Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe Educational System (AVBLES)

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN MOUNTAIN PROVINCE (CSMP)

MATH 8
QUARTER III:
AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE AND
TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE
CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learners connect the collaboration between key concepts of the axiomatic structure of
geometry and triangle congruence.

LESSON 1: Axiomatic Structure in Geometry

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
The learners are able to construct an organized plan to handle a real-life situation and apply
mathematical thinking with coherence and clarity in formulating, investigating, analyzing, and
solving real-life problems involving congruent triangles using appropriate and accurate
representations.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

1. The learners are able to construct an organized plan to handle a real-life situation.
2. The learners are able to apply mathematical thinking with coherence and clarity in
formulating, investigating, analyzing, and solving real-life problems involving
congruent triangles using appropriate and accurate representations.
3. The learners are able to construct an organized plan to handle a real-life situation
and apply mathematical thinking with coherence and clarity in formulating,
investigating, analyzing, and solving real-life problems involving congruent
triangles using appropriate and accurate representations.

LESSON 2: Triangle Congruence

LESSON 1: Axiomatic Structure in Geometry

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 Lesson 1.1

Basic Geometrical Concepts and Properties

A point is the most basic geometric concept. All other

M
geometric figures are made up of a collection of points.

 A point has only location but no size nor shape.

 It can be modeled by a dot.
 A point is named using a CAPITAL LETTER.

A line is a straight, continuous arrangement of infinitely

many points. Its length is infinite. A can be modeled
A line B by a C
string
or thread.
 It has no thickness
 A line is named by a single lowercase script letter
or by any two points on a line. A line is placed
´ , XY
above the letters. (e.g. AB ´ )

A plane is a flat surface that extends infinitely along its

length and width. It is like an “infinite sheet of paper.”
A carpet or paper
 It has length and width but no thickness.
is a physical
 A line is named by a single script CAPITAL
model of a plane.
LETTER or by any three points in a plane that
are not on the same line.

Line Segments, Rays, Intersecting Lines

A line segment is a part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points in between.

A B
The line segment may be called AB. Its endpoints are A and B. Suppose the length of this line
segment is 4 cm. We write AB = 4 cm.

A ray is a part of a line with only one endpoint and extending in only one direction.

M N X
A ray is named with its endpoint first, followed by another point on the ray. The ray shown can
be named ⃗MN or ⃗MX read as ‘ray ⃗MN ’ or ‘ray ⃗ MX ’.

Opposite rays are rays with a common endpoint but extending in opposite directions.

A B C
ሬሬሬሬԦand ሬ
ሬ
BA ሬሬሬሬԦare opposite rays.
BC
Angles
An angle is formed by two noncollinear rays that have a common endpoint. The endpoint is the vertex
of the angle and each ray is the side of the angle.

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  If three letters are used to name an angle, the middle letter should be the vertex.
 If one letter is used, it should be the vertex.
A protractor is used to measure an angle. A protractor assigns a number between 0˚ and 180˚ to
the angle. The number is called the degree (˚) of the angle.

KINDS DEFINITION FIGURE

45°
Acute Angle - an angle whose measure is greater than
0° but less than 90°

26°

- is an angle whose measure is exactly

Right Angle 90˚.

- it can also define as an angle in which 90°

sides are perpendicular.

120°

Obtuse Angle - is an angle whose measure is greater

than 90˚ but less than 180°.
98°

Straight Angle - is an angle that measures exactly 180˚ 180°

The Axiomatic System

An axiomatic system consists of any set of axioms used to derive a theorem.

Axioms or postulates are statements that are accepted without proof.
Theorems are new statements deduced using the axioms or postulates which consequently lead to
defined terms.
Defined terms are those that can be defined using undefined terms such as points, lines, and planes.

Lesson 1.2

Postulates and Theorems Involving Points, Lines, and Planes

Postulate 1: The Distance Postulate
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Example 1:
Alma plans to put a curtain in one of the windows. To do that, she measures the distance
between the two endpoints of the window frame. Let these two endpoints represent points P and Q,
where P and Q represent any real number.
Solution:
The distance between P and Q is written as PQ . This example illustrates the Distance
Postulate.

Postulate 2: The Ruler Postulate

The points of a line can be placed in correspondence in such a way that:
1. Every point on the line corresponds to only one real number.
2. Every real number corresponds to exactly one point on the line.
3. The distance between two points equals the absolute value of the difference between the
corresponding numbers.

Example 2:
Alma wants to determine the length from point P to point Q. She takes a measuring tape and
aligns point P to exactly one mark on the measuring tape. She also gets the mark where point Q falls
on. She noted that point P falls on 0.7 meters while point Q falls on 1.75 meters. What is the length of
the window?
Solution:
PQ=|1.75−0.7|=|1.05|=1.05
Hence, the length of the window or line segment PQ is 1.05 meters.

