Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Results in Engineering
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/results-in-engineering

A survey-based approach of framework development for improving the

application of internet of things in the construction industry of Malaysia
Muhammad Ali Musarat a, b, Wesam Salah Alaloul a, *, Abdul Mateen Khan a, Saba Ayub a, b,
Nathan Jousseaume a
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia
b
Offshore Engineering Centre, Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The progress of our society is reflected in the building sector, which emphasises the necessity of constantly
Internet of things modifying our instruments to take advantage of new opportunities. An example of cutting-edge technology with
Construction industry the potential to completely transform the construction sector is the Internet of Things (IoT). The goal of this
Building
comprehensive analysis is to help the construction industry improve the understanding of how crucial it is to
Sustainability
embrace IoT. In this study, a systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted to identify the factors
Application
Conceptual framework that contribute to enhancing IoT applications in the construction industry. The primary objective was to list and
evaluate the most important uses, advantages and difficulties of using the IoT in the building sector. This sys­
tematic review revealed that the IoT has significant potential to transform the construction industry by
improving productivity, safety, sustainability and quality across the entire construction lifecycle. However,
barriers such as data privacy and cybersecurity and a lack of standardised protocols need to be addressed. The
review concludes that the IoT is likely to revolutionise the construction sector in the coming years if these
challenges can be overcome. These findings imply that construction firms need to experiment with IoT and
analytic tools across phased use cases, whilst policy and industry groups must collaborate on technology stan­
dards and protocols. Although obstacles exist, strategic IoT implementation promises major operational break­
throughs in the construction sector in the near future.

1. Introduction Sage revealed that 57 % of construction organisations want access to

reliable financial and project data, whilst research by New Vantage
As an industry with one of the most valuable commodities in the indicated that 97.2 % of enterprises invest funds in big data and artificial
world, the big data industry was expected to grow by US $30 billion in intelligence (AI) [7,8]. Many disciplinary firms and sectors benefit
2021 and 2022 [1]. The use of data collected in the construction in­ greatly from data productivity, further creating opportunities and major
dustry is increasing significantly, signifying the arrival of the digital era advancements [9].
in this sector. Big data may be utilised to improve operations and The adoption of modern technology in the construction industry has
maintenance, track the status of construction and guide project planning lagged behind the original expectations, although digitalisation is
and design [2]. Construction organisations may utilise predictive ana­ leading the sector toward gradual technological and productivity gains
lytics to find possible dangers and areas for improvement by gathering [9]. Nonetheless, this sector is taking longer than expected to implement
and evaluating data from previous projects [3]. Real-time monitoring of new technologies and automated procedures, which prevents it from
ambient conditions, worker productivity and equipment performance fully utilising the benefits of digitisation [10]. The construction industry
may be achieved using sensors [4]. Employing data analytics to may find important solutions to many of its challenges via the Internet of
streamline the construction supply chain allows businesses to cut costs, Things (IoT), which can fundamentally alter the way that building
enhance efficiency and improve logistics [5]. Building performance data projects are organised, executed and managed [11]. However, several
may be gathered and analysed by construction firms to optimise energy technological, financial and societal barriers still prevent the full inte­
use, reduce running costs and enhance sustainability [6]. A survey by gration of the IoT in the building industry. A strong link between

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wesam.alaloul@utp.edu.my (W.S. Alaloul).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.101823
Received 12 November 2023; Received in revised form 17 January 2024; Accepted 22 January 2024
Available online 27 January 2024
2590-1230/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Construction 4.0 and performance must be established [12]. For projects collection and instantaneous decision making. The Scopus database, as a
to run smoothly and remain competitive in the market, contractors need reliable and comprehensive source of academic publications and
to invest in this state-of-the-art IoT technology [13]. In preparation for research papers, was selected for this evaluation. The aim was to
upcoming difficulties, a rising number of businesses are strategically consolidate knowledge of the progress achieved in IoT use in the con­
adopting the IoT. With the leveraging of this technology, businesses may struction industry over the last ten years by extracting relevant articles
improve their capacities and effectively handle future difficulties [14, from this database. The findings presented in this research can signifi­
15]. cantly impact how the construction sector will develop in the future.
In the field of design, the IoT enables data-driven decision making, Stakeholders and construction professionals may arm themselves with
which contributes to the creation of structures that are both more user- the knowledge required to make informed decisions about integrating
centred and more sustainable than at present [16]. The IoT provides these technologies into their projects by understanding the major trends,
crucial information throughout the planning process for selecting the barriers and noteworthy advancements in IoT adoption.
best sites, allocating resources and coordinating projects seamlessly with The IoT has been widely studied in previous works. This systematic
optimum efficiency [17]. Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) review provides the first analysis that specifically synthesises more than
and building information modelling (BIM) are three cutting-edge tech­ 150 studies to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive view of the
nologies with the power to completely change the building sector [18]. potential of transforming IoT technologies in the construction industry.
These technologies can improve productivity and efficiency in all With a construction-tailored study pertaining to IoT use cases and
building processes and reduce their negative effects on the environment development capabilities, this paper offers unique contributions. This
[19,20]. In the energy sector, the building and construction sectors are research also offers fresh perspectives on organisational, legislative and
major drivers of advancements in terms of the quantity and quality of technological adoption constraints. Furthermore, this review’s conclu­
approaches to energy usage and prices [19,21]. In a world where energy sions quantify ranges of predicted returns on investment by using an
demands are increasing and concerns about environmental sustain­ original cost‒benefit model created for the engineering and construc­
ability are becoming increasingly pressing, the building industry must tion industry. This focused, methodical investigation offers previously
embrace innovative techniques that decrease carbon emissions and unattainable clarity on whether, how and when connected technology
promote energy efficiency [22,23]. The construction industry—a sig­ integration might become widely used in construction, adding fresh data
nificant driver of the labour force, local communities and the global to support strategic roadmaps. The purpose of this study is to provide
economy—is considered to be significant from a sociological standpoint insight into the developments that IoT innovation has brought about in
[24], but its activities also raise urgent questions about the security and the construction sector over the last ten years. This study also offers
welfare of employees [25]. The most important technologies that have insightful information on how the IoT affects the construction industry,
emerged in the construction sector in the last ten years are listed in specifically regarding safety, sustainability and productivity. With the
Table 1. improved understanding of the barriers and constraints that may arise
The construction industry must keep up with the aforementioned whilst integrating the IoT into the construction industry, this review can
technological breakthroughs and smoothly incorporate them into its support the groundwork for accurate solutions and effective approaches
operating structure to maintain competitiveness and maximise effi­ to overcome the abovementioned difficulties. The primary aim of the
ciency [33]. Sufficient resources must be strategically allocated to study is to foster a technologically advanced and dynamic construction
enable the rapid uptake and application of these technologies for sector that fully utilises the potential of the IoT and other advanced
effective innovation in the building industry [34]. Construction orga­ technologies. Stakeholders in the industry may take advantage of these
nisations can no longer operate with a purely conventional set of pro­ developments and thrive in a dynamic environment, realising how the
cedures and methodologies [35]. Rather, these organisations need to development of important technologies will support future ways of
look ahead and invest in creative solutions that may save costs, simplify managing construction. The construction industry must confidently
procedures and improve project results as a whole [36]. embrace innovation and maintain its leadership position in technical
This study attempts to shed light on the body of literature written in advancement if it is to prosper and successfully adopt new technology.
the previous ten years with a particular focus on innovation within the
construction sector via the lens of the IoT in recognition of the urgent 2. Literature review
need to embrace this technology. IoT has become a revolutionary force,
presenting hitherto unseen possibilities for increased connection, data The IoT is defined by the International Organisation for

Table 1
Evaluating IoT progress and requirements in construction.
Trend Challenge Breakthrough Implementation BIM Standardisation References
Integration

Increased adoption of IoT Data management and Development of standardised IoT [26]
sensors and devices security protocols and data formats
Real-time monitoring and Lack of skilled labour to Integration of IoT data with existing [27]
analysis of construction data deploy and use IoT construction management systems
technologies
Predictive analytics and Cyberattacks and data Development of secure IoT platforms [28]
machine learning to improve breaches and applications
decision making
Autonomous and robotic High upfront costs of IoT Government incentives and subsidies to [29]
construction implementation support IoT adoption in the construction
industry
Improved productivity through Interoperability challenges Open communications standards and [30]
remote operations and protocols
automation
Optimised supply chain Integration with legacy Modular platform architectures [31]
management systems facilitating scalable integration
Equipment and asset tracking Skills gap for digital Certification programmes for IoT skills [32]
for predictive maintenance transformation training

2
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Standardisation (i.e. ISO 2018) as ‘an infrastructure made up of linked that support the ultimate objective of the overall system [87]. The sec­
systems, systems, people and information resources, together with ond part includes enabling technologies that can process data and
intelligent services that enable them to manage and respond to infor­ convert them to information for access by end users.
mation from both the real world and the virtual world’ [37,38]. Pro­
vided with a framework and an explanation for IoT systems, the IoT 2.1. Data and usage
combines physical and virtual states [39,40]. These states include
physical components such as sensors, actuators, cloud services, com­ An awareness of the role that data play in the development of IoT
munications and protocols with different designs [41]. The IoT has software can be gained by examining publications that discuss data and
grown rapidly in recent years because of advancements in sensor and their use in maintenance operations [31]. The use of digital technology
communication technology [42]. As a result, linked devices and sensors directly influences economic, environmental and societal performance,
are now widely used in a variety of industries, including transportation, as determined by an impact analysis on technological integration in the
safety, health, smart buildings and the car industry [14,43]. construction sector [88]. This analytic report emphasises the importance
IoT sensors come in various forms, including radio frequency iden­ of the three factors in determining how a sustainable system develops. A
tification, imaging, motion, GPS, proximity and biosensors [44]. In plethora of documents centres on data collection. IoT systems enable the
particular, IoT detectors allow digital twins to be synced with physical analysis, evaluation and management of data prior to understanding
assets by detecting one or more situations in these physical assets [45], these data and acting with a precise degree [32]. Over time, novel
converting these conditions into signals that can be read by computers or techniques for communication, such as the introduction of 5G technol­
people; then, these signals may be connected to the Internet to facilitate ogy that facilitates incredibly rapid connections, have surfaced. Given
communication (Table 2) [46]. the fast data transfer speeds, project management can remain relevant
In the sphere of the IoT, Shvets and Hanák [65] distinguished be­ and focused on real-time or immediate data sharing [89]. These ex­
tween three meanings for objects, i.e. Internet-oriented, things-oriented change tools have applications in several different domains, such as
and semantic-oriented meanings. The things-oriented meaning refers to finance, in which blockchain technology facilitates payment transfers.
the physical world of physical items; the Internet-oriented meaning re­ Furthermore, this exchange strategy is both realistic and believable
fers to the network; and the semantic-oriented meaning refers to the [21]. A multitude of devices have surfaced since automation. These
modalities of links between the two areas (Table 3). A fourth interpre­ configurations are effectively controlled by a wide range of mobile ap­
tation was introduced by Prabhakar [66]. Human-centred approaches plications, acting as vital instruments for monitoring and managing data
prioritise virtual interfaces and interaction strategies by interpreting at all scales, from homes to entire cities [73]. Maintenance is one aspect
phenomena from the viewpoint of the user. The most typical architec­ of data use. In fact, a building’s structural health must be proactively
ture used by academics involves three layers. The terminologies used in evaluated whilst it is being constructed [77]. Automated procedures
the literature [17,66] include perception, network and application may be utilised to assess the health of a structure by considering aspects
layers. With sensors to detect and gather data, the perception layer can such as safety, integrity and functioning throughout its life. These so­
be situated at the level of the physical environment. However, this in­ phisticated methods have made it possible to predict and analyse sub­
formation must be communicated to higher levels, with individuals sidence [36]. Forecasts somewhat deviate from onsite data. Reducing
detecting physical factors or recognising other intelligent things in the maintenance expenses is less challenging when digital copies are used.
actual world [67]. After analysis and visualisation, the data can help individuals make
Subsequently, the gathered raw data must be processed and trans­ well-informed decisions on maintenance plans [36]. The use of cognitive
mitted across the network layer. The technique for sending the electrical digital twins (CDTs) offers a complete approach to managing a build­
signal that links servers, network devices and intelligent objects is ing’s whole lifespan. The next sections examine the integrability,
referred to as a ‘network’ [85]. The two types of communication and interpolation and application of this model in detail.
network technologies used are wired and wireless (i.e. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi
and ZigBee infrared) [86]. With recent advancements in technology,
2.2. Conception by construction 4.0
scholars have attempted to address issues relating to data transfer,
encouraging creativity by creating several communication methods. The
An innovative approach known as ‘Construction 4.0’ combines dig­
top level is called the application layer [86]. Its objective is to provide
ital technology with traditional building methods to improve produc­
front-end interaction with users to assist in their decision making. This
tivity, sustainability and efficiency in the sector [72]. This method
level is separated into two primary parts [87]: the computational
effectively combines technologies such as AI, VR, three-dimensional
portion and the application sector. The first part defines the application
(3D) modelling and the IoT to optimise a number of areas, including
field, techniques and protocols to be employed whilst offering services
construction management, design and planning [76]. Digital twinning is

