Computer Network Lab

Hyderabad Karnataka Education Society’s (HKE’S)

POOJYA DODDAPPA APPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KALABURAGI -585102
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Aiwan-E-Shahi Area,Kalaburagi,Karnataka 585102)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

COMPUTER NETWORK LAB MANUAL

Prepared By

Dr. Soumya M Anakal

Smt Jayanti K
Sri Prashant Devani
Sri Keval Andola
 Computer Network Lab

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To become a premier department in computer education, research and to prepare highly competent IT
professionals to serve industry and society at local and global levels.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To impart high quality professional education to become a leader in Computer Science and
Engineering.
 To achieve excellence in research for contributing to the development of the society.
 To inculcate professional and ethical behaviour to serve the industry.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO1: To prepare graduates with core competencies in mathematical and

engineering fundamentals to solve and analyze Computer Science and
Engineering problems.

PEO2: To adapt to evolving technologies and tools for serving the society.

PEO3: To perform as team leader, effective communicator and socially responsible

computer professional in multidisciplinary fields following ethical values.
PEO4: To encourage students to pursue higher studies, engage in research and to
become entrepreneurs.
 Computer Network Lab
Rubrics for Assessment of Student’s Performance in Laboratory: Evaluation Criteria
for each Experiment:
Evaluation criteria for each lab Courses is as follows
Evaluation Weightage in Weightage in
Sl.No
Criteria percentage Marks
Conduct of
1 60% 30
Experiments
Open-ended
2 20% 10
Experiments
Internal
3 20% 10
Assessments

Conduct of Experimental work: Thirty marks is distributed among all the experiments in the lab
courses

Marking Criteria for conduct of experimental work

Marking Criteria for Conduct of experimental work

3 2 1

Student is able to Student can develop

develop a solution solution with Student can implement

to implement and moderate the solution without

understand understanding of the involvement

applications of the concept

concept

Marking Criteria for open ended experiment:

Marking Criteria for Open Ended Experiment

10-8 5-7 1-4
 Computer Network Lab
Student is able to Student is able to Student is able to
successfully find the design and develop identify, define and
solution and analyze the solution for understand the problem
efficiently. identified problem

Evaluation of Open End Experiment::The purpose Open Ended

Experiment is enabling the students to apply theoretical concepts to
develop real world applications.

Marking Criteria for internal Assessment test

Internal Assessments:Two Internal Assessments tests are conducted each carrying five marks based
on the lab experiments within the lab

Marking criterion for Internal Assessment Tests

5 4 3 2 1
Student is able Student is Student is Student is able to
to Student is able to able able to write the program
successfully successfully to execute the write the
execute and execute and programs program
Interpret interpret results and
results and execute
develop partially
alternative
Solutions
 Computer Network Lab
Table of Contents

S.No Experiments

Module I

a. Experimental Study of various network components and

1. devices(StudyCAT6UTPEIA/TIA568A/Bstraightandcross-overcable,
crimpandtest and/verifyits connectivity).
b. Install and configure wired and wireless NIC . Demonstrate file transfer in
wired and wireless LAN.
c. Installandconfigurenetworkdeviceslikehub, switch,androuter

2 Use CISCO packet tracer to

a. Build a Local Area Network of 4 to 6 nodes using hub /repeater.

b. Build a peer to peer network
Module II
1. Implement sliding window protocol
2. Implement go backN protocol
Module III
1. Install & Configure network devices switch
Use CISCO packet tracer to
a. Build a local area network of 4 to 6 nodes using switch
2. b. Build a local area network of 4 to 6 nodes using hub & a switch & Study the
differences between repeater,hub & Switch
c. Identify Broadcast & Collision Domain
3. Use wireshark to examine Ethernet packets and ARP packets
4. To study Performance of CSMA/CD Prtocol
Module IV

1. Install & configure network devices routers

Use Cisco packet tracer to

a. Design and apply IP addressing scheme for a given topology
2.
b. Connect two or three LAN’s via a router. Trace how routing happens via
Simulation, and study the working of router.
 Computer Network Lab
c. Design multiple subnets with suitable number of hosts
d. Demonstrate static routing and dynamic routing for given topology
e. Configure DHCP server
f. Create subnets , Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway in a
LAN
g. Configure RIP/OSPF
Use Wireshark to
a. analyze IP Datagram and IP fragmentation received during the execution of
3.
trace route command.
b. Run ping command and examine ICMP packets using wireshark
Module V
Use wireshark to
1. a. Examine UDP and TCP ports and handshake segments
b. Use packet tracer to configure DHCP server, DNS server, SMTP server
2. Implement client server program in C/Java

Course Outcomes

After successful completions of the course the students will be able:

 Demonstratetheuseofdifferentnetworkcablingcomponentsand devices
 AnalysisperformanceofLANandwirelessLAN
 Illustratebasicnetworksutilitiesanddemonstrateclientserver communication.
 Demonstrateworkingofroutingalgorithms.
 Performpacketcaptureanalysisthepacketcontents.

