3 'Boaxd fxamination K.

Transmission and Distribution

.
803y
English Medium
Sl
Transmission & Distribution (303)
In addition to the second examination syllabus.
. Distribution Schemes.

Investigation and planning of an extensive distribution scheme, involving several

11KV distribution sub-stations fed from a 33 kv line, ratings of equipment, radial,
parallel and ring systems and protective schemes in such systems. Simple
calculations, methods and economics of power factor correction, :

e . Circuit Breakers.

Principles of operation arc quenching devices types of circuit breakers for systems upA
to 132 KV and their operating mechanisms. Fault levels, influence of fault levels on
the choice of circuit breakers, Repair and maintenance of all circuit breakers,

. Sub —stations i

Protective schemes in all sub-stations including grid sub ~ stations, differential-

protection of transformers, parallel operation of transformers, automatic tap changers,
vector groups, Arc-suppression coils and their tuning, Metering including summation:
methods. Commissioning tests of all equipment in sub-stations including grid sub-
stations.

. Over-head Lines

Use of transmission line profile to locate supports. Wind span, weight'span,

equivalent span, basic span— insulation levels and application of weights. Types of
prefabricated structures and supports and arrangement of conductors, transposition,
interference with communication circuits, corona and its effects. Erection,
commissioning, testing and maintenance of all overhead linesup to 132 KV.
1
e ' Lightning Protection

Shielding effects of wires, setting of arc gaps, and prevention of damage to equxpment
from lightning.
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@ e 800 oCOVnBInd / @wnimsil ufimes Hmenssario / Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka

3% EXAMINATION FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL GRADES - 2008/2010 (2011)

(Eleetrical Superintendent Service)

2 .(303) Transmission and Distribution I

Answer five questions ‘only. -

1. . () What do you understand by transmission efficiency and voltage regulation? (05 marks)

(i) A short, 3-phase, transmission line connected to a 33kV, 50Hz, generating station at the sending end
is required to supply a load of 10MW at 0.8 power factor lagging at 30kV at! the receiving end. If
the mlmmum transmission efficiency is to be limited to 96%, determine the following: .

(a) Per. phasc resistance and reactance of the transmission line. (09 marks)

(b) What is the power that can be delivered to load if voltage regulation is zero? - (06 marks)

2. (i) What are the methods that are used to control voltage of a transmission line? (04 marks)

(i) ‘A load of 10MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a 3-phase line whose voltage has
to be maintained at 33KV at each end (Sending and Receiving ends). If the line resistance and reactance
per phase are 5Q and 10Q respectively, calculate the capacity of reastive power compensation device
to be connected at receiving end. Also comment on the results. g (16 marks)

3. (i) Explain why the AC resistance of a conductor is more than the DC resistance. (04 marks)

(ii) A double circuit, 3-phase line has a configuration as shown in the following figure. The distance between
conductor a and ¢’ is 7.5m, between b and b’is 9.0m and between a’ and c is 8.0m. The radius of
each conductor is 1.25cm. Determine the following:
(a) Inductance per km per phase ; (08 marks)

(b) Capacitance per phase per km i (08 marks)

3 7.5m

() O
e 9.0m o 3.0m

O ;
k d

)
80m - 30m

/
ADouble Circuit Line

[See page two *

 B30
4. A short transmission line has a series impedance Z = R+ jXQ/Phase. The voltage at sending end.and receiving
' ends are V, and V, respectively. Determine, the. following: i
(i) An expression for the maximum real power which the' line can supply.

(i) IfV,=V =11kV and, Z =1.86 + j5.18 Q/Phase, using expression derived in (i) calculate the maximum
real power that the line can supply.
(20 marks)

(i) Define plug setting multiplier (PSM) ‘and Time Setting .(TS) for IDMT relay. " (04 marks)
(ii) :An IDMT ”relay operates in 5 secs and 3 secs for PSM of 4 and 10 respectively. This relay is used
to protect a feeder through a 1000/5A° CT. Calculate the operating time of the relay when the current
is 1500A. The relay has a PSM of 75% and time setting of 0.4. The nominal current rating of the
relay is 5.0A. (16 marks)

@ ‘Why asymmetrical breaking current is higher than symmetrical breaking current of a circuit breaker?
: (05 marks)
(ii) An ol circuit breaker is rated at 2500A, 1500MVA, 33KV, 3 sec. Determine rated current, breaking
current, making current and short time rating of the circuit breaker. (05: marks)
(ili). What do you,understand by “Distance Protection”?, (05 marks)
(iv) “What are the types of. over current relays used for the protection
of equipment and lines? (05.marks) .

