SNC General Knowledge 1-3

SINGLE NATIONAL CURRICULUM
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
GRADE I-III 2020
ONE NATION, ONE CURRICULUM
NATIONAL CURRICULUM COUNCIL,

MINISTRY OF FEDERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, ISLAMABAD
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
CURRICULUM
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
GRADE I-III
2020
NATIONAL CURRICULUM COUNCIL

MINISTRY OF FEDERAL EDUCATION AND
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, ISLAMABAD
Chapter 01: Introduction 06
General Knowledge Curriculum 06
1.1 Aims of General Knowledge Curriculum 06
1.2 Curriculum Development 07
1.3 Guiding Principles for the Curriculum Development 07
Chapter 02: Curriculum Focus 10
2.1 Inquiry-Based Curriculum 11
2.2 The Student-Centered Curriculum 11
2.3 An Outcome-Focused Curriculum 11
Chapter 03: Content Organization 12
3.1 Knowledge 13
3.2 Skills 20
3.3 Attitudes and Moral Values 20
Chapter 04: Learning Themes and Students’ Learning Outcomes 22
4.1 Grade – I 23
4.2 Grade – II 31
4.3 Grade – III 40
Chapter 05: Teaching and Learning 48
5.1 The Role of Teacher 49
5.2 The Changing Nature of Teaching and Learning 49
5.3 The Guiding Principles of Learning 50
Chapter 06: Assessment and Evaluating Students’ Learning 58
6.1 The Changing Paradigm in Educational Assessment 59
6.2 Incorporating Assessment into Learning Process 60
6.3 The Learning Assessment Process 61
6.4 Assessor(s) 62
6.5 Classroom Assessment Strategies 63
6.6 Assessment Tools 66

Chapter 07: Teaching - Learning Resources 69
7.1 Guidelines for writing a Textbook 70
7.2 Guideline for writing a workbook 73
7.3 Other Educational Resources 73
7.4 A Guideline for Developing “Teacher’s guide’’ 74
7.5 Teacher Training and Professional Growth 75
Curriculum Review Committee for General Knowledge (I-III) 76

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE CURRICULUM
Single National Curriculum for General Knowledge 2020 for Grade I to III is the result of an
effort to review and revise the previous curriculum in line with modern trends and
innovations in different fields. It is important to mention here that National Curriculum
2006 for General Knowledge was an integration of General Science, Social Studies and
Islamiat. The subject of Islamiat was integrated in General Knowledge in Grades I and II
and appeared as a separate subject from grade III onwards.
Keeping in view recomendations from different stakeholders, the government has taken
the historic decision to introduce Islamiat (for Muslim students) and Religious Education
(for minorities) as separate subjects from Grade I onwards.
As a result of this decision the Single National Curriculum for General Knowledge 2020 is
now based on the themes and concepts from General Science and Social Studies.
This Curriculum for General Knowledge aims to provide our students with real life quality
learning experiences which is based on inquiry and hands-on activities. It is comprised of
concepts from General Science and Social Studies and Ethics:
• Knowledge of science is drawn primarily from the domains of life sciences, physical
sciences, earth and space sciences;
• Knowledge of social ﬆudies is drawn primarily from the social sciences ﬆrands of
hiﬆory, geography, government, citizenship, economics, culture; and ethical values
which are essence of Islam and common in all the religions.
1.1 AIMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE CURRICULUM
This Curriculum is designed for the young students to develop basic knowledge, skills,
values, interests, and attitudes that will lead them to productively learn and understand
the aforesaid areas of knowledge more deeply in later grades. The main goal is to produce
young critical thinkers, capable of understanding and evaluating information, developing
knowledge, skills, values, positive attitudes, healthy habits, civic sense and making
informed decisions.
This Curriculum has been developed with the following emphasis:
• Broadening the learning space (out of the classroom learning)
• Strengthening the interface with pre-primary and secondary school curricula
• Developing underﬆanding of ethical values
• Integrating ﬆudents' learning experiences with emphasis on patriotism and
suﬆainable development
• Promoting life-long learning and enhancing 21ﬆ century skills
• Developing ﬆudents' independent learning
• Enhancing intereﬆ and appreciation in society and curiosity in science & technology
• Putting emphasis on ﬆudents' holiﬆic development and providing them real life
quality experience, based on inquiry and hands-on activities/experiences.
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1.2 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Students in the early grades have a natural curiosity about the world, thus it is appropriate
for them to start learning the basics of science and other disciplines at a young age. Early
school education (Grades I-III) has traditionally been content-intensive which has hindered
the development of effective thinking skills of students. The Single National Curriculum is
based on content progression at early levels to prepare the students for conceptual
learning at higher grades, supports students to meet International standards and equip
them with 21st century skills.
1.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Consistent with the Nature of Learning:

The Curriculum is designed to stimulate students’ curiosity and develop their interest in
learning and to enable them to learn more about themselves and the world around them
through activities. Young children are naturally inquisitive. They have a keen interest in the
materials around them and move naturally into activities that involve manipulation of
materials, exploration and discovery. Therefore, students in the early school years (Grades
I-III) should nurture and extend this curiosity, so that they are able to question, explore and
investigate with increasing levels of insight and skills.
Coherent:
This Curriculum has been designed to ensure that the ideas taught within a grade level
have a logical and natural connection with each other and with those of higher grades.
Efforts have been made to introduce concepts, skills, and attitudes in a well-integrated
manner with progressive articulation appropriate to each grade level. This progression is
intended to prepare students to understand and use more complex concepts and skills as
they advance through the learning process.
Comprehensive and Developmentally Appropriate:

This Curriculum considers the psychological and social readiness of students. It builds
from concrete experiences to abstract understanding. Therefore, it focuses on providing
experience with concepts that students can explore and understand in depth to lay the
foundation for future learning experiences.
The Curriculum is designed to help students develop attributes, essential for 21st century
in all areas of the physical, emotional, social, linguistic, aesthetic, and cognitive
development. It also emphasizes on:
• Active exploration of the environment;

• Self-directed and hands-on learning activities;
• Balance between individual and group activities;
• Regular and supportive interaction with teachers and peers; and
• Balance between active movement and quiet activities.
These experiences during the early years of school not only influence their later
functioning in school but also have effects throughout the life.
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Feasible:
This Curriculum can be taught with easily available resources and materials. Teacher’s
Guide Manual is strongly recommended, which will contain sample lessons on each topic
for each grade level. The Teacher’s Guide Manual is a document that will grow as teachers
add exemplary lessons aligned with the new Curriculum while keeping in view the inquiry
approach. In addition, activity-based workbook and other print resources are also
recommended.
Useful and Relevant:

Efforts have been made to ensure that General Knowledge Curriculum adopts an
integrated approach across disciplines that are socially relevant, intellectually engaging,
and personally meaningful to students. The Curriculum contents relate directly to
students’ needs and interests. Such relevance of content areas to other endeavors will
enable students to transfer skills gained from one area of instruction into other subjects
and their lives outside the classroom. Therefore, this Curriculum provides skills in a
context that enables students to experience the joy of learning.
Effective Assessment Practices:

Students’ achievement of the standards and outcomes in this Curriculum are to be best
assessed by using a variety of assessment tools and methods. Performance assessments
are particularly appropriate to evaluate students’ mastery of thinking processes and
problem-solving skills. Teachers in conjunction should use variety of classroom
assessment approaches with the Criterion Reference Tests. Observation of students
engaged in instructional activities is highly recommended to assess students’ skills as well
as attitudes towards learning. However, nature of the questions posed by students will
also provide an important evidence of their understanding which must be encouraged by
the teachers.
Reflective of Successful Teaching Practices:

This Curriculum provides broader guidelines for teachers whereby they will accept the
responsibility for actively supporting student’s development and to provide opportunities
for students to acquire important knowledge and skills. Teachers will use their knowledge
of child development and learning to identify the range of activities, materials, and
learning experiences that are appropriate for a group or individual student. The
guidelines also describe various aspects of the teachers’ role in making decisions about
classroom practices.
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills:

Higher-order thinking skills are developed in the process of teaching subject-matter
knowledge within application contexts that call for students to relate what they are
learning to their lives outside of school by thinking critically and creatively about it or by
using it to solve problems or make decisions. Similarly, learning through role-plays,
demonstrations, and investigative activities is vital to the early development of both the
mind and the body. This Curriculum, therefore, emphasizes student exploration through
inquiry, and thereby calls for a shift from teacher-centered to learner-centered
approach.
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Meaningful Learning and Engaging:
Children learn best when they have real materials they can manipulate. Through direct
sensory involvement with their environment, children learn about topics that are
personally meaningful and interesting. Teaching children requires the use of real and
relevant materials and experiences. Discovering what works best for all students requires
knowledge about each student, various learning styles of the students and clear learning
outcomes.
Similarly, effective instructions engage students actively in enjoyable learning

experiences. In the early grades, children are forming attitudes and habits for learning.
Students are more likely to learn and remember new skills and concepts when they use
them in a meaningful context.
Therefore, this Curriculum emphasizes the importance of teaching instructions that

should maximize students’ potential and enables them in understanding of the
intertwined nature of learning.
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Primary focus of General Knowledge Curriculum is to develop students’ interest and

creativity through everyday experiences and investigations that promote the acquisition
of thinking skills as well as the development of healthy attitudes and moral values.
2.1 INQUIRY-BASED CURRICULUM
When students use inquiry to discover content, they not only learn a great variety of facts
and concepts, but they also learn how these are related to each other and how it is that we
human beings come to understand our world and add to the great body of information,
we call knowledge.
Inquiry-based approaches to the early childhood education focus on “student

constructed” learning as opposed to “teacher–transmitted” information. An Inquiry-based
Curriculum promotes inquiry approaches in teaching, if the development and
enhancement of students’ ability to think sequentially, critically, and creatively is an
expected outcome. Therefore, this Curriculum reflects a paradigm shift from the
characteristics of traditional approaches to Inquiry-based approach.
2.2 THE STUDENT-CENTERED CURRICULUM
Student is the centre of learning. Learning experiences need to be relevant to students’

daily life. Students are more interested and easily engaged in the learning, which uses
everyday materials, when they can make decisions about issues that relate to their
immediate environment and to discover ‘how things work’. Therefore, this curriculum is
designed to be a Student-centered curriculum as opposed to the traditional
teacher-centered one, whereby teachers’ role is desired to be shifted from a traditional
teacher to a facilitator.
2.3 AN OUTCOME-FOCUSED CURRICULUM
Outcomes-focused is a method of curriculum design and teaching that focuses on what

