6 Članak

2020 Proceedings Virtual Conference
Gen Z, Instagram Influencers, and #OOTD Hashtags’ Effect on Purchase Intention of

Apparel
Ouya Huang and Lauren Copeland, Ph.D.
Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
Keywords: Gen Z, Instagram Influencer, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behavior, Parasocial

Interaction (PSI)
Introduction and Background
Currently, social media is no longer the continuation of traditional media communication,
but the use of influencer marketing to infiltrate the target market of the brand. Influencer
marketing refers to companies promoting their products through influential people, and accounts
with many followers, through this they are more likely to attract consumers' interest (De
Veirman, Cauberghe & Hudders, 2017). Influencers are active creators of online content who act
as opinion leaders to influence brands, products, and potential users, delivering their opinions to
a targeted audience (Chau & Xu, 2012; Susarla et. al, 2012). Influencers on Instagram often
introduce their tested products to provide comments or promote them to other users online.
Influencers on Instagram post through the hashtag #OOTD (Outfit of The Day) to display
products, resulting in an attempt at advertising content (Abidin, 2016). Gen Z are very active on
social media platforms, they have a good socio-economic background, and utilizes Instagram for
shopping and learning about products (Yadav & Rai, 2017). The purpose of this study is to better
understand Gen Z and their relationship to influencers on Instagram (specifically looking at
#ootd) in regards to their feelings of credibility and Parasocial Interaction in the influencer,
leading to considerations of physical attractiveness and self-confidence of the influencer and
their post, ultimately leading to purchase intention from the post.
Parasocial Interaction Theory (PSI) refers to the process of media consumption. With PSI
the audience will naturally imagine the media characters, or influencers in this case, as people
who can be reached in daily life, react accordingly, and thus create an intimate connection
(Horton & Wohl, 1956). Long-term PSI will form social relationships like those formed by
people through face-to-face interactions, that is, parasocial relationships (Perse & Rubin, 1989).
Consumers feel the interaction with brands and influencers by interacting with content in the
media or on social media platforms (Labrecque, 2014). Similily, influencers who can connect
with their audience are more effective at persuasion, probably because of the parasocial
relationship they have with that unique influencer (Sokolova & Kefi, 2019). In response, this
study aims to investigate the relationship between consumers and influencers on Instagram by
exploring the impact of influencers posting and interacting with consumers, specifically through
#ootd. Since influencers are the medium that establishes the connection between Gen Z and
apparel, the research is expected to better understand their interactions on Instagram. Because the
feeling of PSI mediates the relationship between information and relationship outcome variables
Page 1 of 4
© 2020 The author(s). Published under a Creative Commons Attribution License

