IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Charging by Friction Rubbing two materials

LESSON 1: Electric Charge
together increases the area of contact, facilitating
Electric Charge Is the physical property of matter
the transfer of electrons.
that causes it to experience a force when placed in
an electromagnetic field.
Conduction It is the transfer of electrons from a
charge object to another object by direct contact.
Law of Charges Two positive charges or two
negative charges repel each other. A positive charge
Induction It is the movement of electrons to one
and a negative charge attract each other.
part of an object by the electric field of another
object.
Note: Opposite attracts

Electric Force This is the force that exists between

Principle of Conservation of Change The algebraic
all charge particles.
sum of all electric charges in any closed system is
constant, In any charging process, charge is not
Coulomb’s Law “The magnitude of the electric force
created nor destroyed; it is merely transferred from
between two point of charges is directly
one body to another.
proportional to the product of the charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
Second Principle The magnitude of charge of the
between them.”
electron or proton is a natural unit of charge.

The Sub-atomic Particles

K is a proportionality constant with the value of 9 x

10⁹ Nm²/c². K can also be written as 1/4πε0 The ε0 is
the electric constant with the value of 8.854 x 10⁻¹²
c²/Nm².
Note: An object may have charges of ±e, ±2e, ±3e,
and so on, the value of e is now known to be 1.60219
Note that the answer will always be positive since
x 10⁻¹⁹ C. The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb, or
there is an absolute value
C.

Example.
Types of Substance
A point charge q1 has a magnitude of 2 x 10⁻⁶C. A
second charge q2 has a magnitude twice as the first
Conductors - These are the materials that let the
point charge and is located 0.1 m from the first
electric charges move free in response to an electric
charge. Determine the force each charge exerts on
force.
the other.

Insulators -These are the materials which resist or

Here we can use the Coloumb’s law formula
does not allow the current to flow through them.

Note: Some materials are semiconductors,

meaning they’re both a good conductor and a good
insulator. There are also superconductors that are
perfect conductors at very low temperature.
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Electric Field Note only use this formula when the electric field E
This is the physical field that surrounds each electric is perpendicular to the surface having a total area A,
charge and exerts force on all other charges in the Remember that If E is perpendicular to the surface
field, either attracting or repelling them. Whenever the degree on Cos will be 0 and cos0 has the value
you have source charge q1 placed anywhere in of 0 so instead you can simply write it as EA.
space, it will be surrounded by a region such that if
you will put any other charge q2 at any field point P
in this region, charge q2 will be acted upon by an
electric force, Fe. We call this region around q1 the And if E is parallel to the surface, no electric
electric field of q1. field lines cross the surface and flux is zero. Since
the real formula is EACos0 and if E is parallel to the
Electric Field Lines surface the degree on Cos will be 90 and cos90 has
the value of 0.
For Positive point charge The field line ae directed
away from the source charge in all directions. And if the electric field makes an angle with the
direction normal to the surface, the magnitude of
For Negative point charge The field lines are the flux is proportional to the component of the
directed toward the source charge in all directions. field perpendicular to the surface, we can use the
full formula of
Electric Field Formula

Example
A uniform electric field E = 12 000 N/C passing
through a flat square area A = 0.5 m2. The angle
E is the electric field between the electric field direction and a line
F is the electric force drawn perpendicular to the area is θ = 50o).
q is the charge within the electric field Determine the electric flux.
r is the distance

Example.
A charge of 3.0 µC present in an electric field
produces a force of 0.08N. What is the intensity of
the electric field?

Gauss Law
The electric flux through any closed surface is equal
Lesson 2: Electric Flux to the net charge inside the surface, Q inside,
The total number of electric field lines passing a divided by ε0.
given area in a unit of time is defined as the electric
flux. Electric flux is the amount of electric field
penetrating a surface area.
Q is the total change enclosed within V
Electric Flux is the product of the electric field and ε0 is the electric constant
the area of the surface. Electric flux is denoted by
the symbol (ΦE).

Remember that E is the electric field and A is the

area of the surface
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Example Electric Potential Energy

You have a cube with a 6μC charge in the center. The electric potential energy of any given charge or
Each of the cube's sides is 12cm long. What is the system of changes is termed as the total work done
flux through one of the faces of the cube? by an external agent in bringing the charge or the
system of charges from infinity to the present
configuration without undergoing any acceleration.
Electric potential energy is defined as the total
potential energy a unit charge will possess if located
at any point in the outer space.

Since this is a cube and we’re only looking for one of

the faces divide it by the number of faces the cube
have, since a cube has 6 faces divide the answer by
6. Use that if two charges q1 and q2 are separated by a
distance d.