students can actually do after they are taught. This curriculum is outcomes-focused and is
intended to specify a set of well-defined outcomes in the form of Knowledge, skills,
attitudes and values. These Curriculum outcomes have been presented hereunder, for
both students and teachers to achieve. These outcomes provide a basis for study
programs that will challenge all students and teachers equally and offer them
opportunities to achieve these outcomes. However, these outcomes can be attained by
following the teaching & learning process explained in this document.
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General Knowledge Curriculum is organized around themes that students can relate in
their everyday experiences. It is also based on commonly observed phenomena in nature
& environment, geography, socio-cultural norms, moral values and practices. The basic
aim is to enable students to appreciate the links between different topics and thus allow
the eventual integration of ideas.
Therefore, a careful selection of topics/ themes have been made to promote greater
understanding instead of covering a “little bit of everything”. The content is organized into
standards, which are then divided into themes. The topics under each theme are not to be
viewed as compartmentalized blocks of knowledge. In general, there are no clear
boundaries between these themes. There may be topics common to different themes for
example “Changing World from Past to Present” can be included in theme of both Science
and Social Studies. Hence, a conscious effort is needed to demonstrate the relationship
between themes whenever possible while writing a textbook. Nevertheless, all of the
themes identified are drawn from the standards for General Science Curriculum and
Social Studies Curriculum.
Each standard consists of various learning areas or topics, which have intended learning
outcomes. Whereas learning outcomes are statements that describe what knowledge,
skills and attitudes students are expected to demonstrate as a result of their cumulative
learning experiences at each grade level. The learning outcomes for a particular learning
area are provided to form a strong foundation for meeting the Benchmarks and Standards
for the entry to Grade IV for Social Studies & General Science.
3.1 KNOWLEDGE
Students will develop knowledge and understandings of the following concepts and apply
their understandings to interpret, integrate, and extend knowledge.
ETHICS AND VALUES
Standard 1: Students identify aspects of good character and good manners to

practice them in their lives.
Benchmarks Grade I-III

Students will:
1.1 identify aspects of good character using polite words, speaking the truth,
practicing kindness, forgiveness and honesty.
1.2 understand the importance of kindness, compassion and sharing with others
and apply in their daily lives.
1.3 demonstrate etiquettes of eating and drinking.
1.4 recognize that all human beings should be equally treated with respect.
1.5 understand and practice community welfare activities.
1.6 resolve conflicts and disputes through peaceful ways
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PROGRESSION BETWEEN THE LEVELS
GRADE I GRADE II GRADE III
• Good qualities • Sharing things • Common conflicts/

disagreements
• Respecting family • Way of helping others
members • Causes of conflicts/
• Need to respect all people
disagreements
• Greeting others • Ways to respect all people
• Impects of conflicts
• Practicing good qualities • Avoid hurting others
• Resolving conflicts
• Eating manners • Ways to reduce the hurt
• Preventing conflicts/
• Table and bathroom • Forgiving others disagreements
etiquettes
• Fairness and Unfairness
• Promoting fairness
RESPONSIBLE CITIZENSHIP
Standard 2: Students demonstrate responsible citizenship by respecting rules,

recognizing rights and responsibilities of citizens and appreciating diversity at local and
global level

Students will:
2.1 demonstrate disciplined behavior at home, school, on the road and in the
playground.
2.2 identify name and the functions of important places in the neighborhood.
2.3 identify and practice responsible behaviour to keep their home and surroundings
clean and green
2.4 recognize and identify rights and responsibilities of good citizen
2.5 appreciate diversity at local and global level
• Rules of playing games • Roles and responsibilities • Individules and

of government community
• What is neighbour hood?
• Right and responsibilities • Key problems
• Key places in
of people/ citizen
neighbourhood o
Need of government
• Sustainable consumption
• Kinds of houses o
Government and
of water People
• Cleaning homes
• Ways to save water and o
Good citizenship
• Places of worship for land
Muslims and others
• Respect for worship
places
• Obeying rules
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DISCOVERING SELF AND IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT
Standard 3: Students recognize their own needs, those of others and understand their
role within their community and environment

Students will:
3.1 introduce themselves by mentioning their name, their family members, friends,
interests and places around them.
3.2 make decision about their future keeping in view their interests.
3.3 identify the ways of keeping oneself clean and demonstrate healthy habits of
personal hygiene.
3.4 identify the causes of diseases and list ways to avoid germs.
3.5 understand need of staying safe in daily life situations.
3.6 identify the safety rules and demonstrate road sense.
• Introduction to self • Lives in the villages and • Changes in the natural

• Importance of cleanliness cities environment
• Way of cleanliness • Key characteristics of a • Conserving the natural

village and city life environment
• Cleanliness and health
• Comparison of village and • Factors for healthy living
• Family memebers city life • Past and present things
• Important achievements • Eid-ul-Fitr
of their Parents • Differences in past and
• Eid-ul-Azha present things
• Different games
• Other cultural and • Indoor safety
• Common traffic rules religious festivals • Outdoor safety
• Safety rules and road • Places for animals
sense
PATRIOTISM AND KNOWLEDGE OF COUNTRY
Standard 4: Students recognize the respect and value of their country Pakistan, its map,
its heroes and the significance of its flag.

Students will:
4.1 demonstrate love and loyalty towards their country.
4.2 recognize national flag and understand symbolism in it.
4.3 recognize the map of Pakistan and learn the full name of the country, its provinces
and areas (AJK, GILGIT BALTISTAN and ICT).
4.4 identify the distinguished personalities of Pakistan like Quaid-e-Azam and Allama
Iqbal.
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• Name the country • Map of Pakistan • Quaid-e-Azam: events

and contributions
• Date of existence • Provinces of Pakistan
• Allama Iqbal: events and
• Flag of Pakistan. • Significance of the
contributions
National Flag
• Significance of the
National Flag
GOODS AND SERVICES
Standard 5: Students understand the concept of interdependence through recognition

of the role of goods and services in our lives and the need for respecting all occupations.

Students will:
5.1 identify people from different occupations and demonstrate respect for them.
5.2 identify different modes of transportation.
5.3 demonstrate disciplined behavior at the public places e.g. bus stop, railway station,
airport etc.
5.4 differentiate among natural, human and capital resources.
• People in school • Common professions in • Natural resources

the village/ city
• Activities in school • Human resources and
• Processing (making capital resources
• Means of transportation
products) • Goods and services
• Activities at airport,
• Common professions/
railway station, bus stop • Buyers and sellers
occupations
• Scarcity
• Professions/ occupations
they like
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LIFE SCIENCES
Standard 6: Students begin to understand and demonstrate curiosity about basic

concepts and processes of the living world around themselves.

