2K22 - Rep - Arduino Based Smart Shoe System For Women Safety

ARDUINO BASED SMART SHOE SYSTEM FOR WOMEN SAFETY, DEFENSE AND INTEGRATED
INTELLIGENT TRACKING
ARDUINO BASED SMART SHOE SYSTEM FOR WOMEN SAFETY, DEFENSE

AND INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT TRACKING
CHAPTER-1
ABSTRACT
In this paper a smart safety shoe for women has been presented by authors. The whole system
uses GPS and GSM modems, electric shock circuit and Arduino microcontroller board. GPS
receiver works as the detector, it fetches the location of the concerned accident in the form of
latitude and longitude. GSM sends the latitude and longitude information as a SMS to 5
predefined numbers with the help of programmed microcontroller. It also sends a phone call
to one phone number. Microcontroller works as the backbone of the system. Whole system
can be activated by just a single press of panic button. Hardware representation of the system
has also been presented in this paper. That shows overall compact assembled system inside a
ladies shoe sole for greater reliability of stated work. Real time processing of data’s is
presented in various figures.
INTRODUCTION
In today’s scenario women safety has come out as an important matter of concern, for people
and also for law enforcing authority. The no of women harassment and eve-teasing cases has
risen by many folds due to the greater disclosure of women in every part of life. Number of
physical harassments of women in schools, work places or even in public transports is
soaring daily. It has become a societal crisis in many countries. In spite of implementing so
many rules and regulations for women, it doesn't stop thieves, assaulters or molesters to
misbehave with women. This work by authors tries to define a self-sufficient solution of the
women safety question. From several years law enforcement agencies and common people
are searching for built-in technologies to control these cases. Several devices are there to help
thisproblem.
According to Indian perspective there are mobile apps in the market developed for the safety
of women specifically designed for android or iOS, some of which have paid premium
features that may help to save a life in threatening situations, for example, apps like ‘VithU’,
‘Smart Shehar’ etc. allows one to send SOS alerts to the listed contacts by just pressing the
power button of the phone twice or even take the picture. It also sends the GPS location of
the incident or where the victim is present. Problems associated with these smart phone
applications are that, if awoman gets into any trouble then she might not be able to use her
hands to activate the app and send her location because in most cases the attacker firstly grab
victim’s hand and close her eyes too. Apart from several mobile apps some built in smart
devices are there for safety of women. Such like a smart self-defense watch for women safety
[1] which uses Atmega 328 Microcontroller and has GPS module inside it to detect the
location and display it on the watch, it also comprises a voice recognition module that saves
the audio inside a sim card and sends it to the nearby police station that can be further used as
evidence. Concept of this watch is undoubtedly a good concept but practically it is difficult to
assemble all the modules in a small watch which are described in the work.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to monitor the environmental parameters using sensors
and uploading to an IoT platform along with its GPS location.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
At any emergency situation people get panicked and in that situation, they may not be able to
operate their smartphone applications, and cannot immediately defend the attacker and
protect themselves. The proposed system can be useful for women and children for security
purpose. It consists of awearable safety device having sensors and an emergency button
which when activated sends an alert message with location information to the victim's family
and nearby police station.
METHODOLOGY
Here in this paper authors tried to overcome the difficulties present in the existing
technologies that have already been discussed earlier. The shoe represented here is practically
user friendly for day-to-day life. The best part of this device is its compact structure. All the
modules, power source and devices are engravedinside the shoe sole, making it a practically
viable and user friendly for any woman's daily life. In this gadget a pendant is also present. If
a woman faces any kind of trouble then she can start and active the whole system just
pressing a switch which is located in that pendant. A supplementary switch has also been
added in the shoe, so that she can press that switch which is located in the shoe by just using
her feet. It is useful if the victim is not able to use her hand because sometimes the attackers
might lock her both hands and close her eyes too. As an added layer of security, a feature has
been incorporated that when the victim activates the switch then it will automatically send a
particular SMS to any 5 predefined phone numbers and also it sends a phone call to a
predefined phone number. When the victim will activate the whole system then it will send
her location to the allotted phone numbers using a text message, with latitude and longitude
details. Receiver of the message can easily trace the location of the victim using Google Map
[14] and provided latitude and longitude data with a single click. It is not always necessary
that the location of incident remains static in that same location. Sometimes molesters can
drag the victim to any other location. In that time if the phone numbers which are allotted
sends any SMS to that “shoe” then it will automatically navigate her real time current
location and will send the details as latitude and longitude to that number.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature survey of some existing systems is done:
[1] Women safety device and application. In this paper an ARM controller and Android
application are used in which both the device and the smartphone are synchronized using
Bluetooth, hence both can be triggered independently. It can record audio for further
investigation and can give an alert call and message to the pre-set contacts with the instant
location every 2 minutes and can be tracked live using the application. Hidden camera
detector is also a distinct feature used which ensures privacy.
[2] A mobile-based women safety application (I safe Apps). In this paper, mobile-based
application (I safe apps) is developed with the Android support to know whether a woman is
safe. It gives the location of the woman in danger by giving fake phone calls, video
forwarding, location and first-aid information.
[3] Advanced Security system for women. The paper proposes an automated highly reliable
women security device which consists of advanced sensors embedded in a wearable dress. It
consists of advanced sensors and ATMEGA8 micro controller with Arduino tool which keep
user under observation at all the time. It monitors the heartbeat rate, temperature and
vibration in the body through sensors to check for uneasy situations.