Table 2
Summary of the literature on IoT applications in construction management.
Year Papers Top 3 Applications Prominent Top 3 Variables Quantitative Studies Qualitative Studies Research Gaps
Technologies Studied

2023 290 Structural health Sensors, BIM, Productivity, Li, Liu [47]; Heidari, Hossain, Ahmed Social impacts, Integration
monitoring, Risk Cloud Cost, Quality Navimipour [48]; Bado, [50]; Flor-Unda, challenges, Interoperability
management, Collaborative Tonelli [49] Fuentes [51]. issues, Economic feasibility
management
2022 390 Planning, Safety, RFID, GPS, Productivity, Freire and Xu [52]; Bena, Freire and Nicotra Social impacts, Integration
Equipment tracking Computer vision Cost, Quality Hossain [53]; Wang, Hu [55]; Do, Blanchini challenges, Interoperability
[54] [56] issues, Economic feasibility
2021 306 Productivity, Material 3D printing, Productivity, Kumar, Gopi [57]; Soori, Arezoo [60]; Social impacts, Integration
management, Defect Drones, ML Cost, Quality Chaurey, Kalpande [58]; Fani, Antomarioni challenges, Interoperability
detection Azamfirei, Psarommatis [61] issues, Economic feasibility
[59]
2020 270 Resource Planning, AI, Predictive Time, Safety, [62,63] [64] Privacy, change management,
Equipment Supply Chain Analytics, Sustainability Lack of Skills
Blockchain

3
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Table 3
Summary of literature by region.
Region Papers Top 3 Applications Prominent Productivity, Cost, Quantitative Studies Qualitative Research Gaps
Technologies Quality Studies

China 563 Structural health Sensors, BIM, Hassani and Payawal and Kim [69]; Smith, Williams Social impacts, Integration
monitoring, Risk Cloud Dackermann [68]; Hassani and Dackermann [71]; Antony, challenges, Interoperability
management, Payawal and Kim [69] [68]; Hassani and Sony [72] issues, Economic feasibility
Collaborative Dackermann [70]
management
Malaysia 211 Planning, Safety, RFID, GPS, Alaloul, Qureshi [73]; Alawag, Alaloul [36]; Aslam, Maqsoom Social impacts, Integration
Equipment tracking Computer Musarat, Irfan [63]; Qureshi, Alaloul [75] [76]; Alawag, challenges, Interoperability
vision Qureshi, Alaloul [74] Alaloul [77] issues, Economic feasibility
USA 144 Productivity, Material 3D printing, Siripurapu, Soebandrija and Jovanko Palmer and Social impacts, Integration
management, Defect Drones, ML Darimireddy [78]; [81]; Perera, Ranadewa Laliberte [83]; challenges, Interoperability
detection Bishay, Brody [79]; [82] Larasati and issues, Economic feasibility
Vedrtnam, Ghabezi [80] Mujica [84]

a key component of this industry change in construction, as it is a careful planning and efficient management techniques [97]. Taken
technology that may significantly reduce resource waste. The papers together, these studies essentially highlight how crucial management
under evaluation emphasise the limitations and requirements related to and organisational strategies are for utilising IoT to streamline building
BIM and promote the need to shift to a Design 4.0 paradigm [90]. These operations.
papers also advocate for the use of AI algorithms for data analysis, IoT
sensors for real-time monitoring and AI-based CDT simulations for 2.4. Ecology, sanitary and security
process optimisation [59]. This all-encompassing strategy seeks to
improve safety by implementing customised algorithms that offer early Construction companies have always prioritised safety, health and
alerts to reduce the likelihood of accidents, guaranteeing a safe working the environment; some have even created quality, high security and
environment [91]. Additionally, this approach promotes enhanced environmental requirements. IoT technology allows managers to ensure
stakeholder engagement in projects and enables asset life cycle man­ conformity to relevant standards by providing continuous monitoring of
agement, which includes maintenance scheduling and building perfor­ these dynamic characteristics [98]. A hybrid method with several
mance optimisation. The first step in the development of construction evaluations is one way to enhance security situations. This report,
technology is represented by BIM. Several cutting-edge technologies, however, highlights a few hurdles [3]. Security technologies are not
including augmented and VR, have recently gained popularity [49]. integrated, the data architecture is complicated, continual monitoring is
Furthermore, systems such as supervisory control and data acquisition necessary, hardware and software limits are limited, and data privacy
(SCADA) have surfaced, opening opportunities for a dynamic issues and technical training are needed. These roadblocks can sub­
digital-twin approach and facilitating the integration of several do­ stantially impede the implementation process and lead to challenging
mains. New procedures are emerging and gaining traction in the IoT adoption, particularly in smaller construction projects [99]. New
building sector [13]. Amongst these are big data, cloud computing, ways are being developed to increase employee well-being and address
modelling and simulation tools, all of which have their foundation in health-related challenges. According to a poll of medical experts, new
sound system management. Furthermore, the development of intelligent technologies, such as smart helmets with GPS units, smoke alarms and
communication networks is essential to the advancement of Building 4.0 job completion buttons, are being integrated [100]. These measures
[44]. Improving the value chain, productivity and sustainability in the have proven to be quite effective at lowering the negative repercussions
construction industry are all potential benefits of implementing Con­ of occupational health (OH) issues. The introduction of Industry 4.0
struction 4.0. technology holds tremendous promise for tackling future health chal­
lenges. The IoT is a valuable tool for solving new environmental chal­
2.3. Synergistic effects between realisation, management and organisation lenges that have evolved in recent years [56]. With the use of sensors,
in construction construction sites may properly monitor their energy use. The IoT helps
to optimise energy consumption, which might result in efficiency gains
Organisations prioritise increased project execution efficiency. Dy­ as high as 18 %. Sensors are a major change in industrial business
namic monitoring is essential for assessing the condition of asphalt because they enable the creation of an IoT-driven petrol emissions
concrete pavements [92]. A variety of sensors and technologies, monitoring system.
including 5G and IoT, are implemented throughout the asphalt Asset and equipment tracking has had the largest degree of accep­
deployment phase to gather vital data, such as temperature fluctuations tance to date, accounting for 25 % of prior usage, according to statistics
[93]. These monitoring metrics are crucial in assessing the condition of on historical IoT applications in the construction industry (Fig. 1).
pavements. In regard to a variety of construction operations, such as Another important use case, which accounted for 20 % of previous IoT
building concrete piles, the use of IoT data sensors is quite beneficial integrations, is site condition monitoring. Other applications that have
[53]. The focus of the study is the implementation of specialised gained traction include supply chain tracking (10 %), fleet telematics
equipment that facilitates the worldwide collection of quality control (15 %) and newer fields such as robotic automation. The industry is
data [94]. These articles highlight the significance of organisation and actively investigating and deploying IoT technology across these diverse
effective administration in the context of implementing the IoT across disciplines, notwithstanding its early stages. Adoption rates are expected
several construction sectors [95]. Talent management and information to rise even more in the coming years across all application areas as
security are essential to the growth of smart cities and the assistance of solutions develop and become more turnkey for construction businesses
regional industrial sectors [28]. Voice-based intelligent virtual agents to use. However, the areas that have advanced most recently include
are useful tools that may be used to increase construction workers’ ef­ asset tracking and site monitoring, which offer important starting points
ficiency and provide a new method for managing tasks [79]. In addition, for identifying the occurrence of digital revolution.
one of the most important tasks that civil engineers can use to improve The literature review provides a comprehensive analysis focused
infrastructure systems is to handle intelligent technology well [96]. The primarily on IoT technology in construction by synthesising more than
successful integration of the IoT into the construction industry requires 150 publications. As mentioned in the comments, context is crucial

4
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

when debating the benefits and drawbacks of implementing IoT appli­

cations. Positively, the literature analysis identifies several important
advantages, including enhanced safety monitoring, asset tracking,
problem detection via BIM integration and time/cost savings. However,
the adoption of the IoT also faces major barriers in construction projects.
Overcoming persisting problems includes overcoming obstacles such as
coverage gaps, cybersecurity threats, interference issues, compatibility
challenges across vendor platforms and a shortage of experienced staff.
Although additional study is required to assess costs and benefits across
various project kinds and organisations, this review offers new insights
based on data regarding the transformative potential of the IoT in the
construction industry. If platform development and integration issues
are resolved throughout the construction value chain, then the forecasts
indicate positive returns on investment ranges in the upcoming years.
The long-term goal is to offer strategic insights to industry stakeholders
so that they can choose the best times and strategies to maximise tech­
nological modernisation and adoption. Adopting these technologies will
be essential for the construction industry to maintain its leading position
as IoT developments evolve quickly. Industry executives should have the
Fig. 1. IoT applications in construction (historical usage). skills to decide when and how to pursue integration. Consequently, this
review summarises the most recent related evidence-based research and

Fig. 2. Research flowchart.

5
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

outlines the benefits, obstacles and drawbacks that have been supported prevalent terms (Fig. 5) were ‘Internet of Things’, ‘construction’,
by the literature. ‘building information modeling’, ‘productivity’, ‘sustainability’, and
others. Three major clusters appeared from the network after evaluating
3. Methodology the interactions between highly central terms. Cluster 1 was concerned
with fundamental IoT technologies for the construction industry and
This research intends to examine the progress of the IoT in the included terms such as IoT, construction, BIM and digital twins. Cluster
construction sector, assess the interest of construction industry players 2 focused on increasing performance criteria such as productivity, sus­
and provide new ideas for democratising the usage of the IoT in this tainability, safety and efficiency. Cluster 3 included data-driven tech­
field. This research adopts a progressive process that entails studying all niques, including data analytics and machine learning (Fig. 5). These
lines of thinking to acquire a comprehensive view of each phase. The clusters show that researchers are investigating the use of the IoT in
process incorporates a back-and-forth between substantive subject construction projects to improve productivity, sustainability, safety and
analysis with a statement of the circumstances of possibility and a return efficiency by using data-driven tools and methodologies. As a result, the
to reality with the protagonists’ current purpose. This strategy aids in keyword network analysis highlighted prominent themes in the
understanding the true meaning of this issue by waking numerous sol­ literature.
itary points to find lever variables addressing IoT growth roadblocks. According to published research, the IoT is increasingly being used in
This paper suggests a strategy for expanding IoT applications in the the construction sector to improve a variety of characteristics, such as
construction industry (Fig. 2). sustainability, safety, productivity and efficiency [101]. Technologies
An investigation into the IoT and construction was initially con­ such as digital twins, smart construction, BIM, data analytics and ma­
ducted through a questionnaire in the Malaysian construction industry. chine learning have enabled these advancements [102]. More research
Several common principles are mentioned in these publications to assess is needed to develop more specialised IoT-based solutions for dealing
the growth of the IoT in this industry. Several significant elements are with specific difficulties in quality assurance, safety monitoring, con­
gradually being presented to carry out a questionnaire aimed at evalu­ struction project management and other areas. More studies are also
ating the adoption of the IoT by players in the construction sector. required to assess the social and economic impacts of widespread IoT
deployment in the building sector. Overall, the body of data indicates a
3.1. Selection of factors growing interest in the IoT and its potential to change the construction
industry.
An assessment of the present status of research on the IoT in the A comprehensive analysis of the body of research on IoT applications
construction sector was conducted using a search of the Scopus database in construction was conducted by selecting pertinent publications from
encompassing the years from 2018 to 2024 (Fig. 3). When the keywords the Scopus database with great care. As mentioned earlier, 1542 docu­
‘Internet of Things’ and ‘construction’ were combined in the search, ments that matched the specified search parameters were found during
1542 documents were identified. A study of the documents by year the initial search.
shows constant growth in publication over time, with 2023 having the
most papers issued (290). In terms of geographic distribution, China 3.3. Screening and selection of factors
produced the most articles (563), followed by India (211). More than
half of all the papers were submitted by the top ten countries or terri­ From these data, important parameters, including authors, publica­
tories (Fig. 4). Co-occurrence analysis was performed in VOSviewer by tion year, kind of publication and geographic focus, were taken out to
using Scopus keyword data to discover the most prevalent themes and help with the methodical selection of papers for closer inspection. A
linkages between the phrases. The investigation revealed three key total of 33 publications, 10 conference papers, 19 research pieces and 4
clusters: (1) digital twins, IoT, smart construction, BIM and construction; review articles were carefully selected to represent the body of litera­
(2) productivity, sustainability, safety and efficiency; and (3) machine ture, as shown in Table 3. These 33 studies, which also included infor­
learning and data analytics. mation on the authors, year, kind, country of origin and targeted
construction domain/use case for each study, are comprehensively
3.2. Keyword analysis of published articles described in Table 4. This approach made it possible for us to locate case
studies, technologies and common subjects in the literature. Surveys,
A term co-occurrence network was constructed using VOSviewer interviews, controlled experiments and case studies were amongst the
software to further analyse the literature and uncover similar themes. quantitative and qualitative research methods utilised in a number of
The initial step was to import the Scopus dataset, which contained all the publications to assess IoT-based solutions. Through the analysis of per­
keyword metadata for the retrieved papers. The associations between formance indicators before and during implementation, these studies
commonly co-occurring phrases were then visualised using a keyword provided insightful information on the benefits, limitations and lessons
co-occurrence network. The keywords were analysed using two crucial learnt from real-world projects.
network metrics: frequency (how frequently a term appeared) and As mentioned earlier, three major clusters were identified via
centrality (the significance of the term within the network). The most keyword analysis of the larger dataset of 1542 documents: data-driven
methodologies, performance enhancement measures and core IoT
technologies. The objectives and approaches to the solutions shown in
the 33 articles listed in Table 3 were reflected in these groups. This
comprehensive analysis offered a well-rounded view of current ad­
vancements, applications, ramifications and future possibilities posed by
integrating the IoT across the building life cycle. The analysis was based
on carefully chosen high-quality publications.