Students will:
6.1 recognize the difference between living and non-living things.
6.2 describe senses, body parts and recognize their functions.
6.3 identify the causes of illness and ways to stay healthy.
6.4 differentiate between different plants and animals and classify and recognize them
as a major source of food.
6.5 name major crops of Pakistan and their by products.
• Major parts of the human • Major parts of a plant and • Habitats

body and their function their functions • Kinds of habitats
• Senses (touch, taste, • Plant and seeds • Eco system
smell, sight and hearing) • Growth and change in • Characteristics of
• Common plants and plants. habitats
animals • Uses of plants • Human activities and the
• Need of plants and • Animals on land and in natural habitats
snimals water
• Life cycle of some
• Importance of plants and • Growth and change in animals and plants
animals animals • Plants’ and animals' food
• Living places of animals • Major crops in Pakistan • Basic food groups
• Wild and domestic animals • Live stock • Balanced diet
• Food for animals
• Caring for things around
us
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Standard 7: Students recognize simple forms of Physical phenomena (matter & energy)
and identify everyday uses of them.

Students will:
7.1 understand the physical effects of light (shadows and directions)
7.2 recognize states of matter by observing their basic physical properties
7.3 recognize that energy exists in different forms and uses
7.4 recognize and identify simple machines and their uses .
7.5 identify major inventions.
7.6 identify push and pull as a force and its effects on object
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• Slow and fast means of • Common sources (natural • Role of sunlight in the
transportation and human made) Formation of shadows
• Uses of heat and light • Sunrise and sunset
• Methods of producing • Using the sun for
heat. guidance
• Intensity of heat and light • States of matter
• Importance of resources • Observing matter
• Natural materials • Common sources and
uses of energy
• Human made objects
• Common inventions
• Effects of inventions on
lives
• Simple machines
• Push and pull as a force
• Uses of force
• Force and motion
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Standard 8: Students understand the physical features and environmental changes of

Earth. They recognize Earth as a planet and begin to explore its relationship with
celestial bodies in sky.

Students will:
8.1 identify features of earth and other heavenly bodies like sun, moon and the stars.
8.2 importance of natural sources and understand importance of their conservation
8.3 define the term “pollution” and name its types.
8.4 recognize their own role in reducing pollution in their environment.
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• Shape of earth • Land • Pollution

• Earth’s feature • Living and non-living • Protecting the
things endangered animals
• Sun, Moon and stars
• Some natural resources • Extinct animals
• Objects during day and
night • Importance of natural • Natural disaster
resources
• Water in our lives
• Sources of water
• Uses of water
• Shortage of water
• Wastage of water and
land
• Problems caused by
wastage of water and
land
Note: By the end of Grade III, students will have essential knowledge of Science and Social
Studies that will become foundation of learning for Grade IV. Science and Social Studies will
be introduced as separate subjects from grade IV.
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3.2 SKILLS
Students will develop the skills required for inquiry, solving problems, communicating
ideas and results, for working collaboratively, and making informed decisions.
Students use a variety of skills in the process of answering questions, solving problems,
and making decisions. While these skills are not unique to General Knowledge, they play
an important role in development of systematic understandings and in the application of
the same to new situations. However, the listing of skills is not intended to imply a linear
sequence or to identify a single set of skills required in each investigation. Every
investigation and application has unique features that determine a particular mix and
sequence of skills involved thereto.
These will assist in the development of skills with their increasing scope and complexity of
application in higher grades.
a. Initiating and Planning: These are the skills of questioning, identifying problems,
and developing preliminary ideas and plans.
b. Performing and Recording: These are the skills of carrying out a plan of action,
which involves gathering evidence by observation and, in most cases, manipulating
materials and equipment.
c. Analyzing and Interpreting: These are the skills of examining information and
evidence, processing and presenting data interpreting, evaluating, and applying the
results.
d. Communication and collaboration: Communication skills are essential at every
stage where ideas are being developed, tested, interpreted, debated/ discussed, and
agreed upon. Collaboration skills are also important, as the development and
application of inductive and deductive ideas are collaboratively processed both in
the society and in the classroom.
3.3 ATTITUDES AND MORAL VALUES
Students will be encouraged to develop attitudes that support the responsible

acquisition and application of the knowledge to the mutual benefit of self, society,
and environment.
Attitudes refer to generalized aspects of behavior that are modeled for students by
example and reinforced by selective approval. Attitudes are not acquired in the same way
as skills and knowledge. They cannot be observed at any particular moment, but are
evidenced by regular, unprompted manifestation over time. Attitude development is a
lifelong process that involves the home, the school, the community, and the society at
large.
The development of attitudes and moral values generally occurs through the following
stages where teacher has a key responsibility:
• being aware of the importance and the need for developing attitudes and values.
• giving emphasis to these attitudes and values.
• practicing and internalizing these attitudes and values.
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The attitudes outcome focuses on the following ways in which school education can
contribute to attitudinal growth of the young students. These have been articulated as
general statements that have guided the development of the learning outcomes, which
also provide links to science & technology, society and environment:
3.3.1 Appreciation of interest in science, social studies and ethics:
Students will be encouraged to appreciate the role and contribution of science,

technology & behavioral science in their lives, to be aware of their limits and impacts.
Students will be encouraged to develop enthusiasm and continuing interest in the study
of Science, Social Studies and Ethics. General Knowledge of these disciplines will
contribute to attitudinal growth when students are involved in discussion and activities
that stimulate their interest and curiosity, thus increasing their motivation for learning
and encouraging them to become interested in further education.
3.3.2 Inquiry:
Students will be encouraged to develop attitudes that support inquiry, problem solving,
and decision-making. At early grades students will be engaged in partial and full inquiries
that are within their developmental capabilities. It can only contribute to attitudinal
growth when students are provided with the opportunities for development,
reinforcement, and extension of attitudes, which encourage inquiry such as
open-mindedness respect for reason and evidence, initiative, perseverance, creativity and
inventiveness.
3.3.3 Collaboration:
Students will be encouraged to develop attitudes that support collaborative activities.

