ECE 423 :Advanced Communication

systems
Supervised by

Dr :/ Somaya Abdel Azeem ElFeshawy

Course Content :-
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
Wireless communication MIMO SYSTEMS
applications

Chapter 3
Cooperative Communications

Chapter 5
Chapter 4
RADAR systems
Satellite Communications - GPS
RFID
LEC 1: Introduction to
Communication Systems
Communications Systems
The communication system is a system which describes

the information exchange between two points.

The process of transmission and reception of information is

called communication.

The major elements of communication are

the Transmitter of information, the Channel or medium of

communication and the Receiver of information.

Communications Systems
All communication systems have:-
1. a transmitter
2. a communication channel or medium
3. a receiver

Information Recovered
Transmitter Communication Receiver
(TX) Channel or Medium (RX) information

Noise
❖ Information

The information can be in the form of: - 1. Voice , 2. Video, 3. Picture, 4. Computer data.

❖ Transmitter

• The first step in sending a message is to convert it into a form suitable for
transmission.

• Collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert the

electrical signal to a signal suitable for transmission over a given
communication medium.

• Made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators,

frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
❑ Types of Signals in Communication Systems

Signal is an electromagnetic wave that carries information through a physical medium. Here the data
is converted into an electromagnetic signal either analog or digital and sent from sender to receiver.

1. Analog Signals
Analog signal is a time varying signal
(smoothly and continuously varying current
or voltage).

2. Digital Signals

Digital signals in contrast to analog signals,

do not vary continuously but change in steps
or in discrete increments.
❑ Transmission modes
▪ The way in which data is transmitted from one device to another device is
known as transmission mode.
▪ The transmission mode is also known as the communication mode.
▪ Each channel has a direction associated with it, and transmission media
provide the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is also known as a
directional mode.

Transmission mode is divided into

three main categories:-

1. Simplex transmission mode

2. Half Duplex transmission mode
3. Full Duplex transmission mode
1. Simplex Transmission Mode

•In Simplex mode, the communication is

unidirectional, i.e., the data flow in one
direction.
•A device can only send the data but cannot
receive it or it can receive the data but
cannot send the data.
•Keyboard and Monitor are the examples of
the simplex mode as a keyboard can only
accept the data from the user and monitor
can only be used to display the data on the
screen.
Advantage of Simplex mode:

• Simplex mode is the easiest and most reliable mode of communication.

• It is the most cost-effective mode, as it only requires one communication channel.
• There is no need for coordination between the transmitting and receiving devices,
which simplifies the communication process.
• Simplex mode is particularly useful in situations where feedback or response is not
required, such as broadcasting or surveillance.

Disadvantage of Simplex mode:

• Communication is unidirectional. so, it has no inter-communication between devices.

• Only one-way communication is possible.
• There is no way to verify if the transmitted data has been received correctly.
• Simplex mode is not suitable for applications that require bidirectional communication.
2. Half-Duplex mode
• In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed,
i.e., the station can transmit and receive the data as
well, Messages flow in both the directions, but not at
the same time.
• The entire bandwidth of the communication channel
is utilized in one direction at a time, (if any error
occurs, then the receiver requests the sender to
retransmit the data).
•A Walkie-talkie is an example of the Half-duplex
mode. In Walkie-talkie, one party speaks, and another
party listens. After a pause, the other speaks and first
party listens. Speaking simultaneously will create the
distorted sound which cannot be understood.
Advantage of Half-duplex mode:

• Half-duplex mode allows for bidirectional communication, which is useful in

situations where devices need to send and receive data.
• It is a more efficient mode of communication than simplex mode, as the
channel can be used for both transmission and reception.
• Half-duplex mode is less expensive than full-duplex mode, as it only requires
one communication channel.