SOFTWARES USED: CISCOpackettracer. Wireshark & C/Java

 Computer Network Lab
MODULE : I
1. Study of various network components devices
Network Devices : Network devices, also known as networking hardware, are
physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and
interact with one another. For example Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers,
Gateway, router, and NIC, etc.

AIM : - Familiarization with Networking components and devices: LAN Adapters

,Hub, Switches, Routers.

LAN ADAPTERS: - A LAN adapter is a device used to allow a compu ter to interface
with a network. Many computers may have some sort of LAN adapter already
installed, but others may require a special installation, which is accomplished by
adding a network interface card to the system or possibly connecting the adapter
to a USB port. Most networks that are used in an office or home environment are
known as local area

SWITCHES: - A network switch is a computer networking device that links network

segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi - port network
bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI
model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3) and
above are often called layer - 3 switches or multilayer switches. A switch is a
telecommunica tion device which receives a message from any device connected
 Computer Network Lab

to it and then transmits the message only to the device for which the message
was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a hub (which
receives a message and then transmits it to all the other devices on its network).
The network switch plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local area
networks (LANs).

HUB : - A special type of network device called the hub can be fo und in many
home and small business networks. Hub is a small rectangular box, often made of
plastic that receives its power from an ordinary wall outlet. A hub joins multiple
computers (or other network devices) together to form a single network segment.

Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their
IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally
connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on
which they make decisions on routing the data packets. The router divides the
broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
 Computer Network Lab

1 A) Study different network cables and prepare , test straight over

and cross over cabling using crimping tool.

1. Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables contain a c entre conductor and a metal shield insulated by a plastic
layer placed in between. The metal shield in coaxial cables blocks any elements or
interferences from the outside.

In a coaxial cable, the outer layer, known as sheath, protects the cable from
physical damage. Meanwhile, the metal shield protects the cable from any
external interference, and the insulation between the metal shield and the
conductor protects the conductor – the core of the coaxial cable.

Coaxial cable conductors carry electromagnetic signals and can come either in
single - core or multi - core models. While a single - core coaxial cable has only one
central metal, multi - core cables have many metal wires.

Coaxial cables were used in the earlier days of computer networks.

 Computer Network Lab

2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables

These ethernet cables, also known as STP cables, are widely used for business
installations. They were developed for computer networks and are an excellent
choice for areas with high interference. Shielded tw isted pair cables are also used
to expand any distance between cables.

STP cables consist of coloured wires twisted around one another, forming pairs.
Usually, shielded twisted pair cables are composed of four colourful pairs of wires
wrapped with metal sh ields and a singular plastic sheath.

3. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables

Unshielded twisted pair cables, or UTP cables, are widely used in industrial
computers and telecommunication companies. The conductors present in UTP
cables form a circuit that stops any EMI. Similarly to STP cables, unshielded
twisted pairs are colourful wires wrapped around each other and then wrapped
altogether in a plastic sheath.

When compared to STP cables, UTP cables are more affordable.

4. Fibre Optic Cables

Fibre optic cables are networking cables that contain either a glass or a plastic
core, shielded by a cladding, a buffer and a jacket. These layers protect fibre optic
cables from potential damage and from external interference. This networking
cable is the perfect choice f or carrying data around long distances and the
standard cable for connecting networks in different locations.

Fibre optic cables can be single - mode fibre or multi - mode fibre. SMF cables
support longer distances, while MMF cables carry more data.
 Computer Network Lab

Types of cabling
Standard Cabling:
1. 10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP
category-5
cable for both modes.
2. A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub

Cross Cabling:
A cross cable is used to connect 2 computers directly (with ONLY the UTP cable).
It is also used
 Computer Network Lab

then you connect 2 hubs with a normal port on both hubs

Cable Crimping steps:

1. Remove the out most vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we cal l this
side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire
arrangement.
 Computer Network Lab

4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B -side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable.
IO connector crimping: Run the full length of Ethernet cable in place,
from
endpoint to endpoint,
making sure to leave excess.
At one end, cut the wire to length leaving enough length to work, but not too
much
excess. Strip off about 2 inches of the Eth ernet cable sheath.
Align each of the colored wires according to the layout of the
jack. Use the punch down tool to insert each wire into the jack.
Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45jack.
Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester:
Step 1 : Skin off the cable jacket 3.0 cm long cable stripper up to cable11
Step 2: Untwist each pair and straighten each wire 190 0 1.5 cm long.
Step 3 : Cut all the wires
Step4:Insert the wires into the RJ45connector right white orange left brown the
pins facing up
Step 5 : Place the connector into a crimping tool, and squeeze hard so that the
handle reaches its
full swing.
Step6:Use a cable tester to test for proper continuity

Result:
Cable Crimping, Standard Cabling and Cross Cabling, IO connector crimping
and testing the
crimped cable using a cable tester are done successfully
 Computer Network Lab

1 B. Install and configure wired and wireless NIC. Demonstrate file

transfer in wired and wireless LAN.