[4] Woman safety, the system has different sensors like heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor,
accelerometer sensor for detecting the heartbeat, temperature and sudden change in motion of
the user. GPS and GSM which will help to detect the location of the device and to send an
alert message to guardians, relatives and police station.
CHAPTER-2
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The fig.1 shows block diagram which gives you the overview of the proposed system. The
brief description given bellow.
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
A. TRANSMITTER PART:
POWER SUPPLY
RF TRASNMITTER
PUSH BUTTON
B. RECEIVER PART:
POWER SUPPLY
GPS
ATMega328
Microcontroller
RF TX
GSM
To complete our project, we require some software as well as some hardware.
1.1. Required Software:
1. ARDUINO IDE
1.2 Required Hardware:
1. ARDUINO NANO
2. RF TX & RX MODULE
3. 9V BATTERY
4. GPS MODULE
5. GSM MODULE
2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION:
In the figure 2.1 we shown the hardware requirements & Technical approach in the way to
design the system. The system consists of mainly parts like Microcontroller (ATmega328),
Gsm technology, Sensor networks, which are described briefly below.
2.3 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328
Arduino Nano 3.0. Arduino Nano 3.0 is shown in the Figure 2. It is a 30 pin board having
ATMega328 as microcontroller embedded inside it. From Figure 3 it can be seen that
Arduino Nano has 14 digital I/O pins, 8 Analog reference pins and has a clock frequency of
16MHz [5], crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz is used for this purpose. With large
number of I/O ports it is possible to connect large number of sensors to Arduino boards.
2.4 RF TX & RX MODULE
This radio frequency (RF) transmission system employs Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter module takes serial
input and transmits these signals through RF. The transmitted signals are received by the
receiver module placed away from the source of transmission. The system allows one way
communication between two nodes, namely, transmission and reception. The RF module has
been used in conjunction with a set of four channel encoder/decoder ICs. Here HT12E &
HT12D have been used as encoder and decoder respectively. The encoder converts the
parallel inputs (from the remote switches) into serial set of signals. These signals are serially
transferred through RF to the reception point. The decoder is used after the RF receiver to
decode the serial format and retrieve the original signals as outputs. These outputs can be
observed on corresponding LEDs.
2.5 GPS MODULE
GPS Module GPS module consists of U-blox NEO 6M module and GPS antenna. The NEO-
6 module series is a family of stand-alone GPS receivers featuring the high-performance U-
blox 6 positioning engine. The I2C compatible Display Data Channel (DDC) interface can be
used either to access external devices with serial interface EEPROM or to interface with a
host CPU. Its maximum bandwidth is 100kbit/s. NEO-6 modules are designed for use with
passive and active antennas. The minimum gain and maximum gain are 15dB and 50 dB
respectively and maximum noise figure is 1.5dB. GPS receivers use a constellation of
satellites and ground stations to compute position and time almost anywhere on earth. The
positions of the satellites are constructed in a way that the sky above your location will
always contain at most 12 satellites. The primary purpose of the 12 visible satellites is to
transmit information back to earth over radio frequency (ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 GHz). With
this information and some math, a based receiver or GPS module can calculate its position
and time.
2.6 GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS modem is a digital mobile network that is widely used by mobile users. It is used
to establish communication between a computer and a GSM system. The modem is coming
RS232 interface, which allows to connect PC as well as microcontroller with RS232 chip.
The baud rate is configurable from 9600-115200 through AT command. The GSM modem is
having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable
for SMS, voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard
Regulate Power Supply allows us to connect wide range unregulated power supply. Using
this modem, one can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and
internet through simple AT commands. Every command starts with “AT”. That’s why these
are called as AT commands. AT stands for “attention". When a ten-digit mobile number is
provided, the program instructs the modem to send the text message using a sequence of AT
commands
2.7 LCD (16X2) DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are
used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors, television, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit
Displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube
(CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable,
less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of
screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot
suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its
low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels
filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to
produce images in color or monochrome.
CHAPTER-3
MICROCONTROLLER
3.1 Introduction
To make a complete microcomputer system only micro controller is not sufficient, it is
necessary to add other peripherals such as read only memory (ROM), read / write memory
(RAM), decoders, drivers, latches, number of input / output devices to make a complete
microcomputer system. In addition, special purpose devices, such as interrupt controller,
programmable timers, programmable I/O devices, DMA controllers, USART/UART,
programmable keyboard/display drivers may be added to improve the capability,
performance and flexibility of a microcomputer system. In addition battery backup and an
elaborate power supply arrangement is essential. However the key feature of micro controller
based computer system is that, it is possible to design a system with a great flexibility. It is
possible to configure a system as large or as small system by adding or removing suitable
peripherals. On the other hand, the micro controller incorporates all the features that are
found in micro controller. However, it has added features to make a complete microcomputer
system on its own. Therefore the micro controllers are sometimes called as single chip
microcomputer. The micro controller has built-in rom, ram, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters,
interrupts and a clock oscillator circuit.
EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS COUNTER INPUTS
4 K SFRs
ROM
INTERRUPT (8051) TIMER 1
128 BYTES
Simplified CONTROL
RAM TIMER 0 block
diagram of 8051 family
CPU
microcontroller
BUS
OSC CONTROL 4 I/O PORTS SERIAL
PORT
P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD
ADDRESS/DATA
Figure 1: Block diagram of 8051 family microcontroller
As shown in the above figure the micro controller has on-chip (built-in) peripheral devices.
These on chip peripherals make it possible to have single-chip microcomputer system.
There are few more advantages of built-in peripherals:

 Built in peripherals have smaller access times hence speed is more.
 Hardware reduces due to single chip microcomputer system.
 Less hardware reduces PCB size and increases reliability of the system.
3.2 Comparison between Microprocessor and Micro controller
Microprocessor
Microprocessor contains ALU, general-purpose registers stack pointer, program
counter, clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit. It has many instructions to move data
between memory and CPU .It has one or two bit handling instructions. Access time, for
memory and I/O devices, are more. Microprocessor based system is more flexible in design
point of view. It has single memory map of data and code. Less number of pins is
multifunctional.
Microcontroller
Microcontroller contains the circuitry of microprocessor and in addition it has built-in
ROM, RAM, I/O devices, timers / counters and serial port. It has one or two instructions to
move data between memory and CPU. It has many bit handling instructions. Less access
time for built-in memory and I/O devices. Micro controller based system requires less
hardware reducing PCB size and increasing the reliability. Less flexible in design point of
view. It has separate memory map for data and code. More number of pins are
multifunctional.
Different types of microcontroller
Like microprocessor, the micro controllers also have a big family of micro controllers.
Different micro controllers require different support chips and resources to develop particular
micro controller system. To choose an appropriate device to meet system requirements, we
must understand differences, different options and features of various micro controllers.
Embedded Microcontrollers
When a complete hardware required to run a particular application is provided on the
micro controller chip, it is referred to as an embedded micro controller. Embedded micro
controllers only require power, reset circuit and a frequency-determining component like
crystal or ceramic resonator for clock. Embedded micro controllers communicate with
external devices with their digital I/O pins, both parallel and serial.
External memory Microcontrollers

Sometimes, for large systems, the built-in program memory and data memories are
insufficient. To overcome this problem some micro controllers allow the connection of
external memory. For the connection of external memory some parallel port pins are used as
address and data lines. Thus connecting external memory to the micro controllers reduces its
parallel input/output capabilities. Internally, address and data lines are multiplexed and need
to be separated by an external 8-bit latch and ALE signal, from the micro controller.
The 8051 family micro controllers can work very effectively as an embedded device or
with external memory. Its architecture is also very thoughtful and practical combination of
different philosophies. Before going to study architecture of 8051 we will see different
processors architectures. The ATmega328 is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 8Kbytes of flash EEPROM.
FEATURES
FEATURES OF 8051 FAMILY MICROCONTROLLER
 8-bit Central Processing Unit.

 4Kbytes of programmable Memory.
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
 Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters.
 Six Interrupt Sources.
 Programmable Full Duplex Serial Channel.
 On-chip Oscillator and Clock Circuit.
 Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF ATmega328 MICROCONTROLLER
High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture

a. 131 Powerful Instructions
b. Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
c. 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
d. Fully Static Operation
e. Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
f. On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
a. 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
b. 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
c. 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
d. Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
e. Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
f. Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
a. Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
a. Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Presale and Compare Mode

b. One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Presale, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
c. Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
d. Six PWM Channels
e. 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
• Temperature Measurement
a. 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package

b. Programmable Serial USART
c. Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
d. Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
e. Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
f. On-chip Analog Comparator
g. Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
a. Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

b. Internal Calibrated Oscillator
c. External and Internal Interrupt Sources
d. Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby, and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
a. 23 Programmable I/O Lines

b. 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

• Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C
• Speed Grade: 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:
a. Active Mode: 0.2 mA

b. Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
c. Power-save Mode: 0.75 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC)
3.3 Pin Description of ATmega328 Microcontroller:
Figure 2: Pin diagram of ATmega328 MC
1.1 Pin Descriptions

1.1.1 VCC: Digital supply voltage.
1.1.2 GND: Ground.
1.1.3 Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator
amplifier.
1.1.4 Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The PC5.0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
1.1.5 PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is un-programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this
pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock
is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter
pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
1.1.6 Port D (PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
1.1.7 AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is
used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use
digital supply voltage, VCC.
1.1.8 AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
1.1.9 ADC7:6: (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only) In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog
supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3: Stand-alone ATmega328 microcontroller
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED. We can tell your board what to do by sending
a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board.
History
It was in the year 2005 that the first ever Arduino board was born in the classrooms of the
Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Well, if you are not very familiar with the term,
an Arduino is an Open Source microcontroller based development board that has opened the
doors of electronics to a number of designers and creative engineers.
It was in the Interactive Design Institute that a hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring
design by a Colombian student named Hernando Barragan.
About Arduino
The new prototype board, the Arduino, created by Massimo Banziand other founders, is a
low cost microcontroller board that allows even a beginner to do great things in electronics.
An Arduino can be connected to all kind of lights, motors, sensors and other devices; easy-to-
learn programming language can be used to program how the new creation behaves. Using
the Arduino, you can build an interactive display or a mobile robot or anything that you can
imagine.
David A. Mellis, the lead software developer of Arduino, states that this little board has made
it possible for people to do things they wouldn’t have done otherwise.
Advantages
 Inexpensive: Pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than Microcontroller
 Cross-platform: The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-
use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
 Open source and extensible software: Same tool can be used for C, C++, AVR Code
developers.
 Open source and extensible hardware: Experienced circuit designers can make their
own version of the module, extending it and improving it.
ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO
without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few Rupees and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Component Explanations:
 Analog input Pins: Pins (A0-A5) that take-in analog values to be converted to be
represented with a number range 0-1023 through an Analog to Digital Converter
(ADC).
 ATmega328 chip: 8-bit microcontroller that processes the sketch you programmed.
 Built-in LED: In order to gain access or control of this pin, you have to change the
configuration of pin 13 where it is connected to.
 Crystal Oscillator: clock that has a frequency of 16MHz
 DC Jack: where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be

