Question 63

What is meant by power of a lens? (Delhi 2015)

Answer:
Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
i.e., P = 1/f

Question 64.
An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20
cm. List four characteristics (nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the
lens. (AI2017)
Answer:
Given : Object distance, u = – 15 cm
Focal length, f = + 20 cm
Using lens formula, As |u| < |f|
The object is placed between F and optical centre of lens.
Thus, the four characteristics of the image formed by the convex lens are:
(i) Erect
(ii) Virtual
(iii) Enlarged image,
(iv) Image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object.

Question 65.
What is meant by power of a lens? What does its sign (+ve or -ve) indicate? State
its S.I. unit related to focal length of a lens. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 63.
Positive sign (+) of power indicates that lens is convex and negative sign (-) of
power indicates that lens is concave.
If focal length (f) is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres.
The SI unit of power is dioptre. Thus, 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal
length is 1 metre. 1 D = 1 m-1
Question 66.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3
respectively. If speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s, find the speed of light in
water. (AI 2016)
Answer:

Question 67.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If
the speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in (i) vacuum,
(ii) water. (AI 2015)
Answer:
Given that: ng = 4/3 , nw = 3/2, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
Absolute refractive index of a medium, nm = c/v where, c is the speed of light in
vacuum and v is the speed of light in medium.
Note: The values given in question are not correct as the speed of light in vacuum
is 3 × 108 m/s

Question 68.
“A ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium
emerges parallel to itself.” Draw labelled ray diagram to justify the statement”.
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Question 69.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and 1.33 respectively. In
which medium does light travel faster? Calculate the ratio of speeds of light in the
two media. (Delhi 2013 C)
Answer:
Given : refractive index of glass, ng = 1.5
Refractive index of water, nw = 1.33
Since, refractive index of medium,
For glass ng = c/vg ……… (i)
For water nw = c/vw ……… (ii)

Since velocity of light in medium is inversely proportional to its refractive index,

the light will travel faster in optically rarer medium i.e., water.
Dividing (i) by (ii),

So, the ratio of vg and vw is 1.33 : 1.5.

Question 70.
To construct a ray diagram we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is
easy to know their directions after refraction from the lens. List these two rays
and state the path of these rays after refraction. Use these two rays to locate
the image of an object placed between ‘f’ and ‘2f’ of a convex lens. (Foreign 2012)
Answer:
The two rays are :
(i) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction
from a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side of the
leps and in case of concave lens, a ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
located on the same side of the lens.
(ii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without
any deviation.

When object is placed between F and 2F.

Question 71.
(a) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which of
the two medium is optically denser? Give reason for your answer.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a ray of light passing obliquely from
water to alcohol.
(c) State the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction in the
above case. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Here, alcohol is optically denser medium as its refractive index is higher than
that of water. When we compare the two media, the one with larger refractive
index is called the optically denser medium than the other as the speed of light is
 lower in this medium.
(b) Since light is travelling from water (rarer medium) to alcohol (denser medium),
it slows down and bends towards the normal.

where i = angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction.

(c) According to Snell’s law,

sini/ sinr = μ alcohol /μwater = 1.36/1.33

sini/ sinr = 1.0225

∴ sin i = 1.0225 × sin r

Question 72.
The refractive index of a medium V with respect to a medium ‘y’ is 2/3 and the
refractive index of medium ‘y’ with respect to medium ‘z’ is 4/3. Find the
refractive index of medium ‘z with respect to medium V. If the speed of light in
medium ‘x’ is 3 × 108 m s-1, calculate the speed of light in medium ‘y’. (2020)
Answer:
Given, refractive index of medium x with respect to y,
yµx = ⅔

Refractive index of medium y with respect to z,

zµy = 4/3

∴ Refractive index of medium x with respect to z,

zµx = yµx . zµy = 2/3 × 4/3 = 8/9

∴ Refractive index of medium z with respect to x,

xµy = 1zµx = 9/8
Now speed of light in x = 3 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in y, vy = ?

