CONCEPT MAP

MOTION IN A PLANE
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

Scalars and Vectors

A scalar quantity is a quantity with magnitude only. It is specified completely by a single number, along
with the proper unit. Examples are : the distance between two points, mass of an object, the temperature of a
body and the time at which a certain event happened.
A vector quantity is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction and obeys the triangle law of
addition or equivalently the parallelogram law of addition. Some physical quantities that are represented by
vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration and force.

Representation of a Vector

Unit Vector

Sum or Addition of Vectors -

Triangle Law of Vector Addition- To find the sum A + B, we place vector B so that its tail is at the head of the vector
A, Then, we join the tail of A to the head of B. This line OQ represents a vector R, that is, the sum of the vectors A and B.

Parallelogram law of Vector Addition

(a) Two vectors A and B with their tails brought to a common origin. (b) The sum A + B obtained using the parallelogram method. (c) The
parallelogram method of vector addition is equivalent to the triangle method.

The magnitude of the resultant and its direction is given by the following
relations
where θ is the angle between A and B. α is the angle which the resultant R
makes with the positive direction of x-axis

• Vector addition is commutative : A + B = B + A

• It also obeys the associative law : (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
• A null or zero vector is a vector with zero magnitude. Since the magnitude is zero, we don’t have to
specify its direction. It has the properties : A + 0 = A, λ0 = 0 , 0 A = 0

Dot product or scalar product : -

Commutative Law, A.B=B.A

Distributive Law, A.(B+C)= A.B +A.C

Cross or Vector product : ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑨𝑿𝑩 ̂ = ⃗𝑪

⃗⃗⃗ = AB sinƟ 𝒏

The direction of vector ⃗𝑪 is found out using the Right Hand

Thumb rule which states that, If the right hand is arranged so
the fingers point in the direction of motion, or rotation, the
thumb points in the direction of the resultant vector.

Projectile Motion : An object that is in flight after being projected is called a projectile. If an object is
projected with initial velocity u making an angle θ with x-axis and if we assume its initial position to
coincide with the origin of the coordinate system, then the position and velocity of the projectile at time t are
given by the following equations of motion :
 Equations of motion
x =(ucos θ) t

y = (u sin θ) t - (1/2) g t2

Vx = u cos θ ,Vy = u sin θ - g t

The path of a projectile is parabolic and is given by :

Uniform Circular Motion

• When an object follows a circular path at constant speed, the motion of the object is called uniform
circular motion. The magnitude of its acceleration is a = v2/r = rω2. The direction of a is always
towards the centre of the circle.
• The angular speed ω, is the rate of change of angular displacement. It is related to linear velocity v
by v = ωr. The acceleration is a = ω2r.
• If T is the time period of revolution of the object in circular motion and n is its frequency, we have
ω = 2πn, v = 2πr, a = 4π2n2r
 Questionnaires
1 Mark Questions

1. Under what condition the sum and difference of two vectors be in the same direction?
2. Which of the two: magnitude or direction of resultant of two vectors change if the direction of the
vectors is changed keeping their magnitude the same?
3. What is the maximum number of components a vector can have?
4. Find the magnitude and direction of ȋ + j̑ ?
5. Find the value of ‘c’ if 0.6ȋ + 0.8j̑ + ck̑ is a unit vector?
6. For what angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ will |𝐴𝑋𝐵 ⃗ |= 𝐴. 𝐵
⃗?
7. A stone is dropped from the window of a stationary bus takes 5s to reach the ground. In what time
will it reach the ground if the bus is moving with (a) constant velocity of 36km/h, and (b) constant
acceleration of 2km/h2?
8. Is the speed of a projectile at the highest point of its trajectory zero? Explain your answer.
9. A ball is projected with kinetic energy E at an angle 300 with the horizontal. What is its kinetic
energy at its highest point?
10. A particle moving is on a circular path with constant speed v. Find the change in velocity when it
completes 1/4th of the revolution.

2 Mark Questions
1. Two forces acting on a particle in opposite direction have their resultant of 10N. The resultant is 50N, when
they act perpendicular to each other. Find the two forces.
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
2. The resultant of two vectors 𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗ and has magnitude equal to half the magnitude
⃗ is perpendicular to 𝐴
⃗
of 𝐵. Find the angle between the two vectors.
3. The position of a particle is given by r = (3.0t i 2.0t2 j + 4.0k) m where t is in seconds and the
coefficients have the proper units for r to be in metres. (a) Find v and a of the particle (b) What is the
magnitude and direction of velocity of the particle at t = 2s ?
4. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 s with a velocity of 10.0 j m/s and moves in the x y plane
with a constant acceleration of (8.0i +2.0j) m/s2 . (a) At what time is the x-coordinate of the particle
be 16 m ? What is the y-coordinate of the particle at that time ?
5. Two forces, whose magnitude are at the ratio of 3:5 give a resultant of 35 N. If angle of inclination is
60°. Find magnitude of each force.
6. At what angle the two forces A + B and A - B act, so that their resultant is √ 3A2+B2 .
3 Mark Questions
1. From the top of a tower 156.8 m high, a projectile is thrown up with a velocity of 39.2 m /s making an
angle 30° with the horizontal direction. Find the distance from the foot of tower, where it strikes the ground
and the time taken by it to do so.
 2. A projectile is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower and strikes the ground after 3 s at an
angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the height of the tower and speed with which the body was
projected. Given g = 9.8 m /s2 .
3. A man is going due east with a velocity of 3 km /h. Rain falls vertically downwards with a speed
of 10 km/ h. Calculate the angle at which he should hold his umbrella so as to save himself from rain.
4. If a shower of rain appears to be falling vertically downwards with a speed of 12 km /h to a
person walking due east with a speed of 5 km /h, what is the actual direction of the rain ?
5.Find the value of 'g' from the following data of an oblique projectile. y = 8t - 5t26. Prove that the
maximum horizontal range is four times the maximum height attained by the projectile when fired at
an angle with the horizontal so as to have maximum horizontal range.
6.Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion. What will
be the direction of velocity and acceleration at any instant?
7. Show that there are two angles of projection for which the horizontal range is same.
8. Obtain an expression for the trajectory of a projectile fired at an angle Ɵ with the horizontal.

