RCD Chapter 4 PDF

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
CHAPTER 4 – Design of Rectangular Beams
and One-Way Slabs
Load Factors
Load factors are numbers, almost always larger than 1.0, that are used to increase
the estimated loads applied to structures. They are used for loads applied to all
types of members, not just beams and slabs. The loads are increased to attempt to
account for the uncertainties involved in estimating their magnitudes.
The following equations conform to the requirements of the International Building

Code (IBC) as well as to the values required by ASCE/SEI 7-10 (and NSCP 2015).
U = the design or
U = 1.4D (ACI eq. 9-1) ultimate load the
structure needs to
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (ACI eq. 9-2)
be able to resist
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) (ACI eq. 9-3) D = dead load
L = live load
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (ACI eq. 9-4)
Lr = roof live load
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S (ACI eq. 9-5)
S = snow load
U = 0.9D + 1.0W (ACI eq. 9-6)
R = rain load
U = 0.9D + 1.0E (ACI eq. 9-7)
W = wind load
E = seismic or
Earthquake load effects
Load Factors
For some special situations, ACI Section 9.2 permits reductions in the specified load
factors. These situations are as follows:
(a) In ACI Equations 9-3 to 9-5, the factor used for live loads may be reduced to 0.5
except for garages, areas used for public assembly, and all areas where the live
loads exceed 100 psf.
(b) If the load W is based on service-level wind loads, replace 1.0W in ACI Equations
9-4 and 9-6 with 1.6W. Also, replace 0.5W with 0.8W in ACI Equation 9-3.
(c) Frequently, building codes and design load references convert seismic loads to
strength level values (i.e., in effect they have already been multiplied by a load
factor). This is the situation assumed in ACI Equations 9-5 and 9-7. If, however,
service-load seismic forces are specified, it will be necessary to replace 1.0E with
1.4E in these two equations.
(d) Self-restraining effects, T, in reinforced concrete structures include the effects of

temperature, creep, shrinkage, and differential settlement. In some cases, the effects
can be additive. For example, creep, shrinkage, and reduction in temperature all
cause a reduction of concrete volume. Often such effects can be reduced or
eliminated by proper use of control joints.
Load Factors
For some special situations, ACI Section 9.2 permits reductions in the specified load
factors. These situations are as follows:
(e) Fluid loads, F, resulting from the weight and pressure of fluids shall be included
with the same load factor as D in ACI Equations 9-5 through 9-7.
(f) Where soil loads, H, are present, they must be added to the load combinations in
accordance with one of the following:
• where H acts alone or adds to the effects of other loads, it shall be included
with a load factor of 1.6;
• where the effect of H is permanent and counteracts the effects of other loads,
it shall be included with a load factor of 0.9;
• where the effect of H is not permanent but, when present, counteracts the
effects of other loads, H shall not be included.
Load Factors
Example:
Design of Rectangular Beams
several miscellaneous topics before the design of an actual beam is attempted,
1. Beam proportions.
Unless architectural or other requirements dictate the proportions of

reinforced concrete beams, the most economical beam sections are usually
obtained for shorter beams (up to 20 ft or 25 ft in length), when the ratio of
d to b is in the range of 1-1/2 to 2.
For longer spans, better economy is usually obtained if deep, narrow

sections are used. The depths may be as large as three or four times the
widths.
Today, wider and shallower beams are used more frequently than in the past..
This is done for simplicity in constructing forms or for the rental of forms,
which are usually available in 1-in. or 2-in. increments. Furthermore, beam
widths are often selected in multiples of 2 in. or 3 in.
2. Deflections.
Minimum Thickness of Nonprestressed Beams or One-Way Slabs Unless
Deflections Are Computed
The minimum thicknesses provided apply only to members that are not
supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections.
3. Estimated beam weight.
4. Selection of bars.
5. Cover.
Determining minimum edge distance.

6. Minimum spacing of bars.

The code (7.6) states that the
clear distance between
parallel bars cannot be less
than 1 in. or less than the
nominal bar diameter. If the
bars are placed in more than
one layer, those in the upper
layers are required to be
placed directly over the
ones in the lower layers, and
In the code Section 3.3.2, maximum permissible
the clear distance between
aggregate sizes are limited
the layers must be not less
to the smallest of (a) one-fifth of the narrowest
than 1 in.
distance between side forms, (b) one-third of
slab depths, and (c) three-fourths of the
minimum clear spacing between bars.
Miscellaneous Beam Considerations
This section introduces two general limitations relating to beam design: lateral
bracing and deep beams.
Lateral Support
It is unlikely that laterally unbraced reinforced concrete beams of any normal
proportions will buckle laterally, even if they are deep and narrow, unless they are
subject to appreciable lateral torsion. As a result, the ACI Code (10.4.1) states that
lateral bracing for a beam is not required closer than 50 times the least width, b, of
the compression flange or face. Should appreciable torsion be present, however, it
must be considered in determining the maximum spacing for lateral support.
Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams

For a beam designed with an effective depth > 1 m,
additional skin reinforcement must be determined
with the following expression, in which Ask is the area
of skin reinforcement per meter of height on each
side of the beam: Its maximum spacing may not
exceed d/6 on 300 mm or 1000Ab/(d−750).
Determining Steel Area When Beam Dimensions
Are Predetermined
Appendix Tables
The value of Mu/φbd2 can be computed, and ρ can be selected from the tables. For
most situations this is the quickest and most practical method. The tables given in
Appendices A and B of this text apply only to tensilely reinforced rectangular sections.
Furthermore, we must remember to check φ values
Use of ρ Formula
Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method

A value of a can be assumed, the value of As computed, the value of a determined for
that value of As, another value of a calculated, and so on. Alternatively, a value of the
lever arm from C to T (it’s d−a/2 for rectangular sections) can be estimated and used in
the trial-and-error procedure. This method is a general one that will work for all cross
sections with tensile reinforcing. It is particularly useful for T beams, as will be
illustrated in the next chapter.
Bundled Bars
Up to four bars can be bundled, provided they are enclosed by stirrups or ties.
The ACI Code (7.6.6.3) states that bars larger than #11 shall not be bundled in
beams or girders. This is primarily because of crack control problems. That is, if the
ACI crack control provisions are to be met, bars larger than #11 cannot practically
be used.
When bundles of more than one bar deep vertically are used in the plane of
bending, they may not practically be hooked or bent as a unit. If end hooks are
required, it is preferable to stagger the hooks of the individual bars within the
bundle
Bundled-bar arrangements.
One-Way Slabs
If they are supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to as one-way
slabs because the bending is in one direction only—that is, perpendicular to the
supported edges.
Should the slab be supported by beams on all four edges, it is referred to as a two-
way slab because the bending is in both directions.
The minimum percentages of reinforcing are 0.002 for Grades 300 and 350
steels and 0.0018 for Grade 420 steel. When fy >420 MPa, the minimum percentage
equals (0.0018 × 420)/fy. The reinforcing may not be spaced farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, or 500 mm.
Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams
Cantilever beams supporting gravity loads are subject to negative moments
throughout their lengths. As a result, their reinforcement is placed in their top or
tensile sides, as shown
Cantilever beam development length.

Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams
Continuous slab showing theoretical

placement of bars for given moment
diagram.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

The following equations conform to the requirements of the International Building

(d) Self-restraining effects, T, in reinforced concrete structures include the effects of

Unless architectural or other requirements dictate the proportions of

For longer spans, better economy is usually obtained if deep, narrow

Determining minimum edge distance.

6. Minimum spacing of bars.

Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams

Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method

Cantilever beam development length.

Continuous slab showing theoretical

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