Postulate 3: The Line Postulate

Given any two distinct points, there is exactly one line containing both points.

´ can be drawn
In the figure, DF
through points D and F.

Postulate 4: The Plane Postulate

Any three points that do not lie on the same plane or noncollinear points.

In the figure, points A, B, and C

lie on plane P.

Postulate 5: The Plane-Point Postulate

A plane contains at least three noncollinear points. A space contains at least
four noncoplanar points. Noncoplanar points are points that do not lie on the
same plane.

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 In the figure, points E, F, G, and
H are noncoplanar points or they
do not lie on the same plane.

Postulate 6: The Plane Intersection Postulate

If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

In the figure, plane q and plane p

intersect. The intersection is line m.

Theorem 1:
If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point.

In the figure, lines Q and P

intersect. The intersection is a point.
Thus, the point of intersection is
labeled as Point O.

Theorem 2:
Given a line and a plane not containing it, their intersection is a point.

In the figure, a line and a plane

intersect. The intersection is a point.

Example 3:
Using the illustration of an open box (Fig 8.5), write the examples of the following:
1. Points
2. Lines
3. Planes
4. Rays
5. Postulate 3
6. Postulate 6
7. Theorem 1
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Solution:
1. Points 5. Postulate 3
__________________ ____________
2. Lines ____________
__________________ 6. Postulate 6
3. Planes ____________
__________________ ____________
4. Rays 7. Theorem 1
__________________ ____________

Lesson 1.3
Postulates Involving Angles

Postulate 7: The Angle Construction Postulate

Let ⃗
AC be a ray on the edge of the half-plane P. For every real number s between 0 and
180, there is exactly one ray ⃗
AD with point D in P, such that m∠DAC = s.

Example 4:
Refer to the figure below to find the measure of the following angles.

1. ∠ BOY =75 °
2. ∠ AOY =90 °
3. ∠KOY = 120°
4. ∠EOY = 145°
5. ∠GOY = 170 °

Practice Exercises:
Refer to the figure below to find the measure of the following angles.

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 1. ∠TVA = ______
2. ∠LVT = ______
3. ∠PVT = ______
4. ∠TVC = ______
5. ∠KVT = ______

Postulate 8: The Linear Pair Postulate

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Two angles that sum up to 180 ° are supplementary. If the angles are supplementary and
adjacent, then they are a linear pair. Adjacent angles are two angles sharing a common
side and vertex.

Example 5:
Given that ∠ABD and ∠DBC form a linear pair, find the m∠ABD.

Solution:
m∠ABD + m∠DBC = 180°
m∠ABD + 35° = 180°
m∠ABD = 180°−¿ 35°
m∠ABD = 145°

EXAMPLE 6:
H
K 2
1 3
4

∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles. If m∠1 = 7x and m∠2 = 11x, find the measure of the
measures of the two angles.

Solution:
***The sum of the angles is equal to 180°.

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 x m∠1 m∠ 2
∠1 + ∠2 = 180° m∠1 = 7x m∠ 2 = 11x
7x + 11x = 180° m∠1 = 7(10) m∠ 2 = 11(10)
18x = 180° m∠1 = 70° m∠ 2 = 110°
18 x 180
=
18 18
x = 10

Postulate 9: The Complementary Angles Postulate

If two angles are complementary, then the sum of both angles is 90° .

Example 7:
If m∠1 = 20° , m∠2 = 30° , and m∠LPN = 130° , find the following measures of angles.
1. ∠3
2. ∠5
3. ∠4

Solution:
1. ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 90°
20° +¿30° +∠ 3=90 °
50° + ∠3 = 90°
∠3 = 90°−50 °
∠3 = 40°
2. ∠2 + ∠LPN + ∠5 = 180°
30° +130 °+ ∠ 5 = 180°
160° +∠ 5 = 180°
∠5 = 180°−160 °
∠5 = 20°
3. ∠4 = 90° because it is a right angle and right angles measure 90° .
FA: Solve for the ff. problem.
1. The two corresponding angles are given to be 9x + 10 and 55. What is the value of x?

2. If m∠afd=180° . Then m∠1 =m∠2= m∠3 what is the value of angle 1,2 and 3 then?
3. If m∠2=60 and m∠4= 65, find the measurement of the ff.
a) m∠3
b) m∠5
c) m∠1

LESSON 2: Triangle Congruence

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 TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE

Lesson 2.1

Corresponding Parts of Triangles

Congruence means having the same shape and size, and is denoted by ≅ . The top part of the symbol,
, is the sign for similarity and indicates the same shape. The bottom part, =, is the sign of
equality and indicates the same size.