connected. It is limited to input values between 6-20V but recommended to be around
7-12V.
 Digital I/O pins: Input and output pins (0-13) of which 6 of them (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and
11) also provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output by using the analogWrite()
function. Pins (0 (RX) and 1 (TX)) are also used to transmit and receive serial data.
 ICSP Header: pins for “In-Circuit Serial Programming” which is another method of
programming.
 ON indicator: LED that lights up when the board is connected to a power source.
 Power Pins: Pins that can be used to supply a circuit with values VIN (voltage from
DC Jack), 3.3V and 5V.
 Reset Button: A button that is pressed whenever you need to restart the sketch
programmed in the board.
 USB port: Allows the user to connect with a USB cable the board to a PC to upload
sketches or provide a voltage supply to the board. This is also used for serial
communication through the serial monitor from the Arduino software.
ATmeg328 MICROCONTROLLER
Arduino Pin-Map:
Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
CHAPTER-4
SENSOR & COMPARATORS
Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical
or optical signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature,
blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically.
Criteria to choose a Sensor
There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as
given below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range - Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with
time
5. Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability - The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same
environment
CHAPTER-5
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of
messages, or information. The system which is to displays the next station information. To
establish the communication between the station and Train we using RF communication
system.
5.1 Block diagram of Communication System
Transmitter
Transmitter is the transmitting part in this block diagram. Using this system we can generate
the messages which are to be sent through this system.
Receiver
This is the Receiving part in block diagram of communication system. This can be said as the
target to which the information needs to be delivered.
Encoder
Encoder is the second element in the communication system. It performs the encoding of the
given data, which means that this system converts the messages in the form of symbols for
transmission purpose. In this system, sequences of characters are created in a special format
for an effective transmission. This encoding system is used for security purpose.
Decoder
Decoder is used to decode the encoded message and retrieve the actual message. Decoding
must be done correctly. If this part is not performed well then the message which is received
might not be correct.
This encoding and decoding will be very help full in military and mobile communications.
Channel
This is the main block in the block diagram of communication system. Noisy channel is
nothing but the medium through which the message is transmitted. Messages are conveyed
through this channel. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. Each
channel has its own frequency and different applications have different operating frequencies.
Modulation and Demodulation

Modulation is a process, in which any one of the characteristics (Amplitude, Phase, and
Frequency) of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the message signal.
Retrieving the original message signal from the Modulated signal is known as Demodulation.
5.2 GSM Technology

GSM module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS
system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension
of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a
GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication
interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer.
WIRELESS MODEMS
Figure 4: General block diagram of GSM/GPRS Module interfaced with computer

Wireless MODEMs are the MODEM devices that generate, transmit or decode data from a
cellular network, for establishing communication between the cellular network and the
computer. These are manufactured for specific cellular network (GSM/UMTS/CDMA) or
specific cellular data standard (GSM/UMTS/GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA) or technology
(GPS/SIM). Wireless MODEMs like other MODEM devices use serial communication to
interface with and need Hayes compatible AT commands for communication with the
computer (any microprocessor or microcontroller system).
GSM MODEM
Figure 5: Classification of wireless Modems
GSM MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for communication
of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also they
have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for
their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.
The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different
AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer

to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.
GSM Module
A GSM module assembles a GSM modem with standard communication interfaces like RS-
232 (Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily interfaced with a computer or a
microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The power supply circuit is also built in the
module that can be activated by using a suitable adaptor.
Figure 6: GSM Module (With serial converter port)
Mobile Station (Cell phones and SIM)

A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile station. It is
the user equipment that communicates with the mobile network. A mobile phone comprises
of Mobile Termination, Terminal Equipment and Terminal Adapter.
Figure 7: Mobile station and communication network

Mobile Termination is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a
baseband processor. It handles access to SIM, speech encoding and decoding, signaling and
other network related tasks. The Terminal Equipment is an application processor that deals
with handling operations related to keypad, screen, phone memory and other hardware and
software services embedded into the handset. The Terminal Adapter establishes
communication between the Terminal Equipment and the Mobile Termination using AT
commands. The communication with the network in a GSM/GPRS mobile is carried out by
the baseband processor.
Difference between GSM mobile and GSM module

A GSM mobile is a complete system in itself with embedded processors that are dedicated to
provide an interface between the user and the mobile network. The AT commands are served
between the processors of the mobile termination and the terminal equipment. The mobile
handset can also be equipped with a USB interface to connect with a computer, but it may or
may not support AT commands from the computer or an external processor/controller.
The GSM module, on the other hand, always needs a computer or external
processor/controller to receive AT commands from. GSM module itself does not provide any
interface between the user and the network, but the computer to which module is connected is
the interface between user and network. An advantage that GSM modules offer is that they
support concatenated SMS which may not be supported in some GSM mobile handsets. Also
some mobile handsets can’t receive MMS when connected to a computer.
Applications of GSM module

The GSM module demonstrates the use of AT commands. They can feature all the
functionalities of a mobile phone through computer like making and receiving calls, SMS,
MMS etc. These are mainly employed for computer based SMS and MMS services.
Interfacing MODEM/Mobile phone with Windows platform