Disadvantage of Half-Duplex mode:

• In half-duplex mode, when one device is sending the data, then another has to wait, this
causes the delay in sending the data at the right time.
• Half-duplex mode is less reliable than Full-Duplex mode, as both devices cannot transmit
at the same time.
• There is a need for coordination between the transmitting and receiving devices, which
can complicate the communication process.
3. Full Duplex Mode

• In Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-

directional, i.e., the data flow in both the directions
(Both the stations can send and receive the message
simultaneously).
• Full-duplex mode has two simplex channels. One
channel has traffic moving in one direction, and
another channel has traffic flowing in the opposite
direction. The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of
communication between devices.
• The most common example of the full-duplex mode
is a telephone network. When two people are
communicating with each other by a telephone line,
both can talk and listen at the same time.
Advantage of Full-duplex mode:
• Full-duplex mode allows for simultaneous bidirectional communication, which is ideal
for real-time applications such as video conferencing or online gaming.
• It is the most efficient mode of communication, as both devices can transmit and receive
data simultaneously.
• Full-duplex mode provides a high level of reliability and accuracy, as there is no need for
error correction mechanisms.

Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode:

• Full-duplex mode is the most expensive mode, as it requires two communication
channels.
• It is more complex than simplex and half-duplex modes, as it requires two physically
separate transmission paths or a division of channel capacity.
• Full-duplex mode may not be suitable for all applications, as it requires a high level of
bandwidth and may not be necessary for some types of communication.
❖ Receiver
Collection of electronic components and circuits (Contain amplifiers,
oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector ) that accepts the transmitted message from the channel and
recovers the original intelligence signal (converts it back to a form
understandable by humans).

❑ Transceivers
• Telephones
• Hand-held Radios
• Mobile
• Computer Modems
❖Communication Channel or Medium
Communication Channel refers to a physical medium such as wire,
cables, or space through which the signal is passed from the
transmitter to the receiver.

❑Wire conductors

❑Fiber-optic cable
❑free space
Communication Channel or Medium

❑ Electrical Conductors
- pair of wires
- coaxial cable
- twisted-pair cable
❑ Optical Media :- Fiber-optic cable or "light pipe"
❑ Free Space–Radio Waves

❖ There are many channel impairments that affect channel

performance to a pronounced level. Noise, attenuation and
distortion, to mention the major impairments.
❖ Transmission Impairments
Signals travel through transmission media, which are not perfect. The imperfection causes signal
impairment. This means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as the signal
at the end of the medium.
Three causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

1. Signal Attenuation (a loss of energy)

• When a signal travels through a medium, it loses some

of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the medium.
• To compensate for this loss, amplifiers are used to
amplify the signal.
2. Distortion
Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape.
Distortion can occur in a composite signal made of different frequencies.
Each signal component has its own propagation speed through a medium and, therefore, its own delay in arriving at
the final destination. Differences in delay may create a difference in phase if the delay is not exactly the same as the
period duration.

At the sender At the Receiver

3. Noise
Noise is another cause of impairment. Several types of noise, such as thermal noise, induced
noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise, may corrupt the signal.

3.1 Thermal noise is the random motion of electrons in a wire, which creates an extra signal not
originally sent by the transmitter.
3.2 Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances. These devices act as a sending
antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the receiving antenna
3.3 Crosstalk noise is the effect of one wire on the other. One wire acts as a sending antenna and the
other as the receiving antenna
3.4 Impulse noise is a spike (a signal with high energy in a very short time) that comes from power
lines, lightning, and so on.
❖ Performance
One important issues in networking is the performance of the network which refers to
measures of service quality of a network as seen by the customer. (Bandwidth, throughput,
latency)

1. Bandwidth
It measures the network performance; the term can be used in two different contexts with two
different measuring values: bandwidth in hertz and bandwidth in bits per second.

Bandwidth in Hertz It is the range of frequencies over which a signal has been transmitted. For
example, we can say the bandwidth of a subscriber telephone line is 4 kHz.

Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds The term bandwidth can also refer to the number of bits per second
(speed of bit) transmission in a channel or link. For example, one can say the bandwidth of a Fast
Ethernet network (or the links in this network) is a maximum of 100 Mbps. This means that this
network can send 100 Mbps.
2. Latency (Delay)

The latency or delay defines how long it takes for an entire message to completely
arrive at the destination from the time the first bit is sent out from the source.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 +

𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Propagation time: measures the time required for a bit to travel from the source
to the destination. The propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by
the propagation speed.