Students are provided with opportunities to work in groups on real-life problems, thus
developing a sense of interpersonal responsibilities, openness to diversity, respect for
multiple perspectives, and an appreciation of the role, effort and contribution of others.
3.3.4 Stewardship:
Students will be encouraged to develop responsibility for the application of their

knowledge in relation to Science & Technology, Society and Environment. Education in
these disciplines can contribute to attitudinal growth, when students are involved in
activities that encourage responsible behavior towards fellow-beings, living things and
the environment, and when students are encouraged to consider issues related to
sustainability and harmony in the society from a variety of perspectives.
3.3.5 Safety:
Students will be encouraged to demonstrate a concern for safety in their daily life, be at
school or otherwise. School education can contribute to attitudinal growth when students
are encouraged to assess and manage potential dangers and apply safety procedures in
their daily life, thus developing a positive attitude towards safety.
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4.1 GRADE – I
4.1 GRADE – I
LEARNING THEMES AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ATTITUDES
THEMES STUDENTS' LEARNING OUTCOMES ACTIVITIES
All the students will be able • Work in groups and share

to: information about
themselves with group
• describe themselves members.
briefly. For example, their
name, age, likes and
dislikes, games, favourite
food, what they want to be
when they grow up.
• identify good qualities in • In pairs identify first their

My Self themselves (telling the own and then their
truth; respecting elders partner’s good qualities.
• Introduction to Self and listening to their Share the findings with
• Good Qualities advice; getting up early in their class fellows.
the morning etc).
• recognize the good

qualities of others.
• identify the ways in which • Work in pairs, and

they are same and compare their likes and
different from others dislikes of food, colours,
with respect to likes and sports etc.
dislikes.
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4.1 GRADE – I
• name major parts of the • Draw their body parts

human body (eyes, nose, and name them.
ears, mouth, arms, feet
and legs) • Group Work: Match the
given cut outs of the
• identify the functions of body parts with their
various body parts functions
• name the five senses • Name things they can
My Body see, taste, smell, hear
• identify their body parts and touch
which help them to taste,
• Major parts of the Human touch, smell, hear and see
body and their Function
• Senses (Touch, Taste, • identify the sensory • Categorize various tastes,
Smell, Sight and descriptions of each of the sounds, smells etc from
five senses (Taste: sweet, the given items.
Hearing)
sour, bitter, salty; Touch:
smooth, hard, soft, rough,
cold, warm, hot; Hearing:
loud, soft, high, low; Sight:
bright, dim and recognize
colors; Smell: pleasant,
unpleasant)
• identify the ways by which • Demonstrate through role

they can keep themselves play the steps for washing
clean (washing hands hands and brushing teeth.
before and after meals and
after using the toilet, • Practice and demonstrate
clipping/trimming nails, cleanliness in the
brushing teeth daily, classroom by keeping
taking bath regularly etc.) their seat desk and
surrounding area clean.
Keeping Ourselves Clean • recognize the importance of • Design messages related

keeping themselves, their to health and cleanliness
clothes and surroundings and share with family. (link
• Importance of Cleanliness
clean for their health. to art work)
• Ways of Cleanliness
• Cleanliness and Health • identify the causes of illness • Narrate personal
experiences of students
• identify the unhealthy and teachers regarding
habits that cause illnesses any illness caused by
(like cough and diarrhea unhealthy food/
etc.) environment.
• recognize the fact that • Videos can be shown to

germs can cause diseases elaborate the spreading of
and list ways to avoid germs.
germs.
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4.1 GRADE – I
• identify some family • List family members that

members (parents, brothers live with them.
and sisters, grand-parents,
aunts, uncles and cousins • Name their favorite
(paternal and maternal). family member and share
the reason.
• recognize that they should
respect all family members • Draw a family tree
and friends.
My Family and Friends • Talk about their favourite
• list their friends at home friends and share the
• Family Members and school reason why?
• Respecting Family
• narrate the special qualities
Members of some of their friends.
• Important achievements of
their Parents • talk about things that their • Conduct an interview with
parents did differently in parents or grandparents to
past from today find out how things were
different in the past (food,
• talk about some living style, dressing,
differences in the way means of communication,
things were done in the transportation festivals
past etc.) and share with their
classmates.
• name the games they like • Identify different games

to play. from the given pictures.
• recognize the importance • Participate in team based

of collaboration by games
participating in group
activities and games.
Games and Rules
• define rules • Identify at least three