The Windows (XP and lower versions) comes with an application called HyperTerminal for
data communication through serial port of the computer. The interfacing of the GSM module
with the serial port of the computer involves following steps:
 Connect RS-232 port of GSM module with the serial port of the computer. Insert a
SIM card in the module.
 Open HyperTerminal from Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Communications
-> HyperTerminal.
 Enter a name for the connection and press OK.
 Now select the communication port (COM) at which GSM module is connected.
 Create a new connection set on HyperTerminal. Set parameters, like baud rate as
9600, handshaking mode as none, parity bit as none, stop bit as 1 and data bit as 8.
AT Commands
AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for Attention. These
commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart modems. The
Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the MODEM. The dial up
and wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine to machine communication) need AT
commands to interact with a computer. These include the Hayes command set as a subset,
along with other extended AT commands.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to access following
information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM
card.
2. SMS services.
3. MMS services.
4. Fax services.
5. Data and Voice link over mobile network.
The Hayes subset commands are called the basic commands and the commands specific to a
GSM network are called extended AT commands.
Command, Information response and Result Codes:

The AT commands are sent by the computer to the MODEM/ mobile phone. The MODEM
sends back an Information Response i.e. the information requested by or pertaining to the
action initiated by the AT command. This is followed by a Result Code. The result code tells
about the successful execution of that command.
Figure 8: Execution of AT commands
There are alsounsolicited Result Codes that are returned automatically by the MODEM to
notify the occurrence of an event. For example the reception of a SMS will force MODEM to
return an unsolicited result code.
AT commands' syntax
Case Sensitivity:
The AT commands are generally used in uppercase letters. However some MODEMs and
mobile phones allow both uppercase and small case letters.
Single Command:
The AT commands include a prefix AT which indicates the beginning of the command to
MODEM; and a carriage return which indicates the end of the command.
Figure 9: AT Command syntax
However string ‘AT’ itself is not the part of the command. For example in ATD, D is the
command name not ATD.
The extended AT commands have a ‘+’ in the command name.
For example: AT+CGMI<Carriage return>
Command Line:
Multiple AT commands can be sent to MODEM in a single command line. The commands in
a line are separated by a semi-colon (;).
For
Figure 10: Command line format
example: AT+CGMI; +CBS<Carriage return>
String in Command Line:

Strings in a command line are enclosed in double quotes.
For example: AT+CGML=”ALL”<Carriage return>
Information Response and Result Code:

The Information Response and Result Codes, returned by the MODEM, have a carriage
return and line feed in the beginning as well as at the end.
For
Figure 11: Information response/Result code
example:
<Carriage return><Line feed>OK<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>ERROR<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>+CBC: 0, 60<Carriage return><Line feed> etc.
Sequence of Execution:
In the command line, the command appearing first is executed first. The execution then
follows for second appeared command and so on. The execution of commands in a command
line takes place in sequential manner. If an error occurs in the execution of a command, an
error result code is returned by the MODEM and the execution of the command line is
terminated irrespective of presence of other commands next in the command line.
Types of commands:
There are four types of AT commands:
1) Test commands
2) Read commands
3) Set commands
4) Execution commands
For more details, see AT Commands.
Different Result Codes:

RESULT CODE DESCRIPTION

OK Successful Execution of a command
ERROR Execution of a command failed
+CMS ERROR Message service failure, is returned with an error code
Unsolicited Result Codes

+CDS Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message to computer
+CDSI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its
location in memory to computer
+CMT Notify forwarding of a new SMS to computer
+CMTI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its
location in memory to computer
GPS Technology:
PS technology became a reality through the efforts of the American military, which
established a satellite-based navigation system consisting of a network of 24 satellites
orbiting the earth. GPS is also known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation System for Timing and
Ranging).
GPS works all across the world and in all weather conditions, thus helping users track
locations, objects, and even individuals! GPS technology can be used by any person if they
have a GPS receiver.
Structure of GPS
The GPS system comprises of three parts: Space segment, User segment and Control
segment. The diagram of the structure of GPS is given below.
 Space segment: The satellites are the heart of the Global positioning system which helps
to locate the position by broadcasting the signal used by the receiver. The signals are
blocked when they travel through buildings, mountains, and people. To calculate the
position, the signals of four satellites should be locked. You need to keep moving around
to get clear reception.
 User segment:This segment includes military and civilian users. It comprises of a

sensitive receiver which can detect signals (power of the signal to be less than a
quadrillionth power of a light bulb) and a computer to convert the data into useful
information. GPS receiver helps to locate your own position but disallows you being
tracked by someone else.
 Control segment: This helps the entire system to work efficiently. It is essential that the
transmission signals have to be updated and the satellites should be kept in their
appropriate orbits.
Working
The GPS satellites rotate twice a day around the earth in a specific orbit. These satellites
transmit signal information to earth. This signal information is received by the GPS receiver
in order to measure the user’s correct position. The GPS receiver compares the time a satellite
transmits the signal with the time the signal is received. The time difference calculated
enables us to know the distance of the satellite. By measuring the distance of few more
satellites, the user’s position can be verified and displayed on the unit’s electronic map.
To measure 2D position and track movement, the GPS receiver must lock the signal of three
satellites. The receiver can measure 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude) if the GPS
receiver locks the signal of four or more satellites.
On determining the position of the user, the unit of GPS can measure speed, trip distance,
bearing, distance to destination, tack, time of sunrise and sunset, etc.
RF TXR/RXR
Communication
Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which
corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio
signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations;
RF Module (Transmitter & Receiver)
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known
as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals
through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications.
Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there
is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and
reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals
which are affected by other IR emitting sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The

transmitter/receiver (TX/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz an RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at
pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received
by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for
encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-
HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.
RF Modules Pin description

RF Transmitter Interfaced with Encoder

RF Receiver Interfaced with decoder

CHAPTER-6
HARDWARE IMPLIMANTATION
6.1 Regulated Power Supply Unit
Definition:
A power supply (sometimes known as a regulated power supply unit or RPSU) is a device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads.
The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical
ones, and rarely to others.
6.1.1 Block diagram
Figure 12: Block diagram of Regulated Power supply Unit