Electric Potential
Electric potential is defined as the amount of work Use if there are multiple charges.
needed to move a unit charge from a reference
point to a specific point against the electric field. Example
When an object is moved against the electric field it Assume that r1 = r2 = r3 = 12cm, and that q1 = +q, q2 =
gains some amount of energy which is defined as -4q and q3 = +2q. Where q = 150nC. What is the
the electric potential energy. The electric potential potential energy of the system?
of the charge is obtained by dividing the potential
energy by the quantity of charge.

Since it said q is 150 we can just substitute the value

of q .

The unit for electric potential is Volts (V) which is

also equivalent to joule/coulomb (J/C).

Example Electric Potential Difference

Determine the electric potential at 0.001 m from a The ratio of the total work done in moving the
charge of 2pC. charge from A to B to the charge q is called the
electric potential difference.

E is the electric field W is the work

D is the distance ΔV is the potential difference
F is the force
Q is the charge
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Example Energy and Capacitor

A force of 0.032 N is required to move a charge of
4.2 x 10-6 C in an electric field between two points
that are 25 cm apart. What is the potential
difference between the points?

Since there is a given force, distance and charge we

can the formula FD/Q to get the potential
difference.
Note that the unit is Joules (J)

Circuits in Capacitors

Electron Volt
One electron volt (1 eV) is the kinetic energy gained
by an electron moving through a potential
difference of one volt (1V).

Capacitor
A Capacitor is a component that has the ability or
“capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery.

Capacitance

k, dielectric constant, 1 if not

given

Example
A Parallel capacitor has a plate area of 5cm² and a
plate separation of 2mm, a dielectric material with
a relative permittivity of 4 is placed between plates.
Find the capacitance of the capacitor.
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Example Energy and Capacitor

A force of 0.032 N is required to move a charge of
4.2 x 10-6 C in an electric field between two points
that are 25 cm apart. What is the potential
difference between the points?

Since there is a given force, distance and charge we

can the formula FD/Q to get the potential
difference.
Note that the unit is Joules (J)

Circuits in Capacitors

Electron Volt
One electron volt (1 eV) is the kinetic energy gained
by an electron moving through a potential
difference of one volt (1V).

Capacitor
A Capacitor is a component that has the ability or
“capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery.

Capacitance

k, dielectric constant, 1 if not

given

Example
A Parallel capacitor has a plate area of 5cm² and a
plate separation of 2mm, a dielectric material with
a relative permittivity of 4 is placed between plates.
Find the capacitance of the capacitor.
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Parallel Circuit A. The total capacitance of the series combination.

B. The total charge stored in the series combination

of capacitors.

C. The voltage across the circuit.

A.
Example
Three capacitors, C1 = 5F, C2 = 10F, and C3 = 15F, are
connected in parallel across a voltage source with
Vt = 12 V. Calculate the ff;

A. The total capacitance of the parallel

combination. B.
Qt = Vt x Ct
B. The total charges stored in the parallel Qt = 24V x 12/11F = 288/11 C
combination of capacitors.
C.
C. The voltage across each capacitor. Vt = V1 + V2
Vt = 24 V
A.
Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 Note, the given voltage is already the total voltage,
Ct = 5F + 10F + 15F = 30F since the question is voltage across the circuit it will
still be 24, but if the question is across each
B. capacitor you will have to manually solve the voltage
Qt = Vt x Ct for each capacitor using the formula V=Q/C.
Qt = 12V x 30F = 360 C
Current, Resistance, Resistivity
C.
Vt = V1 = V2 Electric Current (I)
Vt = 12 V Amount of charge in time,

Series Circuit Types of flow Current

Electric Flow
Charge moves from negative to the positive

Conventional Current
Charge moves from positive to negative

Current
Example
Three capacitors, C1 = 2F, C2 = 4F, and C3 = 6F, are
connected in a series across a voltage source with I is the electric current C is the coulomb
Vt = 24V. Calculate the ff; Q is the charge S is the time in seconds
T is the charge in time
The unit is Ampere (A)
 IM BACK MFS PHYSICS

Ohm’s Law Parallel Series

Ohm's Law states that the electric current through a
conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points.

As you can see the formula is similar to that of a

capacitor, the V is still the volts, the I is the Q in
Capacitor, and the R is the C. One of the thing that is
difference as well is that the formula for a series
circuit in capacitor is the formula for the parallel
series in resistor, it is just reversed. No more
examples this is quite easy ngl.

Here are the list’s of the resistivity of materials

Resistance
It is the opposition to the flow of current in an
electrical circuit.

Conductivity
It is a term that refers to the ability of a substance to
conduct heat, electricity, or sound. It is also known
as conduction. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens
per meter

One more thing to remember is this phrase “BB ROY

of Great Britain had a Very Good Wife” this phrase is
Resistor for the colors in the resistor Black, Brown, Red,
Resistors are electrical components that reduce the Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Gray, and White.
current flow and lower voltage levels within circuits

Resistance in Circuits

Series Circuit