• Different Games rules of students’
• Rules of Playing • recognize the importance favourite game.
Games of following rules.
• observe and identify the

rules when playing a
game.
• understand the
importance of playing
games and exercise for
better health.
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4.1 GRADE – I
• recognize that many • Prepare a checklist of

families living in a locality ‘how I am helpful to keep
make a neighborhood. my home, school and
neigbourhood clean’.
• describe their
neighbourhood (in terms • Make a waste paper
of people, farms, shops, basket for the class.
streets, parks and
Neighbourhood playgrounds etc.). • Draw a picture of their
house and colour it.
• What is neighbour • identify key places on a
pictorial map of a
hood?
neighborhood.
• Key Places in a
neighbourhood • describe their home.
• Kinds of Houses
• Cleaning Homes • identify the different
kinds of houses
(bungalow, mud house,
hut, and apartment).
• identify what makes the

neighborhood clean or
dirty.
• understand and practice

the idea of keeping their
homes and
neighborhood clean.
Places of Worship in the • identify the Masjid in • Interview any elder to get
Neighbourhood their neighborhood as a information about places
place of worship for of worship of different
• Places of worship for Muslims religions.
Muslims and others
• inquire about other
• Respect for worship places
places of worship
(church, temple,
gurdwara etc)
• recognize that they

should respect all places
of worship and all
religions
26
4.1 GRADE – I
• tell the full name of our • Gather any information

country and date of about Pakistan and share
existence. with the class.
Our Country:
Pakistan • AJK students need to
• recognize that all the
recognize and draw their
countries have a flag
own flag along with the
• Name of the Country
country (Pakistan) flag.
• Date of Existence • draw the flag of Pakistan.
• Flag of Pakistan • Ask the students if they
• identify what the colours know anyone from a
• Significance of the
and symbols on the flag different faith than their
National Flag represent. own to understand the
significance of the white
part of our flag and share
in the class and assembly
• tell the name and location
of their school.
• identify the people they
interact with in school
(teachers, students,
principal, service providing
staff etc.)
• talk about the activities • make at least five school
they engage in at school. rules to follow them with
the help of the teacher.
• share the rules they follow
in the school.
• understand and follow the
class and school rules.
• understand why following
the rules is important
School
• appreciate diversity by • Guess Who am I? Activity:
• People in School understanding that they identify school personnel
make different friends in through oral prompts or
• Activities in School
school and these friends flashcards.
• Obeying Rules can be from different social
and religious backgrounds • Plan a cultural show in
the class.
• recognize that they should
respect everyone in their
school (teachers, class
fellows, service providing
staff etc. regardless of their
faith ethnicity and social
background)
• Know the importance of
keeping their school clean.
27
4.1 GRADE – I
• identify the means of • Bring pictures/ toys of

transportation which fast and slow means of
people use. transportation and share
the difference.
Getting Around • differentiate between
• Arrange the pictures from
Transportation slow & fast means of
slowest to fastest means
transportation.
of transportation.
• Means of
• identify the places where • Show videos related to
Transportation buses and trains stop, airport, bus stop, railway
• Slow & Fast Means of aeroplanes land and station and harbor.
Transportation ships berth.
• Activities at Airport, • Observe the activities
• describe the activities
Railway Station, Bus stop happening at these
that take place at a bus
etc. places to share with the
stop, railway station,
class.
airport, and harbour.
Traffic Rules • identify some traffic rules

• identify the safety rules • Recite the poem on traffic
• Common Traffic Rules they should follow while signs wearing traffic signs
• Safety Rules and Road walking on the road, masks.
crossing a road, traveling
Sense
by a bus etc.
• greet others by saying • Make a chart of classroom
Assalam o Alaikum, Hello, rules (using courtesy words)
Good Morning etc.
• Use please and thank you
when asking for and
receiving something and
sorry for mistakes and
excuse me to address.
Good Manners and Habits
• identify and list various • Divide students in groups
• Greeting Others aspects of good character and assign one topic of
• Practicing Good (punctuality, speaking good character for role play
Qualities politely, kindness, with the help of teacher.
honesty and
• Eating Manners
truthfulness). • Narrate stories about how
• Table and Bathroom and when they shared
Etiquettes • recognise the importance something with a friend or
of good manners. vice versa.
• demonstrate etiquettes • Talk about the importance

of eating (don’t waste of sharing with others
food, eat with clean
hands, don’t drop food • Arrange a class activity
around). where students share with
each other. (food,
stationery, books etc.)
28
4.1 GRADE – I
• Understand the hazards • Work in groups and make

of eating unhealthy food. a list of some additional
good manners.
• recognize and identify
the etiquettes of using
the washroom.
• recognize living and • Observe and differentiate

non-living things around between living and
them non-living things
• identify the plants they • Visit school (or any other)

see around them. garden in groups to
Things Around us (Plants compare different types
and Animals) • recognize the differences of plants and share the
between the plants they similarities and
• Common Plants and see around them. differences with the rest
Animals of the class.
• Need of Plants and
Animals
• Importance of Plants • recognize the importance • Teacher to discuss
and Animals of plants/ trees as a importance of these
• Living Places of source of food, shade, plants and trees.
Animals and shelter
• Wild and Domestic
Animals
• identify the things around
• Food for Animals them that are made up of
• Caring for Things plants/ trees
around Us
• identify some common
domestic and wild animals
• identify the differences • Draw or bring picture of

between common your favorite pet animal
domestic and wild animals and tell your class fellows
in terms of physical how you take care of it.
features
• identify the food which

different animals eat.
• recognize the importance

of animals as a source of
food, joy and transport.
29
4.1 GRADE – I
• identify the homes of

animals (nest, burrow
etc.)
• differentiate between
animals that can and
cannot be kept at home
with reasons.
• identify measures for

better care of domestic
and wild animals and
plants.
• identify Earth as a planet. • Draw Earth and identify

the land and water
Earth and Sky • recognize and identify portion.
the shape of the Earth.
• Shape of the Earth • Observe the globe to
• Earth's features • recognize that the Earth understand the shape of
is covered with land and earth.
water.
• identify objects in the sky • Draw Sun, moon and

Objects in the Sky during day and night. stars on a paper or chart.
• Sun, Moon and Stars