 The first section is the transformer. The transformer steps up or steps down the input
line voltage and isolates the power supply from the power line.
 The rectifier section converts the alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct
current. However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc is not
desirable.
 For this reason a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more
desirable form of dc voltage.
 78xx chip family gives different output voltage as regulator. The last numbers in the
chip code tells the output voltage.
More Output Current

If you need more than 150 ma of output current, you can update the output current up to 1A
doing the following modifications:
 Change the transformer from where you take the power to the circuit to a model
which can give as much current as you need from output.
 Put a heat sink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does not overheat because of the
extra losses in the regulator)
Other Output Voltages

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family.
The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage
must be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not
work well.
6.1.2 Circuit description
Figure
Figure13:
14:Schematic/Circuit
Schematic/Circuitdiagram
diagramofof+12V
+5V RPS
RPS
Brief summery
 Output Voltages: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of
100 ma
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator
IC gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, We used this circuit successfully
as part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 ma
 Component costs: Few rupees for the electronics components + the input transformer
cost.
1) TRANSFORMER:
A step-down type transformer is used to reduce the mains voltages to a suitable low
voltage. It is a device, which transforms the 230 volts 50 Hz, A.C mains voltage, to required
small voltages. Our design uses a full wave bridge rectifier with a center-tapped transformer,
to obtain dual-tracking voltages i.e., to get +Ve and –Ve voltages with respect to ground. A
transformer with a power output rated at at-lest 15 VA should be used. If the transformer is
rated by output RMS-current then the value should be divided by 1.2 to get the current,
which can be supplied. For example, in this case a 1A RMS can deliver 1/ (1.2) or 830 ma.
2) RECTIFIER:
The rectifier is built using power diodes. For the maximum efficiency and low ripple, a full
wave or a bridge configuration is always preferred. The diodes chosen should have a peak
inverse voltage of at-least 200 volts. For safety, the diode voltage rating should be at-least 3
to 4 times that of the transformer secondary voltage. The current rating of the diodes should
be twice the maximum load current.
3) FILTER:
The purpose of the filter is to eliminate the ripple from the rectified D.C voltage. Capacitor
filter has been used in this design from the viewpoint of compactness and economy. Though
very simple, capacitor filters provide excellent filtering action. The residual amount of ripple
is determined by the value of the filter capacitor: the larger the value the smaller is the ripple.
The 2200 uf is a suitable value for most of the requirements. The other consideration in
choosing the correct capacitor is its voltage rating. The working voltage of the capacitor has
to be greater than the peak output voltage of the rectifier. For example, for an 18 V supply,
the peak output voltage is 1.4 X 18V =25V. So a capacitor with working voltage greater than
25V is required.
Filter design equations:
4) REGULATOR:
There are many designs possible for a voltage regulator. Many conventional regulators are
best suited for constant voltage supply, but the number of discrete components and circuit
design makes it not much an attractive choice, especially for the dual tracking type power
supplies.
Fixed voltage regulator, which are very much efficient, compact and economic are available
as three terminal regulator chips. These chips needs no external components and provide up
to 1A current and operate well, even under worst situations of line, load and temperature. The
78XX series are the positive fixed voltage regulators, with its output voltage specified by the
last two digits. Similarly the 79XX series are the negative fixed voltage regulators.
6.3 PCB Layout design & Fabrication

