Methods of Electrostatic Charging: Lesson 1.1

Lesson 1.
Methods of Electrostatic
Charging
General Physics 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Spark! Have you ever
got electrostatically
shocked when you
touch a cold metal bar
in a mall?
2
Or witnessed a girl
holding a van de Graaf
generator while the
strands of her hair
repel one another?
3
Have you ever wondered what causes lightning?
4
The electrical shock, hair strands repelling one
another in a van de Graaff generator, and the
production of lightning results from the
movement of electrical charges. This lesson
discusses the nature of electric charge and
how they are transferred from one material to
another.
5
How are electrical charges
transferred from one material
to another?
6
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing

and charging by induction (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-1).
● Explain the role of electron transfer in

electrostatic charging by rubbing
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-2).
● Describe experiments to show electrostatic

charging by induction (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-3).
7
Learning Competencies
● State that there are positive and negative

charges, and that charge is measured in
coulombs (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-4).
● Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

attraction or repulsion, in a system of charged
insulators and conductors
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-5).
8
Learning Objectives
● Identify the two types of charges: positive and

negative.
● Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

attraction or repulsion, in a system of charged
insulators and conductors.
9
Learning Objectives
● Explain how charging by rubbing and charging by

induction takes place.
● State the law of conservation of charge.
10
Electrostatics
Static electricity (or electricity at rest) is

produced when there is an imbalanced
of electrical charges. “Electricity”
comes from
the Greek
word elektron
which means
amber.
Amber is able to produce static electricity when

rubbed with a cloth. 11
Electric Charge
Benjamin Franklin
carried out famous experiments
involving flying kites during
thunderstorms.
● Classified charges as either

positive or negative.
12
Electric Charge
JJ Thomson
discovered negatively charged
particles known as electrons
Ernest Rutherford
discovered positively charged
particles known as protons
Charges are measured in coulombs

JJ Thomson
(C). 13
Interaction of Charges
Unlike charges attract.
14
Like charges repel.
15
Why can there still be an
attractive force between a
neutral object and a charged
object?
16
Consider a neutral sphere containing the same positive

and negative charges.
17
Charge separation occurs when an external charged

sphere is placed near the neutral sphere.
18
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
19
Methods of Charging
Structure of the Atom

Atoms are made up of three
subatomic particles namely:
● electrons,
● protons, and
● neutrons.
20
Methods of Charging
Net Charge
An object’s net charge is the sum of the number of
electrons and protons.
negatively positively
neutral
charged charged 21
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Friction
● Electrons are
transferred
when objects
are rubbed
against one
another.
22
What type of charge is
transferred from one material
to another during charging by
friction?
23
Between two objects which are
being rubbed, how can you
determine which will become
negatively charged and which
will become positively charged?
24
Methods of Charging
Suppose you rub a silk cloth against a glass rod. 25

Methods of Charging
Which became positively charged? Negatively charged? 26

Methods of Charging
● The chemical property of an

atom to attract electrons itself
is called electron affinity.
● The triboelectric series ranks

materials based on their
tendency to acquire charge.
27
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
● Also known as
charging by
contact.
● A charged object is
touched to a
conductor.
28
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
Assume that the

neutral sphere is a
good conductor.
29
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
Charge separation
occurs when a
negatively charged rod
is placed near the
sphere.
30
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
Upon contact, some

electrons move from
the rod to the sphere.
31
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
Upon separation, both

the rod and the sphere
obtains a negative
charge.
32
Methods of Charging
Charging by
Conduction
Can you explain

charging by conduction
when a positively
charged rod is used
instead?
33
Methods of Charging
Charging by Induction
34
Methods of Charging
35
Methods of Charging
36
Methods of Charging
37
Methods of Charging
38
Conservation of Charge
Law of Conservation of Charge
It states that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in

any closed system is constant.
39
Conservation of Charge
Law of Conservation of Charge

How many positive and negative charges are there?
40
Check Your Understanding
Write T if the statement is true and F if false.