(0)) Wh‘at(is charging current? How can it be calculated? v (05 mark)

(ii) Derive a formula fpr insulation msisla‘nce and capacitance of a single core cable; (05 marks)
(iii) Discuss why the nature of reactive power compensation is different for peak and off peak load conditions.
ik § (05 marks)
(iv) Write a short ndte on insulator failures in an overhead transmission line. (05 marks)

* k%
B0g 0 6968 qBOR] i
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All Rights Reserved]

8 gom B 0comoBand
/ @uiiesal ufioss Hoarssei/Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka

3" EXAMINATION FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL GRADES

2008/2010(2011) (Electrical Superintendent Service)

(303) Transmission & Distribution 11 } Three hours

. Answer five quesfions only. All questions carry equal marks.

1. A 100 km long, 3-phase, 50 Hz uansmxssmn line has the following lme constants
Resistance / phase / km =01 Q
Reactance / phase / km =05 Q
Susceptance / phase / km = 10x10° §
'If the line supplies a load of 20 MW at 0.9 power factor lagging at 66 kV at the receiving end,
determine the following;
(i) Sending end. power.
(i) Voltage regulation
(i) Transmission efficiency
W) Sending end power factor

2 @) Define string efficiency. Explam why the string efficiency should be high.
o (i) A 3-phase transmission line 'is supported by three disk insulators. The potential across lop unit
(i.e. near to tower) and middle units are 8 kV and 11 kV respectively.
Determine the following: - ¥
(a) The ratio of capacitance between pm and earth tc the: self—capacitance of each unit
(b) The line voltage
(c) String efficiency

3G Explain the following terms with reference to corona

(a) Critical disruptive voltage
(b) Visual critical voltage
(c) ' Power loss due to corona
(ii) An overhead transmission line at a river crossing is supported fmm two towers, at helghts of 40 m
and 90 m above water level. The horizontal distance between the towers is 400 m. If the maximum
allowable tension is 2000 kg, find the clearance between the conductor and water at a point midway
between: towers. Weight of conductors is 1 kg/m. :
40 What do you understand by optimal feeding point?
- (i) Four industrial consumers a, b, ¢ and d apply for 11 kV supply with mspecnve loads 700 kW at
0.8 power factor lagging, 6 MW at 0.9 power factor lagging, 2- MW at 0.95 power factor lagging and
1250 kW at unity power factor.|\The loads are situated at the comers of abcd square with 1 m side.
Find out optimum location of the 66/11 kV distribution substation to feed these loads.

5. A city ix;ndoor substation has two 11/0.433 kV transformers with 750 kVA and 320 kVA and are operating
in parallel to cater load of 800 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. The percentage impedence in each transformer
is' 5.5% and load losses are 7 kW and 3.5 kW respectively. Find load sharing of the transformers. *

6. (@) What do you understand by waveform distortion of supply voltage. |

(ii) Explain why a charging current exists in.a line even when it is open circuited at the load end.
(iif) What is skin efféct? How does it influence on the resistance, reactance and capacitance of a conductor?
(i) Why is it necessary to reduce tower footing resistance? Explain how you would reduce tower footing
resistance.
£
7.0 What is the function of an auto reclosure in a gantry?
(ii) What are the problems in the distribution network of CEB? Explain how would you solve these problems.
(i) What is unserved energy? Explain it in terms of Industrial, Commercial and domestic consumer ca(egones
(i) Write short notes on distribution planning in CEB. £
T \
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8 @om) DO / @unios
ccoD08aad uflomes flmm&amm/Depanm'em of Examinations, Sri Lanka

39BOARD EXAMINATION FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICIAL

GRADES - 2007/2008 (2010) (Electrical Superintendent Service)

(303) Transmission and Distribution - I .

