SMA 1204, Exam 2014

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SMA1204
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS
SMA1204: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
MAY 2013 EXAMINATION:
Time : 3 hours
Candidates should attempt ALL questions from Section A [40 marks] and ANY THREE
Questions in Section B [60 marks].
SECTION A: Answer ALL questions in this section [40]
A1. Give detailed explanations for the following phrases:
(a) an integrating factor. [2]

(b) a variables–separable differential equation P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0. [2]
(c) a standardized ordinary differential equation. [2]
(d) a fundamental set. [2]
(e) the Wronskian for a fundamental set corresponding to a certain differential equa-
tion. [2]
A2. Show that the differential equation y 0 = sin(x − y) is of the variables – separable type
and find its general solution. [1+2]
A3. (a) State the three conditions that an integrating factor, µ(x, y), of the differential
equation
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0
should satisfy. [4]
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SMA1204
(b) Solve, by using an integrating factor, the differential equation
(x + x3 sin(2y))dy − 2ydx = 0.
[4]
A4. (a) State the Lipschitz condition for a function f (x, y) which maps a domain A to
R2 , A ∈ R2 , (x, y) ∈ A. [3]
(b) Find the values of m for which f (x) = emx is a solution of the differential equation
y 000 − 3y 00 − 4y 0 + 12y = 0.
[2]
(c) Find the values of n for which g(x) = xn is a solution of the differential equation
x3 y 000 + 2x2 y 00 − 10xy 0 − 8y = 0.
[3]
(d) Show that if m is a solution of the equation
an x(n) + an−1 x(n−1) + ... + a1 x + a0 = 0,
then y = emx is a solution of the differential equation
an y (n) + an−1 y (n−1) + ... + a1 y 0 + a0 y = 0.
[4]
A5. (a) Define the Wronskian of a set of functions y1 (x), y2 (x), ..., yn (x), where each yi
has (n − 1) derivatives. [3]
(b) Prove that if f1 (x) and f2 (x) are solutions of the differential equation
a2 (x)y 00 + a1 (x)y 0 + a0 (x)y = 0,
then
cf1 (x) + c2 f2 (x)
is a solution of this equation, where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. [4]
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SMA1204
SECTION B: Answer ANY THREE questions in this section [60]
B6. The system of differential equations below describes a predator–prey interaction. Let
the prey population be N (t) and the predator be given by P (t) at any time t. The
simplest interaction is given by
dN
= (r − cP )N
dt
dP
= (bN − m)P,
dt
where r, c, b and m are positive constants.
(a) Give one basic assumption to this model. [2]
(b) Give the logistic equation for a single species and sketch it. [2]
b
(c) Let x1 = m
N, x2 = rc P , and show that the system reduces to
dx1
= r(1 − x2 )x1
dt
dx2
= m(x1 − 1)x2 ,
dt
[5]
(i) Find the nullclines and sketch them. [6]

(ii) Determine the stability of the equilibria. [5]
B7. (a) Solve the following second order differential equations:

00 0
(i) y − y − 2y = 0.
00 0
(ii) y + 6y + 9eln y = 0.
√ 00 0
(iii) (log2 x − log4 x)y − 4y + 13y = 0. [1+4+4]
(b) Solve the following differential equations:

d 00 d 0 dy
(i) dx
(y ) − dx
(y ) − 4 dx + 4y = 0.
000 00 0
(ii) y − 2y − 4y + 8y = 0.
000 00
(iii) y iv + y + 2y − y 0 + 3y = 0.
(iv) y viii + 8y iv + 16y = 0. [1+2+4+4]
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SMA1204
B8. (a) Verify the existence and uniqueness theorem for the problem,
dy x 1 1
= , R = {(x, y) : |x − 2| ≤ , |y − 3| ≤ }, y(2) = 3.
dx y 2 2
[5]
(i) Solve the following non-homogeneous linear differential equations:

00 0
(a) 2y + 2y + 3y = x2 + 2x − 1.
000 0 0
(b) y − 4y + 3y = x2 .
000 00 0
(c) y − 2y − 5y + 6y = e4x .
000 00 0
(d) y − y − 4y + 4y = 5 − ex + e2x . [2+3+3+3]
(ii) Solve the equation
000 00 0
x3 y + x2 y − 2xy + 2y = x ln x,
given that the complementary solution is
yn (x) = c1 x−1 + c2 x + c3 x2 .
[4]
B9. (a) Define the following phrases, as applied to differential equations:

(i) an ordinary point. [2]
(ii) a regular singular point. [4]
(iii) an irregular singular point. [4]
(b) Given that the point x = 0 is an ordinary point for the defferential equation
00 0
(x2 − 1)y + xy − y = 0,
solve this equation near x = 0. [5]

(c) Find and classify the singular points of the equation
00 0
(x4 − 2x3 + x2 )y + 2(x − 1)y + x2 y = 0.
[5]
END OF QUESTION PAPER
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS

SMA1204: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MAY 2013 EXAMINATION:

SECTION A: Answer ALL questions in this section [40]

A1. Give detailed explanations for the following phrases:

(a) an integrating factor. [2]

(b) Solve, by using an integrating factor, the differential equation

x3 y 000 + 2x2 y 00 − 10xy 0 − 8y = 0.

an x(n) + an−1 x(n−1) + ... + a1 x + a0 = 0,

then y = emx is a solution of the differential equation

an y (n) + an−1 y (n−1) + ... + a1 y 0 + a0 y = 0.

a2 (x)y 00 + a1 (x)y 0 + a0 (x)y = 0,

SECTION B: Answer ANY THREE questions in this section [60]

(a) Give one basic assumption to this model. [2]

(i) Find the nullclines and sketch them. [6]

B7. (a) Solve the following second order differential equations:

(b) Solve the following differential equations:

(i) Solve the following non-homogeneous linear differential equations:

given that the complementary solution is

B9. (a) Define the following phrases, as applied to differential equations:

solve this equation near x = 0. [5]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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