Power Electronics and Machines I SEMESTER II /2023-2024: 1.inverters

Power Electronics and Machines II SEMESTER II /2023-2024
1.Inverters
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Inverters are circuits that convert dc to ac. More precisely, inverters transfer power from a dc
source to an ac load. The objective is to create an ac voltage when a dc voltage source is available. Inverters
are used in applications such as adjustable-speed ac motor drives, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS),
and running ac appliances from an automobile battery.
1.2 THE FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
The full-bridge converter of figure 1 -a is the basic circuit used to convert dc to ac.. In this
application, an ac output is synthesized from a dc input by closing and opening the switches in an
appropriate sequence. The output voltage vo can be +Vdc,- Vdc, or zero, depending on which switches
are closed. Figure 1-b to 1- e shows the equivalent circuits for switch combinations.
Note that S1 and S4 should not be closed at the same time, nor should S2 and S3.Otherwise, a short
circuit would exist across the dc source. Real switches do not turn on or off instantaneously. Therefore,
switch
times will result in a short circuit, sometimes called a shoot-through fault, across the dc voltage source.
The time allowed for switching is called blanking time.
1.3 THE SQUARE-WAVE INVERTER
The simplest switching scheme for the full-bridge converter produces a square wave output
voltage. The switches connect the load to +Vdc when S 1 and S2 are closed or to -Vdc when S3 and S4 are
closed. The periodic switching of the load voltage between Vdc and Vdc produces a square wave voltage
across the load. Although this alternating output is nonsinusoidal, it may be an adequate ac waveform for
some applications.
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Figure 1 (a) Full-bridge converter; (b) S1 and S2 closed; (c) S3 and S4 closed; (d) S1 and S3 closed;
(e) S2 and S4 closed.
The current waveform in the load depends on the load components. For the resistive load, the
current waveform matches the shape of the output voltage. An inductive load will have a current that has
more of a sinusoidal quality than the voltage because of the filtering property of the inductance. An
inductive load presents some considerations in designing the switches in the full-bridge circuit because
the switch currents must be bidirectional.

For a series RL load and a square wave output voltage, assume switches S1 and S2 in Fig. -a
close at t0. The voltage across the load is +Vdc, and current begins to increase in the load and in S1 and
S2. The current is expressed as the sum of the forced and natural responses
1 and S2 open, and S3

and S4 close. The voltage across the RL load becomes -Vdc, and the current has the form
where the constant B is evaluated from the initial condition.
When the circuit is first energized and the initial inductor current is zero, a transient occurs
before the load current reaches a steady-state condition. At steady state, io is periodic and symmetric
about zero, as illustrated in figure 2. Let the initial condition for the current described in Eq. (1.3.1) be
Imin, and let the initial condition for the current described in Eq. (1.3.2) be Imax. Evaluating Eq. (1.3.1) at
t0 ,
Or
Likewise, Eq. (1.3.2) is evaluated at t =T/2
Or

Figure 2 Square wave output voltage and steady-state current waveform for an RL load.
In steady state, the current waveforms described by Eqs. (1.3.1) and (1.3.2) then become
An expression is obtained for Imax by evaluating the first part of Eq. (1.3.5) at t=T/2
and by symmetry,

Substituting Imax for Imin in Eq. (1.3.6) and solving for Imax,
Thus, Eqs. (1.3.5) and (1.3.8) describe the current in an RL load in the steady state when a square
wave voltage is applied. Figure 2 shows the resulting currents in the load, source, and switches.
Power absorbed by the load can be determined from R. The integration may be simplified by
taking advantage of the symmetry of the waveform. Since the square each of the current half-periods is
identical, only the first half-period
If the switches are ideal, the power supplied by the source must be the same as absorbed by the
load. Power from a dc source is determined from
The switch currents in figure 2 show that the switches in the full-bridge circuit must be capable of
carrying both positive and negative currents for RL loads. However, real electronic devices may conduct
current in one direction only. This problem is solved by placing feedback diodes in parallel (anitparallel)
with each switch. During the time interval when the current in the switch must be negative, the feedback
diode carries the current. The diodes are reverse-biased when current is positive in the switch. Figure 3-a
shows the full-bridge inverter with switches implemented as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
with feedback diodes. Transistor and diode currents for a square wave voltage and an RL load are indicated
in figure 3-b. Power semiconductor modules often include feedback diodes with the switches.
When IGBTs Q1 and Q2 are turned off in figure 3-a, the load current must be continuous and will
transfer to diodes D3 and D4, making the output voltage Vdc, effectively turning on the switch paths 3
and 4 before Q3 and Q4 are turned on. IGBTs Q3 and Q4 must be turned on before the load current decays
to zero.

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Power Electronics and Machines II SEMESTER II /2023-2024

1.2 THE FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER

1.3 THE SQUARE-WAVE INVERTER

Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Iraqia University Page 1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Iraqia University Page 2

1 and S2 open, and S3

where the constant B is evaluated from the initial condition.

Likewise, Eq. (1.3.2) is evaluated at t =T/2

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Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Iraqia University Page 4

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