Symbol Name
≅ Congruent
⟷ Corresponds to

A
Given two triangles that are congruent,

∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

It follows that they correspond in the same order B

as the letters naming the triangles. C
F D
A corresponds with D
B corresponds with E
C corresponds with F

This is used to identify the corresponding E

congruent sides and angles of the two angles
∠A ≅ ∠ D ∠B ≅ ∠ E ∠C ≅ ∠ F
AB ≅ DE BC ≅ EF CA ≅ FD

EXAMPLE 1: Corresponding Congruent Parts T

Given that ∆ACT ≅ ∆NGE A

Name the corresponding congruent sides

and angels.
C N

Answer:
Corresponding Angles: Corresponding Sides:
E
∠A ⟷ ∠N ∠A ≅ ∠N CT ⟷ ¿ CT ≅ ¿
∠T ⟷ ∠E ∠T ≅ ∠E AT ⟷ NE AT ≅ NE
∠C ⟷ ∠G ∠C ≅ ∠G AC ⟷ GN AC ≅ GN

EXAMPLE 2: Corresponding Congruent Parts

M O
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 A T G

E
The congruence, MAT ⟷ GEO between the two triangles above is a congruence
correspondence because all pair of corresponding parts are congruent indicated by
arcs and tick marks.

Corresponding Angles Corresponding Sides

∠ M ⟷ ∠G MA ⟷ ¿
∠A ⟷ ∠E MT ⟷ GO
∠T ⟷ ∠O AT ⟷ EO

Congruence Statement: ∆MAT ≅ ∆GEO

Lesson 2.2

TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE POSTULATES:

Included angle – is the angle between two sides of a triangle.

Included side – is the side common to two angles of a triangle.
S

∠S is an included angle between SN and SO. SIDES INCLUDED

ANGLES
∠O is an included angle between OS and ON . SN and SO ∠S
∠N is an included angle between SN and NO . OS and ON ∠O
SN and NO ∠N

SO is the included side of ∠S and ∠O. ANGLES INCLUDED SIDES

ON is the included side of ∠O and ∠N. ∠S and ∠O SO
∠O and ∠N ON
SN is the included side of ∠S and ∠N. ∠S and ∠N SN

SIDE – SIDE – SIDE (SSS) If three sides of one triangle are congruent
POSTULATE to three sides of another triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent.
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 B M

O
A
N
W

EXAMPLE 1: Using the SSS Congruence Postulate

Are the two triangles congruent?
Solution:
From the diagram, it is observed that the two triangles have congruent sides;

BO ≅ MA OW ≅ AN WB ≅ NM
Answer: By the SSS Congruence Postulate, it can be concluded that ∆BOW ≅
∆MAN.

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle

SIDE – ANGLE – SIDE are congruent to two sides and the included angle
(SAS) POSTULATE of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

EXAMPLE 2: Using the SAS Congruence Postulate

Determine if the SAS Congruence Postulate can be used to show that two
triangles are congruent.
P

S T

Q
Solution:
From the diagram, SP ≅ TP , and by reflexive property, PQ ≅ PQ.
∠SPQ is the included angle of SP and PQ.
∠TPQ is the included angle of TP and PQ.
SP ≅ TP Side
It is also given in the diagram that the included ∠SPQ ≅ ∠TPQ Angle
angles are congruent. The SAS Congruence
Postulate can be used to show that ∆SPQ ≅ ∆TPQ PQ ≅ PQ Side

If two angles and the included side of one triangle

ANGLE – SIDE - ANGLE are congruent to two angles and the included side
(ASA) POSTULATE of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

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EXAMPLE 3: Using the ASA Congruence Postulate
Determine if the ASA Congruence Postulate can be used to show that the two
triangles are congruent.
A
D

B C E
Solution:
There are two pairs of congruent angles. also, included sides of the angles are
congruent, therefore, you can use the ASA Congruence Postulate.

∠A ≅ ∠ F Angle
AB ≅ FD Side
∠B ≅ ∠ D Angle

∆ABC ≅ ∆FDE

If two angles and the side opposite one of the

ANGLE - ANGLE – SIDE angles are congruent to two angles and a side
opposite one of the angles of another triangle,
(AAS) POSTULATE
then the two triangles are congruent.