• Objects during Day • recognize that the sun • Observe the objects in
and Night shines very brightly the sky during the day
during the day and gives and the night
us heat and light.
• recognize that the moon

and stars shine at night.
30
4.2 GRADE – II
4.2 GRADE – II
All the students will be able • Collect pictures depicting

to: the cultural diversity of
Pakistan
• recognize the map of
Our Country: Pakistan. • Make a collage
Pakistan
• name the provinces and • Organize a presentation
areas (AJK, GB and ICT) of on different cultures of
• Map of Pakistan Pakistan. Pakistan
• Provinces of Pakistan
• Significance of the • depict the cultural diversity
National Flag of all provinces and areas
of Pakistan.
• recognize the significance

of National flag.
• recognize that the people • Visit any nearest village/

of Pakistan live in villages Urban area/ town/ city
and cities. and describe its key
characteristics.
• identify key
characteristics of a village
Villages and Cities (buildings, facilities,
environment and the
work people do)
Lives in the villages and
cities:
• identify key characteristics • indicate choice of place
• Key Characteristics of a of a city to live and give reasons
Village and City
• Comparison of Village • compare village and city
and City Life life
• Common Professions and • identify some common
Occupations in the Village/ professions and
City occupations of a village/ city
(tailor, butcher, cobbler,
musician etc.)
• define government Role Play: Dialogue between

Role and Responsibilities a government officer and a
• identify some goods and citizen regarding roles and
• Role and Responsibilities of services that government responsibilities of
Government provides for the people government and other
(health, education, clean citizens.
• Rights and Responsibilities
water, infrastructure,
of People/ Citizen.
utilities, safety and
security etc.)
31
4.2 GRADE – II
• list three rights of the

citizens (Right to food, free
education, protection,
equality and health care)
• understand that everyone

has a right to practice their
own religion freely
• identify their
responsibilities with
respect to each right
(careful use of food, water
and other resources,
regularity and hard work
towards education, taking
care of surroundings and
hygiene, treating everyone
equally, and following
rules and regulations)
• appreciate the rights and

responsibilities of
individuals within their
community and in the
wider world
• understand why Muslims • Arrange Eid-Milan Party at
celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr and school
Eid-ul-Azha
Religious Festivals in • Charity campaigns may be
Pakistan • describe how people organized to inculcate the
celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr and concepts of sharing and
Eid-ul-Azha sacrifice
• Eid-ul-Fitr & Eid-ul-Azha
• Other Cultural and • identify other religious • Collect information about
Religious Festivals and cultural festivals of religious festivals of
other faiths celebrated in different faiths and share
Pakistan with the class
• recognize that the • Divide the students into

The Natural Environment natural environment groups who will select one
comprises of living and natural resource each
Land: non-living things (within the school) and
• Living and non-Living ask them to discuss and
Things share the ways to
conserve that (Sustainable
• Some Natural Resources
consumption of resources)
• Importance of Natural
Resources
32
4.2 GRADE – II
• name some natural • Visit the whole school

resources of land, water and and make list of living
air. and non- living things.
• recognize the importance of

natural resources.
• list the ways in which people

use natural resources
• appreciate that life begins

with water.
• recognize the importance

of water for living things.
• identify the natural sources • Integrate the following

of water. activities with ART period
• identify the main sources of • Design a poster for

water in their locality. careful use of water.
• Draw main sources of

Water water in their locality.
• Water in our lives • recognize the importance of

• Sources of Water the resources of water.
• Uses of Water
• Shortage of water • narrate how water gets • Flow charts, pictures,
• Sustainable from a natural source to models and videos can be
consumption of water the taps in their home. used.
• list the daily activities in Role play:

which they use water.
• Design a role play to
• recognize that clean water create awareness among
should be used for drinking the students regarding
and cooking purposes hazards of using unclean
water
• understand that boiling,
filtering etc. are methods of • Get information about
purifying water the areas in the country
where people are facing
• recognize that there are shortage of water
some areas that always face
shortage of water
33
4.2 GRADE – II
• identify major parts of a • Soak a few bean seeds in

Plants plant. (root, stem, leaf a jar, fill with mud and
and flower) observe over a few weeks
• Major Parts of a Plant and
their functions • list the functions of root, • Record/draw their
• Plant and Seeds stem, leaf and flower findings. How did the
seed change into a plant?
• Growth and Change in
Plants • identify different kinds of • Collect different types of
• Uses of Plants leaves found around leaves and paste them on
them a chart with names
• Trace the outlines of

leaves on a chart and
colour them
• Cut out the coloured

leaves and display in the
classroom
• identify the roots that are

eaten by people
• name a few plants around

them which have flowers,
and which do not have
flowers
• identify the fruits which • Bring some plants or
have seeds in them their pictures which grow
from seeds/ stem/ roots
• recognize that some plants
grow from seeds while
others grow from stems or
roots
• identify that soil, light, air • Take two pots with growing
and water are needed to plants. Provide one with all
grow a plant the factors necessary to
grow while keep other
away from light, water etc.
• Observe the plants over

time and record their
findings
• highlight the importance • Students to conduct a

of plants for climate plantation activity in
change school and take care of
the plants they have
planted
34
4.2 GRADE – II
Animals • list the animals they see

in their surroundings
• Animals on Land and (land and water)
in Water
• Growth and Change in
Animals • recognize the animals • Visit the zoo/ farm
• Places for Animals that live on land are /animals shed and
different in features from observe what different
those that live in water animals look like? Share
your findings with the
• recognize that all animals class.
have young ones that
grow into adults • Alternatively cut out
pictures of different
animals and paste them
on a chart to make a zoo.
• name different • Color the pictures of

animals and their animals and their young
young ones. For ones.
example, horse and
foal, cat and kitten,
dog and puppy, hen
and chick, frogs and
tadpoles, butterflies
and caterpillars etc.)
• identify that some Match pictures of

young animals do young animals
not look like their with their parents
parents (frogs and
butterflies etc.)
• list the animals that

feed their young
ones and look after
them
• name different places

where animals live
(water, forests,
mountains, deserts
etc.)
35
4.2 GRADE – II
• recognize that natural • Soak a few bean seeds in a

