The Composition of Transformer

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Discipline
Electrical and Telecommunications Course Board Electrical Machines 1
Electrical Machines 1
Hour 13
slide 1
Three Phase Transformer (sect. 2.6)
A set of three similar single phase transformers may

be connected to form a three-phase transformer
(three-phase transformer bank). The primary and
secondary windings may be connected in either star
or delta configurations
slide 2
Three-phase Bank
Ease of transportation
Inefficient magnetic circuit, less efficient
Higher capital cost than a single one
1-phase of the transformer at fault, the other
two are not affected
slide 3
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Three-phase Transformer (sect. 2.6.2)
Usually 3-limb core structure

5-limb core may be used to reduce the overall
height of a 3-limb core
Magnetic flux shares the magnetic circuit
Fault on one-phase very likely affects the other
two
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Tertiary Winding
A third set of windings usually exists in 3-phase

transformer and used to:
Providing voltage to auxiliary power purposes in

the substation or to supply local distribution
system
Power factor correction
Delta connected tertiary windings will provide a
circuit for the third harmonics of the exciting
current

BS 171
Terminal Marking System
1. HV winding has a capital letter. The letters used

are A B C.
2. LV winding has a small letter. The letters used
are a b c.
3. Letters are the same for all windings on the
same limb.

BS 171
4. A third winding, known as a tertiary winding, is

prefixed with the number 3 followed by the capital
letter for that limb.

BS 171
5. A suffix number indicates the potential or polarity of
the terminal; with the number 1 being the lowest
potential and the number increasing for tappings up
the winding to the highest potential, as shown.

BS 171
6. The phase shift through a transformer refers the

same alphabetical letters of the output and input
connections to the windings. The phase shift is the
angular displacement of the output with respect to
the input.

Standard Phase-shifts
BS171 recognises only 4 phase-shifts and it is

convenient to use a ‘clock face’ number reference
instead of degrees to describe the phase shift.

Group I Transformer

Group I Transformer

Group I Transformer

Group II Transformer

Group II Transformer

Group III Transformer

Group III Transformer

Group IV Transformer

Letter Description for Various

Winding Methods

Example
State the BS171 description, using appropriate numbers and
letters, of the following transformers and also state the phasor
group number for each.
(a) Delta/star with a 30 lead phase shift. HV winding connected

in delta.
(b) Star/star with a 0 phase shift. HV winding connected in star.
(c) Star/delta with a 30 lag phase shift. HV winding connected
in star.
(d) Zigzag/star with a 30 lag phase shift. HV winding connected
in zigzag.
Answer to Example
Transformer Phasor Group

Description Number
(a) Dy 11 IV
(b) Yy 0 I
(c) Yd 1 III
(d) Zy 1 III

Electrical Machines 1
Hour 14

Turn Ratio/Voltage Ratio/

Current Ratio of 3-ph Tx
1. STAR/delta (Yd)
2. DELTA/star (Dy)
3. DELTA/delta (Dd)
4. STAR/star (Yy)

1. STAR/delta ( Yd )
V1 3.N1 I1 1 N2
 3.a  ;  
V2 N2 I2 3.a 3.N1

2. DELTA/star ( Dy )
V1 a N1 I1 3 3 .N2
  ;  
V2 3 3 .N2 I2 a N1

3. DELTA/delta ( Dd )
V1 N1 I1 1 N2
a ;  
V2 N2 I2 a N1

4. STAR/star ( Yy )
V1 N1 I1 1 N2
a ;  
V2 N2 I2 a N1

Parallel Operation

Condition for Parallel Operation
• The transformers must have the same phase

displacement between primary and secondary
line voltage i.e. they must belong to the same
group number
• The phase sequence must be the same
• The line-voltage ratios must be the same
• The per-unit impedance of the transformers
should be the same

Harmonics in Transformer
Harmonics in transformer occur due to the effect

of saturation and hysteresis which are to produce
non-sinusoidal current if the applied voltage is
sinusoidal. Upon saturation, the flux waveform is
flat topped and contains mainly 3rd harmonic
component.

Effects of harmonic currents
(i) Additional I2R losses due to circulating

currents .
(ii) Increased iron loss in core.
(iii) Magnetic interference with protective
gear and communication circuits.

Effects of harmonic voltages
(i) Increased dielectric stress.

(ii) Electric field interference with
communication circuit.
(iii) Harmonic resonance may occur
between the inductance of transformer
windings and the capacitance of a
feeder to which it is connected.

In 3-ph Supply System (1/2)
• Star-connected with isolated neutral the line

voltage contains no 3rd harmonic component and
3rd harmonic current is precluded.
• Star connected with neutral wire, the 3rd
harmonic currents can flow and still no 3rd
harmonic line voltages.

In 3-ph Supply System (2/2)
• Delta Connected, the 3rd harmonic emfs around

the 3-phase windings are summed, which causes
a circulating 3rd harmonic current around the 3-
phase windings.
• But the line voltages across any two lines contain
no 3rd harmonic component, since they are short
circuited by the windings.

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Electrical and Electronic Engineering Discipline

Electrical and Telecommunications Course Board Electrical Machines 1

Three Phase Transformer (sect. 2.6)

A set of three similar single phase transformers may

Three-phase Transformer (sect. 2.6.2)

Usually 3-limb core structure

Created by eDocPrinter PDF Pro!! slide 4

A third set of windings usually exists in 3-phase

Providing voltage to auxiliary power purposes in

Created by eDocPrinter PDF Pro!! slide 5

1. HV winding has a capital letter. The letters used

Created by eDocPrinter PDF Pro!! slide 6

4. A third winding, known as a tertiary winding, is

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6. The phase shift through a transformer refers the

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BS171 recognises only 4 phase-shifts and it is

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Group III Transformer

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Group III Transformer

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Letter Description for Various

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(a) Delta/star with a 30 lead phase shift. HV winding connected

Transformer Phasor Group

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Turn Ratio/Voltage Ratio/

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Condition for Parallel Operation

• The transformers must have the same phase

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Harmonics in transformer occur due to the effect

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Effects of harmonic currents

(i) Additional I2R losses due to circulating

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Effects of harmonic voltages

(i) Increased dielectric stress.

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In 3-ph Supply System (1/2)

• Star-connected with isolated neutral the line

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In 3-ph Supply System (2/2)

• Delta Connected, the 3rd harmonic emfs around

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