OF - I

DISTRIBUTION FEEDER PROTECTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Industrial power distribution systems make extensive use of cable feeder to, example , betvv'een captive
generation Bus or 'Grid Supply Bus', to load centers I Power control centers. These feeders are often
radial or sometimes form part of a ring main system. While IDMT overcurrent l earth fault protection is
mostly used for radial distribution feeders particularly in the tail end, unit type protections such as pilot
wire protection, are also sometimes used on critical feeders.
The unit protections are highly selective, sensitive and fast in operation but do not have any backup
capabilities. The IDMT protection on the contrary, are simple and economica l but slower in operation to
necessitate time coordination between adjaeent sections for selective tripping. IDMT relays, however,
provide excellent backup protection to the down stream system.

2.0 UNIT PROTECTION

The principle of unit system was first established by Merz and Pree. This fundamental differential system
have formed the basis of many highly developed protective arrangements for feeders and many plant
equipments . •
Two forms of differential schemes are available.
a) Circulating Current System.
b) Balanced Voltage System.

2.1 Circulating Current System

In this arrangement current transformers of identical ratio and ratings are provided at each end of the
protected zone and are interconnected by secondary pilots as shown in Fig. 2.1a below
Fig. 2.1 a) Circulating Current System

A B

-J

Pilot

87 - Differential Relay

For eX!emal faults, the two end CTs see equ 1 . fl •

tht CT secondary nd ·1 a '" <NI and outfl<NI produci ·
the seconda a pt ots, with no differential current through the I ng a c1rculatinq ~urrenthowc!:>etween
. ry currents have an additive Polarity and h th re ay. For a;1 in-zone fault ✓f,.,.
causing operation. , ·
ence e sun .rnatecJ current flows through tt ,e r~,ay,

In practice, unequal saturation of the CTs can ca • • . .

~aults, prod~ng instability. The problem is no~:1'1nycreasec1 spill current through the relay on external
impedance~ by add"mg senes ,
· stabilizing overcome by makin9 the relay branch ~ high
resistor.

2 ·2 Balllticed Voltage System

In bal~nced voltage system, the CT seconda out
flows ~n the series connected relays. An in-z~ f~~~
operation. The anangemem is shown in Fig. 2.2 a) bel<NI
::.:pposed for thro~h fautt so that no current
ver, prOduce a circulating current. causing
 OF - 2

Fig . 2.2 a) Bal anc ed Vol tage Sys tem

A B

'' /
/

'' /
/

' /

/// ' ,,,

/ ' '-----'
• Pilo t s

uit condition . as no
rna l fau lt wou ld . in effect, cause a CT open circ
In the above arra nge men t, exte provided wi~h non -
. To avo id exc ess ive saturation of the core , the core is
secondary current c.would flow re would produce an
orb the ma xim um prim ary m .m .f. The secondary winding therefo
magnetic gaps to abs
source .
e.m.f. and can be regarded a voltage
e a substantial spill current thro
ugh thE: relay on
t cap acit anc e wou ld pro duc
The inherent CT error and pilo a through current bias (restraint)
ity. The problem is overcome by providing
externa l fault. cau sing inst abil ugh fault current, the reb y
eas es the diffe ren tial pick up, app roximatety proportional to the thro
which incr
ensuring stability .

2.3 Summation Arrangement

phase ·
den t pro tect ion can oo pro vide d for eac h phase, using phase by
In 3 pha::;e systems, indepen m 4 core pilot add ing up to the
currents . Thi s would t'l<:Mever require a min imu
compar ison of the two end
ara te ~ cur ren ts irrto a sing
le quantity for com par ison ove r a
se?
~ - ~ _altO Olat!v~ is to_comb ine !~ A typical sum ma tion CT is sho wn
o, pilots. Th•~ 1s ach ieved by usin g summation current transformers.
pair
in Fig . 2,3 a) below.

F.ig. 2.3 a) Typ ical Sum ma tion CT

A ------

The · · winding (i e A-8 & B

m~erphase section of the summationater nu m~ -of turns. -C) usually have equal number of turns and
gre
the neutral end winding (C-N) having
t would produce for
The above summation arrangemen as well as unbalanced fau lts
relay offe rs diffe ren t sen sitiv ities for ~e t'e nt tyboth balanced a~
However, the pes of faults depending upo n the ph
 DF - 3

involved. In the summation arrangement illustrated , the associated relay will have highest sensitivity for A-
C and A-N faults . ·

2.4 Supervision of Pilots

The pilot circuits are subjected to various hazards. which can caose open circuit or short circuit of the pilot
cores. While overhead pilots are vulnerable to storms. buried pilots may be damaged during excavation .
The pilot failure may iead to either mal operation or non- operation of the protection and hence continuous
supervision of the healthiness of the pilots becomes necessary.

