Science Q3 Weeks5to8

8
Science
Modules
Quarter 3 - Weeks 5 - 8
8
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
The Atom and Its Subatomic
Particles
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: The Atom and Its Subatomic Particles
First Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb, CESE
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos
Editor:
Reviewers: Alicia P. Trinidad, Janet G. Mercado, Marlene A. Mercene
Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Chief Education Supervisor, Curriculum Implementation Division
Hernan L. Apurada
Education Program Supervisor, Science
Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)
Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City
Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master The Atom and its Subatomic Particles.
The module is composed of only one lesson:

• Lesson 1 –Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. describe atom and its subatomic particles.

2. determine the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an atom; and
3. make an inventory of subatomic particles of a given isotope.
What I Know
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your best answer.
1. In which particle is the number of protons equal to an atom?

A. compound C. molecule
B. electron D. nucleus
2. What does matter made up?

A. Atom C. Electron
B. Compounds D. Energy
3. Which is a negatively charged subatomic particle?

A. Electron C. Proton
B. Neutron D. Quart
4. Which is described as atoms of the same element but different in the number of
neutrons?
A. Electron C. Positron
B. Isotope D. Proton
5.Which determines the type of element that an atom make?

A. Number of protons
B. Size of the nucleus
C. Number of neutrons
D. How much the atom weighs
1
Lesson Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons,
1 Electrons
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you have learned about different processes involved in water
cycle. Before you proceed to the new lesson, recall the following major concepts:
• Water cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and underneath the
surface of the Earth. Water cycle starts when precipitation occurs, and water is
being collected again. Water remains constant during the cycle.
• Water cycle is also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle.
• Water cycle undergoes physical processes such as evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow.
• Evaporation is when the sun absorbs water from the rivers or lakes, oceans, or
other bodies of water and turns it into water vapor.
• Precipitation is when so much water has condensed that air cannot hold it
anymore, falls back to the earth in the form of rain.
What’s New
In physical science, subatomic particles are smaller than atoms. Protons,

neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles. Other particles exist as
well, such as alpha and beta particles. A subatomic particle is a unit of matter or energy
that is the fundamental make up of all matter. The nucleus contains subatomic
particles: protons and neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud very small
subatomic particle called electrons. Table 1 summarized the properties of proton,
neutron, and electron.
Table 1. Properties of the different subatomic particles.
Proton Neutron Electron

Charge Positively charged Neutral particle Negatively charged
particle particle
+1 0 -1
Mass 1.6727×10− kg
27 1.675×10−27 kg 9.1×10−31 kg
Location Present inside the Present inside the Located outside of the
nucleus nucleus nucleus, revolving
around it
2
Protons
The protons inside an atom's nucleus help bind the nucleus together. They also
attract the negatively charged electrons and keep them in orbit around the nucleus. The
number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines the identity of the chemical
element.
Electrons
The electron was the first subatomic particle to be discovered and in due course
proved to be the most important for the bonding of individual atoms together. Without
this bonding force between atoms matter would not be able to interact in the many
reactions and forms we see every day. This importance stems in large part from the ease
with which electrons can be removed from one atom and transferred to another in
chemical bonding. This interaction between the outer electron layers of an atom is called
chemical bonding.
Neutrons
Neutrons are neutral particles. Neutrons are required for the stability of nuclei,
except for the single-proton hydrogen nucleus. Neutrons are produced copiously in
nuclear fission and fusion. They are a primary contributor to the nucleosynthesis of
chemical elements within stars through fission, fusion, and neutron capture processes.
Atomic Number (Z)
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of protons determines how many electrons surround the nucleus, and it is
the arrangement of these electrons that determines most of the chemical behavior of an
element. Hydrogen has 1 electron, so the atomic number is 1.
Mass Number (A)
An element’s mass number (A) is the sum of the number of protons and the
number of neutrons. The small contribution of mass from electrons is disregarded in
calculating the mass number.
Table 2. Atomic Number, Mass Number and Number of Subatomic Particles of

the first ten elements
Symbol Atomic Proton Neutron Mass Electron
Number Number
Hydrogen H 1 1 0 1 1
Helium He 2 2 2 4 2
Lithium Li 3 3 4 7 3
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 9 4
Boron B 5 5 6 11 5
Carbon C 6 6 6 12 6
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 14 7
Oxygen O 8 8 8 16 8
Fluorine F 9 9 10 19 9
Neon Ne 10 10 10 20 10
3
What is It
ACTIVITY 1.1 Complete the following table.
Element Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass

Number Proton Electron Neutron Number
Magnesium 12 12
Nitrogen 7 7
Calcium 20 40
Titanium 22 26
Vanadium 23 50
Chromium 24 28
Iron 26 30
Cobalt 27 58
Nickel 28 30
Copper 29 63
What’s More
The atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but the different
number of neutrons are called isotopes, thus having different masses. A very common
example of an isotope is a hydrogen atom. It has three isotopes, H-1 (protium), H-2
(deuterium), and H-3 (tritium).
Protium accounts for about 99.99% of hydrogen atoms found on Earth. The
nucleus of a protium atom consists of one proton only, and it has one electron moving
about it. Deuterium on the other hand accounts 0.0115% of the Earth’s hydrogen and
each deuterium atom has a nucleus with one proton and one neutron. The third form
of hydrogen is tritium, which is a radioactive isotope, meaning, the nucleus of this atom
is unstable and dissipates excess energy by spontaneously emitting radiation in the
form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It exists in a very small amount in nature. Each
tritium atom has one proton, two neutrons, and one electron.
Isotopes are usually identified by their mass number -the total number of protons
and neutrons that make up the nucleus. It could be written in two ways, using hyphen
notation as hydrogen-3 or using a nuclear symbol as 1H 3. To get the number of
neutrons use the formula below:
Mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons
Table 3. Atomic Number, Mass Number and Number of Subatomic Particles of
the Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes
Symbol Atomic Proton Neutron Mass Electron
Number Number
Carbon Isotopes
Carbon 12 C-12 6 6 6 12 6
Carbon 13 C-13 6 6 7 13 6
Carbon 14 C-14 6 6 8 14 6
Oxygen Isotopes
Oxygen 16 O-16 8 8 8 16 6
Oxygen 17 O-17 8 8 9 17 6
Oxygen 18 O-18 8 8 10 18 6
4
ACTIVITY 1.2
Complete the following table.
Element Name Atomic Number of Number Number of Mass Number

Number Protons Electrons Neutrons
Sulfur -32 16 32
Sulfur -33 16 33
Sulfur -34 16 34
Magnesium -24 12
Magnesium -25 12
Magnesium- 26 12
Tungsten -180 74 180
Tungsten-182 74 182
Tungsten -183 74 183
What I Have Learned

• Atoms are made up of tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles. The
subatomic particle is a unit of matter that is the fundamental make up of all
matter.
• Proton is a subatomic particle with a mass defined as 1 and a charge of +1
(positive charge).
• Electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle.
• Neutrons is a subatomic particle of about the same mass of proton but without
electrical charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
• Isotopes are atoms of the same elements that have different masses because of
the difference in the number of neutrons.
5
What I Can Do
Make a brochure about the uses of isotopes in medicine to inform people on isotopes
uses to treat cancer. As a radiation technologist, choose four (4) isotopes which are
important for cancer treatment.
Rubric for Brochure
Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs

Improvement
4 points 3 points 2 points
1 point
Organization of Each section in 75% or more 60% of the Less than half
information the brochure sections of the sections have of the sections
presented has a clear brochure has clear beginning of the brochure
beginning up clear begun up up to the end. has a clear
to the end. to the end. beginning up
to the end.
Content All facts are 90% of the 89% of the Fewer than
Accuracy and accurate, and facts in the facts in the 80% of the
Information match cited brochure are brochure are facts in the
Validity activities accurate accurate brochure are
accurate.
Spelling and No spelling No more than 1 No more than 3 More than 3

mechanics errors. spelling or spelling or spelling or
writing errors writing errors writing errors
are present. are present. are present.
Graphics Graphics Graphics go Graphics go Graphics do

match the topic well with the well with text not go with the
and text in text but there but there are accompanying
section are so many too few less text or appear
that distract (less than three randomly
from the text. graphics from chosen
the entire
brochure are
“text-heavy”.
Adapted from: http;//rubistar.4 teachers.org
6
Assessment
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which subatomic particles are found inside the nucleus?
A. Electron C. Neutron and Proton
B. Electron and Proton D. Electron and Neutron
2. What particle in an atom has no charge?

A. Electrons C. Neutrons
B. Negatrons D. Protons
3. In an atom, what is the number of protons equal to ___?

A. The number of nucleus C. the number of molecules
B. The number of neutron D. The number of electrons
4. In what part of the atom is the mass most concentrated?

A. Electron Nucleus C. Nucleus
B. Empty zone D. Orbital
5.Where are electrons of an atom found?

A. proton cloud C. outside the nucleus
B. inside the nucleus D. inside and outside the nucleus
6. What is different in each isotope of an element?

A. number of electrons C. number of protons
B. number of neutrons D. number of positrons
7. Which of the following symbols show for an atom which contains 15 protons, 16
neutrons, and 15 electrons?
15 15 31 31
A. X B. X C. X D. X
16 31 15 16
7
For items 8-10, consider the given data:
Atoms Number of Number of Number of

electrons neutrons protons
A 5 6 5
B 6 7 6
C 6 8 6
D 7 7 7
8. Which atoms have the same atomic mass?

A. Atoms C and D C. Atoms B and C
B. Atoms A and D D. Atoms A and B
9. Which atom has an atomic number of 7?
A. Atom A C. Atom C
B. Atom B D. Atom D
10. Which atoms are isotopes?
A. Atoms C and D C. Atoms A and D
B. Atoms B and C D. Atoms A and B
Element Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass

Number Proton Electron Neutron Number
Magnesium 12 12 12 12 24
Nitrogen 7 7 7 7 14
Calcium 20 20 20 20 40
Titanium 22 22 22 26 48
Vanadium 23 23 23 27 50
Chromium 24 24 24 28 52
Iron 26 26 26 30 56
Cobalt 27 27 27 31 58
Nickel 28 28 28 30 58
Copper 29 29 29 34 63
8
8
Science
Formation of Ions
Science – Grade 8
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Formulation of Ions
First Edition, 2020

Writer: Haizel T. Gilua
Reviewers: Alicia P. Trinidad, Janet G. Mercado, Marlene A. Mercene

Hernan L. Apurada
Education Program Supervisor, Science

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
master the Formation of Ions.
The module is composed of only one lesson;

Lesson 1 – Formation of Ions
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in a positive and
negative ion; and
2. illustrate and explain how the positive and negative ions are formed.
What I Know
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Which is different for ions of an element?