A Printed Circuit Board doesn’t just connect electrical components using etched copper
pathways, but also provides mechanical strength to it. Printed Circuit Boards, or more
appropriately, Printed Wiring Boards are found in almost all of the commercial products as a
packaging medium as building blocks. PCBs are a composite of organic and/or inorganic
dielectric materials with many layers with wiring interconnects and als
o house components like inductors and capacitors. There isn’t any standard printing board as
such and each board is unique, often a function of the product itself. There are industry
standards for almost every aspect of PCB design, controlled by IPC, for example the IPC-
2221, ‘Generic Standard on Printed Board Design’.
History
PCBs have evolved from the electrical connection systems developed in the 1850s. The first
patents on Printed Wires were issued in 1903. Albert Hanson explained a layered structure of
foil conductors laminated to insulation boards. Arthur Berry patented a ‘Print-and-Etch’
method in 1913 and Max Schoop patented Flame Spraying metal onto a board via a mask.
Thomas Edison had experimented with chemicals for plating conductors on linen paper way
back in 1904, but the method of electroplating circuit patterns was finally successfully
patented to Charles Durcase in the year 1927. Charles Ducas had earlier patented a technique
of creating electrical paths directly using stencils and electrically conductive ink in 1925.
World War II saw the invention of circuit boards that could withstand gunshots. But, the
credit of developing the first PCB is given to Paul Eisler in 1943, for developing a method of
etching conductive circuits on copper foil bonded to a non-conductive base reinforced by
glass. The method remained dormant until late 50s when the transistors were introduced for
commercial use. The presence of wire leads on electronic components led to the development
of ‘Through Hole’ technology where holes were drilled into the PCB and the components
soldered on to the board at those points. It was patented by a U.S. firm Hazeltyne in 1961.
However, this process being slightly expensive and wasteful as the extra wire is cut off and
not used much. Nowadays, ‘surface mount’ technology is gaining impetus as the demand for
smaller, high density circuits is increasing.
Types of PCBs
A PCB can be of four types: rigid boards, flexible and rigid-flex boards, metal-core boards
and injection molded boards out of which the rigid board is the most popular. Further these
may be single sided, double sided or multilayered. The mechanical, electrical, chemical and
thermal properties of the material should be considered while making PCBs otherwise the
reliability of the board suffers. Presently, copper-clad laminates of different reinforced resin
systems are used in rigid boards. Examples include Fire resistant FR-4 epoxies, PTFE,
cyanate esters, ployimides etc. Most commonly used reinforcement material is continuous
filament E-Glass. Flexible and rigid flex-boards have random arrangements of conductors on
a flexible base and may be with/without cover layers. Here, the wiring is restricted to select
areas of the plane. In case of constraining metal core technology, the PCB can be of standard
materials but the core materials must have low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and
strength to constrain the PCB. Copper-Invar-Copper and Copper-Molybdenum-Copper are
two popular materials for this purpose. Molded boards have resins containing fillers which
are molded into a die to form the required shapes.
Before anything is drawn onto the PCB, it first has to be designed and verified by means of
simulation. The design process is hierarchical in nature and may follow either one of the two
approaches:
1. Top-Down Design. 2. Bottom-Up Design
Design flow
Throughout the manufacturing process of a PCB, visual and electrical inspection is carried
out to locate any flaws that might have crept in due to process automation like ‘Tombstone
effect’ when the solder is heated too quickly and one end of the component lifts up from the
board failing to make contact, or excess flow of solder or bridging. Even after the
manufacturing process, the boards are tested for the output levels under varying conditions of
environment, stress and strain.
Back in the olden days, when PCBs had just been introduced, military was the chief
consumer. But as the technology progressed and as the need grew, more and more interest
was diverted towards better PCBs and as of today, they serve as the base for a multitude of
components, gadgets and devices ranging from ever innovating computers and cell phones to
basic equipment’s like television, radio and toys for children. Soon there are going to be more
mobile phones than there are people in this world and the trend will continue to rise. This
might be a convenience to the users, but isn’t without hazards either, combating which offers
great scope for people from diverse fields.
PCB Manufacturing
Artwork is generated by sending the design files in a particular format to plotters and
transparencies for PCB manufacturing are produced. After this the manufacturing of the PCB
commences. There are mainly five standard technologies used in PCB manufacturing:
1. Machining
This includes drilling, punching holes and routing on a PCB with standard existent
machinery and also new technologies like laser and water jet cutting. The strength of
the board needs to be taken into account while machining for accurate hole diameters.
Small holes make this method costly and less reliable due to reduced aspect ratio and
also making plating difficult.
2. Imaging
This step transfers the circuit artwork onto individual layers. Single sided or double
sided PCBs may use simple Screen Printing technology for creating the patterns on a
print-and-etch basis. But this has a limitation on the minimum line width achievable.
For fine line boards and multilayer boards, Photo imaging is used which may be
applied by flood screen printing, dip coating, Electrophoresis, roller laminating or
liquid roller coating. Recently, direct laser imaging and liquid crystal light valve
imaging have also been employed for the same.
3. Laminating
This process is mainly used for manufacturing multilayer boards, or the base
laminates of single/double sided boards. B-stage epoxy resin impregnated glass sheets
are pressed between layers using hydraulic press to bond the layers together. The
pressing may be cold, hot, vacuum assisted or vacuum autoclave nominated offering
close control on dielectrics and thickness.
4. Plating
It is basically the metallization process which may be brought about either by wet
chemical processes like electro less plating and electrolytic plating or dry processes
like sputtering and CVD. While electro less plating offers high aspect ratios and no
external current thus forming the core of additive technology, electrolytic plating is
the preferred method for bulk metallization. Recent developments like the plasma
processing offer greater efficiency and quality while taxing less on the environment.
5. Etching
The removal of unwanted metal and dielectric from the board takes place by either
dry or wet processes. The uniformity of etching is the prime concern in this stage and
to extend the fine line etching capabilities, new anisotropic etching solutions are being
developed.
CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
Installing ARDUINO IDE

To install the Arduino IDE for Windows, follow these instructions:
1. Download .exe file from website: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software/
2. Once the download is complete, double-click the file, and extract it. (Usually the file
is downloaded in .zip format)
3. The extracted “Arduino” named folder is to be copy and paste it into C-Drive, and
Open the folder, if you wish create the shortcut of Arduino.exe file on your desktop.
Installing DRIVERS
The next task is to install the drivers for your Arduino board’s USB interface.
1. Connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable. After a few moments an error
message will be displayed, which will say something like “Device driver software not
successfully installed.” Just close that dialog or balloon.
2. Navigate to the Windows Control Panel. Open the Device Manager and scroll down
until you see the ports or Arduino,
3. Right-click Arduino Uno under Other Devices and select Update Driver Software.
Then, select browse option and update the drivers.
Taking a look Around the IDE
The IDE is divided into three main areas: the command area, the text area, and the message
window area.
The Command
Area
The command area includes the title bar, menu items, and icons. The title bar displays the
sketch’s filename. Below this is a series of menu items (File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and Help)
and icons.
The Icons
Below the menu toolbar are six icons. Mouse over each icon to display its name. The
icons, from left to right, are as follows:
1. Verify: Click this to check that the Arduino sketch is valid and doesn’t
contain any programming mistakes.
2. Upload: Click this to verify and then upload your sketch to the Arduino board.
3. New: Click this to open a new blank sketch in a new window.
4. Open: Click this to open a saved sketch. Save Click this to save the open
sketch.
5. Serial Monitor: Click this to open a new window for use in sending and
receiving data between your Arduino and the IDE.
The Text Area
The actual code is written in this block.
The Message Window Area