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ITAA Proceedings, #77 – https://itaaonline.org
(such as purchase intention), the findings of this study provide marketers with guidance for using
influencer marketing in social media environments.
Particularly, the study explores Gen Z's relationship with #ootd hashtags and influencers
on Instagram to identify ways brands can more effectively penetrate the market by exploring the
relationship between credibility, physical attractiveness, self-confidence and PSI, as potential
factors that may cause purchase intention. Based on the literature the following hypotheses are
proposed.
H1: There will be a significant and positive relationship between credibility and parasocial
interaction (PSI).
H2: There will be a significant and positive relationship between parasocial interaction (PSI) and
physical attractiveness.
H3: There will be a significant and positive relationship between physical attractiveness and self-
confidence.
H4: There will be a significant and positive relationship between self-confidence and purchase
intention.
Methodology
The study was conducted using the online survey platform Qualtrics. Participants were able to
choose their favorite in a pair of photographs showcasing a well-known Instagram influencer and
their original post, as well as an additional view of the post with the tags of designer clothes
worn by the influencer showing. Participants were then asked a series of questions pertaining to
the post they chose related to credibility, social interaction, physical attractiveness, and self-
confidence, as well as purchase intention. All items were placed on a 3 pt. Likert scale (1:
Disagree; 2: Neutral; 3: Agree) to discourage survey fatigue. Participants of the study took an
online survey consisting of 26 questions including demographic and usage inquiries. SPSS 24.0
was used, and a linear regression was conducted to understand the significance between variables.
Results and Discussion
A total of 304 respondents completed the online survey from a large midwestern university. A
majority of the respondents were female (88.4%, n= 268) with the remaining male (11.2%, n=34)
and other (.4%, n=1; .4% missing, n=1). All scales were found reliable with Cronbach’s
Alpha >.7. Correlations were conducted to determine the individual relationships between the
two variables and a hierarchical regression was conducted to determine the strongest contributing
factor to purchase intention from an #ootd post by an Instagram influencer. All correlations
between variables were found highly significant at p= .000 level except for purchase intention
and physical attractiveness but that was still found to be significant (p= .021). There was no
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presence of multicollinearity found leading us to the hierarchical regression. It was found that
46.2% of purchase intention variation was explained by credibility, PSI, physical attractiveness,
and confidence (R=.462) with the strongest contributing factor being PSI (B=.314, sig.= .000)
followed by Confidence (B=.273, sig. = .000). H1, H2, and H4 were all accepted with H3 being
rejected as it was not significant.
Conclusions and Implications
Overall, this study was surprising as not many Gen Z consumers follow hashtags but have more
personal relationships with influencers as individuals. Physical attractiveness did not hold as
much weight as credibility, PSI, and confidence in the influencers themselves. An influencer
must focus on their image online and whether what they are promoting they are knowledgeable
about and their image is directly related to the product. Influencers are not going away with this
generation and hold a lot of power as buying direct from Instagram is becoming more popular.
Transferring confidence and credibility are the most important aspects to influencing this
generation on Instagram as well as creating a relationship with followers. Responding to
comments and interacting with followers creates the sense of PSI and encourages this generation
to care about what happens to the influencer. By exuding confidence, the influencer also
transfers confidence to their followers and encourages purchase intention of what they are
promoting. Future research suggests that the differences between genders be examined as this
study was female heavy. Additionally, there may be differences in levels of apparel as luxury
may operate differently through influencers rather than lower level brands and product.
Additionally, familiarity with the brand could play an important role in the PSI/credibility of an
influencer.
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References
Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labour: Engaging with Influencers’ fashion brands and# OOTD
advertorial campaigns on Instagram. Media International Australia, 161(1), 86-100.
Chau, M. & Xu, J. (2012). Business intelligence in blogs: Understanding consumer interactions
and communities. MIS Quarterly, 1189-1216.
De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram
influencers: the impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude.
International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798-828.
Horton, D., & Wohl, R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations
on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215-229.
Labrecque, L.I. (2014). Fostering consumer–brand relationships in social media environments:

The role of parasocial interaction. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 28(2), 134-148.
Perse, E.M., & Rubin, R.B. (1989). Attribution in social and parasocial relationships.
Communication Research, 16(1), 59-77. People. Com[online] Available at:
<https://people.com/style/stassi-schroeder- vanderpump-rules-national-ootd-day-
interview/>
Yadav, G., & Rai, J. (2017). The Generation Z and their Social Media Usage: A Review and a
Research Outline. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System, 9(2).
Susarla, A., Oh, J. H., & Tan, Y. (2012). Social networks and the diffusion of user-generated
content: Evidence from YouTube. Information Systems Research, 23(1), 23-41.
Sokolova, K., & Kefi, H. (2020). Instagram and YouTube bloggers promote it, why should I buy?
How credibility and parasocial interaction influence purchase intentions. Journal of
Retailing and Consumer Services, 53.
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2020 Proceedings Virtual Conference

Gen Z, Instagram Influencers, and #OOTD Hashtags’ Effect on Purchase Intention of

Keywords: Gen Z, Instagram Influencer, Purchase Intention, Consumer Behavior, Parasocial

© 2020 The author(s). Published under a Creative Commons Attribution License

© 2020 The author(s). Published under a Creative Commons Attribution License

© 2020 The author(s). Published under a Creative Commons Attribution License

Labrecque, L.I. (2014). Fostering consumer–brand relationships in social media environments:

© 2020 The author(s). Published under a Creative Commons Attribution License

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