Learning Area TLE-Agricultural Crop Production Grade Level 10

W7 Quarter Fourth Date

I. LESSON TITLE Handling of Rice Milling Materials and Equipment
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
Handle materials and equipment according to enterprise guidelines
COMPETENCIES (MELCs)
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT The learner demonstrates an understanding of the principles and practices in
operating tools, equipment and machinery for rice milling.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: 15 minutes)
In the previous lesson, you were able to identify the rice milling activity as directed according to enterprise guidelines
and differentiate the stages of rice milling.

Photo source: knowledgebank.irri.org

Photo source: yamangbukid.com Photo source: cook2eatwell.com

Photo source: thai.alibaba.com

Have you ever wondered about the tools or equipment that are used to turn paddy into white rice that we consume
every day? In this lesson you will learn how to handle the different tools and equipment used in rice milling. Rice milling
involves the use of rice mill machine that can easily remove the impurities from rice. These grains are a major staple food
around the world, and must be milled and cleaned thoroughly to ensure safe consumption.

D. Development (Time Frame: 1 hour and 15 minutes)

There are various types of rice mill machines to complete the rice milling process. A rice mill is a food-processing arrangement
& facility where raw paddy is processed to rice. The final rice is procured from paddy fields, milled and processed in modern
machinery. The objective of a rice milling system is to remove the husk and the bran layers from paddy rice to produce whole
white rice kernels that are sufficiently milled, free of impurities and contain a minimum number of broken kernels.
The milling process in larger commercial mills combines a number of operations that produces higher quality and higher yields
of white rice from paddy or rough rice. The process involves:
1. Pre-cleaning the paddy prior to milling
2. Removing the husk or outer layer from the paddy
3. Polishing or whiting the brown rice to remove the bran layer
4. Separating the broken grains from the whole kernels
5. Bagging the milled rice
6. Managing the by-products

1. Pre-cleaning
When paddy comes into the mill it contains foreign material such as straw, weed seeds, soil and other inert material. If this is
not removed prior to hulling, the efficiency of the huller and the milling recovery are reduced. Although harvested paddy
grain may have gone through a cleaner before drying, wet paddy is difficult to clean thoroughly. Cleaning paddy prior to
husking and whitening is crucial in attaining high milling recoveries. Most pre-cleaners separate three groups of materials:
• The first separation is done by scalping or removing the objects that are larger than the grain. Either a flat
oscillating screen or a rotary drum screen that allows the grain to pass through but retains straw can do this.
• The second separation retains the grains but allows broken grains, small stones and weed seeds to pass through.
An air aspirator may also be incorporated to remove the dust and the light empty grains
Types of pre-cleaners:
1. Oscillating Sieve type. Oscillating sieve pre-cleaners are simple and often made locally. The machine consists of two
sieves of different sizes depending on the size and shape of the grain. The top sieve has a slotted profile larger than
the bottom and both screens can be changed to suit the grain size or crop type.
2.Aspiration cum Oscillation Type. The aspirator grain cleaner removes lighter impurities such as dust, dirt, chaff and
straw by blowing or sucking air through the mass of falling grain and removing these light impurities in the air
stream. Impurities that are not removed by the air are then separated from the grain using oscillating sieves. The
sieving actions of this machine is similar to the sieve oscillation cleaner. Some cleaners are also equipped with
magnets to remove
ironic particles. Aspiration style cleaners can have either single or double action aspiration.
 3. Rotary Cleaner
This machine consists of one or two drums; each drum is fitted with mesh of different sized hexagonal or square
perforation and an oscillating sieve. Foreign matter larger than the grain is removed as the paddy or rice passes
through the drums. Paddy then flows onto the oscillating sieve to separate heavier impurities such as stone.
Two types of rotary cleaner:
1.Single drum with aspirator and oscillation sieve. The single drum aspirator utilizes a single drum to separate
large, Light and heavy impurities. Lighter impurities are separated by suction aspiration and the oscillation
sieves separate heavier impurities such as sand.
2. Double drums with aspirator. This machine has two rotation drums with each drum having a different size
hole on the wire mesh. It utilizes an aspirator to separate light impurities. This machine is typically used for
cleaning freshly harvest paddy.