The message window area is shown at the bottom side. Messages from the IDE appear in the
black area. The messages you see will vary and will include messages about verifying
sketches, status updates, and so on.
ADVANTAGES
 Compact in size.
 Wireless connectivity.
 Easy and fast to install.
 Easy Maintenance
 Low cost with high performance.
 Works round the clock.
 Fast response.
 Environmental friendly system.
 Easy to carry
4. APPLICATIONS
 Provide parents with a sense of security for their child in today's time.
Can be used for the safety of physically challenged & elderly aged people.
 Used for tracking soldiers.
Ensures women’s safety.
Can be used for tracking pets or wild animals.
Live location tracking.Can be used as a legal evidence of crime with exact location
information for prosecution.
4. FUTURE WORKS
We can also implement this in android watches, attached to other IoT concepts like home
security, structural health, city energy consumption, smart lighting and so on.
SYSTEM OUTPUT AND DISCUSSION
System will start to work as soon as the user activates the push button located on pendant or
at the right shoe. The system will send an SOS alert SMS to 5 prestored numbers using the
GSM module used in this device. In figure it can be seen that the device sends a message
‘PLZ HELP ME’ to 5 numbers as stored by the user along with the latitude and longitude
value of the present location of the victim. In this device victim’s real time location can be
tracked and traced.
It is possible if the show receives ‘Send.Loc’ message from any of the 5 pre-stored numbers.
In revert to that SMS the device or the show will send its real time location, so that it can be
tracked in a real time manner. The message also comprises the Google Map [14] link with
which the receiver of the message can easily find the location of the victim using Google map
[14] just in a click. In figure the Google map view can be seen. The device is also capable of
calling, using the GSM module
CONCLUSION
This smart safety shoe for women is a ready to use device for day to day use of women. As
far as the extent of the knowledge of both the authors, no such off the shelf and ready to use
device is present which can be used by women for safety purpose. In this device no such
complex charging circuit is needed, nor any kind of wires can be seen from outside. The sole
motive of this work has been to deliver a ready to avail and portable solution for smart
women safety device.
REFERENCES
[1] Shreyas R.S, Varun B.C, Shiva Kumar H. K, Punith Kumar B.E, Kalpavi, C. Y. (2016), “
Design And Development of Woman Self Defence Smart Watch Prototype”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue.
4, pp. 1179 – 1185.
[2] Wearable Technology: The bra designed to shock attackers BBC News, retrieved date:
September, 2020, [Online], Available: https://www.bbc.com/ news/ business-221 10443,
[3] BasavarajChogula, ArchanaNaik, Monika Monu, PriyaPatil, Priyanka Das. (2014),“Smart

Girls Security System”, International Journal of Application on Innovation in Engineering
and Management, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, pp. 281-284.
[4] Vishesh Sharma, YatiTomar, D. Vydeki, (2019) “Smart Shoe For Women Safety”, In
Proceedings of 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Awareness Science and
Technology (iCAST), DOI No: 10.1109/ ICAwST.2019.8923204 Optimization Techniques
(ICEEOT), DOI No: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755365
[6] Remya George, AnjalyCherian. V, Annet Antony, HarshaSebestian, Mishal Antony,

Rosemary Babu. T, (2014) “An Intelligent Security System for Violence against Women in
Public Places”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol. 3,
Issue. 4, pp. 64-68.
[7] NishantBharadwaj, NitishAggarwal, (2014) “Design and Development of Suraksha – A

Women Safety Device”, International Journal of Information and Computation Technology,
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ARDUINO BASED SMART SHOE SYSTEM FOR WOMEN SAFETY, DEFENSE AND INTEGRATED

ARDUINO BASED SMART SHOE SYSTEM FOR WOMEN SAFETY, DEFENSE

The literature survey of some existing systems is done:

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

To complete our project, we require some software as well as some hardware.

1.1. Required Software:

1.2 Required Hardware:

2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION:

2.3 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328

2.4 RF TX & RX MODULE

2.5 GPS MODULE

2.7 LCD (16X2) DISPLAY

EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS COUNTER INPUTS

Figure 1: Block diagram of 8051 family microcontroller

There are few more advantages of built-in peripherals:

3.2 Comparison between Microprocessor and Micro controller

Different types of microcontroller

External memory Microcontrollers

 8-bit Central Processing Unit.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF ATmega328 MICROCONTROLLER

High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

a. 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

a. Programming Lock for Software Security

a. Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Presale and Compare Mode

a. 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package

• Special Microcontroller Features

a. Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

• I/O and Packages

a. 23 Programmable I/O Lines

• Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

• Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C

• Speed Grade: 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V

• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:

a. Active Mode: 0.2 mA

3.3 Pin Description of ATmega328 Microcontroller:

Figure 2: Pin diagram of ATmega328 MC

1.1 Pin Descriptions

1.1.1 VCC: Digital supply voltage.

1.1.2 GND: Ground.

1.1.3 Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

1.1.4 Port C (PC5:0)

1.1.6 Port D (PD7:0)

Figure 3: Stand-alone ATmega328 microcontroller

ARDUINO UNO BOARD

 DC Jack: where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be

5.1 Block diagram of Communication System

Modulation and Demodulation

5.2 GSM Technology

Figure 4: General block diagram of GSM/GPRS Module interfaced with computer

Figure 5: Classification of wireless Modems

1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer

Figure 6: GSM Module (With serial converter port)

Mobile Station (Cell phones and SIM)

Figure 7: Mobile station and communication network

Difference between GSM mobile and GSM module

Applications of GSM module