NICs (Network Interface Card):Network Interface Card, or NIC is a hard ware

card installed
in a computer so it can communicate on a network. The network adapter provides
one or more
ports for the network cable to connect to, and it transmits and receives data onto the
network
cable.

Procedure:
(a) Install the network card:
Disconnect all cables connected to the computer and open the case. Locate an
available PCI slot (white slots) and insert the network card and secure the card with
the screw that came with it. Once the adapter has been installed and secured close the
computer case, connect all the cables and turn it on.

After installing the adapter driver it should be working find, now let’s configure the
card for use on a network.

Click on the Start button and select Settings then Control

Panel. Double click on the System icon

Click on the hard ware tab.

Click on Device Manager.

You will see a list of devices installed in your computer.

If necessary, click on the +sign next to Network Adapters to expand the list.
Ensure that there is no yellow exclamation mark (!) next to the Network Adapter.
This indicates a possible problem with the card or configuration.
Double click on your network driver (e.g. NE2000 Compatible).

In the Device Status box you should see the message:

This Device is working correctly.
 Computer Network Lab

If you do not see this message or if there is no Network Adapter displayed, then
your Ethernet card will probably need configuring.

Wireless LAN in cisco:

Result:
Installation and configuration of Wired and Wireless (remotely) NIC and transfer
files between systems in LAN and Wireless LAN between two systems in a LAN
have been done successfully
 Computer Network Lab

1 C. Install and configure network devices HUB

INSTALLING HUB STEPS:
1 Stacking Hubs (if you are using more than one hub)
2 Connecting Hubs (if you are using more than one hub)
3 Connecting the Power and Turning the Hub On
4. Connecting Other Network Devices to the Hub
5 Connecting the CONSOLE Port (Micro Hub 1503 only)

CONFIGURE STEPS:
1. Open the Control Panel from the Windows® icon in the lower left corner of
your monitor.
In the Control Panel window, make sure View by is set to Category.
2. Click Network and Internet.
 Computer Network Lab

3. Click Network and Sharing Center.

4. Click Change adapter settings in the left pane.

 Computer Network Lab

5. On the Networking tab, clear Clients for Microsoft Networks and File and
Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks. These services can cause intermittent
connection problems with USRP™ radios. To configure the IP address, double-
click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).

6. On the General tab, the default setting is typically set to Obtain an IP address
automatically.
 Computer Network Lab

7. NOW press Windows + R and PING the system and you can share the files also

Computer-1 After Ping

Computer-2 After Ping

 Computer Network Lab

2. Use Cisco packet tracer to

2A. Build a local area network of 4 to 6 nodes using Hub/
Repeater

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer:

 Launch Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Create a New Project:
 Start a new project by clicking on "File" > "New" or by pressing Ctrl + N.
3. Select Devices:
 Drag and drop a hub or a repeater from the "Connectivity" section of the device list onto the workspace.
4. Connect Devices to the Hub/Repeater:
 Drag and drop PCs or laptops from the "End Devices" section of the device list onto the workspace.
 Connect each PC or laptop to the hub or repeater by clicking on the appropriate interface on the
hub/repeater and then clicking on the interface of the PC or laptop.
5. Assign IP Addresses (Optional):
 If you want to assign IP addresses to the devices, click on each device to open its configuration window.
 Navigate to the "Config" tab and assign IP addresses to each device according to your network
requirements.
6. Configure Interfaces (Optional):
 If needed, configure the interfaces on the hub or repeater. However, hubs and repeaters typically do not
require any configuration as they operate at the physical layer.
7. Verify Connectivity:
 Once the connections are made and devices are configured (if necessary), verify connectivity between
the devices by sending ping commands between them.
 Click on a PC or laptop, go to the "Desktop" tab, open the Command Prompt or Terminal, and use the
ping command to test connectivity to other devices in the network.
8. Save Your Project:
 Computer Network Lab
 Save your project by clicking on "File" > "Save As" and providing a name for your project.
9. Optional: Add Switches or Routers (Advanced):
 If you want to expand your network or add more complexity, you can replace the hub or repeater with a
switch or router and connect devices accordingly. This step is optional and depends on your network
requirements.
10. Simulation (Optional):
 You can simulate the network to observe how traffic flows through the network and troubleshoot any
issues that arise. Click on the "Simulation" tab and start the simulation to observe network behavior.