3.4. Questionnaire design

3.4.1. Pilot survey

Prior to delivering the questionnaire to the whole sample group, a
pilot study was conducted to ensure the feasibility of the essential
Fig. 3. Documents per year (2018–2024). research components. A limited sample size was employed in the pilot

6
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Fig. 4. Documents by region (2018–2024).

Fig. 5. Most commonly used keywords in documents.

study to determine whether the responders were aware of the purpose of second section, we delve into the utilisation of data in the management
the questionnaire. A broad distribution was conducted in response to the of building construction projects. The third section focuses on the
positive pilot test findings. incorporation of new Industry 4.0 technologies in building construction
projects. The fourth section explores the coordination benefits facili­
3.4.2. IoT in construction: impact, utilisation and influences tated by the IoT in construction projects. Finally, the last section con­
A survey was designed to assess the impact of evolving IoT appli­ centrates on the enhancement of working conditions for construction
cations on the construction industry and to investigate the variables workers through the implementation of new IoT technologies.
influencing the utilisation and comprehension of these tools in con­
struction projects and buildings. The questionnaire comprises five sec­ 3.4.3. Target population and sample size
tions. The first section centres on collecting respondent profiles. In the The target demographic information for this study included aca

7
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Table 4 Table 4 (continued )

Selected factors from the literature. No Literature Status Selected Factors Reference
No Literature Status Selected Factors Reference
Part 3: Synergy for a better organisation by IoT
IoT data management assessment 15. Sensor data help Modified The IoT may improve [118]
1. Sensors can monitor Modified The use of sensors [103, optimise work ergonomics in the field
the building’s allows a better 104] processes and resource of management
structural health, understanding of the allocation to reduce
energy usage and other life cycle of a building strain
aspects over time 16. Real-time visibility Modified Automated IoT [119]
2 5G enables real-time Modified Automations by 5G [95,105] under site conditions is monitoring is necessary
transmission of large systems are essential for now critical for during construction
IoT data volumes capturing data faster. productivity and
3. IoT data storage in Modified The storage of data [106, compliance
servers and the cloud related to the IoT has a 107] 17. Sensor insights support Modified Dynamic monitoring [100]
contributes to carbon considerable data-driven decisions enables better
emissions environmental impact for continuous performance and
4. Financial transactions Selected - [108, performance increased productivity
by blockchain systems 109] improvement
are safe 18. The IoT allows better Selected – [120]
5. Monitoring structural Modified An advanced [110, performance in terms
performance, leaks and monitoring system can 111] of quality control of
usage can optimise significantly reduce the the works executed
maintenance and costs of buildings 19. Sensor integration Modified The automation of [121]
operational costs throughout their life streamlines existing systems allows
cycle documentation better ergonomics of
6. Digital twins integrate Modified The use of digital twins [112, processes, reducing renderings in the
IoT data streams to allows more efficient 113] delays and errors production phase
simulate building/ development of data 20. RFID/sensors provide Modified IoT-automated [122]
infrastructure usage in management real-time inventory inventory tracking
planning and visibility across enables an easier-to-
operations delivery and usage track organisation
7. Automated video Modified The automation of [20,112] Part 4: Improving working conditions through IoT
analytics and sensor surveillance systems is 21. IoT monitors safety Modified Improving worker [97]
alerts reduce the need more efficient than that compliance and safety is a priority
for human monitoring of the current system detects hazards in real
and inspection visits time
Part 2: Direction toward new technologies 4.0 22. Healthier/happier Modified Improving the
8. Sensor data can Modified The use of IoT sensors [114, workers are more conditions of workers
pinpoint equipment allows the detection of 115] productive and leads to better
failures and issues for breakdowns and innovative production
predictive technical problems 23. IoT optimises working Modified Workers’ conditions [123]
maintenance conditions to support impact their well-being
9. The IoT allows the Selected - [26,29] overall worker at work
optimisation of the wellness
logistics of tools and 24. IoT allows the Modified -
equipment at the optimisation of PPE
construction site 25. Ergonomic Modified IoT helps reduce worker [124]
10. Usage metrics inform Modified IoT monitoring of the [116] adjustments from illnesses or
adjustments to tool/ performance of sensor data prevent musculoskeletal
machinery allocation equipment and tools on long-term health issues disorders (back pain,
and maintenance the construction site tinnitus or sore knees)
scheduling allows better 26. Real-time alerts notify Modified IoT reduces the risk of
optimisation of their workers of workplace accidents
uses environmental hazards
11. Analytics reveal which Modified Analysing tool usage [5] and risky behaviours
tools are under/ data helps identify 27. Wearables monitor Modified Monitoring exposure to [125]
overutilised to opportunities for chemical/particulate hazardous and toxic
improve work improvement and levels to ensure substances is a key issue
processes streamlining regulatory compliance in the development of
12. Immersive VR/AR Modified The use of 3D modelling [117] IoT
integration with real- software for the design 28. Sensor feedback drives Modified The IoT helps promote [126]
time IoT is now and visualisation of posture/movement good ergonomic
required construction projects is optimisations for practices to reduce the
insufficient in today’s injury prevention risk of injury
industry 29 Hands-free equipment Modified IoT allows for improved [98]
13. Standardising Modified The use of performance [91] assists collaborative communication
measurements of monitoring software to decision making in between workers and
schedule, budget and measure and evaluate hazardous areas their superiors
quality KPIs via the IoT project results is a 30. Monitoring worker Selected – [127]
is an open issue challenge for the future health and well-being,
14. The integration of Selected – [94] including fatigue and
document stress, drives
management software productivity
enables the
centralisation and
organisation of project
information

8
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

demic university professors, building project contractors and consul­ 3.5.4. Statistical validity
tants. The questionnaire methodology was chosen as the most appro­ Statistical validity is the degree to which a research study’s findings
priate strategy for collecting the data efficiently and quickly. The total may be trusted and believed to be reliable given the statistical tests that
sample must correspond to a representative cross-section of the whole were used. Accurate data collection and appropriate statistical analysis
population. Thus, the sample size is frequently split into subgroups of the data are prerequisites for ensuring statistical validity. The aspects
depending on demographic criteria such as age, sex and geographical of statistical validity that are crucial include construct validity and in­
region. The method developed by Andrew Fisher, which refers to pop­ ternal validity.
ulations with unknown attributes, was used to determine the sample
size. 3.5.5. Internal validity
2
Internal validity refers to how well a research study creates a plau­
(Z − score) × StdDev × (1 − StdDev) sible cause-and-effect link. This concept focuses on the validity of the
Sample Size = (1)
(Confidence interval)2 study’s conclusions, emphasising precision and rigorous research
Equation (1) is the formula for calculating the sample size. The methodologies. Internal validity is frequently linked to the investigation
‘standard score’, often referred to as the ‘z score’, is correlated with the of causation.
degree of confidence. The probability that the actual population
parameter falls within the confidence interval after many random 3.5.6. Structure validity
sample selections is indicated by the confidence level. A statistical The extent to which the ratings on a scale give an acceptable rep­
measure called the z score shows how much a raw score or percentage of resentation of the underlying qualities being explored in research is
confidence level differs from the population mean by the number of referred to as structural validity.
standard deviations. The 90 % confidence level is used in this instance,
indicating some ambiguity amongst general construction industry spe­ 3.5.7. Correlation test
cialists, which significantly lowers the degree of confidence. The Correlation is a statistical tool for determining the strength and di­
equivalent Z score with a confidence level of 90 % is 1.65, with a rection of a link between two variables. The correlation coefficient,
standard deviation of 0.5. The margin of error, which is 5 %, is also which ranges from − 1 to 1, is used to assess this association and provides
included in the confidence interval. As a result, a sample size of 54 was important information about how strongly the variables are correlated.
used for this investigation. To improve the robustness of the findings, a
greater number of questionnaires were distributed than the sample size. 3.5.8. Relative importance index
The procedure shown in Equation (3) for the relative importance
3.5. Data analysis index (RII) is constructed using this method. The RGI considers the
supplied data and calculates the RII for every type and subtype, allowing
The qualitative data were collected via expert interviews, and the the significance of each piece to be evaluated. A factor is more relevant
material was analysed quantitatively. SPSS software was used for when its RII is greater. RII is a popular approach for ranking components
additional data analysis. owing to its simplicity in prioritising aspects.
∑
W
3.5.1. Reliability test Relative Importance Index (RII) = (3)
(A × N)
A reliability analysis was used to determine the consistency of the
questionnaire. A higher reliability number suggests that the question­ where W is the weight of each factor, A is the height and weight of the
naire has a better level of internal consistency. Internal consistency, as factor and N is the sum of the respondents.
evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha, determines how closely connected a set
of objects is to one another. It measures the average intercorrelation 4. Results and discussion
amongst test items in relation to the total number of test items and acts
as an indicator of scale reliability. The basic formula for computing 4.1. Information about the participants
Cronbach’s alpha is given by
Table 5 presents a comprehensive and exhaustive overview of the
N Ć
α= (2) survey results important to respondents within the construction in­
Ύ + (N − 1)Ć dustry. The survey, in which 54 responses were received using the
Microsoft Forms platform, indicated that 51.9 % of participants held a
where N is the number of items, Ć is the average inter-item covariance
master’s degree, highlighting a significant level of educational attain­
amongst the items and Ύ is the average variance.
ment within the group. Additionally, professional experience ranges
from newcomers with no prior experience to seasoned stalwarts with
3.5.2. Validity test
more than three decades of involvement in the construction sector. In
A validity test is needed whilst collecting research data. The tool
terms of education and experience, 40.7 % of the respondents claimed
serves as an evaluation of the degree of validity of the research instru­
more than 15 years in the construction industry, indicating a variety of
ment, identifying whether the tool successfully gathers information
expertise amongst a substantial portion of the participants. Furthermore,
about the study variable and measures what it is supposed to measure.
the survey reveals that 25.9 % of the respondents serve as either site
The validity test can be broadly categorised into two main groups: face
engineers or office engineers, whilst 18.5 % occupy the esteemed posi­
validity and statistical validity.
tion of project manager. Regarding their employment, the majority
(44.4 %) of respondents were unaffiliated with consulting or contracting
3.5.3. Face validity
firms, highlighting the diversity of roles within the construction in­
Face validity is the extent to which a device can capture the idea it is
dustry. Concerning the scale of their establishments, 85.2 % of the re­
meant to measure. An instrument is said to have validity when it seems
spondents worked in organisations with more than 30 employees,
to measure the intended subject matter properly. Many important and
highlighting the prevalence of larger enterprises in this sector.
useful approaches can be used to develop face validity and distinguish
their outputs.

9
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Table 5 presented in Table 6.

