these problems.
F. Developmental Research ➢ Short in term and small to focus
general objective can be broken in
➢ is the systematic study of designing,
small general objective completed by
developing, and evaluating
specific objective and describe the
instructional programs, processes, and
variables that are measured by then
products that meet specific criteria.
study.
It is commonly used in education,
psychology, and instructional PURPOSE STATEMENT
technology to improve practices.
➢ To provide a clear direction for the
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH research.
1. Product Development Research ➢ To articulate the significance of the
➢ Focused on creating and refining tools, study and its contributions to the
methods, or instructional materials. field.
2. Process Development Research ➢ To frame the research within a specific
➢ Concentrates on improving educational context.
or organizational processes. RESEARCH QUESTION

➢ To narrow the focus of the study.

RESEARCH PROBLEMS ➢ To help identify the methodology and
data collection methods.
1. Specific ➢ To provide a clear framework for
➢ The problem should be specifically analysis
tested
2. Measurable RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
➢ It is easy to measure by using research ➢ shapes and guides a study
instruments, apparatus or equipment.
➢ provides a clear focus on a research
3. Achievable
➢ breaks down broader aim into more
➢ The data are achievable using correct
specific manageable goals
statistical tools too arrive at precise
➢ serve as a measuring tool for assessing
results.
the success of the research
4. Realistic
a. INTENT
➢ Real results are attained because they
b. USE
are gathered scientifically and not
c. FORM
manipulated or maneuvered.
d. PLACEMENT
5. Time-bound
HYPOTHESES REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

➢ statements in quantitative research in LITERATURE REVIEW

which the investigator makes a
➢ A literature review, or review of
➢ prediction about the research outcome
related literature (RRL), is a survey
predictions base on results from past
of everything that has been written
research and related literatures
about a particular topic, theory, or
➢ serve like research questions to narrow
research question. The literature will
the purpose statement to specific
inform you about the research that has
predictions
already been conducted on your chosen
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH subject.
➢ Literature reviews usually serve as a
➢ main reason or goal for doing the background for a larger work (e.g. as
research part of a research proposal), or it may
➢ what the researcher wants to achieve or stand on its own.
find out ➢ Much more than a simple list of
o To discover new information sources, an effective literature review
o To understand a problem analyzes and synthesizes information
o To improve something about key themes or issues.
CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
➢ Conceptual literature refers to works
1. Exploratory that center on ideas, theories, and
➢ explore a problem or phenomenon that is abstract notions instead of just
not well understood in order to gain a relying on narrative or empirical data.
more comprehensive understanding. This type of literature has a key
2. Descriptive impact on academic and intellectual
➢ describe the subject's characteristics discussions because it offers
when the researcher aims to outline frameworks to understand complex
patterns or features of the population, phenomena. Conceptual literature can
event, or phenomenon. take various forms, each with a
3. Explanatory specific purpose and structure.
➢ explain the reasons behind a phenomenon FORMS:
by exploring cause-and-effect 1. Philosophical Essays
relationships between variables. 2. Theoretical Framework
4. Predictive 3. Conceptual Methods
➢ predict the likely outcome of a 4. Manifestos and Treatises
situation or the future behavior of 5. Criticism and Reviews
variables based on the current 6. Position Papers
knowledge and trends. 2. RESEARCH LITERATURE
5. Evaluative ➢ A collection of academic publications
➢ assess or evaluate the effectiveness, presenting original research,
efficiency or impact of a product, techniques, and empirical data results.
service, intervention, program or 3. It is data-driven.
policy. 4. The main goal is to convey new findings
6. Comparative supported by rigorous testing and
➢ compare entities to highlight empirical data.
differences or similarities, helping 5. Aims to contribute new knowledge by
researchers identify distinctions for answering specific research questions
decisionmaking or further research through data collection, analysis, and
presentation of findings.
FORMS:
1. Scholarly Journals
2. Books and Monographs
3. Conference Papers and Proceedings
 4. Thesis and Dissertations conditions of a population or
5. Technical Reports phenomenon being studied. It focuses on
6. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses providing an accurate and detailed
picture of a situation, without
REFERENCING
influencing or manipulating any
➢ Referencing in a review of related variables.
literature is citing earlier works and ➢ Answers the questions what, when,
sources to acknowledge the groundwork where, and how, but is inherently
in your research field. limited in answering why questions.
3. HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
COMMON CITATION STYLES USED IN REFERENCING ➢ Historical research is a qualitative
research method, which involves
A. APA
systematic inquiry into past events,
➢ APA Style is defined by the 7th edition
aiming to reconstruct and interpret
of the Publication Manual of the
history accurately.
American Psychological Association. It
➢ This research method involves analyzing
was designed for use in psychology, but
primary and secondary sources to
today it’s widely used across various
understand past occurrences, their
disciplines, especially in the social
causes, and their impact on subsequent
sciences.
developments.
B. MLA
➢ Researchers engaged in historical
➢ MLA style is the official style of the
research often examine documents,
Modern Language Association, defined in
artifacts, and other historical records
the MLA Handbook (9th edition). It’s
to piece together a comprehensive
widely used across various humanities
understanding of the past.
disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical
4. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
citation styles, it’s author-page
rather than author-date. ➢ Survey research involves collecting
C. IEEE data by administering questions to a
sample or an entire population. The
➢ The Institute of Electrical and
goal is to describe the attitudes,
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) provides
opinions, behaviors, characteristics of
guidelines for citing your sources with
the group being studied.
IEEE in-text citations that consist of
5. CORRELATION RESEARCH DESIGN
numbers enclosed in brackets,
corresponding to entries in a numbered ➢ Correlation research involves data to
reference list. This style is used in determine collecting whether and to
various engineering and IT disciplines. what degree a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable
variables.
➢ RESEARCHERS OBSERVE NATURAL VARIATIONS
RESEARCH DESIGN
AND TRY TO IDENTIFY TRENDS OR PATTERNS.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN 6. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
➢ Causal comparative research design,
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN also known as ex post facto research,
➢ Deals with cause and effect is used to explore the cause-and-effect
relationships. relationships between variables.
➢ Unilize the "method research principle
of difference"
➢ Uses two sets of variables. The first
set acts as a constant, which you use
to measure the diffrences of the second
set.
2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
➢ A descriptive research design is a type
of research used to systematically
describe characteristics, behaviors, or