2B. Build a Peer to Peer network

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer:

 Launch Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Create a New Project:
 Start a new project by clicking on "File" > "New" or by pressing Ctrl + N.
3. Select End Devices:
 Drag and drop PCs or laptops from the "End Devices" section of the device list onto the
workspace.
 You can add as many PCs or laptops as needed for your peer-to-peer network.
4. Connect Devices:
 Connect each PC or laptop to the others using straight-through Ethernet cables.
 Click on the appropriate Ethernet port on one device, then click on the Ethernet port of the
device you want to connect it to.
5. Assign IP Addresses:
 Optionally, you can assign IP addresses to each device to enable communication between
them.
 Computer Network Lab
 Click on each PC or laptop to open its configuration window.
 Navigate to the "Config" tab and assign IP addresses to each device. Make sure they are on
the same subnet.
 Alternatively, you can leave the devices to obtain IP addresses automatically using DHCP.
6. Configure Interfaces (Optional):
 Since this is a peer-to-peer network, there are no intermediate devices like routers or
switches that require configuration.
7. Verify Connectivity:
 Once the connections are made and devices are configured (if necessary), verify
connectivity between the devices by sending ping commands between them.
 Click on a PC or laptop, go to the "Desktop" tab, open the Command Prompt or Terminal,
and use the ping command to test connectivity to other devices in the network.
8. Save Your Project:
 Save your project by clicking on "File" > "Save As" and providing a name for your project.
9. Simulation (Optional):
 You can simulate the network to observe how traffic flows through the network and
troubleshoot any issues that arise. Click on the "Simulation" tab and start the simulation to
observe network behavior.

MODULE : II
1. Implement sliding window protocol

To implement the sliding window protocol in a simulated network environment, we'll use
Cisco Packet Tracer to demonstrate the basic concepts. The sliding window protocol is a
technique used in computer networks for reliable and efficient data transmission between
sender and receiver.

1. Sliding window Protocol

#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
intw,i,f,frames[50];

printf("Enter window size: ");

scanf("%d",&w);

printf("\nEnter number of frames to transmit: ");

scanf("%d",&f);

printf("\nEnter %d frames: ",f);

 Computer Network Lab
for(i=1;i<=f;i++)
scanf("%d",&frames[i]);

printf("\nWith sliding window protocol the frames will be sent

in the following manner (assuming no corruption of frames)\n\n");
printf("After sending %d frames at each stage sender waits for
acknowledgement sent by the receiver\n\n",w);

for(i=1;i<=f;i++)
{
if(i%w==0)
{
printf("%d\n",frames[i]);
printf("Acknowledgement of above frames sent is
received by sender\n\n");
}
else
printf("%d ",frames[i]);
}

if(f%w!=0)
printf("\nAcknowledgement of above frames sent is received
by sender\n");

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
Enter window size: 2

Enter number of frames to transmit: 5

Enter 5 frames: 1
2
3
4
5

With sliding window protocol the frames will be sent in the following manner (assuming
no corruption of frames)

After sending 2 frames at each stage sender waits for acknowledgement sent by the
receiver

12
Acknowledgement of above frames sent is received by sender
 Computer Network Lab
34
Acknowledgement of above frames sent is received by sender

5
Acknowledgement of above frames sent is received by sender

--------------------------------
Process exited after 11.14 seconds with return value 0
Press any key to continue . . .

In this example, we'll simulate a simple network with two devices: a sender and a receiver. We'll
use the sliding window protocol to transmit data from the sender to the receiver.

Here's how you can implement it in Cisco Packet Tracer:

1. Setup the Network:

 Open Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new blank project.
 Add two end devices, representing the sender and the receiver. You can use PCs or laptops
for this purpose.
2. Connect the Devices:
 Connect the sender and the receiver using a straight-through Ethernet cable.
 Ensure both devices are powered on and have appropriate IP configurations.
3. Configure IP Addresses:
 Assign IP addresses to both devices to enable communication between them. Make sure
they are on the same subnet.
 Go to each device's configuration settings and set IP addresses, subnet masks, and default
gateways if needed.
4. Implement Sliding Window Protocol:
 Use a programming language like Python to simulate the sliding window protocol.
 Write sender and receiver scripts that implement the protocol. The sender script should send
data packets with sequence numbers, and the receiver script should acknowledge receipt of
packets and handle any out-of-order packets.
 Simulate packet transmission and acknowledgment within the sender and receiver scripts
based on the sliding window algorithm.
5. Testing:
 Run the sender and receiver scripts simultaneously.
 Observe the packet transmission and acknowledgment process.
 Monitor the window size, sequence numbers, and acknowledgments to ensure they follow
the sliding window protocol rules.
6. Debugging and Optimization:
 Debug any issues encountered during testing, such as packet loss, out-of-order delivery, or
incorrect acknowledgments.
 Computer Network Lab
 Optimize the implementation for efficiency and reliability, considering factors like window
size, timeout intervals, and error handling mechanisms.
7. Documentation:
 Document the implementation details, including the sliding window algorithm used, any
optimizations made, and the results of testing and debugging.

2. go back N Protocol
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
intwindowsize,sent=0,ack,i;
printf("enter window size\n");
scanf("%d",&windowsize);
while(1)
{
for(i = 0; i<windowsize; i++)
{
printf("Frame %d has been transmitted.\n",sent);
sent++;
if(sent == windowsize)
break;
}
printf("\nPlease enter the last Acknowledgement
received.\n");
scanf("%d",&ack);

if(ack == windowsize)
break;
else
sent = ack;
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT :
enter window size
7
Frame 0 has been transmitted.
Frame 1 has been transmitted.
Frame 2 has been transmitted.
Frame 3 has been transmitted.
Frame 4 has been transmitted.
 Computer Network Lab
Frame 5 has been transmitted.
Frame 6 has been transmitted.