A. Atomic Number C. Number of Electrons
B. Number of Protons D. Number of Neutrons
2. Which is always the same for atoms of the same elements?
A. Mass Number C. Number of Electrons
B. Number of Protons D. Number of Neutrons
3. What will be formed when an ion with a 1+ charge gains one electron?
A. It becomes neutral. C. It becomes negatively charged.
B. It becomes charged. D. It becomes positively charged.
4. How many protons and electrons are found in Zn2+ respectively?

A. 28 and 30 B. 30 and 28 C. 30 and 35 D. 30 and 65
5. How many protons and neutrons are there in 115B respectively?

1
Lesson
1 Formation of Ions
In the previous lessons, you have learned that atom is the basic unit of matter,
and it consists of subatomic particles –protons, electrons, and neutrons. In a neutral
atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons; therefore, the overall
charge is zero. In this lesson, you will learn what happens when the number of electrons
is greater than that of the number of protons and vice versa.
What’s In
You have also learned about the difference between atoms and molecules, the
historical background of atom and its subatomic particles and how to determine the
number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an atom. Before you proceed to the new
lesson, recall the following major concepts:
 Atoms are made up of tiny particles.

 A subatomic particle is a unit of matter that is the fundamental make up of all
matter. These are smaller than atoms.
 Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles.
 Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud of very small subatomic particles called
electrons.
2
What’s New
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties
of that element. All atoms consist of the two regions. The nucleus is very small region
located at the center of an atom. In every atom, the nucleus is made up of positively
charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons. Surrounding the
nucleus is an outer region occupied by negatively charged particles called electrons.
This region is very large compared with the size of the nucleus.
Atoms are generally neutral, meaning, they have the same number of protons
and electrons. When the number of protons and electrons are not equal, the overall
charge of an atom is not zero and it is either positive or negative. It is positively charged
if the atom contains fewer electrons than protons. It is negatively charged if there are
more electrons than protons.
The number of positively charged (+) protons in the nucleus of an atom remains
the same during a chemical reaction, but the negative charged (-) electrons may be lost
or gained. Ions are formed by gaining or losing electrons.
The loss of one or more electrons from a neutral atom result in a cation, an ion
with a net positive charge. When an atom gains one or more electrons, it yields a net
negative charge, anion. Thus, an ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive
or negative charge.
3
What is It
Although many ions exist naturally, they can also be formed from their neutral
atoms. The loss of one or more electrons from a neutral atom result in a cation, an ion
with a net positive charge. When a sodium atom (Na-11) loses one electron it forms a
Na+ cation. When a chlorine atom (Cl-17) gains one electron, it forms Cl- anion, and
these ions can combine forming sodium chloride (NaCl) as mentioned earlier in this
module. Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule gain or loses
electrons to form charged ion.
Figure 1. (a) A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (11) and
is uncharged. (b) A sodium cation (Na+ ) has lost an electron, so it has one more proton
(11) than electrons (10), giving it an overall positive charge, signified by a superscripted
plus sign.
4
On the other hand, an anion is an ion whose net charge is negative due to an
increase in the number of electrons. A chlorine atom (Cl), for instance, can gain an
electron to become the chloride ion Cl-
Figure 2. (a) A chlorine atom (Cl) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (17) and is
uncharged. (b) A chlorine anion (Cl-) has gained an electron, so it has one more electron (18)
than protons (17), giving it an overall negative charge, signified by a superscripted minus sign.
To gauge your understanding on the formations of ions, let us do some exercise.

The first item is done for you.
ACTIVITY 1.1
Number of
Number Number
Atomic electrons
Element of of Ionization Charge
Number after
Protons electrons
Ionization
1. Br1- 35 35 35 Gained 1e 36 1-
2. O2- 8
3. Sr2+ 38
4. Ba2+ 56
5.Ca2+ 20
6.Se2- 34
5
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1.2
Direction: Determine the number of protons and electrons that compose the ions.
Identify each as cation or anion.
Ion Atomic No. of protons No. of Cation or

Number electrons Anion
1. Mg2+
12
2. N3-
7
3. Cr3+
24
4. Al3+
13
5. F-
9
What I Have Learned
1. An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the
atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which
holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus.
2. Atoms are generally neutral in nature; however, it could gain or lose electrons in
the process called ionization and therefore forming an ion.
3. Ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge. Cation
is formed when an atom loses electrons and anion is formed when an atom gains
electron.
6
What I Can Do
The ions that we have discussed so far are called monatomic ions, that is, they
are ions formed from only one atom. We also find many polyatomic ions. These ions,
which act as discrete units, are electrically charged molecules (a group of bonded atoms
with an overall charge).
Research at least five (5) important ions and describe its uses.
Ions Use
Example: Sodium Ions Maintains the fluid balance in the body
7
Assessment
PART 1. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. What happens when an atom gains an electron?
A. It becomes negatively charged. C. It becomes neutral.
B. It becomes positively charged. D. It remains the same.
2. Which type of ion is formed when an atom loses an electron?
A. Anion C. Ion
B. Cation D. Positron
3. What forms when an ion with a 1- charge gains one electron?

