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    NPLEX Biochem Carbs

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    Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that include sugars and starches. They contain hydroxyl groups and usually a ketone or aldehyde group. Glucose is the major product of digestion and fuel source for cells. Glycogen and glycoproteins serve as storage forms in the body. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose formed from two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose made of many monosaccharide units.

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    NPLEX Biochem Carbs

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    api-26938624
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    Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that include sugars and starches. They contain hydroxyl groups and usually a ketone or aldehyde group. Glucose is the major product of digestion and fuel source for cells. Glycogen and glycoproteins serve as storage forms in the body. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose formed from two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose made of many monosaccharide units.

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    Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that include sugars and starches. They contain hydroxyl groups and usually a ketone or aldehyde group. Glucose is the major product of digestion and fuel source for cells. Glycogen and glycoproteins serve as storage forms in the body. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose formed from two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose made of many monosaccharide units.

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    101 views1 page

    NPLEX Biochem Carbs

    Uploaded by

    api-26938624
    Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that include sugars and starches. They contain hydroxyl groups and usually a ketone or aldehyde group. Glucose is the major product of digestion and fuel source for cells. Glycogen and glycoproteins serve as storage forms in the body. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose formed from two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose made of many monosaccharide units.

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    of 1

    Biochemistry ~ Carbohydrates

    OVERVIEW - compounds that contain at least 3 carbon atoms + hydroxyl groups and usually an aldehyde
    or ketone group
    glucose
    = major product of digestion (some galactose and fructose also produced)
    = major fuel source oxidized by cells for energy
    = stored as glycogen or triacylglycerols after a meal
    = converted to glucose 6-phosphate when enters cell, then G6P enters glycolysis ( NADH
    & ATP) or pentose phosphate pathway ( NADPH)
    Glycogen:
    - major storage form of carbs in animals
    - largest stores in mm and LV
    - mm glycogen used to generate ATP for mm contraction
    - LV glycogen used to maintain blood glucose during fasting or exercise
    - LV produces glucose from glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
    A.) Types: MONO- - cannot be reduced or hydrolyzed into smaller or simpler sugars
    SACCHARIDES - produced by the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates
    - major energy source for the body
    - usually found as D-series vs its enantiomer (mirror image) L-series

    Structure: (formula = CH2O)n


    - all of the above are hexose (6carbon) monosaccharides)
    - mainly ring structures where aldehyde or ketone group reacts with hydroxyl group
    - structural formula is C6H12O6 (differ in the position of the =O)
    - epimers: stereoisomers that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at only 1 assymetric carbon
    - aldose or ketose depending on aldehyde or ketone as most oxidized functional group

    Fructose glucose Glucose: - most important & abundant


    - body uses glucose to synthesize other carbs
    - glucose, - major source of fuel in the body
    - fructose,
    - galactose, Fructose: can be converted to glucose
    - mannose - a ketose (all others = aldoses)
    (all isomers of - forms furanose rings vs. pyranose rings
    eachother) - metabolized mainly in the liver  glyceraldehydes 3-P (intermediate of glycolysis)
    - can be produced from sorbitol (generated from glucose)

    Galactose:
    - converted to glucose when taken into the body

    Mannose:
    - constituent found in the glycoproteins of plant gums

    DI-SACCHARIDE: - 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded via glycosidic attachment


    - glycosidic attachment can also bond carbs to purines, pyrimidines, aromatic rings, lipids etc…
    - sucrose, - bond is between anomeric carbon of one molecule & different C of 2nd molecule
    lactose, maltose,
    isomaltose Sucrose: (glucose + fructose)  table sugar
    - both use anomeric carbon  ring can’t open  NO alpha or beta ring structure

    Lactose: (glucose β-1,4 linked to galactose) - milk sugar


    - galactose uses anomeric carbon
    - glucose does not use anomeric C, so can open and form alpha or beta ring structure

    Maltose: (glucose + glucose)


    - one glucose uses anomeric carbon
    - other glucose does not use anomeric C, so can open and form alpha or beta ring structure

    Isomaltose: (glucose + glucose) – like maltose


    - bound by alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkage (vs. alpha-1,4 in maltose)
    POLY- >6 monosaccharides
    SACCHARIDE: - can be linear or branched
    - major role = storage of monosaccharides (starch, amylase, amylopectin)
    Amylase, - major role = structural support (cellulose, chitin)
    amylopectin,
    glycogen, inulin
    Amylose: ( lots of glucose molecules)
    - non branching (unbranched) starch of alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages
    - spiraling helical shape or coil
    - abundant in many plants
    Amylopectin: 1
    - branching starch of alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages
    - branch points = alpha- 1.6 linkages
    - branch points at about every 24- 30 glucose residues (not how described in H.M. pg 125)
    Glycogen:

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