Please enter the last Acknowledgement received.

4
Frame 4 has been transmitted.
Frame 5 has been transmitted.
Frame 6 has been transmitted.

Please enter the last Acknowledgement received.

7

--------------------------------
Process exited after 10.15 seconds with return value 0
Press any key to continue . . .

1. Run the Scripts:

a. Run both the sender and receiver scripts simultaneously.
2. Observations:
a. Observe the packet transmission, acknowledgment, and window sliding behavior based on
the Go-Back-N protocol.
b. The sender will send packets within the window size and wait for acknowledgments. If a
timeout occurs, it will retransmit packets from the base.
c. The receiver will send acknowledgments for correctly received packets and discard out-of-
order packets.
3. Testing and Optimization:
a. Test the implementation under various network conditions and packet loss scenarios.
b. Optimize the implementation for efficiency and reliability, considering factors like window
size, timeout intervals, and error handling mechanisms.
 Computer Network Lab
MODULE : III
1. Install & Configure network devices switch

INSTALLING A SWITCH STEPS:

1.Stacking Switch (if you are using more than one switch)
2.Connecting Hubs (if you are using more than switch)
3. Connecting the Power and Turning the Switch On
4. Connecting Other Network Devices to the Hub
5 Connecting the CONSOLE Port

CONFIGURE STEPS:
1.Open the Control Panel from the Windows® icon in the lower left corner of
your monitor.
In the Control Panel window, make sure View by is set to Category.
2.Click Network and Internet.
 Computer Network Lab

3.Click Network and Sharing Center.

4.Click Change adapter settings in the left pane.

 Computer Network Lab

5.On the Networking tab, clear Clients for Microsoft Networks and File
and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks. These services can cause
intermittentconnection problems with USRP™ radios. To configure the IP
address, double- click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).

6.On the General tab, the default setting is typically set to Obtain an IP
addressautomatically.
 Computer Network Lab

7.NOW press Windows + R and PING the system and you can share the files also

Computer-1 After Ping

Computer -2 AfterPing
 Computer Network Lab

2.Use Cisco Packet Tracer to

2.A Build a local area network of 4 to 6 nodes using Switch

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer: Launch Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Add Devices: Drag and drop a switch from the device list onto the workspace. You can add
multiple switches if you want to create a larger network.
3. Connect Devices: Use the appropriate cables to connect the devices. You can connect PCs to
the switch using Ethernet cables. Drag cables from the available ports on the switch to the
Ethernet ports on the PCs.
4. Configure IP Addresses: Right-click on each PC and select 'Configure' to set their IP
addresses. Ensure that each PC has a unique IP address within the same subnet. For example,
you can use the subnet 192.168.1.0/24 and assign IP addresses like 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2,
etc., to each PC.
5. Test Connectivity: Once you've configured the IP addresses, you can test connectivity
between the PCs by using the 'Command Prompt' or 'Terminal' in the PCs to ping each other.
6. Optional: If you want to configure VLANs or any other advanced settings, you can do so by
accessing the switch's configuration interface. Right-click on the switch and select 'CLI' or
'Console' to access the command-line interface (CLI) of the switch.
7. Save Configuration: Once you're satisfied with your network setup, save your project in Cisco
Packet Tracer.
 Computer Network Lab

2b. let's create a basic local area network (LAN) using both a hub and a
switch in Cisco Packet Tracer. We'll use four nodes (PCs) to keep it
simple. Here are the steps:

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer: Launch Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Add Devices: Drag and drop a switch and a hub from the device list onto the workspace. You
can find them under the "Connectivity" section.
3. Connect Devices to the Hub and Switch: Connect two PCs to the hub and the remaining two
PCs to the switch. To do this, select the appropriate cable type (Ethernet straight-through cable
for switch connections and Ethernet crossover cable for hub connections) and drag from the
available ports on the devices to the Ethernet ports on the PCs.
4. Configure IP Addresses (Optional): You can optionally configure IP addresses for the PCs to
enable communication between them. Right-click on each PC, select 'Configure,' and set their
IP addresses. Ensure that each PC has a unique IP address within the same subnet.
5. Study the Network: You can study the behavior of both the hub and the switch in this setup.
Hubs operate at the physical layer of the OSI model and forward data to all devices connected
to them, whereas switches operate at the data link layer and forward data only to the device it
 Computer Network Lab

is intended for. You can observe the differences in traffic handling between the hub and the
switch by monitoring the traffic flow and collision rates.
6. Test Connectivity: If you've configured IP addresses, you can test connectivity between the
PCs by using the 'Command Prompt' or 'Terminal' in the PCs to ping each other.
7. Optional: You can also try adding more nodes or configuring VLANs to further study network
segmentation and traffic isolation.
8. Save Configuration: Once you're satisfied with your network setup, save your project in Cisco
Packet Tracer.