This is achieved by injecting a ..mall d.c. current through the pilot from one end and monitoring its
presence at the other e'ld by energizing an auxiliary relay. The auxiliary relay resets in tRe event of any
discrepancy in the pilots and sounds an alarm. A small time delay is introduced to prevent trarisient
operation due to primary system faults, causing momentary dip in the auxiliary supply.

Overcurrent check feature may also be incorporated to prevent tripping on load irrthe event of a pilot
open drcuit condition as it may lead to instability. A typical pilot supervision arrangement is shown in fig .
2.4 ~/QIN.

t Fig 2.4 Typical Pilot Supervision Arrangement s

t - - __._____
i----.---- Pilots -j

H7 I'

•
,• ,- -7 ---
I -7

, I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I

I I I I
•, I
I - --, ••• ,--
I
I I
I I Pilot Fail
I Alam,
I~ 1· I • I
)
I j 2«1V ~ I I
I SOHZAUX. I I I
L _ Sl/PPLY - _J L _____ _J
,'· lnj«ri1m I ;nit Supt'nision I init ·

"
.. • 87P - Pilot Wi-:-e Protection
.., I · 30 · - Su~rvision Relay
.... • The above supervision arrangement detects any dic:.r-re · · • • . ·
circuit and cross pilot conditions. --~ pancy rn th e prlot rncludrng open circuit. short
...
3.0 IDMT OVER CURRENT & EARTt-1 F~UL T PROTECTl~N
.
While at the lower end of the distrib~ion stem i • . .
connected trip coils operating on Switchingsyde vi~=,~u~arfy at low Vo(t~ge. Levels). fusef or series
sed for short circurt protection, •MDT over
. '·
currenUearth fault relays find wide application at med1um voltage levels .
t:,s the name implies, IMDT relays have an Inverse time/ . . .
inversely pr°P?'1ional to the current) and a Definite Mini curri _charactenst,c <•-~·
the operating time is
curren~. T~ t,me I current characteristic is usuall mum ,me (DMT) for high multiples of setting
operating _t,me ~ different multiples of setting cu Yt r~pr~ted _on a l~arithmic scale and gives the
The TMS ,s continuously adjustable giving a rangem:;; i·me1,ort maximum "Time Multiplier Setting" (TMS)
1 current characteristic. ·

,,
- I
 DF - 4

App l ic atio n s
3 .1 IOMT C h arac terist ic V a r ia tions an d t h eir C.

a rc
c 11·s11 cs I ticscO 07
There are d iffe re nt v a n ~t io n s o f ID M I c h ;ir::1c:t
S ta nda rd Inve rse t = 0 . 14 / (I - 1)
i)
Ve ry Inve rs e t = 13 .5 /( 1- 1)
ii)
7
F: xtre me ly in verse ! = 80/( 1 - 1)
iii )
L :-> ng Inve rs e t = 12 0/(1 - 1)
C

Wher e t = Relay opera ting tim e (Seco nds)

And I = Curre nt (a s Mult ipl e of P lug Settin g)
1,0
tics at the m ax ihl UJ'll time mutt;p tier settin g of
Fi~. 3 _1 a) below shows the abov e chara cteris
l t o

100
I
I
I
I a I
10
---1 - -· -i
OPERATING I l
TIME(S) G~INVER~E t = 120 ( I - I)
I
I
__ L-- -,--
I• VERSE t = 0. 14 ( I 0 ·02 - I)
I I
l·O
l
Et= 13.5 ( I - 1)
I I !
I
I 'I I EXTRfMELY INVF.RSE I= 80 ( I
2
- I)

o.,
1
' '
10 100

FAUL T CURI !E.~T (MUL TIMP LF. or Sl-:TIING)

tic is
rity of the applications, very inver se chara cteris
While standard inverse Characteristic cover s majo r
tion in t~e fault curre nt as the dista nce from the powe
particularty useful where there is a sum,;antial reduc . (The
sourr.e increa ses. Extremely Inverse characteris
tic is particularty suitab le in gradi ng with fuses
square of the curre nt, the chara cteris tic emin ently
operating time being inversely proportional to the rily used for overl oad prote ction
match es with the fuse characteristic.) !-Ofl9 Inver se
characteristic is prima
resistance groun ded syste ms.
or earth fault protection in
e both time and curre nt gradi ng to achie ve discri minat ion bf-twe en succe ssive
The IMDT ~efays provid
staw.s in the dis'tributlon sysiem .
3.2 Grad ing Margin
relay for selec tive operation depends upon following
The time interval (Grad ing margi n) betwe en adjac ent
factors:
Circui t Breaker tripping lime
~~ Overshoot time of the relay .
111)
Relay timing errors .
rv)
Safety Margin.
 OF - 5