Answer five questions:

1. (i) Bxplain why the reactive power transferred over the line does not depend on the power angle but on the
difference between'the sending and receiving end voltage. ' (05 marks)
sending
(i) . A 3-phase, overhead transmission line has a series reactance of 24 Q per phase. The voltage the
at
and the receiving end are 140kV and 132 kV respectively. The sending send current is 500A. Calculate the
active and reactive power delivered at the receiving end neglecting line resistance and capacitance.
& (15 marks)

overhead
2. ') Write down expressions for inductance and capacitance of a 3-phase, unsymmetrical spaci.ng,
line.. 5 (05 marks)
6 m, 6 mand
(ii) 'A220kV, 50 Hz, 200 km, 3-phase line has its conductors on comers of a uial;gle with sides
112 m. The conductor radius is 1.81 cm. Calculate, ‘
(a) * Inductance of the line per phase
(b) Capacitance of the line per phase ~
'(IS{marlu)
(c) The charging current and charging MVA of the line

Ue3n (i). Discuss the effects of low power factor on the power system, (05 marks)
) (i) A3-phase inductién motor delivers 500 hp at an efficiency of 90% when operating a power factor of 0.8
- lagging. A loaded synchronous motor with a power consumption of 120 kW is connected in parallel with
and
the induction motor. If the overall power factor is to be brought to unity, determine the necessary KVA
operating power factor of the synchronous motor. (15 marks)

ASOMVA, 132kV / 66 kV, Delta/Star ( A/Y) connected, three-phase power transformer i3 protected by percentage
are
differential relay. If the current transformers (CTs) located on delta side and star sides of the transformer
5 8
300/5 A and 1200/5 A respectively, ¢ - alculate
() The CT currents at full load | +
.
(ii) The relay current at full load
1 A. (20 marks)
(iii)\ The minimum relay current setting to permit 25% overloading. Assume relay rating as
the
(i) Explain.why the secondary side of a current transformer (CT) should not be open-circuited when
primary side is energized. (05 marks)
y (05, mar;kr) \
(ii) Name two basic requirements that should be fulfilled by differential relay.
{05 marks)
(i) 'Explain the term “Follow on current” in a lightning arrestor.
(05 marks)
(iv) What are the internal causes of overvoltages?
(05 marks)
(i) Explain the effect of earth resistance and tower footing resistance of a transmission line.
(05 marks)
(i) Explain the function of auto-reclosure ina distribution switching gantry. |
(05 marks)
(iii) Name five different methods of controlling voltage in AC supply system.
7 (05 marks)
(iv) What is meant by making and breaking capacity of a circuit ‘breaker?
(05 marks)
(i) Write down the sequence of operation during opening and closing of a gircuit breaker.
(05 marks)
(ii) What are the main features of a directional relay.
(05 marks)
(iii) . Explain how you would improve the supply reliability of the CEB distribution sysem.
(05 marks)
(iv) Explain the main advantages of a vaccum curcuit breaker.,

# K ¥
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/ @uiimsl
8 gom Boxm ogBooda uflmes domenssmio/ Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka |

3 BOARD EXAMINATION FOli CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL

GRADES 2007/2008 (2010) (Electrical Superintendent Service)

(303) Transmission and Distribution II

# Three hours
.
Answer any five questions.

1. A 3 - phase load of 2 MVA . at 0.8 power 'facwr lagging is supplied at 6.6 kV, 50 Hz by means of a
33 kV transmission line, 32 km long in association with a 33 / 6.6 kV step down transformer. The resistance
and reactance of each conductor of the line per km are 0.4 Q and 0.5 Q respectively. The resistance and
¥ reactance of transformer primary. winding are 7.5 Q and 13. 2 Q while those of secondary are 0.35 Q and.
0.65 ‘Q respectively. Calculate, :
(i) The voltage at sending énd when the receiving end voltage is maintained at 6.6 kV. (12 marks).
" (ii) Sending end power and transmission line efficiency. . - (08 marks)

2. A 50 Hz,'3 — phase, 100 km long line delivers a load of 40 MVA at 110 kV and 0.7. power factor lagging:
. The line constants are: resistance of 11 €, inductive reactance of 38 Q and capacitive susceptance of
3 x 10* Siemens. Calculate, using nominal 1T’ network,
(i) Sending end .voltage and sending end cun'ent ‘ 2 (10 marks)
(i) Transmission efficiency (05 marks)
(iif) The recewmg end voltage when.the load is femoved ahd sendmg end voltage is kept constant.
(05 marks)

3. () Explin why the sag caloulations arc usually based on cquivalent span. (05 marks)
{ (i) An overhead lirle over a river,crossing is supported by two tower of 50.m and 80 m above the water
level. The horizontal span is 300 m. If the weight of the conductor is 8.28 N/m and the tension in
the conductor is 19 620 N, find the height of mid point of the line above water level. (15 marks)

4. (i) Write short notes on insulator failures. : X . (06 marks)