2. Removing the husk

The husk layer is removed from the paddy by friction and the process is called either de-husking or de-hulling. De-husking
was traditionally done using mortar and pestles but in modern rice mills, it is done by passing the paddy grains between two
abrasive surfaces that are moving at different speeds. After separating the husk and paddy, the husk is removed by suction
(aspirated) and then transported to a storage dump outside the milling plant. The percentage of paddy that is de-hulled to
produce brown rice during this process is called the hulling efficiency an efficient husker will remove 90% of the husk in a
single pass. After the husk has been removed the brown rice goes to a paddy separator. The kernels that were not de-husked
in the first pass will be separated and then returned to the de-husker.
Types of Husking machines:
1. Steel Huller. It removes the husks and whitens the rice in one pass. Paddy rice is fed into the machine and passes
between a revolving steel shaft and a cylindrical shaped mesh screen. These machines are normally powered by a 15
to 20 hp engine and are very simple to operate. They are relatively cheap.
2. Under runner disc sheller. It is very common in Asia. This machine has two steel discs, which have an emery coating.
The upper disc is stationary and fixed to the cast iron housing. Paddy flows from a centrally located hopper between
the abrasive surfaces of the revolving lower disc and the stationary upper disc. Resistance between the emery
surface on the discs and the paddy grains removes the husk leaving the brown rice kernel. Brown rice and husks are
then discharged circumferentially over the revolving disc and exit through an outlet. This machine is very economical
to run, produces a moderate amount of cracked or broken grain, and has a hulling efficiency of about 85-90%.
3.Rubber roller huller. It is the most efficient hulling machine. As the name suggests two rubber rollers of the same
diameter are operated at different speeds to remove the husk from the paddy. One roller has a fixed position and the
other is adjustable to meet the desired clearance. The adjustable roller rotates slightly slower than the fixed roller.
Rubber-roll hullers have an aspirator in the base of the machine to separate the hulls from the brown rice. The roll
diameter varies from 150 to 250 mm and the roller width from 60 to 250 mm. The correct clearance is dependent on
the varietal characteristics and the width and length of paddy. This method of hulling can achieve hulling efficiencies
of 85% to 90% with minimum broken or cracked grain. This type of machine is now widely used in developed
countries.

3. Paddy separation
The output from the huller is a mixture of paddy rice, brown rice, husk, broken paddy, and sometimes bran. The huller
aspirator removes the lighter material such as husk, bran and very small brokens. The remainder passes onto the paddy
separator where the unhulled paddy rice is separated from the brown rice. The amount of paddy present depends on the
efficiency of the husker, and should not be more 10%. Paddy separators work by making use of the differences in specific
gravity, buoyancy and size between paddy and brown rice. Paddy rice has a lower specific gravity, higher buoyancy, and
is physically bigger, longer and wider than brown rice.
There are two types of paddy separator:
1. Compartment Separator. The compartment type of paddy separator uses the difference in specific gravity and the
buoyancy to separate paddy and brown rice. When paddy and brown rice move over an inclined plane, they
move at different speeds depending on their specific gravity, their shape and contact area, smoothness of inclined
surface and the coefficient of sliding friction. Brown grains are smaller, heavier, rounder and smoother and will slide
faster than paddy grains. The processing capacity of the compartment separator is dependent on the compartment
area. For a 2-ton/hr capacity rice mill, a 45-compartment separator made up of 15 compartments on each of three
decks is used.
2. Tray Separator uses the differences in specific gravity, grain length and the co-efficient of friction to separate paddy
and brown rice. The oscillation and slope of the tray forces the brown rice to move up the slope and the paddy to slide
down. The separation performance of this type of paddy separator is very good. This machine is very compact, easy
to adjust, and consumes less power than the compartment type separator. In principle, the huller can efficiently
remove between 80 and 95% of the husk from the paddy in one pass. When setting up a rubber huller it is normal to
have 10% of the paddy returned for a second hulling.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
4. Whitening or Polishing Process
White rice is produced from brown rice by removing the bran layer and the germ. The bran layer is removed from the kernel
by applying friction to the grain surface either by rubbing the grains against an abrasive surface or against each other.
The amount of bran removed is normally between 8-10% of the total paddy weight but this will vary according to whiteness
require The process used to whiten brown rice can be classified as either abrasive or friction.
Abrasive: In this process the grain is whitened by the abrasive action of the rice kernel passing between a moving
abrasive surface and stationary screen. The hard-rough surface is usually stone or a carborundum type material.
The abrasive process applies less pressure on the grain and is better suited for long grain varieties. Abrasive
polishers can be either vertical or horizontal in design.
Friction: In the friction whitener the grain kernels are forced against each other and a metal screen by a steel-ribbed
cylinder rotating inside a metal-plated cylinder. The frictional forces created between individual rice grains and
between the grains and the metal screen surface remove the bran layer from the grain. Friction polishers are
always horizontal in design and apply more pressure on the grain than an abrasive whitener.