A. It becomes neutral. C. It will have a 2- charge.
B. It becomes charged. D. It will have a 2+ charge.
4. How many protons and electrons are found in Cd2+ (atomic no = 48) respectively?
5. How many protons and electrons are there in As3- (atomic no = 33) respectively?
PART 2. Complete the table below.
Ions Atomic Number of Number of Cation or

Number protons electrons Anion
6. Pt2+ 78
7. P3- 15
8. Hg2+ 80
9. Ni2+ 28
10. At- 85
8
8
Science
The Modern Periodic Table
Science – Grade 8
Quarter 3 – Module 7: The Modern Periodic Table
First Edition, 2020

Writer: Ria Pauline A. Constantino
Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD
Reviewers: Alicia P Trinidad, Janet G Mercado, Marlene A Mercene

Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Division Science Coordinator/School Principal I

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
master the Periodic Table of Elements.
The module is composed of two (2) lessons:
• Lesson 1 – The Modern Periodic Table of Elements
• Lesson 2 – Periodic Properties of Elements
1. briefly discuss the historical development of the Periodic Table of Elements;
2. differentiate periods or series from groups or families;
3. identify each given elements’ periods or series or groups or families; and
4. enumerate and describe the periodic properties of the elements.
What I Know
1. Which law states that the properties of elements vary periodically with atomic
number?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Conservation of Mass
B. Modern Periodic Table D. Law of Conservation of Energy
2. How did Newlands, Meyer and Mendeleev arrange the elements?
A. By increasing atomic weight C. By increasing atomic number
B. By decreasing atomic weight D. By decreasing atomic number
3. Which scientist arranged elements with similar properties in “triads”?
A. Henry Mosely C. John Newlands
B. Johan Dobereiner D. Lothar Meyer
4. Which element does not belong in the Alkaline Earth Family?
A. Beryllium B. Calcium C. Cesium D. Magnesium
5. Which statement about the properties of elements is correct?
A. Metallic character decreases from top to bottom and decreases from left to
right.
B. Nonmetallic character increases from top to bottom and increases from left
to right.
C. Metallic character increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to
right.
D. The reactivity of metals is connected to the ease with which they gain
electrons in their valence shell.
1
Lesson
1
People have always investigated for patterns, consistencies, and symmetries
in nature. If a pattern can be discovered, information can be organized in ways that
will make it more meaningful and useful. The Modern Periodic Table of Elements is
an example of an organized data based on patterns found in nature.
What’s In
In the last module, you have learned that elements are identified by their
atomic numbers. Before you proceed to the new lesson, recall the following major
concepts:
• Atom is the smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity
as a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
• An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the
atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom,
which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus.
• Atoms are generally neutral in nature; however, they could gain or lose
electrons forming an ion.
• Ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.
Cation is formed when an atom loses electrons and anion is formed when an
atom gains an electron.
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element, same atomic number but different in
the number of neutrons.
What’s New
Historical Development
Many scientists have tried to organize elements. Below are scientists that
contributed on the organization of elements:
• Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (1817)- Elements with similar properties were
grouped in “triads”, e.g, Li, Na, and K; Cl, Br and I; Ca, Sr and Ba; S, Se and
Te.
• John Newlands (1864)- arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic
weights. He noticed that every eighth element exhibits similar properties as
compared to the first element. He called this law as the Law of Octaves.
• Lothar Meyer (1869) – devised a classification of the elements into a table that
accounted for the periodic variations in properties. His table included 56
elements.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) – arranged the elements successively along a
horizontal row, from left to right, in order of increasing atomic weights. He
observed that similar physical and chemical properties recurred periodically.
• Henry Moseley (1914)- observed that frequencies of X-rays emitted from
elements could be correlated better with atomic numbers. He summarized his
2
discoveries by stating time Modern Periodic Law: The properties of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
To better understand the development of Modern Periodic Table, do the

activity 1.1.
Activity 1.1: Who did what? When did they do it?
In each box, summarize when each scientist came up with their idea on how
the elements should be ordered: how they arranged the elements and what problems
were encountered (if any) with their method.
JOHN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER D. MEDELEEV & L. MEYER

When: __________________________ When: __________________________
How: ___________________________ How: ___________________________
Problems encountered: _________ Problems encountered: _________
JOHN NEWLANDS HENRY MOSELEY

When: __________________________ When: __________________________
How: ___________________________ How: ___________________________
Problems encountered: _________ Problems encountered: _________
What is It