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 / (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)

Transmission Time:
In data communications we don’t send just 1 bit, we send a message.
The first bit may take a time equal to the propagation time to reach its
destination; the last bit also may take the same amount of time.
However, there is a time between the first bit leaving the sender and
the last bit arriving at the receiver.

The transmission time of a message depends on the size of the

message and the bandwidth of the channel.

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = (𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒) / 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Queuing Time: It is the time needed for end device to hold the message before it
can be processed.
The queuing time is not a fixed factor; it changes with the load imposed on the
network.

Processing Delay: It is the time it takes nodes to process the packet header.
Processing delay is a key component in network delay.

3. Throughput

Is a measure of how fast we can actually send the data through a

network.

The bandwidth is potential measurement of a link, the throughput is an

actual measurement of how fast we can send data.
GOOD LUCK
LEC 2: Wireless
Communication
 Wireless
Communication
• Wireless communication is a
method of transmitting
information (voice and data)
from one point to other
without usage any
connections like wires,
cables or any physical
medium.
Why wireless communication?
• The main advantage of wireless communication is mobility,
this kind of communication provides flexibility and easy to
use.
For instance, mobile telephony can be implemented anytime
and anyplace through significantly high throughput
performance.

• One more point is its infrastructure because, for the wired

communication systems, the fitting of infrastructure is a
costly & time taking task whereas the installation of wireless
communication infrastructure is very simple and less cost.
Why wireless communication?
Freedom from wires and global coverage.

No bunch of wires running from here and there.

Communication can reach where wires are infeasible or costly.

Flexibility to connect multiple devices.

Reduce or eliminate cabling cost.

 Advantages of wireless communication
Flexibility
• Wireless network is more flexible and adaptable compared to a wired network. Wireless communication enables
people to communicate regardless of their location. It is not necessary to be in an office or some telephone booth in
order to pass and receive messages.
Better or global coverage
• It provides global reach by providing networking in places such as rural areas, battlefields, etc… where wiring is not
feasible.
Network planning
• it is vey easy as compared to wired network due to wireless software configuration of frequency, power and other
parameter.

Expandable
• Wireless networks can serve many client without resorting the new hardware. It is easy to expand and setup.

Mobile and portable

• Wireless network is easy to carry and re-install in another place.
Constant connectivity
• Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respond to emergencies relatively quickly.

Cost effectiveness
Wired communication entails the use of connection wires. In wireless networks, communication does
not require elaborate physical infrastructure or maintenance practices. Hence the cost is reduced.

Accessibility
The wireless technology helps easy accessibility as the remote areas where ground lines can’t be properly laid,
are being easily connected to the network.

Convenience
Wireless communication devices like cell phones are quite simple and therefore allow anyone to use them,
wherever they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in order to receive or pass messages.

Speed

• Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or the accessibility were much improved
in accuracy and speed.
Disadvantages of wireless communication
Interference
In a wireless communication system, the signals can be transmitted by using open space like the
medium. So, there is a chance of interfacing the radio signals from one network to other networks like
Bluetooth and WLAN.

Safety
Security is the main concern in the wireless communication system because when the signals are
broadcasted within open space, then there is a chance of interrupting the signals & copy sensitive data.
An unauthorized person can easily capture the wireless signals which spread through the air. So, it is
very important to secure the wireless network so that the information cannot be misused by
unauthorized users.

Health Concerns

Exposure to any kind of radiation continuously can cause health issues. Although, the RF energy range
that can cause injures is not exactly recognized, it is informed to keep away from RF radiation to the
most.
Disadvantages of wireless communication
As communication is done through open space, it is less
secure.

More open to interference.

Increased chance of jamming.

Transmission speed is comparably less.

Wireless networks can be easily hacked.

Wireless networks require a careful radio frequency when they are installed.

Exposure to any kind of radiation continuously can cause health issues.

