Time-Domain Analysis
Time-Domain Analysis
Time-Domain Analysis
Chapter Three
Analysis of Discrete-time Signals and Systems
in Time Domain
Analysis of Discrete-time Signals and Systems in Time
Domain
Outline
Introduction
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Introduction
An important subset of continuous-time & discrete-time systems
are systems that satisfy the linearity and time-invariance properties.
h(n) T [ (n)]
If the system is time-invariant, then we have:
h(n) T [ (n)] h(n k ) T [ (n k )]
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Impulse Response of LTI Systems……..
In other words, h(n) is all we need to know about the LTI system
to compute the response of the system to any input signal.
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The Convolution Sum
The output y(n) of a discrete-time LTI system with impulse
response h(n) and input x(n) can be obtained using the
convolution sum.
The convolution sum is defined as:
y ( n) x ( n) * h( n) x ( k ) h( n k )
k
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The Convolution Sum……
x(n) from n to k and keep the waveform for x(k) fixed during
convolution.
variable from n to k.
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The Convolution Sum……
5. Slide the graph of h(n-k) over the graph of x(k) step by step.
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The Convolution Sum……
Exercise:
h(n) 2 (n 1) 2 (n) (n 1)
2 , 0n2 n 1 , 0 n 4
f . x ( n) and h(n)
0 , otherwise 0 , otherwise
n
1
h. x(n) 2 u (2 n) and h(n) u (n 4)
n
2
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Properties of LTI Systems
h(n) A (n)
where :
A is an arbitrary constant
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Properties of LTI Systems…….
Past and present values of the input, x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2),…., are
associated with indices k ≥ 0 in the convolution sum.
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Properties of LTI Systems……
h(n) 0 for n 0
For a causal discrete-time LTI system, the convolution sum can
be expressed as:
y ( n) h( k ) x ( n k )
k 0
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Properties of LTI Systems…….
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Properties of LTI Systems……
h( k )
k
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Properties of LTI Systems……
Exercise:
n
1
a. h(n) u (n) d . h(n) nu (n 2)
5
n
1
c. h(n) u (n) u (n 10) f . h( n) u ( n)
2
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Step Response of LTI Systems
Exercise:
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Solving Difference Equations
The general form of an Nth order linear constant-coefficient
difference equation is given by:
N M
a
k 0
k y (n k ) bk x(n k )
k 0
N M
y (n) a k y (n k ) bk x(n k ) , a0 1
k 1 k 0
N M
y (n) a k y (n k ) bk x(n k )
k 1 k 0
where :
Homogeneous Particular
Solution Solution
Homogeneous Solution:
The homogeneous solution yh(n) is the solution of the LCCDE
with zero input.
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Solving Difference Equations……
a
k 0
k y (n k ) 0
y h (n) A(r ) n
where :
A is an arbitrary constant
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Solving Difference Equations……
k
a
k 0
A( r ) nk
0
Ar n 1 a1 r 1 a 2 r 2 ...... a N r N 0
r N a1 r N 1 a 2 r N 2 ...... a N 0
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Solving Difference Equations……
i 1
i m 1
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Solving Difference Equations……
Particular Solution:
The particular solution is the response of the system to the input
x(n) assuming zero initial conditions.
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Solving Difference Equations……
The following table gives some forms of the input signal x(n)
and corresponding forms the particular solution yp(n).
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Solving Difference Equations……
iii. Find the total solution by adding yh(n) and yp(n), i.e.,
Exercise:
1 1
b. y (n) y (n 1) y (n 2) x(n) x(n 1)
4 8
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Some Important Series Formulas
N M
a
1. 1 N M 1
nM
5. a n
nM 1 a
, a 1
N 1 N 2 N 1
N
1 a N
Na ( N 1 ) a a
2. a n 6. na
n
n 0 1 a n 0 (1 a ) 2
N 1
N
a M
a
a
3. a n 7.
na n
, a 1
nM 1 a n 0 (1 a) 2
N
1 1
4. a n
, a 1 8. n N ( N 1)
n 0 1 a n 0 2
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Exercise
x(n) (n 1) 3 (n) 2 (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
Determine the output y(n) of the system using the convolution
sum if the impulse response h(n) is known to be:
a. h(n) 2 (n) (n 1)
b. h(n) u (n) u (n 3)
c. h(n) (n 1) 2 (n) (n 3)
d . h(n) u (n 2)
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Exercise……
2. Consider a discrete-time LTI with impulse response h(n)
given by:
h(n) 3n u(2 n)
Determine the output y(n) of the system using the convolution
sum if the input signal x(n) is:
1
b. x(n) u (n 3) e. x(n) u (n)
3
c. x(n) n u (n) u (n 10)
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Exercise……
n
1
c. x(n) u (n) and h(n) u (n 2)
4
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Exercise……
b. h(n) u (n 2) u (n 2) f . h(n) 5 n u (1 n)
n
n 4
c. h(n) 3 g. h(n) u (n 2)
5
b. h(n) u (n 4) u (n 5) f . h(n) u (n 3)
n
1
d . h(n) u (n 2)
3
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Exercise……
6. Consider a discrete-time system described by the linear
constant-coefficient difference equation:
3 1
y(n) y(n 1) y(n 2) x(n 1) x(n)
4 8
Determine the homogeneous solution yh(n), the particular
solution yp(n) and the total solution y(n) of the given equation
for the following inputs and initial conditions.
n
1
b. x(n) u (n) and y (1) 1 , y (2) 0
2
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