The vertical columns of the modern periodic table, called groups, categorize
the principal families of elements. The families are known by distinct names. Group
1 is the Alkali family and Group 2 is the Alkaline Earth family. Group 13, 14, 15,
and 16 are known by the name of the first element of the group, that is the boron
family, carbon family, nitrogen family and oxygen family respectively. Group 17 is
the halogen family. Group 18 is called the inert gas family because they were
assumed to be entirely inert or unreactive. However, in 1962, the first compound of
xenon was prepared by Neils Bartlett. Group 18 elements are now more commonly
named noble gases.
The horizontal rows of the modern periodic table, called periods, are
numbered from top to bottom. There are seven horizontal rows or periods. There are
two inner rows called inner transition series, made up of 14 elements each
(excluding lanthanum and actinium). The elements are also clustered into blocks or
series in the periodic table. Group 3 and group 12 constitutes one block. The
elements of this block are referred as the transition elements. Lastly, elements in
the higher column, groups 1,2 and 13 through 18, are named representatives
elements or main groups of the periodic table.
3
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Periodic_table_large.svg&oldid=424254484
What’s More
To better understand the location of the elements, do the activity 1.2.

Activity 1.2: Who am I? Where am I?
Use the periodic table to find the symbols and their corresponding groups or periods
elements below.
Elements Chemical Symbol Group Number Period Number
Tungsten
Oxygen
Platinum
Argon
Sulfur
What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3: Identification
Direction: Write your answer on the space provided.
1. He was a Russian chemist who published one of the most comprehensive early
organizations of elements. _____________________
2. He arranged elements with similar properties in triads. _____________________
3. He proposed that periodic properties were observed after seven elements, like
the notes of a musical scale. _____________________
4. The vertical columns of the modern periodic table, categorize the principal
families of elements. _____________________
5. The horizontal rows of the modern periodic table. _____________________
What I Can Do
Activity 1.4: Creating your own Periodic Table
Draw your own periodic table. You may choose a theme like superheroes, cars,
or Halloween. Make sure to assign different colors for the different families and use
the same chemical symbols and chemical name found in the actual periodic table.
4
Assessment
1. Which law states that the properties of elements very periodically with atomic
number?
A. Law of Intertia C. Law of Conservation of Mass
B. Modern Periodic Law D. Law of Conservation of Energy
2. How did Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer arrange the elements in a table?
A. By increasing atomic weight C. By increasing atomic number
B. By decreasing atomic weight D. By decreasing atomic number
3. Which element is located on period 1 and group 1?
A. Helium B. Hydrogen C. Lithium D. Sodium
4. What do we call the vertical columns of the periodic table?
A. Columns B. Groups C. Periods D. Rows
5. What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?
A. Families B. Groups C. Periods D. Rows
Lesson Periodic Properties of

2 Elements
The elements in the periodic table are organized in a way that characteristics
or feature are easily discovered and studied. This makes the Modern Periodic Table
very crucial in studying already discovered elements.
What’s In
In the previous lesson you have learned the different parts of the Modern
Periodic Table. Before you proceed to the new lesson, recall the following major
concepts:
• Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner - elements with similar properties were grouped
in “triads
• John Newlands - elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic
weights. Elements were grouped in “octaves”
• Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer - elements were arranged in order of
increasing atomic weights. They conceptualized a more comprehensive table.
• Henry Moseley - ordering of elements by atomic number that led to the
development of the modern periodic table.
• The vertical columns of the modern periodic table, called groups, categorize
the principal families of elements.
• The horizontal rows of the modern periodic table, called periods, are numbered
from top to bottom.
5
What’s New
We defined earlier a periodic property as one that varies regularly when the
elements are arranged according to common basis. These are reactivity, atomic size,
ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity.
The periodic table can be used to identify known elements as metals,
nonmetals and semimetals or metalloids. A stair step line divides the metals and
nonmetals. Most elements on the left side of the periodic table are metals. The
nonmetals are placed on the right side of the table. The elements along the stair step
line are semimetals. Semimetals have some properties of a metal but act like a
nonmetal in certain cases.
Atomic Size
There is an increase in atomic size as a given family is descended. This is due
to the addition of new energy levels at the start of energy period. The outermost
electron becomes increasingly distant from the nucleus. Thus, the atomic radius
increases. For elements of the same period, note that the general trend decreases in
size from left to right because of increasing valence electrons. As the valence electron
increases the force of attraction increases that makes the size of the atom smaller.
Ionization energy
The nucleus, which is positively charged, attracts the negatively charged
electrons. Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove the valence
electron. The stronger the attraction, the greater the energy required to remove a
valence electron from an atom. The weaker the nuclear attraction, the lower the
ionization energy.
Ionization energy generally increases from left to right of a given period and
decreases from top to bottom.
Electron Affinity
While a neutral atom requires energy to release an electron, it loses energy as
it gains an electron. When it acquires an electron, an ion with a single negative charge
is formed. The energy released is called electron affinity.
Electron affinity values become increasingly negative in going from left to right
of a given period. This means that the ion formed is becoming more stable.
In the case of the same family, the electron affinity values become less negative
as the family is descended. It is easier to add an extra electron to a smaller atom
where attraction of the nucleus for the electron is stronger because of the shorter
distance between them.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is defined as the tendency of an atom to attract itself a
shared pair of electrons. Since nonmetals are receiving electrons, generally they have
higher electronegativity values than metals. Thus, electronegativity from left to right
increases and decreases from top to bottom.
6
What is It
Activity 2.1: Correct Arrangement
Using the periodic table and the knowledge of the periodic trends, arrange the
elements from left to right in an increasing pattern according to the stated property.
Atomic Size Ionization Energy

