PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1/ John has stayed with his aunt since he graduated.

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2/ We have seen this film four times.
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3/ My last birthday was the best day I have ever had.
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4/ Has Biden just arrived?
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5/ I have done all my homework
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Công thức:
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Dấu hiệu nhận biết:
 Khi trong câu có các từ đi kèm như this morning, today, this evening…
 Xuất hiện các từ: Just = Recently = Lately (gần đây, vừa mới), Already (rồi), Since (từ
khi), before (trước đây), never (chưa bao giờ), ever (từng), yet (chưa)…
 For + quãng thời gian: trong khoảng (for a year, for a long time, …)
 Since + mốc thời gian: từ khi (since 2002, since July,...)
 So far = Until now = Up to now = Up to the present: cho đến bây giờ
 It is + giai đoạn thời gian + since + HTHT
PRACTICE
Exercise 1. Chia động từ ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành.
1. Although the local authorities (take) ………………………………… some methods to
solve the pollution issue, there seems to be little improvement in the air quality.
2. Xuan Bac, a well-known comedian, (start) ………………………………… acting since
he was a student in the University of Stage and Cinematography.
3. I (be) ………………………………… to some places in the world. However, Singapore
is the most beautiful country that I (ever/ visit) ………………………………….
4. I (collect) ………………………………… a lot of relevant information for the final
evaluation essay.
5. The person that I admire the most in my life is my lecturer, Ms. Linh, who (do)
………………………………… a lot of research that is related to foreign affairs.
Exercise 2. Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi.
1. The last time she came back to her hometown was 4 years ago.
→ She hasn't...............................................................................................................................
2. He started working as a bank clerk 3 months ago.
→ He has...............................................................................................................................
3. It has been 5 years since we first flew to Singapore.
→ We have...............................................................................................................................
4. I last had my hair cut in November.
→ I haven't ...............................................................................................................................
5. The last time we called each other was 5 months ago.
→ We haven't...................................................................................................................
6. It has been a long time since we last met.
→ We haven't.........................................................................................................................
7. When did you have it?
→ How long ..............................................................................................................................
8. This is the first time I had such a delicious meal.
→ I have never ..........................................................................................................................
9. I haven't seen him for 8 days.
→ The last time I ...............................................................................................................
10. Today is Saturday. I haven't taken a bath since Wednesday.
→ It is ...............................................................................................................................
Exercise 3: Chia các động từ sau ở thì phù hợp. (Sử dụng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn và hiện
tại hoàn thành)
1. My father (not/ play)……….. any sport since last year.
2. Some people (attend).............the meeting right now.
3. I’d better have a shower. I (not/have)……………………one since Thursday.
4. I don’t live with my family now and we (not/see)……………………each other for five
years.
5. Where is your mother? She...........................(have) dinner in the kitchen.
6. Why are all these people here? What (happen)................................?
7. I………………….just (realize)…………... that there are only four weeks to the end of
term.
8. She (finish) ... reading two books this week.
9. At present, he (compose)........................a piece of music.
10. We (have)........................dinner in a restaurant right now.
Exercise 5: Viết lại những câu sau sao cho nghĩa không đổi.
1. She started to live in Hanoi 2 years ago. (for)
-> …………………………………………………
2. He began to study English when he was young. (since)
-> …………………………………………………
3. I have never eaten this kind of food before. (This is)
-> …………………………………………
4. I have never seen such a beautiful girl before. (She is)
-> …………………………………………
5. This is the best novel I have ever read. (before)
-> …………………………………………
Exercise 6: Viết lại các câu sau dựa trên các từ cho sẵn có sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn
thành.
1. We/ not eat/ out/ since/ mom’s birthday.
…………………………………………..
2. How/ long/ you/ live/ here?
…………………………………………..
3. You/ ever/ been/ Russia?
…………………………………………..
4. She/ not/ meet/ kids/ since Christmas.
…………………………………………..
5. They/ repair/ lamps/ yet?
…………………………………………..
REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật)
 Lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech): là nói chính xác điều ai đó diễn đạt (còn gọi là trích
dẫn). Lời của người nói sẽ được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
 Ví dụ: She said ,” The exam is difficult”. "The exam is difficult" là lời nói trực tiếp
hay câu trực tiếp.
  Lời nói gián tiếp – câu tường thuật (indirect speech): Là thuật lại lời nói của một người
khác dưới dạng gián tiếp, không dùng dấu ngoặc kép.
 Ví dụ: Hoa said,”I want to go home” -> Hoa said she wanted to go home là câu gián
tiếp (indirect speech).
II. CÁCH CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
He says: “I’m going to Ha Noi next week.” 
⇒ He says he is going to Ha Noi next week.
He said: “I have done all my homework” 
→ He said he had done all his homework.
 Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng sau:
Câu tường thuật trực tiếp Câu tường thuật gián tiếp

Present simple (thì hiện tại đơn) Past simple (thì quá khứ đơn)

Present continuous (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn) Past continuous (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)

Present perfect (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành) Past perfect (thì quá khứ hoàn thành)

Past simple (Thì quá khứ đơn) Past perfect (thì quá khứ hoàn thành)

Present perfect continuous (thì hiện tại hoàn Past perfect continuous (quá khứ hoàn
thành tiếp diễn) thành tiếp diễn)