⇒ vy = 2/3 × 3 × 108 = 2 × 108 m/s

Question 73.
A real image 2/3rd of the size of an object is formed by a convex lens when the
object is at a distance of 12 cm from it. Find the focal length of the lens. (AI
2019)
Answer:
Given, h’ = 2/3h, u = -12 cm

∴ Focal length of the convex lens = 4.8 cm

Question 74.
State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of
a medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vaccum.
(2018)
Answer:
(a) Laws of refraction of light:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.
This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
sini/sinr = constant,
where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
This constant value is called refractive index of the second medium with respect
to the first when the light travels from first medium to second medium.
⇒ constant = n21 = v1/v2

∴sini/sinr = v1/v2

If n is the absolute refractive index of the medium, c is the velocity of light in

vacuum and v is the speed of light in a given medium, then n = cl v.

Question 75.
What is meant by power of a lens? Write its SI unit. A student uses a lens of focal
length 40 cm and another of -20 cm. Write the nature and power of each lens.
(2018)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Given that: Focal length of lens A, fA = +40 cm
Focal length of lens B, fB = -20 cm
Lens A is converging. Lens B is diverging.

Question 76.
Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of three times magnified (a) real, and (b)
virtual image of an object by a converging lens. Mark the positions of O, F and 2F
in each diagram. (AI 2017)
Answer:
(b) Ray diagrams of an object placed between F1 and optical centre O of lens can
be drawn as follows:

(i) The image formed is virtual and erect.

(ii) Image is formed in front of the lens.
(iii) Image formed is enlarged.

Question 77.
(a) Draw a diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass slab and mark
angle of refraction and the lateral shift suffered by a ray of light while passing
through the slab.
(b) If the refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is 3/2, find the
refractive index of air for light going from glass to air. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 68.
(b) Refractive index of glass w.r.t air is 3
gna = 3/2
Now, refractive index of air w.r.t glass will be
ang = 1/gna = 1 (3/2) = 2/3

Question 78.
The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification -1. If the distance
between the object and its image is 60 cm, what is the focal length of the lens? If
the object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, where would the image be formed?
State reason and also draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. (AI2016)
Answer:
Magnification of -1 indicates that the image is real and inverted and is of the same
size as of the object. The object must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the other
side.
Total distance between image and object
Also 4f = 60 cm ⇒ f = 15 cm
If object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, then the object will be between focus
and optical centre of the lens and image formed will be virtual and erect and on the
same side of the lens.

Question 79.
(a) Define focal length of a spherical lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm. At what distance should an object
of height 5 cm from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its image is
formed 15 cm away from the lens? Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation. (AI
2016)
Answer:
(a) Distance between the optical centre and the focus of the lens is known as the
focal length of the lens.
(b) Given f = -30 cm, v = -15 cm, h = 5 cm From the lens formula,

Object should be placed 30 cm from the optical centre.

Also m = h′/h = v/u

⇒ h’ = h(v/u)
or h’ = 5 × −15/−30 = 2.5 cm
Size of image formed is 2.5 cm

Question 80.
If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is
always virtual, erect and diminished, state the type of the lens. Draw a ray diagram
in support of your answer. If the numerical value of focal length of such a lens is
20 cm, find its power in new cartesian sign conventions. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of
the object.
Focal length of the concave lens
f = -20 cm
Power of the lens, P = 1/f(in m) = 100/f (in cm)

= −100/20cm = -5D

Question 81.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108
m/s, find the absolute refractive index of a medium in which light travels with a
speed of 1.4 × 108 m/s. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:
Laws of refraction: Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
The speed of light in a medium = 1.4 × 108 m/s
∴ Absolute refractive index

Question 82.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m
s-1, find the speed of light in a medium of absolute refractive index 1.5. (Delhi
2014, AI 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Absolute refractive index =1.5
∴ The speed of light in a medium

Question 83.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 40 cm from a spherical lens is
formed on a screen placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of 40 cm
from the lens. Identify the type of lens and write its focal length. What will be the
nature of the image formed if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm towards the lens?
Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Given : u = -40 cm, v = 40 cm
1/f=1/40 + 1/ 40 = 2/40

⇒ f = 20 cm
Type of lens : Convex lens
Focal length = 20 cm
Nature of the image will be virtual and erect if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm
towards the lens.

Question 84.
An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave
lens of focal length 5 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position, size and
nature of the image if the distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm. (Delhi
2013)
Answer:

Question 85.
Draw ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following
cases. A ray of light incident on a concave lens
(i) is parallel to its principal axis, (ii) is passing through its optical centre and (iii) is
directed towards its principal focus. (Delhi 2013 C)
Answer:
(i) A ray of light incident on a concave lens is parallel to its principal axis, the
diagram can be drawn as follows:

The refracted ray appears to pass through focus on the same side of the lens.
(ii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is passing through its optical centre
then the refracted ray will go without deviation.
(iii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is directed towards its principal axis
then it will go parallel to principal axis.