Demographic profiles of the respondents.
General Information Number Percentage (%) 4.2.2. Data validity and correlations
Table 6 presents the data validity and correlations for this study.
Education level
Master of Science 28 51.2 Correlations and p values were calculated for each variable. For hy­
Bachelor of Science 16 29.6 pothesis testing, the p value is less than 0.001, which is well below the
Doctor of Philosophy 2 3.7 reasonable level of significance (0.05). Therefore, all the variables in this
Other 8 14.8 investigation are legitimate. Additionally, all the variables are legiti­
Position
Site Engineer 14 25.9
mate because the correlation coefficient for each variable obtained is
Office Engineer 14 25.9 higher than the product moment or the correlation coefficient’s critical
Project Manager 10 18.5 value, which is set at 0.1126. Consequently, the null hypothesis is dis­
Other 16 29.6 proved, and every variable was shown to be significant in this
Experience in construction work (years)
investigation.
Less than 5 18 33.3
From 5 to less than 10 8 14.8
From 10 to less than 15 6 11.1 4.2.3. Strong correlations amongst all variables
15 or more 22 40.7 The findings in Table 7 show that the p value computed for all the
Institution types components is 0.001, which is much lower than the tolerable signifi­
Consultant company 20 37.0
Contractor company 10 18.5
cance threshold (0.05). Therefore, each component has a meaningful
Other 24 40.7 link with the others. However, several variables have modest correla­
Institution experience in the construction industry (years) tions with one another, as shown by the Pearson correlation values that
Less than 10 10 18.5 were computed, which vary from 0.21 to 0.40. However, the remaining
From 10 to less than 20 8 14.8
components had correlation coefficients between 0.41 and 0.60, sug­
From 20 to less than 30 10 18.5
More than 30 26 48.1 gesting a moderate correlation. Even with the less substantial associa­
Institution size (number of employees) tion between certain parameters, the correlation values are still
Less than 10 6 11.1 acceptable.
From 10 to less than 20 2 3.7
From 20 to less than 30 0 0.0
4.2.4. Quantifying and assessing the importance of IoT components in
More than 30 46 85.2
construction
The RII is a scientifically grounded method that is predominantly
4.2. Factors to assess IoT employed to rank the components under scrutiny in this survey study.
This index is used to assess the quantification and significance of each
This section analyses the factors that are significant in determining aspect and gauge the potential for development through the IoT in the
whether IoT technology is used in the construction industry. Many construction industry. The RII is calculated using the following formula,
important elements have been examined in detail. The applications of where ‘W’ represents the intensity rating assigned to each element,
technology-driven tools and processes must be comprehensively exam­ ranging from 1 to 5; ‘A’ indicates the maximum weight (in this case, 5);
ined throughout the design and execution stages of building projects. and ‘N’ is the number of respondents (54 in this example).
The goal is to enhance the accessibility and integration of IoT technol­
ogies in the construction industry. Respondents were asked to assess 4.2.4.1. Assessment of IoT data management. This section analyses the
these characteristics on a five-point Likert scale, where 1 represented assessment of data utilisation via IoT instruments in the construction
strong disagreement, 2 represented disagreement, 3 represented sector. Various driving factors, such as the diverse implementations of
neutrality, 4 represented agreement and 5 represented strong agree­ servers, their contemporary relevance and the associated security con­
ment. These variables were divided into four groups: data usage, In­ cerns related to financial and private data, are investigated. The results
dustry 4.0 technology, IoT alignment inside the organisation and presented in Table 7 prove that the factor ‘an advanced monitoring
enhancing working conditions. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha test, system can significantly reduce the costs of buildings throughout their
which was used to confirm the accuracy and consistency of the data, are life cycle’ occupies the premier position, garnering an impressive 85.1 %
discussed in the next sections. consensus amongst respondents. This statistically significant outcome
underscores the substantial economic benefits achievable through
4.2.1. Assessing data reliability: Cronbach’s alpha effective maintenance across a range of structures, comprising buildings,
Cronbach’s alpha, a statistical method, was employed to ensure the roads, bridges and towers, throughout their life cycles. These benefits
precision and reliability of our analysis. In this framework, a value of 0.9 can be realised by integrating sensor-based systems, diodes and auto­
is considered highly dependable, whilst a range of 0.7–0.9 is deemed mated technologies, which hold the promise of optimising maintenance
reliable, 0.5 to 0.7 is considered reasonably dependable, and 0.5 or less processes. Yao [124] highlighted the transformative potential of IoT
is regarded as highly unreliable. With a sample size of N = 54 and a sensors. These sensors enable precise and scientific analyses, empow­
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.952, the data are evidently reliable ering the prediction and proactive management of movements within
and robust. The detailed data reliability assessment for this study is vital infrastructure components, such as tunnels for metro systems. This
technological advancement represents a significant leap forward in the
domain of structural monitoring, with far-reaching implications for
Table 6
ensuring the integrity and longevity of critical infrastructure.
Data reliability.
‘The use of sensors allows us to better understand the life cycle of a
Case Processing Summary building’ is the second pivotal factor, commanding a significant per­
N % centage of 79.3 %. Given its close alignment with the top-ranking factor,
Cases Valid 54 100 this substantial percentage is unsurprising. This factor highlights a
Excluded 0 0 specific facet of IoT technology—sensors and their transformative po­
Total 54 100 tential in comprehending a building’s life cycle. Heidari [48] investi­
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.952 gated the feasibility of sensor-based structural health monitoring in
N of Items 36

10
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Table 7 existing buildings, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying damage

Data validity and correlation. and predicting potential failures. Their work aligns with the identified
Code Factors Correlation P- importance of sensors in understanding a building’s life cycle. Almusaed
Coefficient Value [128] explored the integration of sensor data with BIM for enhanced
A1 The use of sensors allows a better 0.729 <0.001 building management and optimisation. Their research highlights the
understanding of the life cycle of a building potential of sensors not only for comprehending but also for optimising a
A2 Automations by 5G systems are essential for 0.646 <0.001 building’s life cycle performance. Hossain [50] focused on the applica­
capturing data faster tion of vibration-based sensor systems for real-time monitoring during
A3 The storage of data related to the IoT has a 0.490
seismic events. This research addresses a critical aspect of building life
<0.001
considerable environmental impact
A4 Financial transactions by blockchain 0.592 <0.001 cycle management, particularly in regions vulnerable to earthquakes,
systems are safe and further emphasises the crucial role of sensors in ensuring building
A5 An advanced monitoring system can 0.798 <0.001 safety and resilience.
significantly reduce the costs of buildings
These studies exemplify the growing body of research that validates
throughout their life cycle
A6 The use of digital twins allows more efficient 0.701 <0.001 the importance of sensors as a transformative tool for understanding and
development of data management managing the life cycle of buildings. These findings align with the survey
A7 The automation of surveillance systems is 0.695 <0.001 results, solidifying the significance of sensor-based technologies in the
more efficient than that of the current context of IoT-driven smart buildings. This innovation not only facili­
system
B8 The use of IoT sensors allows the detection of 0.697 <0.001
tates the monitoring of critical structures in the face of seismic threats
breakdowns and technical problems but also enables the assessment of their impact on similar constructions.
B9 The IoT allows the optimisation of the 0.747 <0.001 IoT systems have emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional
logistics of tools and equipment at the vibration monitoring solutions, offering an array of tools, including
construction site
microcomputers and microelectromechanical system accelerometers.
B10 IoT monitoring of the performance of 0.708 <0.001
equipment and tools on the construction site Moreover, De Simone recommends predictive maintenance through IoT
allows better optimisation of their uses monitoring to evaluate the structural integrity of buildings. Modern
B11 Analysing tool usage data helps identify 0.819 <0.001 technologies empower us to gauge the effects of time and wear, poten­
opportunities for improvement and tially jeopardising a structure’s safety. Civil infrastructure solutions
streamlining
have historically been costly and underestimated, but IoT tools, derived
B12 The use of 3D modelling software for the 0.527 <0.001
design and visualisation of construction from IT innovations, are poised to revolutionise this landscape.
projects is insufficient in today’s industry Leveraging advanced monitoring systems integrated with deep learning
B13 The use of performance monitoring software 0.717 <0.001 techniques enables the generation of future scenarios and forecasts,
to measure and evaluate project results is a
facilitating realistic tests and simulations. This dual approach seeks to
challenge for the future
B14 The integration of document management 0.866 <0.001 extend the life cycle of structures whilst proactively monitoring unde­
software enables the centralisation and sirable structural disturbances to avert potential disasters.
organisation of project information The factors ‘the efficiency of surveillance systems improves with
C15 The IoT may improve ergonomics in the field 0.770 <0.001 automation’ and ‘leveraging 5G systems for automation is crucial for
of management
faster data capture’ occupy the third and fourth positions, respectively,
C16 Automated IoT monitoring is necessary 0.582 <0.001
during construction with approval percentages of 77.8 % and 76.3 %. Notably, these two
C17 Dynamic monitoring enables better 0.715 <0.001 factors logically converge around the theme of automating surveillance
performance and increased productivity systems. The third-ranked factor amalgamates insights from Kuhar
C18 The IoT allows better performance in terms 0.842 <0.001
[119] and Larasati and Mujica [84], who advocated the adoption of
of quality control of the works executed
C19 The automation of existing systems allows 0.835 <0.001
novel automated systems. With the advent of BIM systems, innovative
better ergonomics of renderings in the workflows have emerged that surpass conventional methods. Practi­
production phase tioners in the field attest that automation not only enhances efficiency
C20 IoT-automated inventory tracking enables 0.560 <0.001 but also elevates overall operational comfort. However, the proliferation
an easier-to-track organisation
of diverse applications may pose challenges to the widespread adoption
D21 Improving worker safety is a priority 0.601 <0.001
D22 Improving the conditions of workers leads to 0.599 <0.001 of automation. Moreover, the consensus amongst experts remains clear
better production that automation is a positive and efficiency-enhancing development for
D23 Workers’ conditions impact their well-being 0.624 <0.001 the industry. The fourth factor delves into the utilisation of 5G systems
at work
within the context of automation, reflecting insights from authors such
D24 IoT allows the optimisation of PPE 0.737 <0.001
D25 IoT helps reduce worker illnesses or 0.800 <0.001
as Prabhakar [66] and Rao [27]. The pervasive use of 5G technology
musculoskeletal disorders (back pain, supports high-volume data transmission from geographically dispersed
tinnitus or sore knees) locations. The panel recognises the potential of 5G as a future-oriented
D26 IoT reduces the risk of workplace accidents. 0.794 <0.001 solution for rapid data transmission within automated systems, offer­
D27 Monitoring exposure to hazardous and toxic 0.816
ing the prospect of swift responses to evolving situations.
<0.001
substances is a key issue in the development
of IoT The fifth factor, garnering an impressive consensus of 75.6 %, re­
D28 The IoT helps promote good ergonomic 0.881 <0.001 volves around the statement ‘the storage of data related to the IoT has a
practices to reduce the risk of injury considerable environmental impact’. This factor is rooted in the research
D29 IoT allows for improved communication 0.797 <0.001 of Sajjad [110] and Samarasinghe and Piri [129], who separately
between workers and their superiors
D30 Monitoring worker health and well-being, 0.836 <0.001
studied the effects of the IoT on the building industry. Their combined
including fatigue and stress, drives efforts highlight the significant environmental effects associated with
productivity building operations, and the IoT has become a crucial instrument for
assessing energy generation and consumption in this setting. The role of
the IoT in this arena combines both quantitative and qualitative ap­
proaches through energy simulations, offering a holistic perspective on
environmental sustainability. The panel concurs with the notion
expressed in this factor, recognising that the IoT can play a pivotal role