(i) A 3 - phase line is supported by’ a susfienaion insulator string having three units. The voltage across
the unit nearest to the line is 20 kV and that across the adjacent unit is 15 kV. Calculate,
(a) Ratio of the capacitance of joint:to capacitance of disc ? (08 marks)
. (b) System voltage i : ¢ * (03 mdrks)

(c) String efficiency T Sy i (03 marks) '

5. (i) Explain that how do you coordinate an Auto - Reclosure with a ‘fuse in downstream? (05 marks)

(ii) 'What are the steps that are followed in preparation of Medium Voltage Distribution Development plan
of CEB. (05 marks)
(i) What is Ferranti effect? Deduce a sunple expressmn for the volugo rise of .an unlmded line. (05 marks)
(iv) Write short notes on 5
() Sectionalizer
, () Auto - Reclosure
() Remmely opcrated load break switch
(05 marks)
 e

® A 3 - phase oil circuit breaker has following dgla

Operating Voltage = 11 kV
+ Rupturing capacity =500 MVA'
Normal current =500 A
Calculate, rated symmetrical breaking current, rated making current and short time current rating of
the oil circuit breaker. (10 marks)
Name the' materials used for contacts of a vaccum circuit breaker. (05 marks)'
On what factors does the fusing current depend? (05 marks)

Where is negetive phase sequence relay employed? y (05 marks) -

Explam with necessary steps how you would pre])arcannual.system nugmemauon plan for low voltage
network of CEB. g (05 marks)
Explain the phenomenon of arcing gmund and suggest a method to minimize the effect of this.
(05 marks)
Explain how series and shunt capacitors can minimize. the voltage drop in a line. (05 marks)

* % K
Bog © 888 qiBdd)
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All Rights Reserved]

@ gom Boa oEBo8a

/ @uiimsi
ns uflimes Heearssmio/ Department of Examinations, sil Lanka

3" BOARD EXAMLNATfON FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL GRADE

2006/2007(2009) (Electrical Superintendent Service)

(303) Transmission and Distribution I .

Answer any five questions. - . i B

L. A 15 km long, 3-phase overhead line delivers SMW at 11kV at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Line loss is 12% of the power delivered. Line inductance is 1.1 mH per phase per km. Calculate
(i) Sending end voltage and regulation (14 marks)
(i) Power factor of the load to make voltage regulation zero. + (06 marks)

2. (i) What are the benefits gained h} improving v:!w power factor? (05 marks)
(ii) A load of 1600 kW at 0.8 power factorlagging is required 'to improve its power factor
¢ 10 0.93 lagging by a synchronous condenser. A synchronous motor is used for this purpose.
The motor has a load of 300 kW and its excitation is varied so that the overall power factor
becomes 0.93 lagging as required. The ‘motor has a 5% power loss from its input. power.
Find ~ S
(a) . Power factor of the motor . ) ’ (10 marks)
(b) kVA input of If,le motor p z (05 marks)
3, (i) Derive:the expression for calculating the’inu:mn], and external flux linkage for a col;ductor
carrying current, Use this: expession . to derive the equation for the inductance of a single
phase line. % | (10 marks)
(ii)- A single citcuit line operated at 50 Hz is arranged as follows. The conductor diameter is
0.6 cm. Determine the inductance and the inductive reactance per phase per km of the line. (10 marks)
\
S

[ T 30m )
4. | (i) Bkplain with reasons the connection of current ‘transformers (CTs) for protecting a
Delta/Star transformer. Justify your scheme of protection for (a) Internal faults (b) External
faults by showing current distribution in the scheme. ‘ (10 marks)
‘(ii) A 3-phase, 66/11 kV, Star/Delta connected transformer is protected. by differential p;mlection
system. The CTs on the low. voltage side have a ratio of 420/5. Calculate the CT ratio on
the high voltage side. (10 marks)
. [See page two.
 o)k

" Why should we have back up protection over primary protection? (05 marks)
. What are the insulating fluids commonly used for circuit breakers? Also name four properties
that should be had for a gas used in the circuit breaker. * " (05 'marks) *
Explain the following terms applicablg to circuit breakers.
(a) Symmetrical breaking current
(b) A‘symmcuical breaking current
(c) Making current 4 (05 marks)

@) Explain how arc is initiated and sustained in a circuit breaker when the Gircuit breaker contacts
separatelys 2 (05 marks) -

Explain ‘the protective schemes used for protex':ting ?3 kV. distribution feeders in the CEB
distribution’ network. (06 marks)

