February 17, 2024

REVIEW : STRESSES IN BEAMS

Bending or Flexure Stress

Consider . Before the

loaded
a beam loads were applied , the beam is
straight .

W(KN /m)
P(KN)

↓
When the loads are now applied the beam bends and deflects
. The applied loads

cause the fibers of the beam to . This deformation

deform is obviously caused by #
the stresses experienced by the fibers of the beam
.
o .
Consider a segment of the beam of length DX and the three beam fibers

of this segment ; fibers ab . Before the loads

ef and cd were applied
, ,

these fibers have equal lengths . After the loads were

applied ,
the length of P(KN)
WCRN
*
fiber ab decreases that of fiber ad The of fiber
and increases. length
ef remains the b
·El
same .

A
-- #
/ I ↑
If we a cutting plane through line bd the section must have oo
pass , *X

shear force moment M to hold the

V and
bending segment in

equilibrium The moment provided by the internal stresses

. bending is

of the beam's fibers. This stress is called bending or flexural stress.

Fiber ab

Fiber (d
carries

experiences
COMPRESSIVE

TENSILE FORCE
FORCE .

--
oo
c
I

ad
-

a b

---
e

--- Plane
cutting
--

C :

it
·

Length of fiber under consideration

-
(M
↑
ef =
p -

·
Elongation of the fiber R

8 =
y

·
Strain =
elongation
original length

3
*
=
:
·
Hooke's Law

stress is proportional to strain .

O =
EE

E = E

to
so,
-

ea

↓
Tr
↓
"I - -......
- O
E

↓
aA
N

Resisting Moment M

The resisting moment ,

M ,
is obtained by integrating the differential

moment produced by a force acting on a differential area dA located at

distant Y from the neutral axis. The force is dF =

odA so the

corresponding differential moment is dM =

y dF .

.
dM =
Y &F

dF =
O dA
E
/ dM =

yodA : O =

<M =
v /#]dA E y2 = dA

M =

# Jy dA [I =
(yda]

M
El e.
=

Combining eq. 2 .3
and eq

o = + . 2
eq

M
#
= +
eq
. 3

:
o =
(bending stress

O =
bending stress
M =

bending moment
y = distance from the neutral

axis to the fiber

I: moment of inertia with

respect to the neutral axis

 No
Maximum Bending or Flexural Stress of Rectangular Beams T =
shear stresses
in beams

a) From the
My T shear stress
bending stress formula, of =
,

NA- a I
V =
shear force
the maximum bending stress ,
Omax ,
at a
particular
section of the beam Q static moment of area
by using a
=

b is obtained
maximum value of y which is 9 Knowing .
I =
moment of inertia about the
3
that I so the maximum bending neutral axis
a
=

stress for
rectangular section becomes ,
FOR RECTANGULAR BEAMS :

Lo
-
T =

o
=
/ /

d/z Q =

Ay

b(-))(e)(c))
NA / a
a =

o
=
L
/
Q =

3
I =

a
Shear Stresses in Beams
a
if
↓
P

Sshearstressfis
"I
T
↓ or
=

·
:
↳ ↑ 84
4
-

-
-
O "wa

-..... I
-
R
m
Tr dF =
T dA
R
Resisting Moment M

The
resisting shear X is obtained
, , by integrating the differential forceaF exerted

by differential area &A located at distant y from the neutral axis .

The differential force is dF =

[dA .

dV =
F2-Fi
dW
dV =
Oc dA-0, dA
Fi X Fz

- Y
-
dA-AY dA
NA dV =
Y

dX
aV = (M2-M1) / # dA]
dr =
aM
/I, dA) ; where dV =
[dwdx

Idwdx = dM / = dA)

SIdw //*dA) =

[b =

#/ydA =

Ay
Q: Ay
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

SINGLY -

REINFORCED BEAMS
Steel only gives tension modular ratio

n = E
Whitneyblock Ec
>
- stress
actual
equivalent strain

sita
t
Es

Ec
>
t

I
N

=
0 85
.
fal e
L

a
- n
d d-
↓
h
effective
depth - -
- - -
i ~ > T =
Asfy (if TSY) /

yTettectiveorr-40mm
Et

T =
Asfs (if TSDY)
eff cover =
<C +
Astirrups + db
code :
NSCP 2010/2015 C Es Es
Steel Ratio P =

E
,

Ec = 0 003
.
+ + Es Es
a =
BC ↓

A
maximum

p
:

B =
0 85.
if fc = 28 MPa usable C
=
0 003
.
(200 x 10")
-

strain of T (200 X 10") (E+ +0 . 003)

105 (f'c-28)
concrete
B :
0 85
.
-

if f'c > 28 MP

* :

60of ,
fs = 600
Has
stress in tension steel :

if assume tension-
d
fs =
600 MODE OF DESIGN controlled , assumed
also that tension steel

yields

I
steel and concrete
. BALANCED OVER-REINFORCED UNDER-REINFORCED
yields at the
same time (tension controlled) steel fails
(compression-controlled)
Es = 0 . 003 Es = 0 003
.
concrete fails first Es =
0 . 003
first
and steel does not

-
t

#
yield ,

Et Ey

-
-

d Cb-

----
Et Ey Et Ey
=

E+
>Ey

Es =
o
ty design
> good
pbd
-
As =
C : T
PPbal ; tension yields
0 85fc/B(s)(6) =
Pa , bafy steel
P Steel ratio
.