The table below gives typical allowance to be made for the above factors,

EM Relay Static Relay

Timing Error(%) 7 .5 5 .0
Over Shoot (Sec) 0 .05 0 .03
Safety Margin (Sec) 0.1 0.05

A suitable grading margin can be calculated as follows

T ' = (2 ER I 100) x T + T CB + To + T SM

Where T ' = time iriterval bet'Neen adjacent relays .

T = Relay nominal operating time .
ER = % trming P.rror as given by manufactu rer.
Tca = Circu;t breaker tripping time .
To = Rel&y overshoot .
T sM = Safety margin.

disc
Typically a grading margin of 0.3 to 0.4 ~ is c:onsid~ed adequate for convention al ind~i~
as for static I Numencal versions thrs can be shortened to 0 .2 - 0 .3 sec. in vrew of
type IDMT relays where
low timing errors and low/ no oversh00t .

3.3 IDMT relays supplem~nted by High set Instantan eous over current elements .
is
Particularly on transforme r feeders or long distribution feeders connected to strong sources where there
a substantial reduction in the fault infeed for faults beyond the protected section, high set Instantane ous
over current element is often incol"J)Qrated with the IDMT over current relay. The high set element is set
over and above the infeeds for fault beyond the protected equipment i section such that it remains stable
for such faults, while at the same time. offers high speed clearance for close up faults within the section.

A typical example for highest over current applicat:on is given below.

Fig. 3.3 High Set Over Current Applicatio n

A
f(
MHII IA
300/L\

1" . ,. . ..,
@ .-
ll>MT + IIS
11)/\fl"

H .S . o/c setting at A 1 .3 X 3000

3900 Amp(primar y)
6 .5 Amp(se.;ond ary) ·

-
OIi
 DF - 6

~uld offer instantaneous clearance for

The relay thus remains stable for faults beyond station, '8', but
close up fau Its on section A-B.
ng d.c. offset . To enable close setting
The initial fault current may be asymmetrical with sJowfy decayi
be immun e to the d.c offset. Such
above the steady state through current, the Highset eleme nt should
, should be low. Relays with fe ss than 5%
immunity is defined in tenns of transient over reach which
transient overreach are available.
.
relays are now required to be ti me co-
The highset unit also improves overall grading as the IDMT
um short circuit current close to relay,n g
ordinated up to highset setting current and not up to the maxim
point.

3.4 Direc tional IDMT Relay s ,

n, directional IDMT over current / earth
When fault current can flow in both directi ons at the relay locatio
tripping . Usually a separa te directi onal
fault relay can be used at an advan tage to ensure select ive
over curren t relay. The dir:ectional unit is
element is provided which controls the operat ion cf the IDMT
on or phase of the fault curren t is check ed
basically a ~ r measuring device in which the r~lativ e directi
with reference to the system voltage .
onal over curren t and earth fault relay is
Typical CTN.T . input connections and vector diagra m for directi
shown in Fig. 3.4 alb and Fig. 3.4 c Id be/ow.

Fig. 3.4 a) Directional 0/C relay - Quadrature (90°) Connection

---~►• Dir«:tio n for O,x-nd ion

C.

V - T I Ir - - - - - ' - - - 1 . _ ___J 67~ c I c Dir Elrmrn t - C111n•n r ( ·oil

67 • P 1.'· Dir El<·m,·nr - P11tr11tial Coil
ii r----- -.--- r-~

-- ~-ftt\ __
1'1<-,
u ,.1< ~
 1) 1-" - 7

h 9 00
45° l e ad M .T. A . wit
ph as e dir ec tio na l o/c Ele me nt fc,r
" A"
Fig 3.4 bJ Ve cto r D_iag ram for
Co nn ec t:o n

~,,,
o c ·c --,
-- -- v;;: -- --
,,,,, -- <.J 1u · ra tc.·
R<" gio n
''
I • A' \ 11r M,.,.,n,.., 111 ii"q u,·