Question 86.
What is the principle of reversibility of light? Show that the incident of light is
parallel to the emergent ray of light when light falls obliquely on a side of a
rectangular glass slab. (AI 2011)
Answer:
Principle of reversibility of light states that the light will follow exactly the same
path if the direction is reversed.
Using Snell’s law of refraction, sini /sin r1 =sin e /sin r2

Since r1 = r2, so i = e
so PQ is parallel to RS.
So, we conclude that incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray.

Question 87.
What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of
a diagram. List any two factors on which the lateral displacement in a particular
substance depends. (Foreign 2011)
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident obliquely on a parallel sided glass slab, the emergent
ray shifts laterally. The perpendicular distance between the direction of the
incident ray and emergent ray is called lateral shift.
Diagram : Refer to answer 68.
Tire factors on which the lateral displacement depends are:
(i) thickness of the refracting material.
(ii) the refractive index of the material.

Question 88.
Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to show the formation of image,
when the object is placed:
(i) between optical centre and principal focus of a convex lens.
(ii) anywhere in front of a concave lens.
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens.
State the signs and values of magnifications in the above mentioned cases (i) and
(ii). (2020)
Answer:
(i) When an object is placed between Fj and optical centre, O of a convex lens, it
forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as
follows:

In case (i), the magnification, m is given by,

m = v/u = −v/ −u = positive
i.e., the image formed virtual and erect.
In case (ii), the magnification,
m = v/u = −v/ −u = positive
i.e., the image formed is virtual and erect.

Question 89

(a)Why is there no dispersion of light refracted through a rectangular glass slab?

 The dispersion is caused due to the the difference in the angle of deviation for
different colours. In the case of a glass slab, the opposite sides are parallel and
therefore different colors emerge parallel to each other and are seen
simultaneously. Therefore, dispersion doesn’t occur in a glass slab.

(b)Why is the refractive index of a medium always greater than one ?

Because refractive index(n) is nothing but the ratio of speed of light in vacuum(c)
to the speed of light in that medium(v). n = c/v ; c is always greater than v . So the
numerator is always greater than the denominator that's why n is always greater
and equal to 1.

Question 90.
Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a special lens for this
purpose.
(i) State the nature of the lens and reason for its use.
(ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as to have a real and magnified
image of an object?
(iii) If the focal length of this lens is 10 cm, the lens is held at a distance of 5 cm
from the palm, use lens formula to find the position and size of the image. (2020)
Answer:
(i) The lens used here is a convex lens and it is used as a magnifying glass because
at close range, i.e., when the object is placed between optic centre and principal
focus it forms an enlarged, virtual and erect image of the object.
(ii) When this lens is placed such that the object is between the centre of
curvature and the principal focus, the palmist obtain a real and magnified image.
(iii) Given focal length, f = 10 cm and u = -5 cm According to lens formula,
Thus, the image will be formed at 10 cm on the same side of the palm and the size
of the image will be enlarged.

Question 91.
An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30
cm.
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens
(ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted)
formed by the lens in this case
(iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of pair (ii) . (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
(i) Given, f = -30 cm, u = -60 cm, v = ?
Using lens formula,

(ii) (a) The image is virtual in nature.

(b) The image is formed at a distance of 20 cm on the left from the concave lens.
(c) Magnification, m = v /u

Here, v = – 20 cm; u = – 60 cm
So, m = 20/ 60 = 1 /3 = + 0.3
Since value of magnification is less than 1, therefore, the image is diminished.
(d) The plus sign for the magnification shows that the image is erect.

Question 92.

The above image shows a thin lens of focal length 5m.

(i) What is the kind of lens shown in the above figure?
(ii) If a real inverted image is to be formed by this lens at a distance of 7m
from the optical centre, then show with calculation where should the object
be placed?
(iii) Draw a neatly labelled diagram of the image formation mentioned in
question(ii)
Question 93.

In the figure below a light ray travels from air into the semi-circular plastic
block.

(a)Give a reason why the ray does not

deviate at the semi-circular boundary
of the plastic block.
(b) Complete the ray diagram of the
above scenario when the light ray
comes out of the plastic block from the top flat end.