11
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

in mitigating the environmental impact of construction activities by references, including standards, regulations and criteria. This emerging
providing valuable insights and facilitating informed decision-making to landscape reflects the transformative power of the IoT and related
optimise energy usage and reduce the environmental footprint. The technologies in shaping the future of the construction and transportation
alignment of these perspectives underscores the significance of the IoT sectors.
in addressing environmental concerns within the construction sector. The factor ‘the integration of document management software en­
The sixth factor, which states that ‘the utilisation of digital twins ables the centralisation and organisation of project information’ was
enhances the efficiency of data management’, centres on data utilisation ranked third, equivalent to 81.5 %. In a world where digital technology
and storage. A majority of the panel members (73.3 %) concur that is becoming increasingly important, this shows that respondents
harnessing the capabilities of digital twins to manage diverse datasets generally think that using a document centralisation tool is beneficial
contributes to a more profound understanding of existing systems. The when completing a project. In today’s economy, a system for central­
final factor in the ranking is ‘financial transactions via blockchain sys­ ising data and documents is needed. Wilberforce [24] reported that the
tems are secure’. Blockchain, which is still not widely adopted, serves as implementation of the IoT in construction development is beneficial for
a tool for ensuring the security of financial transactions, primarily in the improving productivity levels and reducing construction time and cost.
context of cryptocurrencies. Waqar [112] highlighted the impact of big
data on the commercial sector, emphasising that blockchain systems 4.2.4.3. IoT adoption: essential for sustainable construction. The factors
represent a specific type of distributed database designed to replicate, ‘IoT monitoring of the performance of equipment and tools on the
share and synchronise data across disparate geographic locations, construction site allows better optimisation of their uses’ and ‘IoT allows
including multiple sites, countries or organisations. Notably, blockchain the optimisation of the logistics of tools and equipment at the con­
operates without a central administrator or centralised data storage struction site’ are ranked fourth and sixth, with 80.7 % and 79.3 %,
mechanism. This factor occupies the last position in the ranking, sug­ respectively. In the field of construction, most of the related work has
gesting the absence of widespread agreement amongst the panel mem­ been conducted with the help of machines such as excavators, trucks,
bers. This disparity in opinion reflects the evolving and nuanced tower cranes or even mechanised handling tools. Waqar [113], Waqar
perspectives surrounding the adoption and security implications of [109] and Wu [7] have addressed the question of the environmental
blockchain systems in financial transactions. Overall, the factors within impact of construction machinery. The IoT may be adopted to achieve
this group exhibit statistical significance, with RII weights exceeding 70 emissions as close as possible to the real emission production values of
%. This robust consensus amongst respondents underscores widespread machines and thus limit abuse as much as possible. Considering that
agreement regarding the evaluation of data utilisation through the IoT. traditional approaches to the construction industry pose distinct chal­
The comprehensive results are detailed in Table 8. lenges, including environmental pollution and excessive energy con­
sumption, integrating emerging technologies helps us reduce the impact
4.2.4.2. Direction toward new technologies 4.0. The first two factors both and improve the operations of the construction sector. Therefore, con­
revolve around a common theme—the utilisation of IoT tools for prob­ struction stakeholders and policy makers will develop tools to achieve
lem identification and critical area assessment. Remarkably, both factors sustainable construction through concerted efforts to improve IoT
yielded RII weights exceeding 80 %. Waqar [20] described how a adoption.
transformative journey unfolds, driven by the integration of new BIM The rankings of two key factors, namely, ‘utilisation of 3D modelling
technologies, big data and the IoT within the construction sector. These software for construction project design and visualisation is inadequate
digital innovations assume a pivotal role in fostering business innova­ in the contemporary industry’ (ranked fifth) and ‘leveraging perfor­
tion and exert a profound influence on performance. However, between mance monitoring software for project measurement and evaluation
2015 and 2020, numerous Chinese companies witnessed a positive poses future challenges’ (ranked seventh), converge around a common
impact of Construction 4.0 on their business performance, with tech­ theme. As articulated by Ye [40], the prevailing employment of existing
nology serving as the enabler of this notable achievement. According to technologies falls short of their full potential, with stakeholders seem­
Waqar [113], the second factor centres around digital twin technology ingly complacent in their comfort zones. Although the market presents
and techniques grounded in cyber-physical systems and the IoT. These an array of management and deployment solutions, the SCADA system,
solutions exhibit remarkable dynamic potential for intelligent produc­ for instance, lacks a graphical solution with a profound impact on the
tion planning and control. Research suggests that these methods offer ultimate project outcome. The objective, therefore, is to develop a
substantial advantages in the classification of transportation infra­ comprehensive system that integrates all these crucial parameters.
structure and the management of spatial information networks related Zhang [11] elucidated the concept of Industry 4.0, which centres on
to transportation. In the foreseeable future, these technologies could digitalising the entire value chain of a product and enhancing produc­
enable predictive design based on a comprehensive array of available tivity through various cutting-edge technologies and automated
manufacturing environments. Presently, the landscape of construction
technologies within the purview of Industry 4.0, encompassing BIM, VR,
Table 8
AR and drones, remains relatively underdeveloped and constrained.
RII weights and ranks for the IoT data management assessment.
Consequently, the construction sector must embrace the recommenda­
No Code Factors RII Rank tions of contemporary advanced technologies. Notably, the low rankings
1 A1 The use of sensors allows a better understanding of 0.793 2 of these two factors reflect the reluctance of construction stakeholders to
the life cycle of a building embrace this transformation. Overall, the statistical analysis revealed
2 A2 Automations by 5G systems are essential for 0.763 4 the significance of all factors, as indicated by their respective RII weights
capturing data faster
3 A3 The storage of data related to the IoT has a 0.756 5
exceeding 80 %. This robust consensus amongst respondents un­
considerable environmental impact derscores their strong agreement regarding the causes and impact fac­
4 A4 Financial transactions by blockchain systems are 0.719 7 tors contributing to the elevated incidence of accidents within the
safe construction industry. The detailed findings for these factor groups are
5 A5 An advanced monitoring system can significantly 0.815 1
shown in Table 9.
reduce the costs of buildings throughout their life
cycle
6 A6 The use of digital twins allows more efficient 0.733 6 4.2.4.4. Synergy for improving the organisation by IoT. Six factors are
development of data management grouped into three groups of applications related to the synergy between
7 A7 The automation of surveillance systems is more 0.778 3
the IoT and the organisation in the construction field. The top-ranking
efficient than that of the current system

12
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Table 9 This strategic approach opens up a world of possibilities, with the po­
RII weights and rankings for the direction toward new technologies 4.0 tential for transformative impacts across an array of sectors. For
No Code Factors RII Rank instance, in the realm of transportation systems, IoT technology can
revolutionise traffic management, optimise route planning and enhance
8 B8 The use of IoT sensors allows the detection of 0.830 1
breakdowns and technical problems vehicle safety. Water systems can benefit from IoT-enabled monitoring,
9 B9 The IoT allows the optimisation of the logistics of 0.793 6 ensuring efficient water distribution and early detection of leaks.
tools and equipment at the construction site IoT-driven solutions also have the capacity to elevate air quality control
10 B10 IoT monitoring of the performance of equipment 0.807 4 measures by continuously collecting data on pollutants and enabling
and tools on the construction site allows better
optimisation of their uses
rapid responses to maintain healthier environments. Furthermore, the
11 B11 Analysing tool usage data helps identify 0.815 2 integration of the IoT into energy infrastructure has led to smart grids,
opportunities for improvement and streamlining enabling real-time energy consumption monitoring and demand opti­
12 B12 The use of 3D modelling software for the design 0.800 5 misation. Solid waste management relies on improved waste collection
and visualisation of construction projects is
processes through sensor-equipped bins that signal when the plants need
insufficient in today’s industry.
13 B13 The use of performance monitoring software to 0.756 7 to be emptied. In the field of engineering and construction management,
measure and evaluate project results is a challenge the IoT facilitates remote site monitoring and resource allocation,
for the future enhancing project efficiency. IoT sensors may provide invaluable in­
14 B14 The integration of document management 0.815 2 formation for monitoring ground stability during construction projects
software enables the centralisation and
organisation of project information
and evaluating the structural integrity of infrastructure and buildings
regarding structural and geotechnical systems. In essence, the synergy
between the IoT and these other sectors illustrates the vast potential for
factors, ‘dynamic monitoring for enhanced performance and increased technology-driven enhancements in construction and related fields. This
productivity’ (ranked first) and ‘IoT’s contribution to improved quality cross-pollination of technological advancements promises to reshape
control in construction work’ (ranked second), converge on the central industries, driving progress and efficiency across the board.
theme of productivity control and quality monitoring. Zhang and Chen Overall, the statistical analysis revealed that all the factors exhibited
[130] and Maglad [10] have offered insights into this critical aspect. IoT a high degree of statistical significance, as evidenced by their respective
technology allows for a more comprehensive oversight of ongoing RII weights, all of which exceeded 70 %. A strong consensus amongst
construction activities. The evolution of such technologies has paved the respondents implies a high level of agreement with these factors. The
way for novel management systems in asphalt pavement construction. A detailed results are shown in Table 10.
noteworthy innovation is the implementation of a dynamic quality
monitoring system for asphalt concrete pavements, facilitated by the 4.2.4.6. Improving working conditions via IoT. Ten distinct factors are
integration of satellite navigation systems. The construction industry organised into four categories, all pertaining to applications aimed at
confronts labour shortages, necessitating a heightened focus on enhancing working conditions through IoT integration. The first group
enhancing worker productivity to meet project objectives. The panel’s comprises the factors ranked first and third. The factors are ‘the workers’
consensus proves that these elements are accorded top priority, aligning conditions impact their well-being at work’ and ‘improving worker
them with the first and second positions in the ranking. safety is a priority’. These two factors centre on the improvement of
working conditions, with a specific emphasis on worker safety. Waqar
4.2.4.5. IoT for revolutionising construction management. The IoT has [112] described the IoT as a comprehensive ecosystem of interconnected
marked the beginning of significant advances in the field of manage­ computing devices and sensors designed to facilitate extensive data
ment, particularly in terms of improving the ergonomic aspects. The sharing for specific purposes. Notably, construction sites experience a
factors ‘IoT may improve ergonomics in the field of management’ and significant number of accidents each year, resulting in severe injuries
‘automation of existing systems allows better ergonomics of renderings and, tragically, fatalities amongst construction workers. IoT technolo­
in the production phase’ occupy the third and fifth positions in our gies can potentially provide a layer of protection to these workers.
ranking, reflecting their central role in improving managerial ergo­ Various systems have been developed, such as the innovative solution by
nomics, particularly in the context of production phases. This specific the company HHS, which has received recognition for its connected
theme revolves around the optimisation of ergonomic practices in headset. With this advanced helmet, a biosignal processing module
management. The evolution of communication technologies has played continuously monitors the well-being of workers at construction and
a central role in promoting trade liberalisation and facilitating trans­ industrial sites in real time. This factor constitutes a proactive safety
parent communication amongst different stakeholders. Furthermore, management system that promptly alerts safety managers to potential
the IoT has become a catalyst for the development of smart cities, hazardous situations by assessing the condition of workers. The resul­
providing the fundamental technological infrastructure on which their tant product serves as an effective preventative measure, ensuring a
realisation relies. The IoT management and control model, as presented
in this context, is implemented in a web format. The following example Table 10
illustrates its practical application: the deployment of IoT equipment in RII weights and rankings for the synergy for a better organisation according to
the construction process of cement mixing piles for automated super­ the IoT.
vision. This application aims to achieve the overarching objective of No Code Factors RII Rank
maintaining complete control over construction quality. These ideas
15 C15 The IoT may improve ergonomics in the field of 0.778 3
align with the findings of Mahmoodian [121] and Maqbool [87], management
affirming the profound impact of the IoT on improving managerial us­ 16 C16 Automated IoT monitoring is necessary during 0.726 5
ability, especially in complex landscape production phases. construction
The factors ‘automated IoT monitoring is necessary during con­ 17 C17 Dynamic monitoring enables better performance 0.807 1
and increased productivity
struction’ and ‘IoT-automated inventory tracking enables an easier-to-
18 C18 The IoT allows better performance in terms of 0.785 2
track organisation’ were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. Nubert quality control of the works executed
[29] and Payawal and Kim [69] have expressed in their articles the 19 C19 The automation of existing systems allows better 0.719 6
development of intelligent automation technologies. The overarching ergonomics of renderings in the production phase
aim is to harness the capabilities of technologies originally designed for 20 C20 IoT-automated inventory tracking enables an 0.748 4
easier-to-track organisation
other domains and adapt them for use within the construction industry.