\
\
I
I
I
I
Vn c
l n p ul\
A - E: kn u- nt , I A, V
I I<"

l..-n u- nt s I 11, V< ·A

Ve B - E
C - E lcm ..- nb I <",
V All

¢, P /C

° wh ere as the cu rre nt

flu x lag s the inp ut vo lts "va c" by 45
me nt, the po ten tia l co il a. (W he re <\> pie
Re fer rin g. to A- ph as e ele e is pro po rtio na l to cj, pi e x cj, c/c x sin
h cu rre nt IA. Sin ce the
tor qu ma xim um
co il flu x is in ph as e wit An gle be tw ee n the tw o int era cti ng flu xe s .)
=c urr en t co il flu x an d
a = en IA la~ s VA
po ten tia l co il flux, cj, c/c qu e wil l, the ref ore , bP. rea liz ed wh
Ma xim um tor l be 45 lea d
d wh en a= 90 °· Th e dir ec tio na l ele me nt wil
tor qu e wil l be pro du ce era tio na l ran ge of the
ds VB C uy 45 °. Th e op
by 45 ° or co nv ers ely lea cto r dia gra m.
the ve
to 13 5° lag as sh ow n in ec tio na l Ind uc tio n
TA ) of 4s ° lea d or 30 ° lea d in co nv
h Ma xim um To rqu e An
gle (M Ch ara cte ris tic
Th e 90 ° co nn ec tio n wit tio ns . In sta tic or nu rne ric al· ve rsi on s, the
pli ca
rela)<-~ co ve r mo st ap y in se lec tio ~ .
typ e of di:-ectional olc us er se lec tab le & pro ~id es mo re fle xib ilit
A) is
An gle (eq uiv ale nt to MT
Re lay Co nn ec tio n
Fig . 3.4 c) Direct~onal Ea rth Fa ult

------.►• l>irt·<.·Cion for Op ,·ra tion

SO li lK'E
A

·.J_ V .T . s
hu _,;
F
I It-- __ .-- -'- -_ J

V 2 E \[ \~ I~ ~I
V I~ \___ __;
I
• . V,-; I ' •7N

~ __j_ F·
VL
- VR ES I I
I I
L _ _ _ _J

il
l Ele me nt Cu rre nt Co
67 N CI C - Dir ec tio na tia l Co il
l Ele me nt Po ten
67 N P/C - Dir ec tio na v
Inp ut to Re lay V RES
= 3 0
l RES = 3 Io
 OF - 8

r~ Fig. 3.4 d) Vector Diagra m for Directi onal E / F relay

I :~
VA VA
1"'
~
IA'
IB
IA VA'
~
le
·~ IC

~ IB Ve /
VB
/
~ Ve VB
~

.,) Unbal anced Systen ,

Balanc ed System
(A to Earth Fault)
(Zero Resid:.ial Vol~s/ Current)
..J
umerical versions) for directi onal earth fault
,,.j The choice of MTA (or characteristic angle in case of static/n
and the type of circuit in questi on. Typica l ,
relays depends upon the method of source earthin g
.j recommended values of MTA are given below.

,;J
60° lag 1-N over head lines }
45° lag MV cable feeders For Solidly Earth Systems
~

~ o0 for Resistance Earthed Systems.

~ 3.5 Typical Applications of Directional IDMT Rela y.

.;) Following are the typical applications of directional IOMT relays .

;) 3.5.1 Parallel foeders

l feeder s to ens, ,r~ select ive trippin g as shown

Dire<;:tional relays are used at the receiv irg end of paralle
in Fig. 3.5.1 below. •
Fig. 3.5.1 Paralle l Feeder Protection

A B

Load

Sourn•

I
®
- 51/SlN - Non Dir. IDMT O/C, [IF Relay
67/67N - Dir. IDMT O/C, E/F ~la~- .
 DF - 9

(8) on CKT II. sees an

re abo ve. for a fault on CKT II , whil e the rela y at Rec eivi ng End
Ref errin g to the figu flow ,n the reve rse direction and
s, the rela y on CKT I sees a pow er
infeed in its look ing dire ctio n & operate ing can be obta ined Besides the
relays at A and 8, a sele ctiv e tripp
rest rain s . By time coo rdin atin g the ts and hen ce do not require any
time
ctio nal rela ys at End "B" are non resp ons ive to dow nstr eom faul
dire fast er clea ranc e
kup , thereby ena blin g a rela tive ly
cCrOrdination with dow nstr eam bac