Explain the “Arcing Ground” phenomenon and suggest the method to minimize the effect
of this phenomenon. (07 marks)
Explain why the llghtnmg arrester used to protect equipment should be connected as close
as possible to the equipment to be protected. NS (07: marks)

What is the difference between lightning conductor and lightning arrester? (05 marks)
What is meant by protective angle? Give its value for reliable protection. (05 marks)

Why is earth wire provided in overhead transmission lines? (05 marks)

What is the difference between system earthing and equipment earthing? (05 marks)

* k ok
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el udtuflosusiug]
All Rights Reserved]

8 o B cbro8and / @rimal ufimes Hasrésenio/ Department of Examinations, Sti Lanka

3% Board Examination for CEB Middle Level Technical Grades - 2005/2006(2007)

* (Electrical S uperintendent Service)

(303) Transmission and Distribution-I

Answer any five questions . All questions can'yequll marks,

1. A3-phase load of 2 000 kVA, 0.8 pf lagging is supphedat 6.6 kV, 50 Hz by means of a 33 kV tranismission Jine .
of 20 km long and a transformer with a turn ratio of 5 : 1. The resistance and reactance of each conductor-are 0.4
S/km and 0.5 Q/km. The resistance and reactance of primary winding of the transfomner are 7.5 Q and 13.2 Q
while the resistance and reactance of secondary winding are 0 35 Q and 0.65 Q. {
Calculate the following : /
(i) The voltage necessary at the sendmg end of transmission line when 6.6 kV is maintained at the load end.
(i) Sending end power factor
(i) ‘The efficiency of the transmission line
.
5:1
() 33kv
. 20 km

2.. (i) What is the advantage of having parallel lines for transmitting electrical power?
" (i) Atotal load of 12 000 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging is transmitted to a substation by two overhead
three-phase lines connected in parallel. One line has a conductor resistance of 2 Q per phase and reactance
of 1.5 Q/phase. The corresponding values for the other line are 1.5 Q and 1.2 Qrespechvely If the receiving
end voltage is maintained at 33 kV, calculate the
(a) ' power transmitted by each overhead line -
(b) transmission efficiency.

3. Three-phase 50 Hz, 66 kV overhead line conductors are placed in horizohtal plane as given in the following
figure. The conductor diameter is 1.25 cm. If the line length is 100 km, determine the
(i) ““capacitance per phase :
(ii) charging current per phase assuming complete transposition of the line.

20m ¢ sl 25m

45m -

v [ See page two

 71

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All Fflgh!s Reserved]

@ eom m e;o)bmo@zwfll Qerimsl ufiunwg é]mmrssmu:/ Depar!men( of Examlnaflons, 8ri Lanka

31 BOARD EXAMINATION I‘OR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL GRADES

2006/2007(2009) (Elecmcal Superintendent Semce)

(303) Transmlsswn & Distribution II .

! Three hours
Answer any five questions.

LW What do you understand, by “Load Centre”? (05’ marks)

(ii} Four industrial loads are located at the comers of a square having léngth of a side 25 km.
The loads are 5 MW, 8 MW, 3MW and 6 MW. Determine the best location of the substation
with respect to the: location of 6 MW load for feeding these loads. (15 marks)

2. A three-phase, 50 Hz, 100km long transmission line delivers 20 MW at 0.9 power factor
lagging and ‘at llokV The line has following consumts
Reslsumc:/phaselkm =02Q i
Reagtance/phase/km 04 Q-
Capacitive admittance/km = 2.5 x 10% §
Using ‘nominal T-method, calculate
(i)' ‘The voltage and current at sending end (10 marks)
(i) The efficiency of transmission line b (05 marks)
(i) Draw the phasor diagram . i (05 marks)

3. (6)) What is ‘meant by resonant vibration in the conductors of transmission lines? (05 marks)
(i) A conductor is strung across a river being supported at the two ends at-heights of 20 m
and 16 m respectively from the bed of a river. The horizontal distance between the two
supports is 375 m and the weight of the conductor is 1.2 kg/m. If the minimum clearance
of the conductor from the river bed is 9 m, find the tension of the conductor. (15 marks)