2c. Identify Broadcast & Collision Domain

In a network, understanding broadcast and collision domains is crucial for optimizing
performance and troubleshooting issues. Let's use Cisco Packet Tracer to identify these
domains in a simple network setup.

We'll create a network with a switch, a hub, and multiple PCs to demonstrate broadcast and
collision domains.

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer: Launch Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
2. Add Devices: Drag and drop a switch, a hub, and several PCs onto the workspace.
3. Connect Devices: Connect the PCs to both the switch and the hub. PCs connected to the
switch should be connected using Ethernet straight-through cables, while PCs connected to the
hub should use Ethernet crossover cables.
4. Study Broadcast Domains:
 The switch creates separate broadcast domains for each port. Since a switch forwards
traffic only to the port where the destination device is connected, broadcast packets
 Computer Network Lab

sent from one PC are not forwarded to all other PCs connected to the switch. Each PC
connected to the switch is in its broadcast domain.
 However, the hub forwards all incoming packets to all connected devices, so all PCs
connected to the hub are in the same broadcast domain.
5. Study Collision Domains:
 In Ethernet networks, collision domains represent the set of devices whose frames could
collide with each other. Collisions occur on shared media segments, such as those
connected to hubs.
 With a switch, each port is in its collision domain, meaning collisions are limited to the
devices connected to that port. Since a switch separates collision domains by default,
there are no collisions between devices connected to the switch.
 However, all devices connected to the hub share the same collision domain. When
multiple devices transmit data simultaneously, collisions can occur, leading to
performance degradation.
6. Test Connectivity and Observations:
 Configure IP addresses on the PCs and test connectivity between them.
 Observe that broadcast traffic from a PC connected to the hub is received by all other
PCs connected to the hub, while broadcast traffic from a PC connected to the switch is
received only by the intended destination.
 Monitor the network traffic using Packet Tracer's simulation mode to observe collisions
occurring on the hub-connected PCs.
7. Save Configuration: Once you're done studying the broadcast and collision domains, save
your project in Cisco Packet Tracer.

3.Use wireshark to examine Ethernet packets and ARP packets

 Computer Network Lab

Wireshark to examine Ethernet packets and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) packets. Here's
how you can do it:

1. Install Wireshark: If you haven't already, download and install Wireshark from the official
website: https://www.wireshark.org/.
2. Start Wireshark: Open Wireshark on your computer.
3. Select Network Interface: When you start Wireshark, it will ask you to select a network
interface to capture packets. Choose the appropriate interface for your network connection
and click on "Start" to begin capturing packets.
4. Capture Packets: Wireshark will start capturing packets on the selected interface. You'll see a
list of captured packets in the main window.
5. Filter for Ethernet Packets: To filter for Ethernet packets, type "eth" in the display filter box at
the top of the Wireshark window. This will filter the captured packets to only show Ethernet
frames.
6. Filter for ARP Packets: To filter for ARP packets, type "arp" in the display filter box. This will
filter the captured packets to only show ARP packets.
7. Analyze Packets: You can now examine the captured Ethernet and ARP packets in Wireshark.
Click on a packet in the list to view its details in the packet details pane below. You can analyze
various aspects of the packets, such as source and destination MAC addresses, source and
destination IP addresses, ARP request and reply messages, etc.
8. Stop Capturing: Once you're done examining packets, you can stop the packet capture by
clicking on the "Stop" button in Wireshark.
9. Save Capture: If you want to save the captured packets for further analysis or reference, you
can save the capture file by clicking on "File" > "Save As" and choosing a file format (e.g.,
pcap).

4. To study Performance of CSMA/CD Protocol

To study the performance of the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection) protocol, we can simulate a network environment using tools like Cisco Packet
Tracer or Wireshark. Unfortunately, Packet Tracer does not provide direct support for
simulating CSMA/CD behavior explicitly. However, we can use Wireshark to analyze network
traffic and infer the behavior of CSMA/CD.
 Computer Network Lab

Here's how you can study the performance of CSMA/CD using Wireshark:

1. Setup: Create a small network topology in Packet Tracer with multiple nodes (PCs or laptops)
connected via a hub or a shared medium like Ethernet. Ensure that the devices support
Ethernet connectivity.
2. Capture Packets: Open Wireshark on a computer connected to the network. Start capturing
packets on the network interface connected to the network.
3. Generate Traffic: Initiate data transfers between different nodes in the network. You can use
various methods to generate traffic, such as file transfers, pings, or continuous data streams.
4. Analyze Packets: Analyze the packet capture in Wireshark. Look for instances of collision
events. In a CSMA/CD environment, collisions occur when two or more devices attempt to
transmit data simultaneously, leading to data corruption. You can identify collision events by
observing packets with a high number of retransmissions, or packets with error flags indicating
collisions.
5. Study Performance Metrics: Measure the performance of the CSMA/CD protocol by
analyzing key metrics such as throughput, latency, and collision rates. Throughput refers to the
rate at which data is successfully transmitted across the network. Latency measures the time
taken for a packet to travel from the source to the destination. Collision rates indicate the
frequency of collisions occurring in the network.
6. Adjust Parameters: Experiment with different network parameters, such as the number of
nodes, data transmission rates, and network topology, to observe how they affect the
performance of CSMA/CD.
7. Draw Conclusions: Based on your observations, draw conclusions about the effectiveness of
the CSMA/CD protocol in managing network traffic and minimizing collisions. Consider factors
such as network load, congestion, and the number of active nodes in the network.
 Computer Network Lab