13
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

rapid response without any blind spots in terms of safety. This outcome with the panel’s assessment, recognising the complexities involved in
is achieved through the acquisition and analysis of workers’ biosignals, implementing these solutions. This consensus underscores the validity of
allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of their risk status. The second the factors’ positions. Notably, ongoing developments in the field
and seventh factors, ‘improving worker conditions leads to better pro­ continue to yield promising solutions, such as intelligent helmets
duction’ and ‘IoT allows for improved communication between workers equipped with sensors and high-visibility sound vests. These innovations
and their superiors’, both involve enhancing worker welfare. The are designed to activate when a worker assumes an unfavourable posi­
disparity in rankings can be ascribed to the diverse nature of two ele­ tion, effectively addressing health-related inconveniences and contrib­
ments, one of which is more general and the other particular to IoT uting to improved workplace safety.
technology. Nonetheless, efficient communication is a critical corner­ All the variables that were considered were found to be statistically
stone for productivity because many problems and setbacks are often significant in the end, as shown by their RII weights falling between 60
caused by breakdowns in communication. Based on Kuhar’s observa­ % and 86 %. This finding implies a high level of consensus amongst
tions, IoT-driven communication occurs via a variety of routes. In India, respondents regarding the significance of these factors. The detailed RII
for example, the adoption of IoT technologies has not only expedited findings for this group are shown in Table 11.
work processes but also improved task and time management. GPS
systems, for example, offer real-time communication, allowing crucial 4.3. Worker-driven IoT integration framework for construction
information to be transferred quickly. This technique is intended to
speed up the reporting of crises to supervisors whilst maintaining con­ A comprehensive framework focused on innovative worker-driven
stant surveillance over site conditions. solutions for enhancing IoT technology integration in the construction
The factors ‘monitoring exposure to hazardous and toxic substances industry is shown in Fig. 6. This framework is separated into four major
is a key issue in the development of IoT’, ‘monitoring worker health and components, each of which covers numerous aspects—data utilisation,
well-being, including fatigue and stress, drives productivity’ and ‘IoT Construction 4.0 design, IoT equilibrium and organisational growth of
allows the optimisation of PPE’ are commonly associated with worker automated systems—whilst considering the human dimension’s impact
health. These factors are currently ranked fourth, fifth and ninth, on the IoT. In a world distinguished by the constant and exponential
respectively. Notably, the last factor, despite its lower ranking, aligns advancement of technology, the construction industry has frequently
closely with the others. This finding suggested a consensus amongst the missed its possibilities. The long-term establishment of these disruptive
panel members regarding the use of PPE in the context of the IoT. technologies must be ensured within the business. The study identified
However, several examples exist that demonstrate the feasibility and and answered the four major difficulties that the IoT may face in the near
effectiveness of this approach. Notable works by authors such as future by identifying industries where IoT solutions may have a signif­
Musarat [63] have shed light on successful implementations of these icant impact.
methods. The challenges associated with OH persist in a rapidly This study’s identification of the revolutionary potential of the IoT
evolving society where automation is becoming increasingly prevalent, aligns with the findings of previous research on technology-driven
especially in the industrial sector where a substantial number of tasks disruption in construction conducted by Lo [64]. Research results
are now performed by robots. In contrast, the construction industry show that 72 % of industry experts agree on the ability of IoT analytics to
poses unique challenges, as the workforce consists of highly skilled in­ spur major gains in safety, productivity and project quality, reinforcing
dividuals who are not easily replaced by machines. Consequently, Lee’s prediction model, which estimates more than 50 % of workflow
various solutions have emerged to safeguard the well-being of these efficiency improvements across design and site operations with mature
invaluable workers employed by construction companies. Diverse tools IoT systems. However, survey results on CEO hesitation by Osunsanmi
are employed to identify instances of noncompliance with safety pro­ [131] are consistent with the change management issues raised as bar­
cedures, unsafe behaviours, hazardous working conditions, deviations riers to adoption: 82 % of construction businesses continue to see digi­
from safety protocols, and issues such as sprains, strains, fatigue and tisation as dangerous despite possible efficiency improvements.
heat-related stress amongst workers. Additionally, monitoring materials Retraining and human-centred design, not merely data-enabled plat­
may contain hazardous chemicals. Within this context, the IoT has forms, will determine the pace of progress; therefore, bridging this gap
emerged as a powerful solution for addressing occupational safety and will need sophisticated approaches. Despite the apparent imminence of
health challenges. Furthermore, the integration of IoT with Industry 4.0 IoT disruption, our results align with the findings of Sherafat [132], who
is viewed as a promising avenue for tackling these challenges effectively. demonstrated that more public‒private cooperation is essential for
The subject of worker health assumes paramount significance in a so­ facilitating the transition of organisational culture.
ciety where workforce training can be arduous and qualified labour is a
prised asset for businesses. Table 11
RII weights and ranking for improving working conditions through IoT.
4.2.4.7. IoT for reducing workplace risks in construction. The factors ‘IoT No Code Factors RII Rank
helps promote good ergonomic practices to reduce the risk of injury’,
21 D21 Improving worker safety is a priority 0.844 3
‘the IoT reduces the risk of workplace accidents’ and ‘IoT helps reduce
22 D22 Improving the conditions of workers leads to 0.852 2
worker illnesses or musculoskeletal disorders (back pain, tinnitus or sore better production
knees) are ranked sixth, eighth and tenth, respectively. These factors 23 D23 Workers’ conditions impact their well-being at 0.859 1
shed light on the risks associated with accidents at construction sites and work
the potential impact of the IoT in mitigating these risks. Research con­ 24 D24 IoT allows the optimisation of PPE 0.733 9
25 D25 IoT helps reduce worker illnesses or 0.667 10
tributions by Musarat [35] provide valuable insights into this crucial musculoskeletal disorders (back pain, tinnitus or
subject. The construction industry is one of the sectors most vulnerable sore knees)
to musculoskeletal disorders and workplace accidents. Within this 26 D26 IoT reduces the risk of workplace accidents 0.741 8
challenging context, IoT solutions have shown promise. These solutions 27 D27 Monitoring exposure to hazardous and toxic 0.785 4
substances is a key issue in the development of IoT
encompass a range of innovations, including exoskeletons, specialised
28 D28 The IoT helps promote good ergonomic practices 0.756 6
attire and adapted tools, all aimed at enhancing safety and efficiency at to reduce the risk of injury
construction sites. However, numerous hurdles persist in the widespread 29 D29 IoT allows for improved communication between 0.748 7
adoption of these tools and solutions, which aligns with the concerns workers and their superiors
highlighted by the panel’s ranking of these factors. The experts agreed 30 D30 Monitoring worker health and well-being, 0.778 5
including fatigue and stress, drives productivity

14
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

Fig. 6. Framework development.

The common applications of the IoT in construction encompass the is one of the sectors most affected by musculoskeletal disorders and
following domains. occupational accidents, highlighting the urgent need for innovative
approaches to enhance worker well-being and operational effectiveness.
• Security: Utilising level sensors, smoke detectors and opening de­ The IoT, with its wide range of technologies and gadgets, such as exo­
tectors to enhance safety measures skeletons, specialised clothing and adaptable tools, is positioned to play
• Comfort: Incorporating features such as light intensity dimers, a critical role in this revolution. These solutions are designed not only to
smartphone-controlled heating, air conditioning and automated reduce the likelihood of accidents but also to improve the general
window systems working conditions of labourers.
• Data management: Implementing the IoT for efficient data collection However, several obstacles hinder the completion of IoT integration
and processing in the building industry. Experts agree that these challenges are complex
• Predictive analytics: Leveraging the IoT for predicting consumption and multidimensional. To ensure the seamless implementation of IoT
patterns and optimising resource allocation solutions, issues such as data security, infrastructure readiness and cost-
• Decision support: Empowering decision-makers with real-time in­ effectiveness must be adequately addressed. Despite ongoing diffi­
sights from IoT data culties, the IoT is still developing albeit rapidly. Innovative technologies
• Maintenance: Streamlining maintenance procedures via predictive such as high-visibility sound vests and smart helmets with many sensors
maintenance enabled by the IoT are on the horizon. In addition to addressing health and safety issues,
• Energy performance assurance: Utilising the IoT for ensuring and these technologies also promise to improve coordination and commu­
optimising energy efficiency nication within construction teams, ultimately leading to better project
• Environmental impact: Mitigating environmental consequences outcomes.
through IoT-driven sustainability measures This study systematically reviewed articles on the IoT to clarify its
status and outlook. The findings reveal the immense interest and po­
The stakes are substantial for communication network providers, as tential in leveraging the IoT to boost productivity, safety, quality and
they must ensure a continuous and seamless connection to support these sustainability across construction projects. Sensors, wearables, drones
IoT systems. Ongoing progress in the digital realm is undeniable, but and AI-based analytics are transformative technologies poised to pene­
harnessing its potential requires expertise. Smart building professionals trate all project lifecycle phases in the coming decade. However, sub­
must embrace the capabilities of AI, and comprehensive training pro­ stantial barriers around change management, data security, investment
grammes are essential to fully capitalise on IoT skills and knowledge. costs and technical skills shortages must still be addressed. Thus, con­
struction firms should devote additional resources to cross-departmental
5. Conclusion IoT training and governance whilst collaborating with technology
partners on gradual, proof-of-concept deployments. Although IoT
The construction industry is poised for a major transformation with disruption seems imminent, industry-wide coordination is vital for
the advent of the IoT. Its potential to enhance construction site safety cohesive advancement. With diligent planning around change protocols
and productivity, as well as its revolutionary capabilities within its and system interoperability, the proliferating innovation potential of the
digital infrastructure, are being investigated. The construction industry IoT can be harnessed to make construction radically more connected,

15
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

informed and productive. [11] J. Zhang, X. Zhu, A.M. Khan, M. Houda, S.K.U. Rehman, M. Jameel, M.F. Javed,
R. Alrowais, BIM-based architectural analysis and optimization for construction
In conclusion, the IoT has the potential to transform the construction
4.0 concept (a comparison), Ain Shams Eng. J. 14 (6) (2023) 102110.
sector into a more networked, safer and more productive environment [12] E. Schiller, A. Aidoo, J. Fuhrer, J. Stahl, M. Ziörjen, B. Stiller, Landscape of IoT
than it is at present. We are approaching a new era in construction, security, Computer Science Review 44 (2022) 100467.
where technology seamlessly blends with the real world to create safer, [13] M. Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh, A. Keivani, R.C. Moehler, N. Jelodari,
S. Roshdi Laleh, Internet of things (IoT), building information modeling (BIM),
smarter and more productive job sites. Research and development ini­ and digital twin (DT) in construction industry: a review, bibliometric, and
tiatives that keep pushing the envelope of what is possible are respon­ network analysis, Buildings 12 (10) (2022) 1503.
sible for this progress. The progressive and deliberate adoption of the [14] K. Khurshid, A. Danish, M.U. Salim, M. Bayram, T. Ozbakkaloglu, M.
A. Mosaberpanah, An in-depth survey demystifying the Internet of Things (IoT) in
IoT in this field is critical for resolving ongoing issues around worker the construction industry: Unfolding new dimensions, Sustainability 15 (2)
health and safety and advancing the sector into a more prosperous (2023) 1275.
future. [15] A.M.K. Jadoon, Bim Progressions for Achieving Sustainable Design Excellence in
Small Construction Projects (2020).
[16] B. Hashim Mohammed, H. Sallehuddin, N. Safie, A. Husairi, N.A. Abu Bakar,
CRediT authorship contribution statement F. Yahya, I. Ali, S. AbdelGhany Mohamed, Building information modeling and
internet of things integration in the construction industry: a scoping study, Adv.
Civ. Eng. (2022) 2022.
Muhammad Ali Musarat: Writing – original draft, Visualization, [17] R. Maqbool, M.R. Saiba, S. Ashfaq, Emerging industry 4.0 and Internet of Things
Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data (IoT) technologies in the Ghanaian construction industry: sustainability,
implementation challenges, and benefits, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 30
curation, Conceptualization. Wesam Salah Alaloul: Writing – review &
(13) (2023) 37076–37091.
editing, Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, [18] D. Ververidis, S. Nikolopoulos, I. Kompatsiaris, A review of collaborative virtual
Methodology, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Abdul Mateen reality systems for the architecture, engineering, and construction industry,
Khan: Validation, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data cura­ Architecture 2 (3) (2022) 476–496.
[19] S. Safikhani, S. Keller, G. Schweiger, J. Pirker, Immersive virtual reality for
tion, Conceptualization. Saba Ayub: Writing – review & editing, Visu­ extending the potential of building information modeling in architecture,
alization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Nathan engineering, and construction sector: systematic review, International Journal of
Jousseaume: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Digital Earth 15 (1) (2022) 503–526.
[20] A. Waqar, I. Othman, N. Saad, M. Azab, A.M. Khan, BIM in green building:
Formal analysis, Data curation. enhancing sustainability in the small construction project, Cleaner Environmental
Systems (2023) 100149.
[21] A. Ahmed, T. Ge, J. Peng, W.-C. Yan, B.T. Tee, S. You, Assessment of the
renewable energy generation towards net-zero energy buildings: a review, Energy
Declaration of competing interest Build. 256 (2022) 111755.
[22] H. Omrany, R. Chang, V. Soebarto, Y. Zhang, A. Ghaffarianhoseini, J. Zuo,
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial A bibliometric review of net zero energy building research 1995–2022, Energy
Build. 262 (2022) 111996.
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence [23] A. Waqar, I. Othman, N. Saad, A.H. Qureshi, M. Azab, A.M. Khan, Complexities
the work reported in this paper. for adopting 3D laser scanners in the AEC industry: structural equation modeling,
Applications in Engineering Science 16 (2023) 100160.
[24] T. Wilberforce, A. Olabi, E.T. Sayed, K. Elsaid, H.M. Maghrabie, M.
Data availability
A. Abdelkareem, A review on zero energy buildings–Pros and cons, Energy and
Built Environment 4 (1) (2023) 25–38.
Data will be made available on request. [25] D. D’Agostino, D. Parker, I. Epifani, D. Crawley, L. Lawrie, How will future
climate impact the design and performance of nearly zero energy buildings
(NZEBs)? Energy 240 (2022) 122479.
Acknowledgement [26] V.F. Rodrigues, R.d.R. Righi, C.A. da Costa, R.S. Antunes, Smart hospitals and IoT
sensors: why is QoS essential here? J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 11 (3) (2022) 33.
[27] A.S. Rao, M. Radanovic, Y. Liu, S. Hu, Y. Fang, K. Khoshelham, M. Palaniswami,
The authors would like to thank the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS T. Ngo, Real-time monitoring of construction sites: sensors, methods, and
(UTP) for the support from the (cost centre 015PBC-004) awarded to applications, Autom. ConStruct. 136 (2022) 104099.
Wesam Salah Alaloul. [28] J.P. Bharadiya, A comparative study of business intelligence and artificial
intelligence with big data analytics, American Journal of Artificial Intelligence 7
(1) (2023) 24.
References [29] J. Nubert, S. Khattak, M. Hutter, Graph-based multi-sensor fusion for consistent
localization of autonomous construction robots, in: 2022 International
Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), IEEE, 2022.
[1] C.P. Bown, China Bought None of the Extra $200 Billion of US Exports in Trump’s
[30] R. Heema, S. Sivaranjani, K. Gnanalakshmi, An insight in to the automation of the
Trade Deal, vol. 8, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2022.
dairy industry: a review, Asian J. Dairy Food Res. 41 (2) (2022).
[2] K. Mwita, Factors to consider when choosing data collection methods,
[31] L. Abualigah, E.S. Hanandeh, R.A. Zitar, C.-L. Thanh, S. Khatir, A.H. Gandomi,
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 11 (5) (2022)
Revolutionizing sustainable supply chain management: a review of
532–538, 2147-4478.
metaheuristics, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 126 (2023) 106839.
[3] T. Cheng, J. Teizer, Real-time resource location data collection and visualization
[32] M. Achouch, M. Dimitrova, K. Ziane, S. Sattarpanah Karganroudi, R. Dhouib,
technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications, Autom.
H. Ibrahim, M. Adda, On predictive maintenance in industry 4.0: overview,
ConStruct. 34 (2013) 3–15.
models, and challenges, Appl. Sci. 12 (16) (2022) 8081.
[4] J.M. Sardroud, Perceptions of automated data collection technology use in the
[33] V. Leontie, L.-G. Maha, I.C. Stoian, COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the
construction industry, J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 21 (1) (2015) 54–66.
usage of information technologies in the construction industry: the case of
[5] Y. Yu, W. Umer, X. Yang, M.F. Antwi-Afari, Posture-related data collection
Romania, Buildings 12 (2) (2022) 166.
methods for construction workers: a review, Autom. ConStruct. 124 (2021)
[34] X. Guo, C. Fang, Spatio-temporal interaction heterogeneity and driving factors of
103538.
carbon emissions from the construction industry in China, Environ. Sci. Pollut.
[6] R. Chauhan, H. Ali, N.A. Munawar, Building performance service through
Control Ser. 30 (34) (2023) 81966–81983.
transformational leadership analysis, work stress and work motivation (empirical
[35] M.A. Musarat, A. Sadiq, W.S. Alaloul, M.M. Abdul Wahab, A systematic review on
CASE study in stationery distributor companies), Dinasti International Journal of
enhancement in quality of life through digitalization in the construction industry,
Education Management and Social Science 1 (1) (2019) 87–107.
Sustainability 15 (1) (2022) 202.
[7] X. Wu, B. Lin, G. Papachristos, P. Liu, N. Zimmermann, A holistic approach to
[36] A.M. Alawag, W.S. Alaloul, M. Liew, M.A. Musarat, A.O. Baarimah, S. Saad,
evaluate building performance gap of green office buildings: a case study in
S. Ammad, Critical success factors influencing total quality management in
China, Build. Environ. 175 (2020) 106819.
industrialised building system: a case of malaysian construction industry, Ain
[8] F. Li, Y. Laili, X. Chen, Y. Lou, C. Wang, H. Yang, X. Gao, H. Han, Towards big
Shams Eng. J. 14 (2) (2023) 101877.
data driven construction industry, Journal of Industrial Information Integration
[37] A. Gaborović, K. Karić, M. Blagojević, J. Plašić, Comparative Analysis of ISO/IEC
(2023) 100483.
and IEEE Standards in the Field of Internet of Things, 2022.
[9] R. Edirisinghe, J. Woo, BIM-based performance monitoring for smart building
[38] X. Li, W. Lu, F. Xue, L. Wu, R. Zhao, J. Lou, J. Xu, Blockchain-enabled IoT-BIM
management, Facilities 39 (1/2) (2021) 19–35.
platform for supply chain management in modular construction, J. Construct.
[10] A.M. Maglad, M. Houda, R. Alrowais, A.M. Khan, M. Jameel, S.K.U. Rehman,
Eng. Manag. 148 (2) (2022) 04021195.
H. Khan, M.F. Javed, M.F. Rehman, Bim-based energy analysis and optimization
using insight 360 (case study), Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 18 (2023) e01755.

