LV Motor

(Instructor: Islam Alaa El-Din)

Internal
Motor Types
Electric
Motors

AC Motors DC Motors

Separately
Synchronous Induction Self Excited
Excited

Single Phase Single Phase Shunt Motor

Three Phase Three Phase Series Motor

Compound Motor
Motoring Action
Operating Principle &
Torque-Speed
Characteristic
Construction Features of 3-ph IM
• 3-ph induction motor consists of two parts: the stator and the rotor.
• 3-ph induction motor classified according to the rotor type:
- Slip ring (wound rotor)
- Squirrel cage (bar windings)
Squirrel Cage Motor
● Used in the majority of industrial applications
● Simple, economical & rugged motor
Slip Ring Motor
Motor Nameplate
● It gives among others,
information about the following:

❑ Motor rating ❑ Permissible temperature rise

❑ Motor supply details ❑ Motor duty
❑ Motor connection details ❑ Enclosure type
❑ Motor frame type and ❑ Number of poles
size
❑ Motor rpm
Motor Insulation
● The insulating material used for the electrical machines are classified
according to the standards as follows,
- Class A:
Cotton, silk, paper, and similar organic materials, impregnated or immersed
in oil and enamel applied wires (Tmax = 105 C)
- Class B:
Mica, asbestos, glass fiber, and similar inorganic materials (Tmax = 130 C)
- Class E:
An intermediate class between A and B
- Class F:
The same as B but with silicone is added (Tmax = 155 C)
- Class H:
The same as F but the insulator is reinforced (Tmax = 180 C)
Rotating Field

- The first thing to do in an AC motor is to create a rotating field.

- With single phase AC, one can produce a rotating field by generating
two currents that are out of phase using for example a capacitor.

- In the example shown, the two currents are 90 degree out of phase,
so the vertical component of the magnetic field is sinusoidal, while the
horizontal is cosine, as shown. This gives anticlockwise field rotating.
Slip
- If there is no slip the induced emf in the rotor and the developed torque
equal zero
- Ns : Stator rotating field speed,
Nr : Rotor winding speed relative to stator winding,
(Ns-Nr) : Speed of rotor winding relative to stator flux, and

Slip (s) = (Ns-Nr)/Ns

Torque Speed C/Cs

- By analysis, it was found that the speed torque C/Cs is as shown

Load Types

According to the torque C/Cs the loads are classified as

follows
T (Nm)  Constant torque 90% of
applications
Hoisting
Conveyor belts
3
Linear torque
2 Volumetric pumps

1
 Parabolic torque
Fans
4
 Hyperbolic torque
n (rpm) Winders unwinders
Machine tools
Factors influence motor efficiency:

􀂃 Age: New motors are more efficient.

􀂃 Capacity: As with most equipment, motor efficiency increases with

the rated capacity.

􀂃 Speed: Higher speed motors are usually more efficient.

􀂃 Type: For example, squirrel cage motors are normally more

efficient than slip-ring motors.

􀂃 Temperature: Totally-enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) motors are more

efficient than screen protected drip-proof (SPDP) motors.

􀂃 Rewinding of motors can result in reduced efficiency.

􀂃 Load of the motor.

Motor Starting
Induction Motor Starting
Induction Motor Starting
D.O.L.* Start

● The most frequently used method

● The most economical and simple solution

● Non smooth start (not for elevators)

● Large current peaks (5 to 8x In) which limits its

use to power  5.5 kW on the public distribution
system

● The unique start method which does not

* Direct On Line reduce motor torque
D.O.L Start
● Peak starting current = 3 to 8 In
● Peak starting torque = 0.6 to 1.5Tn
● Advantages :
● Simple starter
● Low cost
● High starting torque
● Disadvantages :
● Very high starting current and torque
● Supply must withstand peak current
● Mechanically harsh starting sequence
Typical applications:
Small machines that often starts on full load
Star - Delta Start
Star Delta
Star - Delta Start
Star - Delta Start

● Peak starting current = 3 to 4 In

● Peak starting torque = 0.2 to 0.5 Tn
- Advantages :
● Simple economic starter
● Good starting torque, current performance
- Disadvantage:
● Low starting torque
● Non adjustable starting parameters
● Break in supply to motor leads to severe transient current

Typical applications:
Machine starting on no load (small centrifugal pumps, fans, etc.)
Induction Motor with Star - Delta Start
● Is: DOL start current
● Is/3: start current under star connection
● Ts: DOL start torque
● Ts/3: start torque under star connection
● Tr: resistive torque (load)

I(A)
Is
T (Nm)

Is/3 Ts

Ts/3
Tr
Star Delta n (rpm)
Autotransformer
starting
Resistance stator starting
Electronic Soft Starting
● Peak starting current = Adjustable, 1.5In to 5In
● Peak starting torque = Adjustable, 0.1 to 0.7 Tn

- Advantages :
● Parameters are fully adjustable.
● Compact.
● Easily adapted to the application.