1. There are three types of charges: positive, negative and
neutral.
1. The only factor that affects the charge of objects when

you rub them is their electronegativity.
1. It is possible that charges will not be conserved when

you consider charging by induction experiment.
41
Let’s Sum It Up!
● There are two types of charges: positive and

negative.
● Changes in charges are brought by the movement

of negatively charged particles.
● Forces between charges can be either repulsive

or attractive. Like charges attract and unlike
charges repel.
42
Let’s Sum It Up!
● There are two methods of charging an object:

charging by friction and charging by induction.
○ Charging by friction can happen when you rub
two objects with unequal electronegativity. The
object with higher electronegativity will be
negatively charged and the other object with
lower electronegativity will be positively
charged.
43
Let’s Sum It Up!
● There are two methods of charging an object:

charging by friction and charging by induction.
○ Charging by induction can happen due to

induced charges. The charges in a conducting
object can be rearranged with the presence of
an external charged object.
44
Challenge Yourself
Rubber rods charged by rubbing with

cat fur repel each other. Glass rods
charged by rubbing with silk repel
each other. A rubber rod and a glass
rod charged respectively as stated
above attract each other. Explain
how this happens.
45
Let’s Sum It Up!
A. Write T if the statement is true and F if false.

__________1. There are three types of charges: positive, negative, and neutral.
__________2. The only factor that affects the charge of objects when you rub
them
is their electron affinity
__________3. Charges are not always conserved when you charge an object by
induction.
__________4. Protons are the charge carriers.
__________5. Conductors permit the movement of charges through it.
__________6. Charging by friction can take place even if two objects are not in
contact with each other.
__________7. In a neutral sphere, the number of positive charges is more than
the
number of negative charges.
46
Let’s Sum It Up!
__________8. Triboelectric series ranks materials based on their

electron
affinities.
__________9. The number of protons determines the element of an
atom.
__________10. Protons and neutrons can freely move from one object to
another.
__________11. Charges in a conducting sphere tend to stay at the
surface.
__________12. A grounded wire transfers excess charges to Earth.
__________13. Unlike charges attract.
__________14. The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any closed
system is constant. 47
Let’s Sum It Up!
B. Using the letters A to E, arrange the following

steps in charging an object through induction.
1. Attach the metal sphere on an insulating stand. ____
2. Put the rod close to the sphere but not too close for
the objects to touch. ____
3. The charges will be rearranged in the sphere. ____
4. Attach a grounded wire to the metal sphere. ____
5. Remove the grounded wire and move the rod away
from the metal sphere. ____
48
Let’s Sum It Up!
C. Draw the charge distribution of the following neutrally charged spheres.
49
Let’s Sum It Up!
C. Draw the charge distribution of the following neutrally charged spheres.
50
Let’s Sum It Up!
Answer the following questions.

1. In the discussion, charging by conduction was explained using a
negatively charged object in contact with a neutral object. What do
you think will happen if, instead a negatively charged rod, a
positively charged rod comes in contact with a neutral metal
sphere?
2. Rubber rods charged by rubbing with cat fur repel each other. Glass
rods charged by rubbing with silk repel each other. The charged
rubber rod and the charged glass rod attract each other. Explain
how this happens.
51
Let’s Sum It Up!
Answer the following questions.

3. An electroscope is a device used in the past to detect the presence of
very small charges on objects shown in the figure below. Its lower part is
insulated from outside and only the metal object on top is exposed. The
insulated part is composed of thin metal leaves that hang near each other.
They are connected by a metal rod that extends up to the outer part of the
device. This is also attached to the metal object on top. Suppose you place
an object near the metal object on top, how will you know if this object is
charged or not? Explain your answer.
52

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Lesson 1.

● Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing

● Explain the role of electron transfer in

● Describe experiments to show electrostatic

● State that there are positive and negative

● Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

● Identify the two types of charges: positive and

● Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

● Explain how charging by rubbing and charging by

● State the law of conservation of charge.

Static electricity (or electricity at rest) is

Amber is able to produce static electricity when

● Classified charges as either

Charges are measured in coulombs

Unlike charges attract.

Like charges repel.

Consider a neutral sphere containing the same positive

Charge separation occurs when an external charged

Structure of the Atom

Suppose you rub a silk cloth against a glass rod. 25

Which became positively charged? Negatively charged? 26

● The chemical property of an

● The triboelectric series ranks

Assume that the

Upon contact, some

Upon separation, both

Can you explain

Law of Conservation of Charge

It states that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in

Law of Conservation of Charge

Write T if the statement is true and F if false.

1. The only factor that affects the charge of objects when

1. It is possible that charges will not be conserved when

● There are two types of charges: positive and

● Changes in charges are brought by the movement

● Forces between charges can be either repulsive

● There are two methods of charging an object:

● There are two methods of charging an object:

○ Charging by induction can happen due to

Rubber rods charged by rubbing with

A. Write T if the statement is true and F if false.

__________8. Triboelectric series ranks materials based on their

B. Using the letters A to E, arrange the following

C. Draw the charge distribution of the following neutrally charged spheres.

C. Draw the charge distribution of the following neutrally charged spheres.

Answer the following questions.

Answer the following questions.

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