4 @ Define *String Efficiency”. My is it necessary to have a high value for string efficiency? (06 marks)
(i) . A string insulator has 4 units. The capacitance from each, joint to tower is 20% of the self
- capacitance of each unit. If the minimum voltage across an insulator unit is 10kV, determine
(8) Maximum' voltage across the insulator string ; (10 marks)
(b) The string efficiency of the insulator string . (04 marks)
i \
LSk Explain why it is necessary to have a properly designed earthing system. (05 marks) 5
(i) Determine the resistance to ground for a hemi-spherical electrode on. the surface of the ground.
The diameter of the hemi-spherical electrode is 2 m and the soil resistivity is 100 Qm(05 marks)
L GiD On what factors does the resistivity of soil depend? . (05 marks)
(@iv) In what ways is a distance relay superior to over current protection for the protection of
transmission lines. . 4 (05 marks)

6 () ‘What are short comings of the differential prulbbtion scheme applied ‘to protect a power
transformer? (05 marks)

)
(iii)
What are the fundamental requirements of a protective relay?
Define “Sensitivity” and “Selectivity” of a relay. \
(05 marks)
(05 marks)
(@iv) ‘What is the requirement of time grading in a protection system;\}vhat are places where this
method is used? ! : : (05 marks)

7.0 Explain why the cost of unserved energy is much ‘higher than unit cost ‘of clechié;ty. (05 marks)
) What is meant by breaking or rupturing capacity of a circuit breaker? (05 marks)
(i) What are the factors governing the selectionof a site for a Substation? i U (05 marks)
(iv) In what ways is an isolator different from' a load break switch? : (05 marks)
6og 6 8900 qBed] ;
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All Rights Reserved] .
@ @) XD 0cebnodnnd / @eriesl u&n_msfi flwmsamw / Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka

3 Board Examination for CEB Middle Level Technical Gra(les 2005/2006(2007)

(Electrical Supegmtendent Service) 3

(303) Transmission and sttnbuuon £ | §

Answer any five’questions . All quesions carry equal marks,

A3-phase, 400V, distributor AB i loaded as shown in the fiigure. The 3-phase load at point
C takes a SA per phase
at power factor of 0.8 lagging. At point B, a 3-phase 400V, induction motor is connected whxch has an output
power of 10 hp with an efficiency of 90% nnd power fac!or of 0.85 lagging.

" lf the voltage at point B is to be mamtamed at 400V, what should be the voltage at poml A? The resistance and
reactance of the line are 1 Q/phase/km and 0.5 &/phase/km rcspecuvely

A 600 m Cifi 400 m B

, L=5A ; 10 hfp,
/ : L . 08 pflag 0.85pf lag

2, A 100 km'long, 3-Phase, SOHz transmission line has the following constants :

Resistance/phase/km A -
Reactance/phase/km
Susceptance/phase/km= lelD‘ o) (fl D}

If the line supplies a load of 20 mW at 0.9 power factor lagging at 66 kV at the receiving end, calculate using -
:
nominal method the
(i) sending end voltage
" (ii) - voltage regulation
(iii) transmission efficiency.

3. ‘The towers of height 30 m and 90 m sbpport transmission line conductors ‘at a water crossing: The horizontal
distance between the towers is 500 m. The tension in the conductor is 1600kg and the wexghtof conductors is 1.5
kg/m. Assuming bases of the towers are at water level determine
(i) the minimum clearance of the conductor and water -
(i) clearance mid-way between the supports'

4. (i) ‘What are the desirable pmpemcs which an jnsulator should have?
(if) Ina33kV overhead line there are three units in the string msnlamr used. If the capwwnce between each
insulator pin and earth is 11% of the self capacitance of each msulalor, find
(a) the distribution of voltage over 3 insulators | \ i
(b) string efficiency. - « g : ¥

: { g [ See page two

 13

L2 G oA
‘4, A30MVA, 11.5kV/69 kV, YA, transformer with star connection grounded is shown in the following figure, Itis
required to protect the transformer using differential protection. Determine the current transformer (CT) ratios to
be used in primary and secondary side of the transformer and.the connection of the CTs in the primary and
are 50/5, 100/5, 150/5, 200/5, 250/5, 300/5, 400/5, 500/
secondary sides. The available current transformer ratios
5, 800/5, 1000/5, 1200/5, 1300/5, 1400/5, 1500/5, 1800/5, 2000/5 etc.
. 30MVA
115 kVIGOKV -

e A o

(i) Explain the operating mechamsm‘of an oil circuit breaker.

.(ii) Explain why the secondary side of a CT should not be open circuited when the primary side is energized.
(iii) -Explain the following terms : ’
(a) Restriking voltage :
(b) Recovery voltage
(c). Arc voltage applicable to circuit breakers,

(i) Explain the phenomenon of lightning.