1. F, Cl, Br, I 1. Ca, Mg, Ba, Ra
2. F, O, N, B 2. Hg, Ir, Au, Pt
Electron Affinity
1. O, S, Te, Se Electronegativity
2. H, Fr, Cs, Rb
1. H, Li, K, Na
2. S, Cl, Ar, P
What’s More
Metallic and Non-metallic Properties
The physical properties of metals include luster, malleability, ductility, and
conductivity. Metals also vary in reactivity. The most reactive metals are magnesium,
sodium, potassium, lithium, and copper while the least reactive metals are gold,
silver, and platinum. The speed with which a metal reacts with another substance is
called reactivity.
A trend in reactivity is evident in the periodic table. The reactivity gets stronger
as you go down the group and tend to lessen across a period. The reactivity of metals
is connected to the ease with which they lose electrons in their valence shell.
With respect to the position in the periodic table of the representative
elements, metallic character increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to
right; while nonmetallic character decreases from top to bottom and increases from
left to right.
Activity 2.2: Metallic and Non-metallic Property
Arrange the elements according to increasing metallic and non-metallic property.
Write your answer on the space provided.
1. Ra, Ca, Ba, Mg ________________
2. Au, Ag, Cu, Rg ________________
3. S, Ar, Pt,Cl ________________
4. Sb, Te, I, Xe ________________
5. Ar, Kr, Xe He ________________
What I Have Learned

• Atomic size increases as a given family is descended.
• Ionization energy generally increases from left to right of a given period with
the maximum for the noble gas elements.
• Electron affinity values become increasingly negative going from left to right
of a given period.
7
• Metallic character increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to
right; while nonmetallic character decreases from top to bottom and increases
from left to right.
• Electronegativity values generally increases from left to right and decrease
from top to bottom.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_trends.svg
What I Can Do
Direction: Encircle the element for each of the following property.
Pd Ag Cd Most Metallic Metal
Sr Ca Ba Least electronegative
N P As Smallest ionization energy
Al Si P Greatest electron affinity
Ga Al Si Largest atomic radium
Assessment
1. Which element is the most metallic?
A. As B. Bi C. N D. P
2. Which element has the largest ionization energy?
A. Cl B. Na C. P D. S
3. Which metal will least react when mix with acid?
A. Ca B. Li C. Mg D. Pt
4. Which statement about periodic trends is correct?
A. The reactions get stronger as you go down the group and tend to lessen
across a period.
B. Metallic character decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to
right.
C. Nonmetallic character increases from top to bottom and increases from left
to right.
D. The reactivity of metals is connected to the ease with which they gain
electrons in their valence shell.
5. Which element has the least atomic size?
A. Ba B. Ca C. Mg D. Ra
8
8
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 8
Electron Configuration of
Elements
Science – Grade 8
Quarter 3 – Module 8: Electron Configuration of Elements
First Edition, 2020

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Brian E. Ilan EdD
Writer: Mary Rose A. Zarate
Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD
Reviewers:
Layout Artist:

Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Division Science Coordinator/School Principal I

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Electron Configuration of Elements.
The module is composed of only one lesson:

• Lesson 1 – Electron Configuration of Elements

1. determine the systematic way of distribution of electrons in energy levels and
orbitals;
2. write the electron configuration of elements in a given group and relate it to
their classification in the periodic table (metals, non-metals, metalloids) and;
3. write the electron configuration of elements using the noble gas or abbreviated
configuration.
What I Know