Wireless networks are usually inexpensive, but the cost of installation is very high, setting up a
wireless network is very costly.
Types of wireless
communication systems
• Television and radio
Broadcasting.
• Mobile communication systems
• Satellite communication systems
• Global positioning systems
(GPS)
• Microwave Communication
• Infrared Communication
Radio Broadcasting

The first wireless communication

technology is open radio
communication to seek out widespread
use, and it still serves a purpose
nowadays.
Handy multichannel radios permit a
user to speak over short distances,
whereas citizen’s bands and maritime
radios offer communication services for
sailors.
Infrared communication
• Infrared Wireless communication communicates information in a
device or system through IR radiation.
IR is electromagnetic energy at a wavelength that is longer than that of
red light.
• In the electromagnetic spectrum,
IR radiation lies between microwaves
and visible light.

❖ It is used for security control, TV remote control, and short-

range communications.
Mobile Communication Systems

The advancement of mobile

networks is enumerated by
generations.
Cellular and cordless phones are
two examples of devices that
make use of wireless signals.
Typically, cell phones provide
large range coverage. But
Cordless phones have a limited
range.
Satellite Communication Systems

• Satellite communication is one type of

self-contained wireless communication
technology, it is widely spread all over the
world to allow users to stay connected
almost anywhere on the earth.
• Satellite communication contains two
main components the space segment and
the ground segment.
• The ground segment consists of fixed or
mobile transmission, reception, and
ancillary equipment and the space segment
mainly is the satellite itself.
Global Positioning System
(GPS)

In satellite communication, GPS or

global positioning system is a
subcategory. This kind of system is
used to help by providing different
wireless services such as speed,
location, navigation, and
positioning using satellites, and
GPS receivers.
Bluetooth Technology

The main function of Bluetooth

technology is that permits you to connect
various electronic devices wirelessly to a
system for the transferring of data.
By using the Bluetooth technology, the
information is transferred from one
device to another device.
This technology has various functions,
and it is used commonly in the wireless
communication market.
Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi networks are a type of WLAN but not all

WLANs are Wi-Fi.
WIFI is a low-power communication system, that
is used by various electronic devices like
smartphones, laptops, etc.
In this setup, a router works as a communication
hub wirelessly. These networks allow users to
connect only within proximity to a router.

Wi-Fi is very common in networking applications

which affords portability wirelessly. These
networks need to be protected with passwords for
security, otherwise, it will be accessed by others.
Microwave Communication

It is an effective type of communication, mainly this

transmission uses radio waves, and the wavelengths of radio
waves are measured in centimeters.
In this communication, the data or information can be
transfers using two methods. One is the satellite method,
and another one is a terrestrial method.
• Wherein satellite method, the data can be transmitted through a
satellite, that orbit 22,300 miles above the earth. Stations on the
earth send and receive data signals from the satellite with a
frequency ranging from 11GHz-14GHz and with a
transmission speed of 1Mbps to 10Mbps.
• In the terrestrial method, two microwave towers with a clear
line of sight between them are used, ensuring no obstacles to
disrupt the line of sight.
• The frequency range of the terrestrial system is typically
4GHz-6GHz and with a transmission speed is usually 1Mbps to
10Mbps. The main disadvantage of microwave signals is, they
can be affected by bad weather, especially rain.
Radar

Radar is an electromagnetic sensor or detection

system used to track, locate, detect & and
identify objects of different types at significant
distances.
The operation of this detection system can be
done by sending electromagnetic energy in the
direction of objects, usually called targets, which
observe the echoes. Targets may be ships,
astronomical bodies, aircraft, spacecraft,
automotive vehicles, insects, etc.
Radio Frequency Identification

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one kind of

wireless communication that uses electrostatic coupling to
exclusively identify a person, object & animal.
It is used in manufacturing, healthcare, shipping,
home use, retail sales, inventory management, etc.

• RFID & barcode technology are used in related methods

to track inventory; however, three significant differences
will make everyone a better choice in certain
circumstances. In real-time, the data which is stored
within the RFID tag can be updated. Indifference, the data
in the bar code is read-only & cannot be altered. RFID
tags need a power source whereas the bar codes simply
need the technology to read the bar code.