5. Separation of white rice

After polishing, the white rice is separated into head rice and, large and small broken rice by a sifter. Head rice is
normally classified as kernels, which are 75-80% or more of a whole kernel. The sifter is made up of a series of oscillating
screens through which the rice passes. The output from the broken screen is the very fine broken tips and is called brewers.
To attain a higher degree of precision for grading and separation, a length or indent grader is also used. This machine is made
up of 1-3 rotating indented cylinders. The broken and smaller rice pieces fall into the indents on the rotating roller
surface and are removed leaving the whole rice kernels or head rice.

6. Rice Mixing
A good rice mill will produce 50-60% head rice (whole kernels) 510% large broken and 10-15% small broken kernels.
Depending on the country’s standards, rice grades in the market will contain from 5-25% broken kernels. If rice mixing is to
be done properly a volumetric mixer is necessary.

7. Mist Polishing
Mixing a fine mist of water with the dust retained on the whitened rice improves the luster of the rice (polishes) without
significantly reducing the milling yield. A friction type-whitening machine, which delivers a fine mist of water during the final
whitening process, is used for “final” polishing before sale.

8. Rice Weighing Rice is normally sold as 50kg sacks which must be accurately weighed and labeled. While most rice mills use
a manual, mechanical weighing system, very accurate and fast electronic systems are also available.

Learning Task 1: Where Do I Belong?

Classify where does the following materials and equipment belong. Write your answer inside the box
Compartment Separator De- stoner with aspiration Oscillating Sieve Under runner disc sheller
Rubber roller huller Aspiration cum Oscillation Rotary Cleaner Steel Huller
Rubber roller huller Tray Separator

PRE-CLEANING REMOVING THE HUSK PADDY SEPARATION

Learning Task 2:
Match the word in Column A with the description in Column B. Write your answer on the blank provided before the number.

Column A Column B
A. It removes the lighter material such as husk, bran and very small broken.
1. Mist polishing
B. It uses the difference in specific gravity and the buoyancy to separate
2. Paddy Separation paddy and brown rice
C. In this process, the grain is whitened by the abrasive action of the rice
3. Compartment Separator
kernel passing between a moving abrasive surface and stationary screen.
D. A friction type-whitening machine, which delivers a fine mist of water during
4. Rubber roller huller
the final whitening process, is used for “final” polishing before sale.
E. It is the most efficient hulling machine. As the name suggests two
_5. Abrasive rubber rollers of the same diameter are operated at different speeds to
remove the husk from the paddy.]
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
E. Engagement (Time Frame: 1 hour and 30 minutes)
Learning Task 3: What am I for?
Materials needed: 2 bond paper, ballpen, cellphone or camera.
Instructions:
1. Visit the nearest rice mill in your area.
2. Observe its environment.
3. List all the rice mill tools and equipment you see.
4. Take some pictures of each tools and equipment as additional documentation. (optional)
5. Take down what are the importance of each.
6. Record all your observations and submit it to your teacher on time.

Rubrics:
Score: Accuracy: Requirements: Neatness:
5 All the needed details and content of Goes beyond the The hand writings are very
neat the reports are accurate. requirements of the task. and easy to read.
4 Some details of the reports have minor Meets the requirements of The hand writings are
generally errors. the task. neat and readable.
3 Some of the needed details of the Hardly meets the The hand writings are also neat
but reports contains major error. requirements of the task. difficult to read.

A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 20 minutes)

Rice, inarguably, is the most important food crop and the staple food of more than half of the world’s population. It
goes through a number of complex processes before the final product is served in our dining tables. Rice milling is one
of those processes which is done in rice mill plants – where husks of paddies are removed, and the quality of rice and its
nutritional value is improved.
V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: 20 minutes)
True or False: Write LEGIT if the statement is correct and IT’S A PRANK if the statement is false.
1. Mixing a fine mist of water with the dust retained on the whitened rice improves the luster of the rice
(polishes) without insignificantly reducing the milling yield.
2. Friction polishers are always vertical in design and apply more pressure on the grain than an abrasive whitener.
3. Paddy rice has a higher specific gravity, higher buoyancy, and is physically bigger, longer and wider than brown rice
4. De-husking was traditionally done using mortar and pestles but, in modern rice mills, it is done by passing the
paddy grains between two abrasive surfaces that are moving at different speeds.
5. Rice is normally sold as 70kg sacks which must be accurately weighed and labeled.
VI.REFLECTION (Time Frame: 20 minutes)
 Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
 - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8

VII. REFERENCES Technology & Livelihood Education – Grade 10 Agricultural Crop Production Learner’s Material
p 47-51
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/PDF_&_Docs/Teaching_Manual_Rice_M
illing.pdf
http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol4_issue5%20(part-4)/F04543442.pdf