03 A Microstim DBS Grp12

Group 12
Deep Brain
Stimulation and
Microstimulation
In this presentation, we'll explore-
Definition of Deep Brain Stimulation

and Micro-stimulation
Index Brief History
Working Principle
Advantages and Limitations
Deep Brain Stimulation
Implementation of electrodes deep inside

the brain
To treat neurological disorders and brain-
related diseases
Definition Eg: PD, ET,OCD etc.
Procedure
Implement electrodes into a specific region of
the brain
Connect to a pulse generator
Sends electrical signals to the electrodes
Reduce activity, side affect of the disease
Microstimulation
Application of tiny electrical currents to

specific brain areas or nerves.
To understand how the nervous system
functions.
Definition Tool in neuroscience research.
Target: Specific neurons or neural circuits.
Observe how this affects different
functions, such as movement, sensation,
or cognitive processes.
1870 First use of electrical stimulation on
animals
1874 First use of electrical stimulation on

human brain
History 1940 Development of “stereotaxic devices”

-50
1960 Use of direct thalamic stimulation to

reduce tremor
1980- Scientists used for treatment of
90 depression and dyskenia
1994 Stimulation of the STN is used for the

treatment of PD in humans
History After DBS was used for treatment for

2000 dystonia in 2003
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) in 2009
Epilepsy in 2018
DBS
DBS electrodes implanted stereotactically into brain.
They consist of insulated wires with multiple
contacts or electrodes at the tip .
The pulse generator is the device that generates and

delivers the electrical pulses to electrodes. It is
usually implanted subcutaneously in the chest or
abdomen, similar to a pacemaker.
principles of DBS
Some deﬁnitions :
The minimal current necessary to stimulate a neural
element with a long stimulus duration is called the
rheobase (the amplitude threshold).
The chronaxie time is the minimum length of time that
is required to excite a neural element using half the
intensity that elicits a threshold response.
Key Properties :
Myelinated axons are the most excitable neural elements, The chronaxie of
myelinated axons is around 30–200 μs, whereas the chronaxies of cell bodies
and dendrites are substantially larger, at around 1–10 ms
This means that with normal DBS parameters, the postsynaptic responses result
from the activity of efferent axons rather than of cell bodies.
The orientations of local neural elements such as the axons and the cell body are
important determinants of neural responsiveness.
Continued…
Furthermore, the effects on distal neural elements depend on the distance

between the neural elements and the electrode: both the rheobase and the
chronaxie rise in proportion to the distance, which means that the
responsiveness of more distal elements decreases as the distance from the
electrode increases.
Generally the simulation volume varies with the properties of the surrounding
neural tissue.
Finally, currents greater than eight times the threshold from monopolar cathodes
can block action potentials in axons.
Simulation Parameters:
Basically determined by trial and error based on immediate effects, so they wary
with the treatment and with the targeted brain region.
However, the technology allows only open-loop continuous stimulation, which is

not adaptive and does not take into account the continuous neural feedback
from the individual patient. Instead, only the patient’s current behavioural state is
used as an indicator of how to change the parameters externally.
M PROBABLE MECHANISMS FOR THESE
E METHODS:
C (1) non-synaptic blocking of neural output through
inactivation of voltage-dependent ion channels near the
H stimulating electrode.
A causes change in the membrane potential.

N can prevent the generation or propagation of action
potentials in the affected neurons, effectively blocking
I their neural output.
It is a form of neuromodulation where inhibitory input is
S artificially enhanced.
M
M
E Write your topic or idea
(2) Induced action potential results in masking
(or jamming) of intrinsic neural activity.
C As stimulation frequency remains same for a continuous
H period, it delivers no new information about the signal

unlike normal neural signals.
A This is also known as information lesions in stimulated
neurons.
N Under this hypothesis, induced action potentials
I effectively override any intrinsic activity in the directly

stimulated neurons and thereby limit the propagation
S of oscillatory activity through the network.
M
M (3) synaptic transmission failure of the efferent output of
E stimulated neurons as a result of synaptic depletion
(synaptic depression).
C
H Axon terminals exhaust their readily releasable pool of
neurotransmitters and postsynaptic receptors can
A depress under such high or repetitive high frequency.
N Synaptic depletion, also known as synaptic depression,

refers to a temporary reduction in the amount of
I neurotransmitter available for release at synapses.
S
M
M Write your
(4) Even if synapses remain functional during DBS, they will
turn into low-pass filter - i.e. will suppress transmission of
E topic or idea
low frequency signals (synaptic filtering).
C
H Neurons and connections directly stimulated by DBS
selectively blocks the transmission of pathological low-
A frequency oscillations.
N
I
S
M
M (5) antidromic stimulation of inhibitory afferents to the target
E nucleus and local release of gamma-aminobutyric acid

(GABA).
C Activating neurons that project inhibitory
signals toward the target nucleus.
H Upon activation,
these inhibitory neurons
A
release GABA locally
Binding of GABA
to its receptors
N results in potentially
reducing their excitability
I and firing rate.
S
M
A How DBS target a neural circuit in Parkinson’s Disease?
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
Jakobs, M., Fomenko, A., Lozano, A. M., & Kiening, K. (2019).
Ge: globus pallidus pars externus; GPi: globus pallidus pars internus;
N SNc: substantia nigra pars compacts; SNr: substantia nigra pars reticulata; and ST:
subthalamic nucleus.
A How microstimulation is used in research?
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N Urdaneta, M. E., Koivuniemi, A. S., & Otto, K. J. (2017).
Microstimulation
Advantages Precision targeting
Neuroprosthetics
Minimal invasiveness
Adjustable parameters
Real time control
Microstimulation
Limitations Limited spatial resolution
Tissue damage and inflammation
Electrode biocompatibility
Limited targeting depth
Advantages Reduced medication dependency
Long term efficacy
Adjustable & reversible
Non destructive treatment
Versatility
Limitations Surgical risks
Hardware complications
Cost & Accessibility
Non-responsive over time

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Group 12

Definition of Deep Brain Stimulation

Implementation of electrodes deep inside

Application of tiny electrical currents to

1874 First use of electrical stimulation on

History 1940 Development of “stereotaxic devices”

1960 Use of direct thalamic stimulation to

1994 Stimulation of the STN is used for the

History After DBS was used for treatment for

The pulse generator is the device that generates and

Furthermore, the effects on distal neural elements depend on the distance

However, the technology allows only open-loop continuous stimulation, which is

A causes change in the membrane potential.

C As stimulation frequency remains same for a continuous

H period, it delivers no new information about the signal

I effectively override any intrinsic activity in the directly

N Synaptic depletion, also known as synaptic depression,

E nucleus and local release of gamma-aminobutyric acid

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