- Disadvantages :
● Cost
● Can inject transients (harmonics) into the supply

Typical applications:
Machines requiring very smooth starting (centrifugal pumps and fans,
conveyors..)
Frequency converter starting
Faults (Causes & Effects)
Motor Protection
and
Coordination
 MOTOR PROTECTION
Types of faults
Faults due to
the power
supply

Faults due to
the load

Motor internal
faults
Associated functions to Motor Switching

Low voltage distribution

Isolation Isolate equipment from electrical supply

Disconnection Interrupt current through equipment

Short circuit protection Protect against human and material damages

Overload protection Protect motors against overload current effects

Switching ON / OFF loads

MOTOR PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

11. SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION.

A. FUSES

B. CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
MOTOR PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

2. OVERLOAD PROTECTION.

A. OVERLOAD RELAYS (thermal or electronic)

B. PTC THERMAL PROBES

The load break switch / isolator

● This device has disconnection and isolation capability

● Can be used safely « on load »

● It does not include any protection mechanism

● May be used as an emergency stop button (with yellow

cover and red handle)
 The Thermal Relay

● Overload is the most common fault on machines

● Overload creates an increase in current drawn by the

load and leads to dangerous overheating of the load.
LRD Relay
● Overheating can affect the isolating materials and thus
the lifetime of the motor

● The relay is made of 3 bimetal elements, each being

surrounded by a heating coil carrying its phase current.

● As the motor draws current, the bimetal will bend and the
amount of bending is linked to the level of current
Tripping class

Definition

The class define the tripping time to 7.2 Ir ; the selection is depending to
the nature of the application.

Class 10 4 < Tp <= 10s

Class 20 6 < Tp <= 20s
Class 30 9 < Tp <= 30s
The Manual Fused Switch Isolator

● These devices can be operated on load

● Include fuses to provide short circuit protection

● The operation is often made through side

handle
GS1
 The Magnetic Circuit Breaker

GV2-L
● Device which provides short-circuit protection. It detects and break high
levels of short circuit currents up to the limit of their breaking capacity.

● Has disconnection capability

● Reset after fault can be done manually by operating the rotary switch,
or remotely using optional module

● For relatively low fault currents, the operation of a circuit breaker is

faster than that of fuses
 The Magnetic Thermal Circuit Breaker

● This circuit breaker includes both magnetic protection

against short circuits, and thermal protection (motor
overload)

● Since it includes all types of protection and has

GV2-ME disconnection capability, it can be used as a motor starter
for simple machines.

● Optional blocks can be added to enable remote reset and

control of the circuit breaker.
 The Contactor
● Makes and breaks current on loads – Switching capacity

● Operated remotely using an electromagnet and a

LC1-D separate control circuit
contactor
● When the coil of the electromagnet is energized, the
mobile part of the contactor moves and current can flow
from the supply network to the load.

● Auxiliary contacts are included and moving

simultaneously with the mobile part of the contactor
 The Combined Motor Starter

● In 1983, Telemecanique introduced the first device

capable of disconnection, switching and thermal-magnetic
protection : the INTEGRAL
Integral

● This type of product offers all motor starting functions in

one product

● Provides total coordination : no contacts welding after

short-circuit, reduced maintenance operation

● TeSys U starter offers embedded communication

capability with field buses and modularity .
TeSys U
Basic Coordination Theory
IT curves of protective devices
Contactors and motor starters
Coordination with short-circuit protection devices

Time
2h
1h
Overload protection
30min
Breaking capacity
10min
of the contactor
5min
Short circuit protection

2min
1min
20s
10s Thermal withstand of
overload protection device
5s
Starting without any damage
2s
1s
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 17 In
Current K x Ie
Normal overload Rotor locked Short-circuit

Abnormal Operation
Motor circuit breaker & Distribution protection

T(s)

10 000

Motor
starting 1 000

100

Distribution 10

line protection
1

0,1

Tripping due
GV protection to starting
0,0
1 inrush

0,001 13 x Ir k x Ir
7,2 x Ir
Effects of a short-circuit on the contactors

● Electrodynamics effects of peak current Imax:

● repulsion of contacts
● propagation of electrical arcs
● damage to isolation equipment and deformation of
parts

● Thermal effects l²t:

● fusion of contacts
● generation of electrical arcs
● heat damage to isolation equipment
Behavior of contactor under the effect of non limited
short-circuit currents

Repulsion of the contacts, The energy due to the short- The silver contacts becomes
due to the energy delivered circuit becomes very high, the liquid and weld
by the short-circuit arc becomes important
Behavior of contactor under the effect of limited
short-circuit currents

Start of repulsion of contacts The energy from the short- The contacts
under the effect of the short- circuit is limited and remain operational
circuit repulsion is stopped
Coordination type: NO Coordination

Isolation
I>> Protection
GV2ME / RS
Thermal Overload Protection
+

LC1 Command

t
GV2 ME/RS Trip curve

LC1 breaking capacity (IEC 947-4)

Welding curve of contacts

Starting Current

i
Coordination type: Coordination Type 1

Isolation
I>> Protection
GV2ME / RS
Thermal Overload Protection
+

LC1 Command

t
GV2 ME/RS Trip curve

LC1 breaking capacity (IEC 947-4)

Welding curve of contacts

Starting Current

i
Coordination type: Coordination Type 2

Isolation
I>> Protection
GV2ME / RS
Thermal Overload Protection
+

LC1 Command

t
GV2 ME/RS Trip curve

LC1 breaking capacity (IEC 947-4)

Welding curve of contacts

Starting Current

i
Coordination type: Total Coordination

Isolation
I>> Protection
TeSys U
Thermal Overload Protection
Command

t
TeSys U Trip curve

breaking capacity (IEC 947-6)

Never Welding
Starting Current

i
Coordination of protective devices

● Without coordination
● The risks are important for the personnel, the physiques and
materials damages can be also important.
● Type 1 coordination
● Without risk for the operator. It is the most standard solution used.
● Before to restarting, the replacement of parts can be necessary.
● Type 2 coordination
● It is the high performance solution. The risk of fusion of contacts is
possible. In this case, the contacts must be easier separated.
● Total coordination, continuity of service
● It is the higher performance solution.
● No damage and no risk of fusion. Once the fault has been fixed, the
motor starter must be able to restart immediately.