5 Mark Questions

1. a) State the triangle law of vector addition . Obtain the formula for the magnitude and direction of
the resultant vector using the triangle law.
b) Two forces are such that sum of their magnitudes is 18N and their resultant has the magnitude of
12N and is perpendicular to the smaller force. Find the two forces.

2. A projectile is fired with velocity u making an angle α with the vertical. Obtain the expression for (a)
time of flight, (b) maximum height attained and (c) the range of the projectile.

3. A body is projected with an angle Ɵ with the horizontal. Obtain the condition for maximum range.
Also obtain the expression for the velocity at any instant

Case Study Based Questions

1. When an object follows a circular path at a constant speed, the motion of the object is called, 'uniform circular
motion.' The word uniform refers to the speed which is uniform throughout the motion. However since the direction of
motion is continuously changing, its velocity is changing continuously. It means that the motion has some
acceleration. For an object moving with a constant speed v along a circle of radius r, the acceleration a = v 2/r = r2
and it is directed along the radius towards the centre of the circle of the radius ‘r’. Due to this reason the acceleration
is known as centripetal acceleration.

(a) The angle between radius vector and acceleration in uniform circular motion is :
(i) 0 ° (ii) 180° (iii) 90 ° (iv) 45°

(b) The angle between radius vector and velocity in uniform circular motion is :
(i) 0 ° (ii) 180° (iii) 90 ° (iv) 45°

(c) A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If
the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is the magnitude of the angular velocity of the stone ?
(i) 67/35 rad/s (ii) 88/25 rad/s (iii) 25/88 rad/s (iv) 35/67 rad/s

(d) If both the speed and radius of the circular path of a body are doubled, how will the centripetal
acceleration change ?
(i) Tripled (ii) Quadrupled (iii) Doubled (iv) Remains unchanged

(e) A particle moves in x-y plane according to the equation x=a sin ωt and y= acos ωt. The particle follows
(i) An elliptical path (ii) A circular path (iii) A parabolic path (iv) A straight line path
2. Two guns situated on top of a hill of height 10m fire one shot each with the speed 5√3 m/s at some interval of time.
One gun ,A,fires horizontally and the other,B,fires upwards at an angle of 600 with the horizontal. The shots collide in
air at a point , say P. Considering the foot of the hill as the origin,

a) The time interval between the firings is

(i) 1s (ii) 2s (iii) 3s (iv) 0.5s

b) What is the x-coordinate of point P

(i) -5 (ii) 5 (iii) 5√3 (iv) 5/√3

c) What is the y- coordinate of point P

(i) 5 (ii) -5 (iii) 5√3 (iv)-5√3

d) In how much time will the bullet fired from gun A reach the foot of the hill?

(i) 1s (ii) √2s (iii) 2s (iv) 0.7s

e) The angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector for the bullet fired from gun B at the highest point is

(i) 00 (ii) 450 (iii) 900 (iv) 1800

ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE

The questions given bellow consist of an assertion and the reason. Use the following key to choose appropriate
answer:
(a)If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is a correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is correct and reason is incorrect.
(d) If assertion is incorrect and reason is correct.
(e)If both assertion and reason are incorrect.

1. Assertion: If a body moving in a circular path has constant speed, then there is no force acting on it.
Reason: The direction of velocity vector of a body moving in circular path is changing.
2. Assertion: The sum of two vectors can be zero.
Reason: The vector cancel each other, when they are equal and opposite.
3. Assertion: The scalar product of two vectors can be zero.
Reason: If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their scalar product will bezero.
4. Assertion: The cross product of a vector with itself is a null vector.
Reason: The crossproduct of two vectors results in a vector quantity.
5. Assertion: Two particles of different mass, projected with same velocity at same angles.The maximum height
attained by both the particle will be same.
Reason: The maximum height of projectile is independent of particle mass.
6. Assertion: The maximum horizontal range of projectile is proportional to square ofvelocity.
Reason: The maximum horizontal range of projectile is equal to maximum height attained by projectile. .
7. Assertion: When a body is dropped or thrown horizontally from the same height, itwould reach the ground at
the same time.
Reason: Horizontal velocity has no effect on the vertical direction.

HOTS
1. A projectile can have the same range for two angles of projection. If t1 and t2 are the time of flight in
two cases, then prove
t1t2 = 2R/g
2. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically up. Another ball of mass 2m is thrown at an angle Ɵ with the
vertical. Both of them remain in air for the same time. Find the ratio of heights attained by the two
balls.
3. A particle moves in a circle of radius 4.0cm clockwise at a constant speed of 2cm/s. if x and y are
unit acceleration vectors along x̑- axis and y̑-axis respectively, find the acceleration of the particle at
the instant halfway between P and Q