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Introduction To Mass Transfer

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27 views

Introduction To Mass Transfer

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Thị Trúc Giang Trần
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to

mass transfer
Mass transfer and Its applications

The transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another

Based on differences in vapor pressure, solubility, and diffusivity.

Driving force for transfer is a concentration difference.

Involves both mass diffusion occurring at a molecular scale and bulk


transport of mass due to convection flow.

Mass transfer operations: gas absorption, distillation, extraction, leaching,


adsorption, extraction, crystallization, membrane separation, etc.
The diffusion process
The diffusion process can be described mathematically by
Fick’s law: “The mass flux per unit area of a component is
proportional to its concentration gradient”
The diffusion of gases E and B in the opposite direction
Apply the ideal gas law

Where,
The mass concentration (kg/m3) of the gas B:

The Fick’s law for the gas B could be rewritten as:


The Fick’s law for the gas E could be similarly rewritten as:

The mass diffusivity DEB prefers to diffusivity of gas E in gas B


Note!!

❖ The magnitude of mass diffusivities for liquids or gases in solids are less than
the mass diffusivities for gases in liquids. These differences are due to the
mobility of the molecules.
❖ Unit: centimeter squared per second (cm2/s)
❖ The mass diffusivity magnitudes are a function of temperature and
concentration.
❖ For gases, the mass diffusivity is substantially influenced by pressure.

Diffusivity range (cm2/s)


In solid 10-9 – 10-1
In liquid 10-6 – 10-5
In gas 5 x 10-1 – 10-1
D
(x 10-9 m2/s)
D
(x 10-6 m2/s)
Steady-state Diffusion of Gases (and liquids)
through Solid

Assuming the mass diffusivity does not depend on concentration.

From the Fick’s law equation, we can obtain


By integrating,

▪ The above equation applies to one-dimensional diffusion when the


concentration gradient is [cA1 – cA2] and constant with time at
locations x2 and x1
▪ The equation applies to rectangular coordinates. (e.g., rectangular
brick, plate)
For radical coordinates (polar coordinates)
e.g., cylindrical shape

The equation applies to a situation when


diffusion is occurring in the radial r2
direction of a cylinder; from the center to
the surface or from the surface to the
center.
r1
L
Remark!!!

Steady-state diffusion condition


➢ The concentrations at the boundaries must be constant
with time
➢ The diffusion is limited to molecular motion within the
solid being described
➢ The mass diffusivities D are not influenced by the
magnitude of concentration
➢ No temperature gradients exist within the solid
➢ The magnitudes for mass diffusivity D depend on both the
solid and the gas (or liquid) diffusing in the solid
Convective mass transfer

• When the transport of a component due to a concentration


gradient is enhanced by convection, the mass flux of the
component will be higher than would occur by molecular
diffusion.

• Convective mass transfer will occur in liquids and gases, and


within a porous solid.

• The magnitude of convective currents (in liquid or gas) effects


to molecular diffusion and convective mass transfer
Convective mass transfer coefficient

“The convective mass transfer coefficient km is


defined as the rate of mass transfer per unit area per
unit concentration difference.”

The coefficient represents


the volume (m3) of
km : convective mass transfer (m3/m2.s or m/s) component B transported
across a boundary of one
mB : mass flux of component B (kg/s) square meter per second

cB : concentration of component B (kg/m3)

A : Area (m2)
Apply the gas law

the mass transport due to convective becomes:

And in the case of water vapor


Dimensionless numbers
Assumptions!!
Laminar flow over a flat plate (NRe < 10,000)

Turbulent flow past a flat plate (NRe > 10,000)

L : The total length of the plate


km,L: The mass transfer coefficients (average value)
Laminar flow in a pipe (NRe < 10,000)

Turbulent flow in a pipe (NRe > 10,000)

L : The length of pipe


dc = D: Diameter of pipe
Mass transfer for flow over spherical objects

For freely falling liquid objects


Examples:

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