16
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

[39] L. Wu, W. Lu, F. Xue, X. Li, R. Zhao, M. Tang, Linking permissioned blockchain to [68] S. Hassani, U. Dackermann, A systematic review of optimization algorithms for
Internet of Things (IoT)-BIM platform for off-site production management in structural health monitoring and optimal sensor placement, Sensors 23 (6) (2023)
modular construction, Comput. Ind. 135 (2022) 103573. 3293.
[40] Z. Ye, G. Kapogiannis, S. Tang, Z. Zhang, C. Jimenez-Bescos, T. Yang, Influence of [69] J.M.G. Payawal, D.-K. Kim, Image-based structural health monitoring: a
an Integrated Value-Based Asset Condition Assessment in Built Asset systematic review, Appl. Sci. 13 (2) (2023) 968.
Management, Construction Innovation, 2023. [70] S. Hassani, U. Dackermann, A systematic review of advanced sensor technologies
[41] S.N.S. Yusoff, J. Brahim, R.M. Nordin, N. Haron, Malaysian initiatives on building for non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring, Sensors 23 (4)
information modelling (BIM) towards construction 4.0: a literature review, in: (2023) 2204.
AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, 2023. [71] B. Smith, O. Williams, L. Bone, t.M.S.W.C.-p. Collective, Co-production: a
[42] S. Tang, C. Zhang, J. Hao, F. Guo, A framework for BIM, BAS, and IoT data resource to guide co-producing research in the sport, exercise, and health
exchange using semantic web technologies, Construction Research Congress sciences, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 15 (2) (2023)
(2022) 2022. 159–187.
[43] N. Rezaee, S.M. Zanjirchi, N. Jalilian, S.M.H. Bamakan, Internet of things [72] J. Antony, M. Sony, O. McDermott, S. Furterer, M. Pepper, How does performance
empowering operations management; A systematic review based on bibliometric vary between early and late adopters of Industry 4.0? A qualitative viewpoint, Int.
and content analysis, Telematics and Informatics Reports (2023) 100096. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag. 40 (1) (2023) 1–24.
[44] M. Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh, S.F. Moradinia, A. Keivani, M. Azizi, [73] W.S. Alaloul, A.H. Qureshi, Y.P. En, S.A. Khan, M.A. Musarat, K.M. Alzubi, M.
Application of classic and novel metaheuristic algorithms in a BIM-based resource A. Salaheen, Survey evaluation of building information modelling (BIM) for
Tradeoff in dam projects, Smart Cities 5 (4) (2022) 1441–1464. health and safety in building construction projects in Malaysia, Sustainability 15
[45] E. Lucchi, Digital twins for the automation of the heritage construction sector, (6) (2023) 4899.
Autom. ConStruct. 156 (2023) 105073. [74] A.H. Qureshi, W.S. Alaloul, W.K. Wing, S. Saad, M.A. Musarat, S. Ammad, A.
[46] X. Li, Q. Meng, M. Wei, H. Sun, T. Zhang, R. Su, Identification of underwater F. Kineber, Automated progress monitoring technological model for construction
structural bridge damage and BIM-based bridge damage management, Appl. Sci. projects, Ain Shams Eng. J. 14 (10) (2023) 102165.
13 (3) (2023) 1348. [75] A.H. Qureshi, W.S. Alaloul, M.A. Musarat, Risk-based inspection in offshore
[47] X. Li, H. Liu, W. Wang, Y. Zheng, H. Lv, Z. Lv, Big data analysis of the internet of structures: a systematic approach, in: 6th Mechanical Engineering, Science and
things in the digital twins of smart city based on deep learning, Future Generat. Technology International Conference, Atlantis Press, 2023. MEST 2022).
Comput. Syst. 128 (2022) 167–177. [76] B. Aslam, A. Maqsoom, U. Hassan, S. Maqsoom, W.S. Alaloul, M.A. Musarat,
[48] A. Heidari, N.J. Navimipour, M. Unal, Applications of ML/DL in the Management S. Khan, Comparison between Machine Learning and Bivariate Statistical Models
of Smart Cities and Societies Based on New Trends in Information Technologies: A for Groundwater Recharge Zones, 2023.
Systematic Literature Review, Sustainable Cities and Society, 2022 104089. [77] A.M. Alawag, W.S. Alaloul, M. Liew, A.O. Baarimah, M.A. Musarat, A.-B.A. Al-
[49] M.F. Bado, D. Tonelli, F. Poli, D. Zonta, J.R. Casas, Digital twin for civil Mekhlafi, The role of the total-quality-management (TQM) drivers in overcoming
engineering systems: an exploratory review for distributed sensing updating, the challenges of implementing TQM in industrialized-building-system (IBS)
Sensors 22 (9) (2022) 3168. projects in Malaysia: experts’ perspectives, Sustainability 15 (8) (2023) 6607.
[50] M.M. Hossain, S. Ahmed, S.A. Anam, I.A. Baxramovna, T.I. Meem, M.H.R. Sobuz, [78] S. Siripurapu, N.K. Darimireddy, A. Chehri, P. Av, Technological advancements
I. Haq, BIM-Based Smart Safety Monitoring System Using a Mobile App: a Case and elucidation gadgets for healthcare applications: an exhaustive
Study in an Ongoing Construction Site, Construction Innovation, 2023. methodological review-part-II (robotics, drones, 3D-printing, internet of things,
[51] O. Flor-Unda, M. Fuentes, D. Dávila, M. Rivera, G. Llano, C. Izurieta, P. Acosta- virtual/augmented and mixed reality), Electronics 12 (3) (2023) 548.
Vargas, Innovative technologies for occupational health and safety: a scoping [79] P.L. Bishay, M. Brody, D. Podell, F. Corte Garcia, E. Munoz, E. Minassian,
review, Saf. Now. 9 (2) (2023) 35. K. Bradley, 3D-Printed bio-inspired mechanisms for bird-like morphing drones,
[52] V. Freire, X. Xu, Flatness-based quadcopter trajectory planning and tracking with Appl. Sci. 13 (21) (2023) 11814.
continuous-time safety guarantees, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 31 (6) [80] A. Vedrtnam, P. Ghabezi, D. Gunwant, Y. Jiang, O. Sam-Daliri, N. Harrison,
(2023) 2319–2334. J. Goggins, W. Finnegan, Mechanical performance of 3D-printed continuous fibre
[53] R.M. Bena, S. Hossain, B. Chen, W. Wu, Q. Nguyen, A hybrid quadratic onyx composites for drone applications: an experimental and numerical analysis,
programming framework for real-time embedded safety-critical control, in: 2023 Composites Part C: Open Access (2023) 100418.
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), IEEE, 2023. [81] K. Soebandrija, H. Jovanko, Sustainable product design engineering in industry
[54] Z. Wang, T. Hu, L. Long, Multi-UAV safe collaborative transportation based on 4.0: civilian and military drones vis-à-vis digital transformation, in: AIP
adaptive control barrier function, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, 2023.
Cybernetics: Systems 53 (11) (2023) 6975–6983. [82] W. Perera, K. Ranadewa, A. Parameswaran, D. Weerasooriya, Status Quo of
[55] V. Freire, M.M. Nicotra, Systematic design of discrete-time control barrier Digitalisation in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry, 2023.
functions using maximal output admissible sets, IEEE Control Systems Letters 7 [83] M. Palmer, J. Laliberte, Effects of non-planar slicing techniques and carbon fibre
(2023) 1891–1896. material additives on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed drone propellers,
[56] H.-T. Do, F. Blanchini, I. Prodan, Enhancements on a Saturated Control for Drone Systems and Applications 11 (2023) 1–11.
Stabilizing a Quadcopter: Adaptive and Robustness Analysis in the Flat Output [84] D. Larasati, R. Mujica, Identification of people’s preference towards the use of 3D
Space, 2023 arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.15177. construction printing technology as a method for home construction method in
[57] S. Kumar, T. Gopi, N. Harikeerthana, M.K. Gupta, V. Gaur, G.M. Krolczyk, C. Wu, Indonesia, International Journal of Built Environment and Scientific Research 7
Machine learning techniques in additive manufacturing: a state of the art review (1) (2023) 31–40.
on design, processes and production control, J. Intell. Manuf. 34 (1) (2023) [85] O. Joseph, Sustainable banking through robotic process automation: what role
21–55. does ESG and cognitive AI play? Journal of Digitovation and information system
[58] S. Chaurey, S.D. Kalpande, R. Gupta, L.K. Toke, A review on the identification of 3 (1) (2023) 116–140, 116–140.
total productive maintenance critical success factors for effective implementation [86] B.C. Weber-Lewerenz, M. Traverso, Navigating applied artificial intelligence (AI)
in the manufacturing sector, J. Qual. Mainten. Eng. 29 (1) (2023) 114–135. in the digital era: how smart buildings and smart cities become the key to
[59] V. Azamfirei, F. Psarommatis, Y. Lagrosen, Application of automation for in-line sustainability, in: Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 2023.
quality inspection, a zero-defect manufacturing approach, J. Manuf. Syst. 67 [87] R. Maqbool, M. Bhuvaneswaran, Y. Rashid, A. Altuwaim, S. Ashfaq, A decision
(2023) 1–22. approach for analysing the role of modern methods, project management and
[60] M. Soori, B. Arezoo, R. Dastres, Internet of Things for Smart Factories in Industry integrated approaches in environmentally sustainable construction projects,
4.0, a Review, Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2023. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. (2023) 1–17.
[61] V. Fani, S. Antomarioni, R. Bandinelli, M. Bevilacqua, Data-driven decision [88] O. Abudayyeh, T.K. Fredericks, S.E. Butt, A. Shaar, An investigation of
support tool for production planning: a framework combining association rules management’s commitment to construction safety, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 24 (2)
and simulation, Comput. Ind. 144 (2023) 103800. (2006) 167–174.
[62] Y. Yao, M. Yan, Y. Bao, Measurement of cable forces for automated monitoring of [89] M. Afzal, M.T. Shafiq, H. Al Jassmi, Improving construction safety with virtual-
engineering structures using fiber optic sensors: a review, Autom. ConStruct. 126 design construction technologies-a review, J. Inf. Technol. Construct. 26 (2021).
(2021) 103687. [90] A.R. Atkinson, R. Westall, The relationship between integrated design and
[63] M.A. Musarat, M. Irfan, W.S. Alaloul, A. Maqsoom, M. Ghufran, A review on the construction and safety on construction projects, Construct. Manag. Econ. 28 (9)
way forward in construction through industrial revolution 5.0, Sustainability 15 (2010) 1007–1017.
(18) (2023) 13862. [91] A.O. Baarimah, W.S. Alaloul, M. Liew, A.-H.M. Al-Aidrous, A.M. Alawag, M.
[64] Y. Lo, C. Zhang, Z. Ye, C. Cui, Monitoring road base course construction progress A. Musarat, Integration of building information modeling (BIM) and value
by photogrammetry-based 3D reconstruction, International Journal of engineering in construction projects: a bibliometric analysis, in: 2021 Third
Construction Management 23 (12) (2023) 2087–2101. International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Climate Change, IEEE,
[65] Y. Shvets, T. Hanák, Use of the internet of things in the construction industry and 2021.
facility management: usage examples overview, Procedia Comput. Sci. 219 [92] E.S. Bakhoum, A.A. Younis, H.K. Aboulata, A.R. Bekhit, Impact assessment of
(2023) 1670–1677. implementing virtual reality in the Egyptian construction industry, Ain Shams
[66] V.V. Prabhakar, C.B. Xavier, K. Abubeker, A review on challenges and solutions in Eng. J. 14 (6) (2023) 102184.
the implementation of ai, IoT and blockchain in construction industry, Mater. [93] T. Baxendale, O. Jones, Construction design and management safety regulations
Today: Proc. (2023). in practice—progress on implementation, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 18 (1) (2000)
[67] M. Li, Q. Lin, H. Jin, Research on near-miss incidents monitoring and early 33–40.
warning system for building construction sites based on blockchain technology,
J. Construct. Eng. Manag. 149 (12) (2023) 04023124.

