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CH 8

The document discusses resonant circuits including series and parallel resonant circuits. It defines key terms like resonant frequency, half-power frequencies, bandwidth, and quality factor. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating these values for different RLC circuits.

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Berento
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15 views

CH 8

The document discusses resonant circuits including series and parallel resonant circuits. It defines key terms like resonant frequency, half-power frequencies, bandwidth, and quality factor. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating these values for different RLC circuits.

Uploaded by

Berento
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 8

RESONANCE CIRCUITS
 After the completion of this chapter, the students will be able know
 Introduction to resonant circuits
 Series resonant circuit
 Parallel resonant circuit
 Types of filters
INTRODUCTION
 The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in
signal frequency.

 The sinusoidal steady-state frequency responses of circuits are of significance in many


applications, especially in communications and control systems.
 A specific application is in electric filters that block out or eliminate signals with
unwanted frequencies and pass signals of the desired frequencies.
 Filters are used in radio, TV, and telephone systems to separate one broadcast
frequency from another.
TRANSFER FUNCTION (H(ω))

 The transfer function H(ω) of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor


output Y(ω) (an element voltage or current) to a phasor input X(ω) (source
voltage or current).

 In fact, the frequency response of a circuit is the plot of the circuit’s transfer function
H(ω) versus ω, with ω varying from ω = 0 to ω = ∞.

A block diagram representation of a linear network.


There are four possible transfer functions:

where subscripts i and o denote input and output values. Being a complex
quantity, H(ω) has a magnitude H (ω) and a phase φ; that is, H(ω) =H (ω)< φ.
 he transfer function H(ω) can be expressed in terms of its numerator
polynomial N(ω) and denominator polynomial D(ω) as

 The roots of N(ω) = 0 are called the zeros of H(ω) and are usually represented as
jω = z1, z2, . . . .
 Similarly, the roots of D(ω) = 0 are the poles of H(ω) and are represented as
jω = p1, p2,….
SERIES RESONANCE

Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive


reactances are equal in magnitude, there by resulting in a purely resistive impedance.

 Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for constructing filters

The series resonant circuit.


• Resonance results when the imaginary part of the transfer function is zero, or

• The value of ω that satisfies this condition is called the resonant frequency ω0.
• Thus, the resonance condition is
Note that at resonance:

1. The impedance is purely resistive, thus, Z = R. In other words, the LC series


combination acts like a short circuit, and the entire voltage is across R.
2. The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so that the power factor is unity.
3. The magnitude of the transfer function H(ω) = Z(ω) is minimum.
4. The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more than the source voltage.

• The frequency response of the circuit’s current magnitude


• The average power dissipated by the RLC circuit is

• The highest power dissipated occurs at resonance,


when I = Vm/R, so that

The current amplitude versus • At certain frequencies ω = ω1, ω2, the


frequency for the series resonant circuit of dissipated power is half the maximum
value; that is,
Hence, ω1 and ω2 are called the half-power
frequencies.
• The half-power frequencies are obtained by setting Z equal to√2R, and writing
• The width of the response curve depends on the bandwidth B, which is defined as the
difference between the two half-power frequencies,

• The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured quantitatively by


the quality factor Q.
• Notice that the quality factor is dimensionless.
• The relationship between the bandwidth B and the quality factor Q is

The quality factor of a resonant circuit is the ratio


of its resonant frequency to its bandwidth.

The quality factor is a measure of the selectivity


(or “sharpness” of resonance) of the circuit.
• A resonant circuit is designed to operate at or near its resonant frequency.
• It is said to be a high-Q circuit when its quality factor is equal to or greater than 10.
• For high-Q circuits (Q ≥ 10), the half power frequencies are, for all practical purposes,
symmetrical around the resonant frequency and can be approximated as
 resonant circuit is characterized by five
related parameters:
 the two half-power frequencies ω1 and ω2,
 the resonant frequency ω0,
 the bandwidth B, and the
 quality factor Q.
PARALLEL RESONANCE
• The parallel RLC circuit in Fig. the admittance is

The parallel resonant circuit.


• The voltage |V| is sketched in Fig. as shown as a function of frequency.
• Notice that at resonance, the parallel LC combination acts like an open circuit, so
that the entire currents flows through R.
• Also, the inductor and capacitor current can be much more than the source current at
resonance.
Example 1: For the RC circuit in Fig. below as shown , obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs
and its frequency response. Let vs = Vm cos ωt.

Example 1: (a) time-domain RC circuit, (b) frequency-domain RC circuit.


Solution:
The frequency-domain equivalent of the circuit is in Fig. (b). By voltage division, the
transfer function is given by

we obtain the magnitude and phase of H(ω) as


At ω = 0, H = 1 and φ = 0. At ω = ∞, H = 0 and φ = -90◦.
Also, at ω = ω0, H = 1/√2 and φ = -45◦.

Frequency response of the RC circuit: (a) amplitude response, (b) phase response.
Example 2: In the circuit in Fig. as show below, R = 2 &, L = 1 mH, and C = 0.4 µF.
(a) Find the resonant angular frequency and the half-power frequencies.
(b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth.
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at ω0, ω1, and ω2.
(d) Find the resonant angular frequency

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