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    Computer Systems

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    Paras Verma
    The document discusses the evolution of computers through generations and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It covers input, output, and processing units as well as different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache. Characteristics of first through fifth generations are mentioned along with data, information, and the roles of hardware and software.

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    Computer Systems

    Uploaded by

    Paras Verma
    29 views23 pages
    The document discusses the evolution of computers through generations and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It covers input, output, and processing units as well as different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache. Characteristics of first through fifth generations are mentioned along with data, information, and the roles of hardware and software.

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    The document discusses the evolution of computers through generations and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It covers input, output, and processing units as well as different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache. Characteristics of first through fifth generations are mentioned along with data, information, and the roles of hardware and software.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views23 pages

    Computer Systems

    Uploaded by

    Paras Verma
    The document discusses the evolution of computers through generations and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It covers input, output, and processing units as well as different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache. Characteristics of first through fifth generations are mentioned along with data, information, and the roles of hardware and software.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    Welcome

    Learning Objectives
    ● To learn the evolution & various generations of computers along with the
    characteristics of each.
    ● Understand basic operation of a computer
    Recap
    How many gen?

    Characteristics of:

    First Gen

    Second

    Third

    Fourth

    Fifth
    Computer - Data & Information
    Computer - mindless stupid thing, versatile

    Electronic device - input→ processing→ output (IPO Cycle)

    Data - raw facts & figures

    Information - data represented in useful & meaningful form.

    E.g. Raju 9 - data - raw

    But if i write raju is 9 years old

    - This becomes information so is diff b/w info and data clear


    Functional Components of a Computer
    Hardware : physical components Computer System
    Software : set of programs or instructions.
    A computer is made up of 4 functional components
    1. Input unit
    2. Central processing unit(CPU)
    a. Control unit
    b. Arithmetic unit
    c. Registers
    3. Memory unit
    4. Output unit
    Input Unit
    Devices attached to computer

    Take input, convert to binary language

    E.g. - keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, mic, etc.


    CPU - Central Processing Unit
    ● Brain
    ● Located on a small chip, hence called micro processor
    ● Instruction from memory/input, executes then stores or displays

    Three components

    ALU CU Registers
    ALU
    ● Mathematical calculations like +, -, x, /
    ● Logical decisions like comparison
    CU - Control Unit
    ● Coordinates & controls data flow in & out of CPU
    ● Operations of ALU, memory registers, I/O units.
    ● Responsible for carrying out instructions stored in program.
    ● Decodes fetched instruction, interprets,
    ● send control signals to I/O devices until ALU, memory perform.
    Memory Registers
    ● Temporary unit of memory in CPU.
    ● Receive data/info & holds them
    ● Can be of diff sizes(16, 32, 64 bit, …)
    ● Each register for specific function(storing data, instr, address, operands,
    results, etc.

    Accumulator (ACC) is the main register in ALU


    Output Unit
    Converts binary to human readable form

    Printer, speaker, monitor, etc.

    CRT

    TFT
    3D
    Inkjet
    Dot-matrix Plasma

    laser LCD
    Braille
    LED
    Display
    Interconnection between Functional
    Components
    Devices communicate through bus:

    A bus is a transmission path (set of conducting wires)

    Data is passed in the form of electric signals,

    from one component to another.


    Types of bus
    1.Address bus

    carries the address location of the data or instruction


    Types of bus
    2.Data bus:

    carries data from one component to another


    Types of bus
    3.Control Bus:

    carries the control signals


    holds data during processing
    Memory
    Direct access with CPU

    Internal/Primary

    faster
    Memory

    Permanent

    External/Secondary

    Non-volatile

    The time of access of data is independent of its location in memory; RAM


    Internal Memory

    RAM ROM
    Random Access Memory Read Only Memory

    Volatile Read only


    Non-Volatile
    Permanent
    Temporary (usually contains
    data that does not
    need to be changed
    often
    RAM
    ROM
    ROM: Read Only memory

    PROM: Programmable ROM

    EPROM: Erasable PROM

    EEPROM: Electrically EPROM


    Cache
    Placed between CPU & Primary memory

    Speed up the CPU processes

    First check cache; if requirements are met: good

    Else approach RAM

    Small, fast but expensive


    Secondary

    Not directly
    Permanent non-volatile Slower Cheaper accessed by
    CPU

    Examples of secondary memory devices?


    Recap
    Functional components of a computer

    Components of CPU

    Types of bus

    Types of memory

    Types of RAM

    Types of ROM

    Examples of Secondary storage

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