1. Which rule in filling out the electrons applies filling before pairing?
A. Octet Rule
B. Hund’s Rule
C. Aufbau Principle
D. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
2. Which statement best describes electron configuration?
A. It is an orderly arrangement of electrons in the periodic table.
B. It is an orderly arrangement of protons in different energy levels.
C. It is a systematic way of distributing protons in sublevels and particular
orbitals of the atom.
D. It is a systematic way of distributing electrons in energy levels and particular
orbitals of the atom.
3. What is the correct noble gas configuration of the element Carbon (6C)?
A. [He] 2s2
B. [He] 2s2 2p1
C. [He] 2s2 2p2
D. [He] 2s1 2p3
4. How many orbitals are there in the d-sub level?
A. 1 orbital
B. 3 orbitals
C. 5 orbitals
D. 7 orbitals
1
5. Which is the correct electronic configuration of element Iron (26Fe)?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Lesson
Electron Configuration of Elements
1
Elements are distributed in the modern periodic table according to its atomic
number, properties, and characteristics for us to easily understand the relationship of
each element from one another.
What’s In
In the previous lesson you have learned that elements have different periodic
properties and behavior based on its position in the periodic table.
• There are properties and trends that are essential in studying chemical reactions such
as metallic, non-metallic, ionization energy, atomic size, electron affinity and
electronegativity of elements.
• The atomic radius and metallic property of the elements across the period and group
have similar periodic trends or behavior of elements. As you move from left to right
across the period the trends decrease and increase as you move down the group.
• The electronegativity, electron affinity, ionization energy and non-metallic property of
the elements across the period and group have similar periodic trends or behavior of
elements. As you move from left to right across the period the trend increases while
when you move down the group of elements the trend decreases.
What’s New
The similarities of the properties and behavior of the elements became the pillars
on how the elements are arranged in the periodic table. Aside from that, the number of
electrons and valence electrons present in every element become essential to know the
position of the element as well as its category. In classroom, students are commonly
arranged in alphabetical manner using their family names. In chemistry, electrons were
distributed around the nucleus through various energy levels or valence shells. This
systematic way of distributing electrons in energy levels and particular orbitals of the
atom is known as electron configuration.
2
Atomic orbitals are commonly imagined as electron cloud where you can find most
of the electrons present in an atom. Orbitals are associated with the different blocks
present in the periodic table or scientifically called as sublevels.
The Four known Blocks present in the Periodic Table are the s-block, p-block, d-
block, and f-block. In each sublevel it contains certain number of orbitals and in each
orbital, it can hold two electrons. To further understand this idea kindly refer to the table
below:
Sublevel No. of orbitals No. of electrons
s 1 orbital 2 electrons
p 3 orbitals 6 electrons
d 5 orbitals 10 electrons
f 7 orbitals 14 electrons
s-block
1s1 Number of valence
electrons
p-block
Period number Possible sublevels
(s,p,d,f)
d-block
f-block
Legend:
s-block – contains the Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
p-block – contains the Boron Group to Noble Gases
d-block – contains the Transition Metals
f-block – contains the Inner transition metals with special name of Lanthanide
and Actinide series of elements
The different sublevels or sections of the periodic table are very important in
understanding Electron Configuration. In which electron configuration is composed of a
number, a letter and a superscript where the number corresponds to the principal
quantum number n or main energy level, the letters refer to the different sub levels in
periodic table and superscript refers to the maximum number of electrons.
Main energy level Sublevel/s Maximum numbers of electrons
n=1 s 2
n=2 s, p 8
n=3 s, p, d 18
n=4 s, p, d, f 32
n=5 s, p, d, f 32
n=6 s, p, d, f 32
3
n=7 s, p, d, f 32
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d Electron Configuration Mnemonics
(Order in which subshells are filled with electrons)

7s 7p
What is It
In filling out the number of electrons and predicting the locations of electrons there
are rules to be considered:
1. Pauli’s exclusion Principle – There is a maximum of two electrons that occupy a
single orbital in a condition that the electrons have opposite spins.
Guide Question 1: Which among the two boxes below shows the correct idea of Pauli’s
Exclusion Principle? ____________________________ .
Legend: Box = orbital

Arrow = electrons
Box 1 Box 2
2. Hund’s Rule – Fill up the orbital first before pairing which commonly known as
singly-pairing.
Example: Nitrogen has electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p3
Or
2 2 3 2 2 3
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
Correct distribution of electrons Incorrect distribution of electrons
4
Guide Question 2: Fluorine has electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p5. Which among the
two boxes below has correct distribution of electrons of fluorine in accordance with Hund’s
Rule? ____________________________ .
2 2 5 2 2 5
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
Box 1 Box 2
3. Aufbau Principle – Each electron occupies the lowest energy level before filling the
higher level. Aufbau is a German word which means “building up or construction.”
Example: 1s before 2s
Guide Question 3: Chlorine has atomic number of 17 and has 17 electrons.

. Which is the correct electron configuration that exhibits the Aufbau Principle?
____________________________ .
17Cl- 1s2 2s2 3p6 2s2 3p5 17Cl- 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p6 17Cl- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Box 1 Box 2 Box 3
Note: Always remember that in filling out the electrons in orbitals and in writing the
electron configuration of certain elements the concepts mentioned above are important
to follow aside from the Pauli’s Exclusion, Hund’s rule, Aufbau Principle there are also
special rules to be applied for d and f-blocks in which d blocks is equal to n-1 and f-
block is equal to n-2.
Electron configuration of different elements

Using the concept on determining the main energy levels, sublevels, orbitals,
periods, and number of electrons present in different sublevels, let’s try to figure out the
electron configuration of some elements.
Element Atomic Main Sublevel/s Electron Configuration

Number Energy
Level
Hydrogen (H) 1 1 s 1s1
Neon (Ne) 10 2 s, p 1s22s2 2p6
Iron (Fe) 26 3 s, p, d 1s 2s 2p 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
2 2 6
Lanthanum (La) 57 4 s, p, d, f 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
5s2 4d105p6 6s2 4f1
To better understand the electron configuration, do activity 1.1.
5
Activity 1.1: Matching Type: Match the following electron configuration to its
corresponding element. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
A. Element B. Electron Configuration
_________1. Aluminum (13Al) A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
_________2. Zinc (30Zn) B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
_________3. Copper (29Cu) C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
_________4. Bromine (35Br) D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
_________5. Argon (18Ar) E. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
F. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9
What’s More
In writing electron configuration, you have two ways to do it through:

1. Unabbreviated electron configuration or long hand notation
2. Abbreviated electron configuration (Noble gas) or shorthand notation
Noble Gas configuration is another way of distributing the numbers of electrons of

atom by using the nearest noble gas in the given element.
The Noble Gases that you may use are the following: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar),
Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn)
Example 1:
Sodium (Na): Unabbreviated - 1s22s22p6 3s1
Abbreviated - [Ne] 3s1
Example 2:
Arsenic (As): Unabbreviated - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3
Abbreviated - [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3
Activity 1.2: Write the chemical symbol and the Noble gas or Abbreviated configuration
of the given elements.
1. Calcium- 20 - _________________, ______________________________
2. Vanadium-23 - _________________, ______________________________
3. Fluorine-9 - _________________, ______________________________
4. Silver-47 - _________________, ______________________________
5. Iodine - 53 - _________________, ______________________________
6
What I Have Learned
• Electron configuration is a systematic way of distributing electrons in energy

levels and particular orbitals of the atom.
• There are four blocks in the periodic tables that refers as the sublevels, these
are s, p, d, and f blocks.
• Atomic orbitals are commonly imagined as electron cloud where you can
find most of the electrons present in an atom.
• There are two ways of distributing the electrons in energy levels in an atom.
First is the unabbreviated electron configuration and abbreviated or Noble
gas electron configuration.
What I Can Do
Activity 1.3: Complete the table by supplying the appropriate information.
Example:
Electron Configuration
Atomic Unabbreviated Abbreviated or
Element
Number Noble gas
Example:
15P
15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p3
2He
28Ni
8O
25Mn
7N
7
Assessment

1. Which orbital can lanthanide series be found?
A. d -orbitals C. p-orbitals
B. f-orbitals D. s -orbitals
2. Which configuration will be filled in last?
A. 3d10 C. 4s2
B. 4p6 D. 5s2
3. Which is the correct noble gas configuration of an element Iodine-53?
A. [Kr] 5s2 4d9 5p6 C. [Kr] 4s2 4d10 5p5
B. [Kr] 5s1 4d10 5p6 D. [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
4. Which is the correct electronic configuration of element Technetium-43?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s3 4d4
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d6
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 5s2 4p6 4d5
5. Which rule refers to filling out electrons based on increasing energy level?
A. Aufbau Principle C. Octet Rule
B. Hund’s Rule D. Pauli’s Exclusion
6. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy in second energy level
(n=2)?
A. 2 electrons C. 18 electrons
B. 8 electrons D. 32 electrons
7. Which is the correct abbreviated configuration of an element Sulfur-16?
A. [Ne] 3s2 3p3 C. [Ne] 3s2 3p4
B. [Ne] 3s 3p
1 5 D. [Ne] 3p4 3s2
8. Which main energy level of an atom can accommodate a maximum number of 18
electrons?
A. 1st energy level C. 3rd energy level
B. 2nd energy level D. 4th energy level
9. Which is the correct unabbreviated electron configuration of Tin-50?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p8 5s2 4d9 5p1
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d8 5s2 5p3
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p8 4d4 5s2 5p4
10. Which is the correct representation of filling out electrons of the element
Beryllium-4 in accordance with Pauli’s Exclusion Principle?
A.
B.
C.
D.

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8

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos

Reviewers: Alicia P. Trinidad, Janet G. Mercado, Marlene A. Mercene

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

The module is composed of only one lesson:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. describe atom and its subatomic particles.

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your best answer.

1. In which particle is the number of protons equal to an atom?

2. What does matter made up?

3. Which is a negatively charged subatomic particle?

5.Which determines the type of element that an atom make?

In physical science, subatomic particles are smaller than atoms. Protons,

Table 1. Properties of the different subatomic particles.

Proton Neutron Electron

Table 2. Atomic Number, Mass Number and Number of Subatomic Particles of

ACTIVITY 1.1 Complete the following table.

Element Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass

Complete the following table.

Element Name Atomic Number of Number Number of Mass Number

What I Have Learned

Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs

Spelling and No spelling No more than 1 No more than 3 More than 3

Graphics Graphics Graphics go Graphics go Graphics do

Adapted from: http;//rubistar.4 teachers.org

Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

2. What particle in an atom has no charge?

3. In an atom, what is the number of protons equal to ___?

4. In what part of the atom is the mass most concentrated?

5.Where are electrons of an atom found?

6. What is different in each isotope of an element?

Atoms Number of Number of Number of

8. Which atoms have the same atomic mass?

Element Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Haizel T. Gilua

Reviewers: Alicia P. Trinidad, Janet G. Mercado, Marlene A. Mercene

Management Team: Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

The module is composed of only one lesson;

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Which is different for ions of an element?

4. How many protons and electrons are found in Zn2+ respectively?

5. How many protons and neutrons are there in 115B respectively?

 Atoms are made up of tiny particles.

To gauge your understanding on the formations of ions, let us do some exercise.

Ion Atomic No. of protons No. of Cation or

What I Have Learned

Example: Sodium Ions Maintains the fluid balance in the body

PART 1. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

3. What forms when an ion with a 1- charge gains one electron?

PART 2. Complete the table below.

Ions Atomic Number of Number of Cation or