T S A
∠ T ≅ ∠A Angle
∠CST ≅ ∠ASC Angle
CS ≅ CS Side

∆TSC ≅ ∆ASC

Example 4:
Suppose ∆ABC ≅ ∆ XYZ.
1. If ∠A = 3x + 19 and ∠X = 5x – 11. Find x, m ∠A and m ∠X.
A X

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 Y
C B Z
Solution:
∠A ≅ ∠ X
3x + 19 = 5x – 11
19 + 11 = 5x – 3x Combine similar terms
30 = 2x
30 2 x
=
2 2
15 = x

∠A = 3x + 19 ∠X = 5x – 11
= 3(15) + 19 = 5(15) – 11
= 45 + 19 = 75 – 11
∠A = 64° ∠X = 64°

2. If ∠C = 2x + 14 and ∠Z = 3x – 12. Find x, m ∠C and m ∠Z.

∠C ≅ ∠ Z
2x + 14 = 3x – 12
14 + 12 = 3x – 2x Combine similar terms
26 = x

∠ C = 2x + 14 ∠ Z = 5x – 12
= 3(26) + 14 = 3(26) – 12
= 52 + 14 = 78 – 12
∠ C = 66° ∠ Z = 66°

3. If CB = 6x – 3 and ZY = 5x + 17. Find x, CB and ZY .

Solution:
CB ≅ ZY
6x – 3 = 5x + 17
6x – 5x = 17 + 3
x = 20
CB = 6x – 3 ZY = 5x + 17
= 6(20) – 3 = 5(20) + 17
= 120 – 3 = 100 + 17
= 117 = 117

4. If AB = 4x + 12 and XY = 3x + 21. Find x, AB and XY .

Solution:
AB ≅ XY
4x + 12 = 3x + 21
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 4x – 3x = 21 – 12
x=9

AB = 4x + 12 XY = 3x + 21
= 4(9) + 12 = 3(9) + 21
= 36 + 12 = 27 + 21
= 48 = 48

PROPERTIES OF CONGRUENCE
REFLEXIVE PROPERTY OF CONGRUENCE
∠ A ≅ ∠A
AB ≅ AB

SYMMETRIC PROPERTY OF CONGRUENCE

If ∠A ≅ ∠B, then ∠B ≅ ∠A
If AB ≅ CD , then CD ≅ AB

TRANSITIVE PROEPRTY OF CONGRUENCE

If ∠A ≅ ∠B and ∠B ≅ ∠C, then ∠A ≅ ∠C
If AB ≅ CD and CD ≅ EF , then AB ≅ EF

Recap:
 Side – Side – Side Congruence Postulate (SSS): If three sides of one
triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.
 Side – Angle – Side Congruence Postulate (SAS): If two sides and the
included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included
angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
 Angle – Side – Angle Congruence Postulate (ASA): If two angles and the
included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included
side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

 Angle – Angle – Side Congruence Postulate (AAS): If two angles and

nonincluded side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the
corresponding nonincluded side of a second triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.

Right Triangle Congruence

LEG – LEG (LL) CONGRUENCE THEOREM

If the legs of one right triangle are congruent to the legs of another right triangle, then the
two triangles
Apostolic are congruent.
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 B C D

A F E

Given: ∆ABC and ∆DEF;

∠C and ∠F are right angles.
BC ≅ EF ; AC ≅ FD
Prove: ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

Proof:
Statements Reasons
BC ≅ EF ; AC ≅ FD Given
∠C and ∠F are right angles. Given
∠C ≅ ∠F Right angles are congruent
∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF; SAS

LEG – ANGLE (LA) CONGRUENCE THEOREM

If a leg and an acute angle of one right triangle are congruent to a leg and an acute angle of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

E O

B N M T

Given: ∆BEN and ∆TOM;

∠B and ∠T are right angles.
BN ≅ MT ; ∠N ≅ ∠M
Prove: ∆BEN ≅ ∆TOM
HYPOTENUSE – ANGLE (HA) CONGRUENCE THEOREM

If the hypotenuse and an acute angle of a right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and acute angle of
another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

M J

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 X A E D

Given: ∆MAX and ∆JED;

∠X and ∠D are right angles.
MA ≅ JE ; ∠A ≅ ∠E

Prove: ∆MAX ≅ ∆JED

HYPOTENUSE – LEG (HL) CONGRUENCE THEOREM

If the hypotenuse and leg of a right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and corresponding leg of
another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
A X

B C Y Z
AC ≅ XZ
BC ≅ YZ

Example: Given that ∆PQR ≅ ∆XYZ. Find the length of XY and ∠Q.
Q Y

13 55°

P R X Z

Answer:
 Length of XY
XY ≅ PQ
Thus, XY = 13
 Measurement of ∠Q
∠Q ≅ ∠Y
Thus, ∠Q = 55°

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