Plant Cell

Plant Cell
Cell Wall is the outer solid boundary surrounding the cell membrane present in the plant cells.
Function: The cell wall supports, protects and provides shape to the cell. It helps to develop the pressure
of the contents of the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is a series of connected flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of the
eukaryotic cells that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins.
Function: The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named for the appearance of its outer surface,
which is studded with protein-synthesizing particles known as ribosomes. Many proteins that are
synthesized in the RER are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a tubular branched structure situated within the cell.
Function: The large area of the tubular network provides greater surface area for the storage of
enzymes. The SER synthesises many lipids and takes part in the metabolic processes.
Ribosome is a granular structure that synthesises proteins inside the cells.
Function: A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of
protein synthesis in the cell.
Golgi apparatus packages, transports and proteins and lipids. It is made up of approximately four to
eight cisternae. The nearest cisternae from the endoplasmic reticulum is called the cis and the cisternae
farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum is called the trans.
Function: Initially the proteins and lipids are received at the cis face. As proteins and lipids progress from
the cis face to the trans face, they are modified into functional molecules and are marked for delivery to
specific intra-cellular or extracellular locations.
Lysosomes originate by budding off from the membrane of the region of the Golgi complex responsible
for sorting newly synthesised proteins.
Function: Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and
microorganisms. Each lysosome is surrounded by a membrane that maintains an acidic environment
within the interior via a proton pump. Lysosomes contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes (acid
hydrolases) that break down macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Centrioles are cylindrical shaped cell organelles located near the nucleus.
Functions: Centrioles organises the microtubules in the cytoplasm. They play a vital role in the
reproduction of the cells. These cell organelles regulate the position of the other cell organelles in the
cell.
Cytoskeleton helps in maintaining the structure of the cell and its internal organization. It provides the
mechanical support that enables the cell to carry out the essential functions like division and movement.
Function: The cytoskeleton organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's shape, and is
responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of the various organelles within it.
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates
the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Function: It supports the cell and cell organelles by maintaining its boundary. It helps in the growth of
the cell.
Mitochondria are typically round to oval in shape and its size varies from 0.5 to 10 micro-metres.
Function: Its primary function is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) molecules. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria store calcium for cell
signaling activities, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death.
Amyloplasts are double-enveloped organelles in plant cells. These are a type of colourless plastids.
Function: Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues, and they store and synthesize starch.
Amyloplasts play a vital role in the plant's sensing of gravity.
The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and administrative centre of
the cell. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope and is filled with nucleoplasm.
Function: The cell nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's genome. The nucleus maintains the integrity of
genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression.
Vacuoles are bounded by a cell membrane storing components related to the cellular metabolism.
Function: The vacuoles store the ions and enzymes related to the cell metabolism and the coloured
pigments. Also, it can store the waste products of the cell. Vacuole provides maintains the interior
pressure of the cell by pushing the cytoplasm to the cell well.
Stomata are small openings like pore on the lower surface of leaves.
Function: Stomata helps in exchange of gases and losing excess water from the plant known as
transpiration of water. It creates an upward pull that helps in suction of water from roots.

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Ribosome is a granular structure that synthesises proteins inside the cells.

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