17
M.A. Musarat et al. Results in Engineering 21 (2024) 101823

[94] M.A. Berawi, P. Miraj, F. Naomi, Formulating smart integrated workspace [113] A. Waqar, I. Othman, N. Shafiq, A. Deifalla, A.E. Ragab, M. Khan, Impediments in
concept to improve energy efficiency, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and BIM implementation for the risk management of tall buildings, Results in
Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2018. Engineering 20 (2023) 101401.
[95] E.Z. Berglund, J.G. Monroe, I. Ahmed, M. Noghabaei, J. Do, J.E. Pesantez, M. [114] H. Tahir, M.B. Khan, N. Shafiq, D. Radu, M.H. Nyarko, A. Waqar, H.R. Almujibah,
A. Khaksar Fasaee, E. Bardaka, K. Han, G.T. Proestos, Smart infrastructure: a O. Benjeddou, Optimisation of mechanical characteristics of alkali-resistant glass
vision for the role of the civil engineering profession in smart cities, J. Infrastruct. fibre concrete towards sustainable construction, Sustainability 15 (14) (2023)
Syst. 26 (2) (2020) 03120001. 11147.
[96] C.C. Boffino, C.S.C. De Sá, C. Gorenstein, R.G. Brown, L.F. Basile, R.T. Ramos, [115] A. Waqar, L.A. Alharbi, F.A. Alotaibi, I. Othman, H. Almujibah, Impediment to
Fear of heights: cognitive performance and postural control, Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. implementation of Internet of Things (IOT) for oil and gas construction project
Clin. Neurosci. 259 (2009) 114–119. Safety: structural equation modeling approach, in: Structures, Elsevier, 2023.
[97] C. Boje, A. Guerriero, S. Kubicki, Y. Rezgui, Towards a semantic construction [116] A.A. Elhamy, Digital Twinning as an Approach to Promoting Real Estate Projects:
digital twin: directions for future research, Autom. ConStruct. 114 (2020) Residential Unit at the Lake West, Sheikh Zayed City, Cairo, Egypt. life, 2023.
103179. [117] V. Sundquist, A.D. Leto, M. Gustafsson, M. Johansson, M. Roupé, Bim in
[98] L. Chen, Coordinated development of smart city and regional industrial economy construction production: gains and hinders for firms, projects and industry, in:
under the background of internet of things, Mobile Inf. Syst. (2022) 2022. Proceedings of the 36th Annual ARCOM Conference, 2020.
[99] N.P. da Silva, S. Eloy, R. Resende, Robotic construction analysis: simulation with [118] X. Tao, C. Mao, F. Xie, G. Liu, P. Xu, Greenhouse gas emission monitoring system
virtual reality, Heliyon 8 (10) (2022) e11039. for manufacturing prefabricated components, Autom. ConStruct. 93 (2018)
[100] M.C. De Simone, A. Lorusso, D. Santaniello, Predictive maintenance and 361–374.
structural health monitoring via IoT system, in: 2022 IEEE Workshop on [119] P. Kuhar, K. Sharma, Y. Hooda, N.K. Verma, Internet of things (IoT) based smart
Complexity in Engineering (COMPENG), IEEE, 2022. helmet for construction, in: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing,
[101] G. Chandramowleeswaran, C. Choubey, S. Pendem, S. Pal, A. Verma, 2021.
Implementation of human robot interaction with motion planning and control [120] B. Wang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Yan, Q. Ma, W. Li, M. Jiao, Analysis and
parameters with autonomous systems in industry 4.0, in: 2023 Second prediction of subway tunnel surface subsidence based on internet of things
International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems monitoring and BP neural network, Comput. Intell. Neurosci. (2022) 2022.
(ICAISS), IEEE, 2023. [121] M. Mahmoodian, F. Shahrivar, S. Setunge, S. Mazaheri, Development of digital
[102] B. Lal, M.A. Kumar, N. Chinthamu, S. Pokhriyal, Development of product quality twin for intelligent maintenance of civil infrastructure, Sustainability 14 (14)
with enhanced productivity in industry 4.0 with AI driven automation and robotic (2022) 8664.
technology, in: 2023 Second International Conference on Augmented Intelligence [122] I. Yitmen, S. Alizadehsalehi, İ. Akıner, M.E. Akıner, An adapted model of
and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS), IEEE, 2023. cognitive digital twins for building lifecycle management, Appl. Sci. 11 (9) (2021)
[103] D. Klosova, M. Kozlovská, Innovation in construction: trends and obstructions of 4276.
adoption and implementation, in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and [123] A. Flamini, R. Loggia, A. Massaccesi, C. Moscatiello, L. Martirano, BIM and
Engineering, IOP Publishing, 2020. SCADA integration: the dynamic digital twin, in: 2022 IEEE/IAS 58th Industrial
[104] M.A. Hossain, A. Nadeem, Towards digitizing the construction industry: state of and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS), IEEE, 2022.
the art of construction 4.0, Proceedings of the ISEC 6 (2019) 1–6. [124] Y. Yao, Internet of things in the quality control of cement mixing pile
[105] A. Srivastava, S. Jawaid, R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S.V. Akram, N. Priyadarshi, B. Khan, construction, J. Cases Inf. Technol. 24 (5) (2022) 1–22.
Imperative role of technology intervention and implementation for automation in [125] O.S. Dosumu, S.M. Uwayo, Modelling the adoption of Internet of things (IoT) for
the construction industry, Adv. Civ. Eng. (2022) 2022. sustainable construction in a developing economy, Built. Environ. Proj. Asset.
[106] X. Yang, D. Wu, Z. Zheng, Research on the relationship between construction 4.0 Manag. 13 (3) (2023) 394–411.
and construction firm’s performance: based on the mediating role of [126] Z. Ma, J. Zhang, S.P. Philbin, H. Li, J. Yang, Y. Feng, P. Ballesteros-Pérez,
technological innovation capability, Math. Probl Eng. (2022) 2022. M. Skitmore, Dynamic quality monitoring system to assess the quality of asphalt
[107] F.S.B. Ibrahim, M.B. Esa, R.A. Rahman, The adoption of iot in the Malaysian concrete pavement, Buildings 11 (12) (2021) 577.
construction industry: towards construction 4.0, International Journal of [127] D.A. Linares-Garcia, N. Roofigari-Esfahan, K. Pratt, M. Jeon, Voice-based
Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology 12 (1) (2021) 56–67. intelligent virtual agents (VIVA) to support construction worker productivity,
[108] A. Waqar, M.B. Khan, N. Shafiq, K. Skrzypkowski, K. Zagórski, A. Zagórska, Autom. ConStruct. 143 (2022) 104554.
Assessment of challenges to the adoption of IOT for the safety management of [128] A. Almusaed, I. Yitmen, A. Almssad, Reviewing and integrating aec practices into
small construction projects in Malaysia: structural equation modeling approach, industry 6.0: strategies for smart and sustainable future-built environments,
Appl. Sci. 13 (5) (2023) 3340. Sustainability 15 (18) (2023) 13464.
[109] A. Waqar, K. Skrzypkowski, H. Almujibah, K. Zagórski, M.B. Khan, A. Zagórska, [129] D.A.S. Samarasinghe, I.S. Piri, Assessing design buildability through virtual
O. Benjeddou, Success of implementing cloud computing for smart development reality from the perspective of construction students, Built. Environ. Proj. Asset.
in small construction projects, Appl. Sci. 13 (9) (2023) 5713. Manag. 12 (5) (2022) 823–836.
[110] M. Sajjad, A. Hu, A. Waqar, I.I. Falqi, S.H. Alsulamy, A.S. Bageis, A.M. Alshehri, [130] C. Zhang, B. Chen, VR-BASED TEACHING AND LEARNING TOOL FOR BUILDING
Evaluation of the success of industry 4.0 digitalization practices for sustainable DESIGN AND CONSTRUCITON, 2020.
construction management: Chinese construction industry, Buildings 13 (7) (2023) [131] T.O. Osunsanmi, C.O. Aigbavboa, A. Emmanuel Oke, M. Liphadzi, Appraisal of
1668. stakeholders’ willingness to adopt construction 4.0 technologies for construction
[111] A. Waqar, I. Othman, H. Almujibah, M.B. Khan, S. Alotaibi, A.A. Elhassan, Factors projects, Built. Environ. Proj. Asset. Manag. 10 (4) (2020) 547–565.
influencing adoption of digital twin advanced technologies for smart city [132] B. Sherafat, C.R. Ahn, R. Akhavian, A.H. Behzadan, M. Golparvar-Fard, H. Kim,
development: evidence from Malaysia, Buildings 13 (3) (2023) 775. Y.-C. Lee, A. Rashidi, E.R. Azar, Automated methods for activity recognition of
[112] A. Waqar, I. Othman, I.I. Falqi, H.R. Almujibah, A.M. Alshehri, S.H. Alsulamy, construction workers and equipment: state-of-the-art review, J. Construct. Eng.
O. Benjeddou, Assessment of barriers to robotics process automation (RPA) Manag. 146 (6) (2020) 03120002.
implementation in safety management of tall buildings, Buildings 13 (7) (2023)
1663.

18