Mathematical Principles for Computer Science

[MAPC5112]
Learning Unit 1: An Introduction to Arithmetic

With

Amakan Elisha Agoni

eagoni@iie.ac.za
Lecture 1
21/02/2024
Module Purpose:
⚫ The purpose of this module is to provide students with a foundational knowledge of the
basic mathematical principles and logical skills to solve Application Development and
Networking problems.

Module Outcomes
⚫ MO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the basic mathematical
calculations and principles.
⚫ MO2: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of logical operations, logical gates,
and relevant calculations.
⚫ MO3: Apply mathematical problem-solving skills to given hypothetical scenarios.

⚫ MO4: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the application of the different

number conversions and skills that apply to programming and networking.

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Assessments

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Leaning Unit Objectives
Learning Unit 1: An introduction to Arithmetic
Theme 1: An introduction to Arithmetic
LO1: Write numbers in an expanded form.
LO2: Apply properties and laws of whole numbers.
LO3: Apply the order of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division when working with arithmetic
expressions.
LO4: Simplify expressions containing whole numbers.
LO5: Simplify different types of algebraic expressions containing real numbers.
LO6: Add, subtract, multiply, and divide real numbers.
LO7: Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers.
LO8: Explain how integers are different to other types/set of numbers.
LO9: Use a number line to recognise positive and negative integers.
LO10: Use the exponential notation to write repeated factors.
LO11: Calculate square and cube roots.
LO12: Add, subtract, multiply, and divide exponents.

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An introduction to Arithmetic

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Whole Numbers
⚫ Whole numbers that are greater than nine consist of
multiple digits.
⚫ Each digit in a given number has a place value.
⚫ To better understand place value, numbers can be put
in a place-value chart so that the value of each digit can
be identified.
⚫ Numbers with more than three digits can be separated
into groups of three digits, known as periods.
⚫ Any whole number can be expressed in standard form,
expanded form, or as a word name.

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The Number System

⚫ The position of each digit in a

number tells its value, or place
value.
⚫ We can use a place-value chart to
easily see the place value for
each digit.
⚫ The place values for the digits in
1,456 are shown in this chart.

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Periods and Standard Form

⚫ The standard form of a number

refers to a type of notation in
which digits are separated into
groups of three by commas
⚫ These groups of three digits are
known as periods. For example,
893,450,243 has three periods
with three digits in each period, as
shown below.

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Writing Numbers in Expanded Form

⚫ Sometimes it is useful to write

numbers in expanded form.
⚫ In expanded form, the number is
written as a sum of the value of
each digit.

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Inequalities
⚫ An inequality is a mathematical sentence that compares two numbers that aren’t equal.
⚫ Instead of an equal sign (=), inequalities use greater than (>) or less than (<) symbols.
⚫ The important thing to remember about these symbols is that the small end points towards
the lesser number, and the larger (open) end is always on the side of the greater number.
⚫ There are other ways to remember this.
⚫ For example, the wider part of the symbol represents the jaws of an alligator, which “gobbles
up” the greater number.
⚫ So “35 is greater than 28” can be written as 35 > 28, and “52 is less than 109” can be written
as 52 < 109.
⚫ To compare two values that are not the same, you can write an inequality.
⚫ You can use a number line or place value to determine which number is greater than another
number. Inequalities can be expressed using greater than (>) or less than (<) symbols

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Estimation
⚫ An estimate is an answer to a problem that is close to the solution, but not necessarily exact.
Estimating can come in handy in a variety of situations, such as buying a computer.
⚫ You may have to purchase numerous devices: a computer tower and keyboard for R1,295, a
monitor for R679, the printer for R486, the warranty for R196, and software for R374.
⚫ Estimating can help you know about how much you’ll spend without actually adding those
numbers exactly.

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Properties and Laws of Whole Numbers
⚫ Mathematics often involves simplifying numerical expressions.
⚫ When doing so, you can use laws and properties that apply to particular operations.
⚫ The multiplication property of 1 states that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same
number, and the addition property of zero states that any number added to zero is the same
number.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ The addition property of 0 states that for any number being added to 0, the sum equals that
number.
⚫ Remember that you do not end up with zero as an answer – that only happens when you
multiply.
⚫ Your answer is simply the same as your original number.
⚫ According to the multiplication property of 1, the product of 1 and any number results in that
number.
⚫ The answer is simply identical to the original number.
⚫ The commutative law of addition states that you can change the position of numbers in an
addition expression without changing the sum. For example, 3 + 2 is the same as 2 + 3.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ Here, it is clear that the parentheses do not affect the final answer; the answer is the same
regardless of where the parentheses are.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ Multiplication has an associative law
that works exactly the same as the
one for addition.
⚫ The associative law of multiplication
states that numbers in a multiplication
expression can be regrouped using
parentheses.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ When an expression is being
rewritten, you can tell whether it is
being rewritten using the commutative
or associative laws based on whether
the order of the numbers change or
the numbers are being regrouped
using parentheses.
⚫ If an expression is rewritten so that
the order of the numbers is changed,
the commutative law is being used.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ Remember that when you associate
with friends and family, typically you
are grouping yourself with other
people.
⚫ So, if numbers in an expression are
regrouped using parentheses and the
order of numbers remains the same,
then the associative law is being
used.

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1
⚫ The distributive property of multiplication is a very useful property that lets you simplify
expressions in which you are multiplying a number by a sum or difference. The property states
that the product of a sum or difference, such as 6(5 – 2), is equal to the sum or difference of the
products – in this case, 6(5) – 6(2).
⚫ Remember that there are several ways to write multiplication.
⚫ 3 x 6 = 3(6) = 3 • 6.
⚫ 3 • (2 + 4) = 3 • 6 = 18.
⚫ The distributive property of multiplication over addition can be used when you multiply a
number by a sum. For example, suppose you want to multiply 3 by the sum of 10 + 2.
⚫ 3(10 + 2) = ?
⚫ According to this property, you can add the numbers and then multiply by 3.
⚫ 3(10 + 2) = 3(12) = 36. Or, you can first multiply each addend by the 3. (This is called
distributing the 3.) Then, you can add the products.
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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1

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Adding and multiplication properties of 0 and 1

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Thank you for listening

Any question?
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