P> Pbal
⑰ flaB E
Pal : . ; concrete

first fails

↓
code
85FB (000 +y
0
Pbal
.

For SRB :

Totoensure thateirst
(codel
Steel Ratio ,
P - yield strain Pmax Pbal
min Et =
0 . 004

p -As =

ticBo i 0 003
.

-
maximum steel ratioo Pmax

↑
C

When steel is
used
↓
yielding
d-C
Pmax =

Arctics
tells if the beam is
0 004
.

SINGLY REINFORCED
Pmax DRB
↑
>
>
-

NSCP 2010/2015 :
 ④ Steel Ratio :

0 90 .
-
②

Hosti ( iti
i
modez-2fy <

0 65
. · fSL1000
fs < 1000MP9

#f
i
transition

fs = fy O
Zone

EyCEt
O
Tension
7 steel Yields Omin : >
t (code
controlled
* > E

'B(E
0 005
Et <Ey
=
.

tension controlled
Omax
compression
controlled if Et = 0 005
.

(balanced and
compression
conditions) If :

P > Pb ;· OVERREINFORCED

fy
P
=
P6 ; BALANCED

P <Pb ; UNDERREINFORCED

1) C =
T

0 . 85f'cab =
Asfy
assume tension Yields

2) Check if tension steel really yields

solve fs.
④ Mn 0Rnbd2=

Es
:
(correct assumption)
fy ; tension really yields
11.
· if fs > '
P =

·
if ts < ty ; tension doesn't yield (incorrect assumption) ,
then solve 0 . 85f'c(BC)d =
As /600 A
3) Nominal Moment Capacity
Mn = T (d -2)
C (d -2)
Mn =
~
positive bending -tensile
4) Ultimate Moment Capacity below
· for Strength reduction factors

> if fs < fy ,
0 65.
~ negative bending -

tensile se
> if fs > 1000
,
0 90.

> if
fy < fs < 1000
,
mode 3- (transition zone)
Rn = coefficient of
resisting moment

uOM >
- Mumax <factorsSee
Problem 1 : 1) Find the ultimate moment capacity of the beam

Given section
.
having width of
a
rectangular beam a 300 mm and an

effective depth of The beam

500 mm
. is reinforced for tension since fy < fs < 1000 MPa , transition zone

only with a steel area of 3000 mm? f'c =

28 MPa , fy =
415 MPa so , mode 3-2

Using NSCP 2015 :

X y

300 fy 0 65.

+ t 1000 0 90

·
.

862 .

4134 = 0 .
8412

500

As =3000 mm2
>
-
I T
=
Mu =
QMn

Mu =
=
0 .

431 718
.
84 (513 95)
kNm
.

2) Find the uniform ultimate load that the beam can

carry

1.) C =
T in a simple span of 6m
.

0 .
85f'cab =
Asfy
Nu
Assume ; steel yields (fs fy)
=

V
↓ W
Mrcapacity =
Nmaxefactored)
N
Asty -000
14 ↑ I Mumax
-

a =

: 00

431 718 = (6)

a 174 37 mm
.

=
.

2) Check if tension steel yields TALAGA .

Wu =
95 94 . KN/m

if fs < fy ,
steel yields

3) Describe the mode of design.

=
fs d - ; a= B i 205 .
141mm
since fs >
fy ,

00e
100-205
.
UNDER-REINFORCED

fs =
862 413 MP9. > fy =
415 MPa

: STEEL YIELDS (Assumption correct)

if it doesn't yield ,
start o step !

0 85. f'Bcb =
As
/(d-c)
3) Nominal moment
.

capacity
Mn =
T(d -2)
=

Asfy(d 2) -

(415) /500 3
114
.

=
3000
-

Mn =
513 95 . kNm
Problem 2 :

250 mm

MD1 = 20kNm

350 f 'c =
20 7 .
MP9
mm

O by =
275 MPa

ML =
35 kNm

1) Determine the theoretical steel ratio required for

5) Omin
I
.
the beam to support the factored moment =
= of -

.
2 Determine the area of steel required as tension

reinforcement. so use 0 . 0 6
,

3) How many co-mm bars are

required to reinforced

the beam .

6 ) As
.
=

pbd
=
0 0116
.
(250) /350)
SOLUTION :
1015 65 mm
#Is = .

1)
Mu =
1 2 DL + 1 6 LL

The
.
.

noolbars
=
1 2
. /20) + 1 6 .
(35)
Mu =
80 kNm

c) Rn
Muc =
= 0xlo 50 =
no .
of bars =
3 23 =
.
4 bars

Itil
fi
3 )
.
=

7)
gozie
/1-
20
p
.

0 /16 0
# .

4) Pmax
=s (

(20 (i)
. 2) 10 85) .

Pmax = 0 0233 .