(ii) - Describe the operating principle of gapless lightning arcestor used in CEB.
(‘xii) ‘What is the effect of earth resistance and tower footing resistance of a transmission line for lightning?

() Explam the principle of operation of a auto-recloser.

(ii) What is the advantage of havmg switching gantries with auto-mclosmina d:smbuuon system?
(i) What steps would you take to reduce the system faults? v

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3O IO ¢85
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& ¢m dmo vg@)bflm@m%v] Gosimai ufloss fimmaamw’flepflrlmm( of Examination s,
Sri Lanka

C.E.B. Middle Level Technical Service Examination - Third Examination 2002(2004)

(303) Transmission ‘and Distribution - 11

5 Three hours
Answer any five questions.

éA 13- phase ‘overhcad {ransmission line has the following constanls:

Resistance/phase e (U
Inductive reactance/phase = 350,
Capacitative admiltance/phase = 3x10* mho
If the line sup;filics a balanced load of 40,000 kVA at 110 kV and 0.8 p.f. lagging, Calculate
(i) sending end power factor. f
(ii) ~ percentage regulation. 3 ¥ : |
(iii) - transmission efTiciency.

A 66 kV single core lead sheathed cable is graded by using two dielectrics of relaltive permittivity 5 and
3 respectively, thickness of each being 1 em. The core diameter is 2 cm. Delermine the maximum stress
in' the two dielectrics. 5 ;

(i) Explain the essential features in the representation of an unsymmetrical three-phase system of vollages
or currents by symmetrical components. A
(i) In a three-phase system, the tlree line currents are l‘= (30 + j50)A, | , =(15 - j45)A,/ l.- (- 40+ j70){\.
‘ Determine. (he values of the positive, negative and zero sequence components, .

The three bus-bar conduclors ‘in an outdoor substation are supported /by unils of post type insulators. 'Each
unit consists of & stack of 3 pin type insulators fixed one on the top’ of the other. The voltage across the
lowest insulator is 13.1 kV and that across the next unit is 11 kV.. Find the bus-bar voltage of the station.

(i) Explain {he meaning of the follnwh;g termns in relation” to protective telayir{gt
(@) Pick up current,. o
(b). Current setting.
(c) Plug setling multiplier. i
"4 (d) Time setting multiplier. .j 24 VHG

(ii) ‘What contribution s made by profective relaying to enhance power system performance?

‘i (i) How would you classify substations

(a) According to service requirements.
" {b) According to constructional features.

(i) Brisfiy state the kind/type of prolection yprovided at a primary substation.

plain’ three of the following:

; (2) Insulation co-ordination.
(b) Lightning protection.
(c) Substation earthing. . \
- (@ Oil filtering. ;
 i & -02-
‘What do you understand by primary and back pmlecuon?
Briefly exp)am the followmg protection schemu used in the electrical power sysncm
(a) . over current ‘and earth fault protection o
(b) differential protection
(c) distance protection 4
How \;vould you limit the fault current in a power system?

Briefly explain the meaning of the following térms in relation to protective relaying :
(a) pick up current ;
(b) * plug setting multiplier : S R
(c) time setting multiplier. 4
Why is the fault clearing time. of a dxslnhuuon system high compared 10 a transmission system?
In what ways does the fault clearing time affect the consumers?

) What are the cnfises offailures ina power system?

Explain the term “cost of unserved energy”
Explain the methods of earthmg a distribution transformer substauon

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 fia@ © 8608 B0
el udliuflaousrwg]
All Rights Reserved]

@ @om B oCoXoBnd / @uiimal ufloes Hoarsaen/Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka

3% EXAMINATION FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECHNICAL '

GRADES 2010/2013 (2015) (Electrical Superintendent Service)

(303) Transmission and Distribution I

Answer only five questions.

1. . (i) What is the difference between a fuse and a relay?

(i) Draw the graph between ‘time of operation’ and ‘plug setting multiplier’ of a typical relay.
(iii) Overcurrent relay having current setting of 150% is connected to a supply circuit through a
current transformer of 400/5. If the primary fault current is 2000 A. Calculate the plug setting
multiplier.

2. (i) What are the common faults in a transformer?

(ii) What are the principal relays and syslen.m used for transformer protection?
(iii) A three-phase transformer of 230/33000 line volts is connected in star/delta. The protective
transformer on 230 V side has a current ratio of 600/5.
What would be the CT ratio on 33000 V side?