Past continuous (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn) Past perfect continuous (quá khứ hoàn
thành tiếp diễn)

will would

can could

must/ have to had to

may might
 Biến đổi đại từ và các từ hạn định theo bảng sau:
Câu tường thuật Câu tường thuật gián tiếp
trực tiếp

Chủ ngữ I he/ she

(Đại từ nhân
xưng) You I/ We/ They

We We/ They

Tân ngữ me him/ her

you me/ us/ them

us us/ them

Đại từ sở hữu my his/ her

your my/ our/ their

our our/ their

Tính từ sở hữu mine his/ hers

 yours mine/ ours/ theirs

ours ours/ theirs

Đại từ chỉ định this the/ that

these the/ those

 Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:
Câu tường thuật trực Câu tường thuật gián tiếp
tiếp

here there

This That

These Those

now then/ at that moment

today/ tonight that day/ that night

tomorrow the next day

next week the following week

This week That week

yesterday the previous day

the day before

Last day The day before

last week the week before

ago before

The day before Two days before

NOTE: Khi chuyển động từ các bạn chỉ cần nhớ lấy động từ gần chủ ngữ nhất giảm xuống
1 cột tức là:
 Động từ ở cột 1 thì giảm xuống cột 2, ( nhớ thêm ed khi không phải là đông từ bất
quy tắc)
 Động từ cột 2 thì giảm thành cột 3
 Động từ cột 3 thêm had phía trước
Tuy nhiên, cần chú ý một số trường hợp sau đây không giảm thì động từ:
 Nói về chân lý, sự thật.
 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành.
 Trong câu có năm xác định.
 Các câu có cấu trúc sau: if only, as if, as though, wish, would rather, it’s high time, IF
loại 2,
III. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu kể
 says/say to + O -> tells/tell + O
 said to + O -> told+O
He said to me”I haven’t finished my work”
 ->
2. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu hỏi
a.Yes/No questions:
 Từ tường thuật sử dụng: “ask”, “wonder”, “inquire”, “want to know”,…
 Sau từ tường thuật/giới thiệu sẽ là “if” hoặc “whether” để thể hiện sự có/không.
”Are you angry?”he asked
->
b.Wh-questions:
 says/say to + O -> asks/ask + O
 said to + O -> asked + O.
 Lặp lại từ để hỏi sau từ tường thuật.
 Đổi trật tự câu.
”What are you talking about?”said the teacher.
->
3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh
Ex: ”Please wait for me here, Mary.”Tom said
->
Ex: ”Don’t talk in class”,the teacher said to us.
–>
4. Một số dạng câu tường thuật đặc biệt
-> SHALL  offered, suggested : đề nghị
Tom asked: Shall I bring you some tea?'
->
Tom asked: 'Shall we meet at the theatre?'
->
-> WILL/ WOULD/ CAN/ COULD  asked :yêu cầu
Tom asked: 'Will you help me, please?'
->
Jane asked Tom: 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?'
->
IV. BÀI TẬP
Bài 1: Hoàn thành các câu sau.
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked...................................................................
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us...................................................................
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked...................................................................
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter...........................................
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend...................................................................
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know...................................................................
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know...................................................................
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know....................................................
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me...................................................................
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me...................................................................
11. "What's the time?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know .................................................. .
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
→ She asked him .................................................. .
14. "Where did they live?" he asked.
→ He wanted to know .................................................. .
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
→ The teacher wanted to know .................................................. .
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
→ She wanted to know .................................................. .
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
→ He asked me .................................................. .
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
→ The mother asked the twins ..................................................
21. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said.
→ The teacher told Joe .................................................. .
22. "Be patient," she said to him.
→ She told him .................................................. .
23. "Go to your room," her father said to her.
→ Her father told her .................................................. .
24. "Hurry up," she said to us.
→ She told us .................................................. .
25. "Give me the key," he told her.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
26. "Play it again, Sam," she said.
→ She asked Sam .................................................. .
27. "Sit down, Caron" he said.
→ He asked Caron .................................................. .
28. "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said.
→ The receptionist asked the guest ............................ .
29. "Take off your shoes," she told us.
→ She told us .................................................. .
30. "Mind your own business," she told him.
→ She told him .................................................. .
Bài 2: Bài tập câu tường thuật pha trộn negative và positive
1. She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me .................................................. .
2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.
→ He told me .................................................. .
3. "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us .................................................. .
4. "Stop staring at me," she said.
→ She told him .................................................. .
5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.
→ He asked her .................................................. .
6. "Leave me alone," she said.
→ She told me .................................................. .
7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.
→ She warned us .................................................. .
8. "John, stop smoking," she said.
→ She told John .................................................. .
9. "Don't worry about us," they said.
→ They told her .................................................. .
10. "Meet me at the cinema." he said.
→ He asked me .................................................. .
11. He said, "I like this song."
→ He said .................................................. .
12. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me .................................................. .
13. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said .................................................. .
14. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me .................................................. .
15. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
→ He said that .................................................. .
16. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
→ She told .................................................. .
17. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him .................................................. .
18. "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said .................................................. .
19. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
→ He wanted .................................................. .
20. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised .................................................. .