3.5 .2 Rin g Main Sys tem

Fig 3 5 2 belo w·
Mai ns. A typi cal exa mpl e is sho wn
in
Dire ctio nal rela ys are use d for Ring
Fig. 3.5.2 Rin g Main Pro tect ion

_ •_ - R
,,,~ 5r111.9 8 C · I>

-t ,_ - -
.-'i

& I></></>< •
I .J' II. 'J 11.5'1 II. I

"-•ur n· A
A
· d~ 1:+.:! 0
I> C B A
/.J '
II. / II. 50 11. 9

/)

can hav e no~ irec tion al relays

(in view of no pos sibi lity of infe ed
While the source end station (A), into the feeders.
rsal). the inte rrre diat e stat ions stio uld hav e directional rela ys looking
reve
sup ply point, red ucin g
be v.or ked out by con side ring the ring ope n at one side of the
The time grad ing can
sam e procedure can be repe ated
by ope ning the grid
and grad e from the tail end . The
it to radial system
t.
on the other side, at the supply poin

3.5.3 Oth er App lica tion s

on sec ond ary side (sim ilar to
are _also used_ ~or pa~allel tran sfor mer prot octi on
Directional IDM T rela ys on on transmission Jines and
Utility Gnd s as back up protecti
parallel f ~ ) as also in the •
Interconnectmg tran sfor mer s.
vity .
lt con nec tion s to imp rov e sen siti
3.6 Alte rna tive Met hod s of Ear th Fau

3.6.1 Sta nd by Ear th fau lt Relay

s or .
secondary wind ings of tran sfor mer eart hstat er e~.rth faul t prot ecti on of
Th ~ are primarily used for starare ope rate d off a CT. in the neu t~/
rnedi~•m voltage Generators, and 1 belo w. con nec ton.
shown in fig . 3.6.
A typic al stand by e/f connection is
 DF - IO

'
V

Fig. 3.6.1 Sta ndb y EIF Co nec tion

Y Yn __ __ __ _ A

- - -- <> ( '

NC R

ll)M T I Def. linn·

E/F Relay

faults, pro vid es a

ant as a tim e gra ded bac kup against uncleared ext ern al
The relay, though primaril y me F pro tec tion .
aga inst win ding ear th faults, backing up diff ere ntia l and RE
sufficiently sensitive protection iev ed
bet ter sen sitiv ity can be ach
the neutral C.T . rati o is inde pendent of the load current,
Since
dual connection .
compared to the conventional resi
CTS )
tion usi ng Core Balance C.T. (CB
3.6.2 Sensitive Earth Fault protec
tion , CBCTs can
ts a~E: exp ecte d, req uirin g a ver y sensitive earth fau lt pro tec
Wh ere I~ inf ~ ~rt h faul in Fig . 3.6 .2
be used m con1unct1on with sen
s,t,ve earth fault relay as shown
Relay
Fig. 3.6.2 CBC T cormected sensitive EJF

CRC T
Sour «, End
;:; ----, _ C'abl<' (;lan d

,)
Cab! ,,
110 1

.:i
~

~ .i.¢ . J ,,,. ~c ·ort•

-...
A.rm our t-d c.,1,,4..

- ....,
....
.__,,
.

. -,..._
,_._

r,,. . .
'-
.,.. .
'
The CBC T surr oun ds all 3 pha
r 'd I
esi ua current. Bett er
ses ( nd neu tral also in ca
a
sen sitiv ities are ach ieve d due
.
t:~~ef 4
num ber of sec ond ary turn s
prim ary
cab les) and is exc ited by the e the
sinc

-
 turns ratio is indep ende nt of the load curre nt.
Usua lly static relay s with sensi tive settin g and
OF -

low ohmi c
11
I
turns ratio .
outpu t volta ge requi reme nt in view of low
burde ns shoul d be used wi_th CBC Ts to limit the
th/arm ou r
lly armo ured . The earth ing of the cable shea
The CBCT s are used on cable s which are usua t the earth fa ult curre nt
d by the armo ur shou ld not offse
shou ld be such that the earth return curre nt carrie ing arran geme nt of the
affec t the sensi tiv ity . Typic al earth
in the phase cond uctor as it would adve rsely e requi reme nt
n in fig . 3 .6 .2 to ensu re the abov
sheat h I armo ur at load and sourc e end is show
m
3.6.3 Earth Faul t Prot ectio n in 3 p hase 4 wire S yste
nal resid ually
l single phas e unba lance d loads , conv entio
In 3 phas e 4 wire syste m havin g subs tantia inst earth faults .
. T .s cann ot provi de adeq uate sens itivity aga
conn ected earth fault relay s using 3 phas e C e unba lance d
red to be ~t abov e the max . singl e phas
This is beca use the earth fault relay is requi a 4
th
C. T .
tive elf settin g is desir able, indep ende r,t of the single phas e unba lance d loads
curre nt. If a sensi
fig . 3 .6 .3 . below .
in the neutr al beco mes nece ssary as show n in

