ROBOTICS

Robotics
A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of
carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot can be guided by
an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may
be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-performing
machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than
expressive aesthetics.

Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such

as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY
Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots,
patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots,
UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano
robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot
may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Autonomous things are
expected to proliferate in the future, with home robotics and autonomous cars as
some of the main drivers.

The term comes from a Slavic root, robot-, with meanings associated with labour.
The word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 Czech-
language play R.U.R. (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti – Rossum's Universal

Č Č
Robots) by Karel Čapek, though it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the
word's true inventor.[5][6][7] Electronics evolved into the driving force of
development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by
William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L.
Stulen.

History of Robot

The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. During the Industrial
Revolution, humans developed the structural engineering capability to control
electricity so that machines could be powered with small motors. In the early
20th century, the notion of a humanoid machine was developed.

The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots. These
industrial robots were fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which
allowed production with less human work. Digitally programmed industrial
robots with artificial intelligence have been built since the 2000s.

Types of Robot
There are several different categories of real-life robots, according to experts who
group these machines based on their abilities and the tasks they need to perform.
Here are the most common robot types.

1. Autonomous mobile robots

An autonomous mobile robot—AMR for short—is “basically a robot that can drive
itself around,” says Chris Atkeson, PhD, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University’s
Robotics Institute. Using sensors and cameras, these machines detect their
surroundings and then process, analyze and react with built-in computer software.
Some examples of common AMR include self-driving cars and robot vacuums.

2. Co-bots
The name “co-bots” is an apt one for these machines, which are “designed to work
with humans” like co-workers, Murphy says. In the past, many real robots used in
manufacturing were separated from human workers for safety reasons. But now,
co-bots make it possible for people and machines to move around and work in
the same environment.

Many co-bots take the shape of a machine or animal, according to Atkeson. They
often handle hazardous materials in laboratory or construction settings, and they
can carry heavy loads for soldiers in war zones.

3. Pepper
Pepper is one of the world’s first human-like robots that can recognize faces and
emotions. Created by the Japanese company Softbank, the Pepper robots sold out
in minutes when they were first released in 2014. They were designed to interact
with humans, answering customer questions, recommending products to retail
shoppers, helping people fill out bank forms and assisting with hands-on learning
in classrooms.

The cute, friendly humanoid robot never quite lived up to its promise, and the
company paused production in 2021. But you can still find them in use today at
banks in Japan, Taiwan and the United Arab Emirates, where they provide
services like greeting customers.

4. Spot

Another robot created by Boston Dynamics, Spot is a 70-pound dog-shaped co-

bot that can walk, trot and climb over a variety of terrains, including loose gravel,
grass, curbs and stairs. It’s used by manufacturing, construction and utilities
companies, like BP and Woodside, that need robots that can handle dangerous
materials, detect hazardous leaks and navigate locations that are unsafe for
humans.

Of course, this model robot is probably best known for its other job: the one with
the cops. In 2020, the New York City police department began using the canine-
like robot for select cases. Despite a cute nickname (Digidog), the public wasn’t
thrilled. Some maintained that the expense was too great, while others found the
robodog—and its cameras that come a little too close to surveillance tools—just
plain creepy. Not long after it acquired the machine, the NYPD cancelled its
lease.

But that hasn’t stopped all law enforcement from adopting robotic sidekicks. In
preparation for Fourth of July festivities, the Massachusetts State Police bomb
squad used the company’s robotic dogs to clear packages.

ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
Increased productivity, efficiency, quality, and consistency of products
More accurate and precise work
Ability to work in dangerous environments
Avoidance of accidents
Longer working span

DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
They need a supply of power and maintenance to keep them running.
They cost a lot of money to make, buy, and operate.
They can displace human workers and cause unemployment and the need for
retraining.
They can malfunction and cause disasters if not well maintained.
They may require highly skilled manpower to implement and maintain them.
THANK YOU........