MODULE : IV
1. Install & configure network devices routers

1. Choose a Router: Select a router suitable for your network requirements. Consider factors
such as the size of your network, desired features (e.g., wireless connectivity, VPN support), and
budget.
2. Physical Installation:
 Unpack the router and its accessories.
 Place the router in a central location for optimal coverage.
 Connect the router to a power source using the provided power adapter.
 Connect the router to your modem using an Ethernet cable if you're setting up an
internet connection.
3. Connect Devices:
 Connect your devices (computers, printers, etc.) to the router using Ethernet cables or
via Wi-Fi if the router supports wireless connectivity.
4. Access Router Configuration:
 Open a web browser on a connected device.
 Enter the router's IP address in the browser's address bar. The default IP address is often
printed on a label on the router or provided in the router's manual. Common IP
addresses include 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1.
 Computer Network Lab

 Log in to the router's administration interface using the default username and password.
This information is also provided in the router's manual.
5. Configure Network Settings:
 Once logged in, you can configure various network settings such as:
 WAN (Wide Area Network) settings for connecting to the internet.
 LAN (Local Area Network) settings including IP address, subnet mask, and DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) settings.
 Wireless network settings (if applicable) including SSID (network name), security
mode, and password.
 Port forwarding, firewall settings, and other advanced configurations as needed.
6. Save Configuration:
 After making changes, be sure to save the configuration settings. This is usually done by
selecting a "Save" or "Apply" button within the router's configuration interface.
7. Test Connectivity:
 Once configuration is complete, test connectivity by accessing the internet from
connected devices and verifying that they can communicate with each other on the local
network.
8. Update Firmware:
 Check for firmware updates for your router and install them if available. Firmware
updates often include bug fixes, security patches, and performance improvements.
9. Secure Your Router:
 Change the default login credentials to something more secure.
 Enable WPA2 or WPA3 encryption for Wi-Fi networks.
 Disable remote administration if not needed.
 Consider enabling additional security features such as MAC address filtering or guest
networks.

2. Use Cisco packet tracer to

a. Design and apply IP addressing scheme for a given topology
b. Connect two or three LAN’s via a router. Trace how routing happens via
Simulation, and study the working of router.
c. Design multiple subnets with suitable number of hosts
d. Demonstrate static routing and dynamic routing for given topology
e. Configure DHCP server
f. Create subnets , Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway in a
LAN
 Computer Network Lab

g. Configure RIP/OSPF

Follow these instructions within Cisco Packet Tracer:

2A. Design and apply IP addressing scheme for a given topology:

 Define the network topology using routers, switches, and PCs.

 Assign IP addresses to each device based on the network requirements, ensuring they belong
to the same subnet.
 Use the appropriate subnet mask to define the size of each subnet.
 Verify connectivity between devices within the same subnet.

2B. Connect two or three LAN’s via a router. Trace how routing happens via Simulation,
and study the working of router:

 Connect multiple LANs using routers.

 Configure IP addresses on router interfaces and PCs according to the IP addressing scheme.
 Use Packet Tracer's simulation mode to trace the routing process:
 Send a packet from a source PC to a destination PC on a different LAN.
 Observe how the router forwards the packet based on its routing table.
 Verify that the packet reaches the destination PC successfully.

2C. Design multiple subnets with suitable number of hosts:

 Computer Network Lab

 Determine the number of subnets required based on network requirements.

 Decide on the subnet sizes and subnet masks to accommodate the desired number of hosts in
each subnet.
Assign IP addresses to devices within each subnet according to the subnetting scheme

2D. Demonstrate static routing and dynamic routing for given topology:

 Configure static routes on routers to manually specify the next-hop IP address for remote
networks.
 Alternatively, configure dynamic routing protocols such as RIP or OSPF to allow routers to
dynamically learn and share routing information.
 Verify routing functionality by sending packets between devices on different networks and
observing how they are routed.

2E. Configure DHCP server:

 Add a DHCP server device to the network.

 Configure DHCP pools on the DHCP server, specifying the range of IP addresses to be leased
to clients.
 Configure additional DHCP options such as default gateway, DNS server, and subnet mask.
 Connect DHCP clients to the network and verify that they receive IP addresses automatically.

2F. Create subnets, Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway in a LAN:

 Define the subnetting scheme and assign IP addresses to devices within each subnet.
 Computer Network Lab

 Configure the subnet mask and default gateway on each device according to the subnet they
belong to.
 Verify connectivity between devices within the same subnet.