m with stan ding sing le phas e

Fig. 3.6.3 Sensitive E/F Prote ction for 3 phas e 4 wire syste
unba lance

B
Sourct'
(Pee I/ C)
C

E/F OIC

· · ·
short cir ·
With the above conne ctions phase to neutr al cu,ts. are refe'T od •o th e o/c elem ents an'! henc e 3
o/c eleme nts becom es neces sary '. .

Refe rence s:
m
1) Prote c!ivP Relay Appli cation Guide - GEC Alsto
s of EE Relay s and Techn ical paper s
2) Variou ~ Manu als/ Publi cation
 OF - 12

AN NE XU RE 1
IDM T ove r cur ren t rela ys
Typ ica l Gra din g Exa m p le usi ng

A
B 100 /IA
40011 A

2000.A (IF)

B ch
0.1 0 ( min . sett ing)
Ole Setting Relay R1 - 1A (10 0 A Prim ) , TM S
Relay R2 - 1A (40 0 A Prim )

10- time s sett ing curr ent. .

Relay R1 / R2 IDM T o/c, 3 sec. At

Fault Current 200GA = 200 0 / 100

= 20 time s setting current.
Relay R1
S 1.0 = 2.2 sec.
Operating time s at 20x sett ing at TM
Ooerating time at TM S 0.1 = 0.22
sec.

a gra ding Mar gin of

Relay R2 Required operating time con side ring
0.4 sec. = 0.22 + 0.:40 = 0.62 sec
=
Fault current 200 0 ~ 200 0 / 400
=
5x time sett ing current.

ing cur ren tat TMS 1.0 = 4 .3 sec.

Relay operatin9 time at 5 time s sett
ratin g ti~e of 0.t32sec .
Req uire d T ,yis ·to ach ieve an Ope

TMS = 0 .62 I 4.3 = 0. 14 .;:;.ay 0.15

= curr ent sett ing 1.0A TMS = o. 15.
Rec omm end ed sett ing of rela y R2
 I) \ : - I3

ANN EX UR E 2
Pa rti al D iff e r en . . g ID M T o / c R
tia l P ro te ct io n el ay
us m
. rti a l D iff er en tia
Ty p1 ca I C · T · c on n ec t io ns to r Pa l Pr ot ec ti_on

T I /C i
I C2

51 ~

HU~ A

t-d r 1
Fd r 2

51 A - Pa rti al Di ffe re nti al Re lay (IO

MT o/ c) fo r bu s se
51 a _Pa rti al Di ffe re nt ial Re lay (IO ct i? n- A (to t~ p 52
N 52 8S on op e~ io
MT o/ c) fo r Bu s Se
ct io n B (to tn p 52 n) .
B /5 28 S on oµ er at 1o
n) .
No te s: ·
~ Th e re lay 51
A / s·,a ar e re qu ire
r ~ i v e ·B us Se d to be se t ab ov ~
th e m
F1 /F 2)
cti on A or Ba nd to
oo tim e co or ai na teax . ex pe ctE :K f lo ad
d wi th th e IO M T
cu rre nt on th e
~ Re lay 51 A wi o/ c re la ys on fe
ea er ;{: 31
ll re sp on d to fa ult s .
wi ll re ma ins sta ble as so cia te d wi th Bu
fo r fa ult s on ad jci s Se ct io n A an d
~ Th e pa rti al ni ng Bu s Se ct io n as so ci at ed 0/ G
dif fer en tia l re lay 51 B . Th is wi ll be si fe ed er s bu t
Bu s·& :d io n br ea l<e N5 1 B wi ll th us el m ila rly tru e fo r re
im in at e th e ad di ti0 '1a l gr ad in la y 51 B .
up str ea m bM ak ers. r(5 2B S) an d ln ev m er l,r ea ke r~ 52 A g st ag e t:- E: tw ee
· o r B) ~n d sh or te n th e
n th e oP E, ra tin g
t im es of