3. (i) What are the important components common to most of the circuit breakers?
Briefly explain following terms. applicable to_circuit breakers,
(a) Breaking capacity
(b) Making capacity
(iii) An oil circuit breaker is rated as 3000 A, 2000 MVA, 33 kV, 6 sccond, three-phase circuit
breaker. Find
(a) rated normal current
(b) breaking capacity s
(c) rated symmetrical breaking current
(d) rated making current
(e) short time-rating

4. Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase double circuit line as shown in the following
figure. The diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm.
' '
' 0
'< 6m > '

25m

16 O
\__ “@ Q )
[See page two
 -2

5. The following data refers to a 50 Hz, three phase transmission line.

Length =10 km
Sending end Voltage = 11 kV

Load delivered at receiving end is 100 kW at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

If resistance of each conductor = 04 Q/km and
reactance per phase = 045 Q/km

Find,
(i) receiving end voltage
(ii) line current
(iii) efficiency of the transmission line

6. (i). Briefly discuss the importance of voltage control.

(i) Voltage control equipment is generally located at more than one point. Why?
(iii) What do you understand by induction regulators?
B
7. (i) Show that the maximum stress in a single core cable is,

2V
d loge D;d
(ii) A 33 kV single core cable has a conductor diameter of Icm and sheath of inside diameter 4 cm.
Find the maximum and minimum stress in the insulation.
»

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Py udliuflewumwg]
All Rights Reserved]

8 Eom B acoXswoBaknd | @aiimsl ufioss Heemaaenio / Department of Examinations, Sri Lanka

NICAL
34 EXAMINATION FOR CEB MIDDLE LEVEL TECH
nt Service)
GRADES 2010/2013 (2015) (Electrical Superintende

(303) Transmission and Distribution IT

Answer only five questions.

transmission efficiency.
1. (i) Briefly discuss the effect of load power factor on
inductance and capacitance. per
(i) A three-phase, 50 Hz transmission line has resistance,
line delivers a load of 25 MW
phase 1 @, 0.3 H and 0.0 pF respectively and the
efficiency and voltage
at 110 kV and 0.8 p.f. Lagging. Determine the transmission
regulation of the line using nominal & method.

strength of 8000 Kg/cm? and an area of

2. An overhead conductor having an ultimate tensile
having level difference of 15 m.
2 cm? is erected between supports placed 600 m apart and
the tower heights. The conductor is
If the minimum ground clearance is to be 40 m, find
Self weight of conductor is 1.75 kg/m.
subjected to a horizontal wind pressure of 1.5 kg/m.
Assume safety factor as 4.

(i) Briefly explain how a guard ring improves string efficiency.

3.
line is being supported by three discs of
‘(i) A three phase overhead transmission
the, first
as shown, in. figure, giyen below. The. BQ&SE!"“!Q!S across
- .:suspension insulators
Calculate, :
and second insulators are 8 kV and 11 KV respectively.
(a) “The ratio of shunt capacitance to" self éapacitanice of each unit.
(b) The line voltage
(c) The string efficiency

—i1,

4. (i) What do you understand by a distribution system?

(i) Bricfly explain the following systems of distribution with their single line diagrams.
(a) Radial system
(b) Ring main system
(c) Interconnected system

(iii) The insulation resistance of a single core cable is 495 MQ per km. If the core
diameter is 2.5 cm and resistivity of insulation is 4.5x10" Qcm, find the insulation
thickness. /
|See page two
 P

5 @) What are the types of lightning arrestors in general use?

(ii) What are the most commonly devices used for protection against lighting surges?
(iii) What is the difference between ‘Equipment grounding’ and ‘System grounding’?
(iv) ‘What are the commonly used methods for grounding the neutral point of a three phase system?

6. @) Why is the capacitance neglected in short transmission line?

(i) A short 3 phase transmission line connected to a 33 kV, 50 Hz generating station at the sending
end is required to supply a load of 10 MW at 0.8 lagging power factor at 30 kV at the receiving
end. If the minimum transmission efficiency is limited to 96%, determine the per phase values
of resistance and inductance of the line.

7. M What is skin effect?

(i) Write down an expression for an inductance of each conductor in an unsymmetrically spaced
transposed, 3-phase line.
(i) Calculate the inductance of each conductor in a 3 phase. 3 wire system when the conductors
are arranged in a horizontal plane with spacing such that D, = 4 cm, D, = D,;= 2 cm. The
conductors are transposed and have a diameter of 2.5 cm. ;