2G. Configure RIP/OSPF:

 Enable RIP or OSPF routing protocols on routers.

 Configure router interfaces to participate in the routing process.
 Verify routing table updates and communication between routers using the chosen routing
protocol.

By following these steps, you can effectively design, configure, and test various network
scenarios in Cisco Packet Tracer, gaining practical experience with IP addressing, routing,
subnetting, DHCP, and routing protocols.

3. Use Wireshark to
3A. analyze IP Datagram and IP fragmentation received during the execution of
trace route command.

Wireshark is a powerful tool for analyzing network traffic, including IP datagrams,

fragmentation, and ICMP packets generated by commands like trace route and ping. Here's
how you can analyze these packets using Wireshark:

3A. Analyze IP Datagram and IP Fragmentation Received During the Execution of Trace
Route Command:

1. Start Wireshark on your computer and select the network interface connected to the network
where you want to capture traffic.
2. Open the command prompt or terminal on your computer and execute the trace route
command to a destination IP address. For example:
 Computer Network Lab

3. Wireshark will start capturing packets on the selected network interface. Filter the captured
packets to display only IP traffic by typing "ip" in the filter box.
4. Analyze the captured packets to observe the IP datagrams exchanged during the trace route
command execution. You'll see ICMP Time Exceeded messages generated by routers along the
path, indicating the route taken by packets to reach the destination.
5. Look for IP fragmentation by examining packets with the "Fragmentation" flag set. IP
fragmentation occurs when packets exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of a
network segment and need to be fragmented into smaller packets for transmission.

3B. Run Ping Command and Examine ICMP Packets Using Wireshark:

1. Start Wireshark on your computer and select the network interface connected to the network
where you want to capture traffic.
2. Open the command prompt or terminal on your computer and execute the ping command to
a destination IP address. For example:

3. Wireshark will start capturing packets on the selected network interface. Filter the captured
packets to display only ICMP traffic by typing "icmp" in the filter box.
4. Analyze the captured packets to observe ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply messages
exchanged during the ping command execution. The Echo Request messages are sent by your
computer, and the Echo Reply messages are generated by the destination host.
5. Examine the timestamps and sequence numbers of ICMP packets to calculate round-trip times
(RTT) between your computer and the destination host.
 Computer Network Lab

MODULE : V
1. Use wireshark to
a. Examine UDP and TCP ports and handshake segments

b. Use packet tracer to configure DHCP server, DNS server, SMTP server

1A. Examine UDP and TCP Ports and Handshake Segments using Wireshark:

1. Start Wireshark on your computer and select the network interface connected to the network
where you want to capture traffic.
2. Apply filters to display only UDP or TCP traffic. Type "udp" or "tcp" in the filter box and press
Enter. This will filter the captured packets to display only UDP or TCP packets.
3. Analyze the captured packets to observe UDP and TCP port numbers in the packet details
pane. Look for source and destination port numbers to identify the communication endpoints.
4. To examine TCP handshake segments, focus on TCP connections. Look for packets with the
SYN (synchronize), SYN-ACK (synchronize-acknowledgment), and ACK (acknowledge) flags set.
This sequence represents the TCP three-way handshake used to establish connections.
5. Pay attention to the sequence and acknowledgment numbers exchanged during the
handshake to understand the flow of data between the client and server.

1B. Use Packet Tracer to Configure DHCP Server, DNS Server, SMTP Server:
 Computer Network Lab

1. Start Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new blank project.

2. Add devices to the workspace:
 Add a router to act as the gateway for the network.
 Add PCs or laptops to represent client devices.
 Add a DHCP server device from the "End Devices" section.
 Add a DNS server device from the "End Devices" section.
 Add an SMTP server device from the "End Devices" section.
3. Connect the devices using appropriate cables. Connect the client devices to the router and the
DHCP, DNS, and SMTP servers to the router as well.
4. Configure IP addresses for all devices:
 Assign static IP addresses to the router, DHCP server, DNS server, and SMTP server.
 Configure the DHCP server with a pool of IP addresses to lease to client devices.
5. Configure DHCP server:
 Access the DHCP server configuration interface and configure DHCP settings such as IP
address range, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
6. Configure DNS server:
 Access the DNS server configuration interface and configure DNS settings such as
domain names and IP addresses for hostnames.
7. Configure SMTP server:
 Access the SMTP server configuration interface and configure SMTP settings such as
domain name, email accounts, and SMTP relay settings.
8. Test the configuration:
 Verify that client devices obtain IP addresses automatically from the DHCP server.
 Test DNS resolution by accessing websites using domain names.
 Test SMTP functionality by sending emails from client devices to external email
addresses.
2. Implement client server program in C

Below are examples of simple client-server programs implemented in both C and Java.C
Client-Server Program:

Server Program in C(TCP):

 Computer Network Lab

Client Program in C (TCP):

Computer Network Lab
Computer Network Lab