Uses of Earth's Resources resources are essential jar, fill with mud and
for survival of human observe over a few weeks
• Importance of beings (land for farming,
Resources river/ sea for fishing, air • Record/ draw their
for breathing etc.) findings. How did the seed
• Natural Materials
change into a plant?
• Human Made Objects
• differentiate between the Group work: Take a round
materials that are found of the school and list natural
naturally and the objects and man-made resources.
that are made from these
materials by humans
• recognize that people

manufacture different
things from natural
resources to serve humanity
Agriculture and Live Stock. • list the major crops in • Collect the seeds of
Pakistan. major crops for
identification.
• Major Crops in
• recognize that people (wheat, maize, rice,
Pakistan process the crops they grow cotton and pulses.)
• Processing (Making for making products (cotton
Products) to thread to cloth to • Collect pictures and
• Live stock garments). make a list of
livestock.
• recognize and identify the
importance of livestock.
• identify the ways in which

human beings waste
water.
Conservation of the Earth's
Resources • identify problems caused by Organize a speech contest/
wastage of water. poster making competition
• Wastage of Water and on conservation of
Land • suggest ways to save water resources
• Problems caused by • recognize the importance
Wastage of Water and of forests for human
Land beings
• Ways to Save Water • identify the ways in which
and Land the land is destroyed due
to human activity
(deforestation).
• suggest ways to reduce

deforestation.
36
4.2 GRADE – II
Heat and Light • identify sources of heat • Observe & identify

and light in their homes, the light sources and
• Common Sources schools and list them.
surroundings.
(Natural and Human
• Rub hands and
made) • group sources of light observe how heat is
• Uses of Heat and Light and heat into natural and produced.
• Methods of Producing human made.
Heat
• Intensity of Heat and • identify and describe
methods of producing
Light
heat (burning and rubbing
etc.)
• list the uses of heat and

light.
• recognize that the

intensity of heat and light
is felt more as they come
nearer to the source.
Helping Others • understand the

importance of sharing
• Sharing Things things.
• Ways of Helping others
• list the things they share
with others (toys, books,
stationery items, lunch
with friends etc.)
• identify from given • Narrate an incident
pictures and stories the when they helped
ways in which people someone in any way.
help each other (at home,
in classroom, in
village/city, at the time of
any need or disaster)
• identify from their daily • Teacher will provide

life, the ways in which different situations
people are to students in
interdependent and how groups. They will be
they help each other to asked to share their
make a difference in their ideas how they are
own lives and the lives of dependent on
others. others. (It could be a
role play, an oral
presentation or
charts presentation)
37
4.2 GRADE – II
Professions/ Occupations • identify some professions • State what they would

around Us from pictures (teaching, like to be when they grow
farming, medicine etc) up (role play)
• Common Professions/
• recognize the role of
Occupations
some common
• Professions/ professions in their daily
Occupations they like lives.
• state which profession

they like the most and
why?
Respecting Others and • recognize that all human

Appreciating their Diversity beings are equal and
(elders, religion, ethnic important.
groups, gender, social class)
• identify that all human
beings are similar and
• Need to Respect all People
different in number of
• Ways to Respect all People ways including family,
culture, climate, ethnicity
and religion they should
be respected
• recognize the need to

respect all people as they
are born equal and with
dignity
• identify ways in which

they can show respect for
all
• identify occasions when it • To demonstrate the

is important to wait for importance of taking
one's turn. For example, turns the teacher will
while speaking, in the place the students’
school, on the bus stop, notebooks on a table and
at canteen and ticketing ask the students to
counters etc. collect them. Teacher will
monitor the behavior of
• understand that it is the students and will
necessary to show remind them if necessary.
respect for others’ needs, It may be followed by a
interests, opinions and discussion on importance
feelings of taking turns.
38
4.2 GRADE – II
Forgiveness and • recognize what they say • narrate any incident of

and do, can hurt others,
Forgiving others �
forgiveness from the life
and what others do and
� ��
say, can hurt them (telling of �� ‫�� ا‬ Hazrat
• Avoid hurting others lies, pushing others,
• Ways to reduce the Muhammad
bullying using derogatory
Hurt. words etc.)
• Forgiving Others.
• recognize that mistakes are
a natural outcome of
learning and nothing to be
ashamed about or to make
fun of
• recognize that making fun

of others can cause distress
and hurt others.
• identify ways in which we • Share an incident from
can redress the hurt caused their personal lives when
to others (ask for they forgave someone or
forgiveness, say sorry, do requested someone for
something special for them forgiveness
etc.)
• recognize that when people

hurt them, they must
forgive them.
Being Just Fair • identify fairness and • Tell any moral

unfairness in their daily lesson-based story in the
• Fairness and lives. class and discuss the
Unfairness lesson learnt. (group
• identify ways of making activity)
• Promoting Fairness
unfair situations fair.
• accept responsibility for

treating others unfairly.
• mend their behavior when it

is proved unfair through
realization.
• understand that fair dealing

must be exercised with
everyone regardless of their
social class, cultural and
ethnic background
(inclusion of all in games
and group activities).
39
4.3 GRADE – III
4.3 GRADE – III
Habitat All the students will be able

to:
• Kinds of Habitats
• Eco system • recognize that heat and
light of the Sun helps to
• Characteristics of
sustain life on Earth
Habitats which is the only known
• Human Activities and planet where life exists.
the Natural Habitats
• define the term habitat. • Collect pictures of

different habitats,
• describe the different relevant animals and
habitats for living things plants
(polar regions, desert,
forest, aquatic)
• name plants and animals

that live in each of the
different habitats.
• briefly introduce what an

ecosystem is.
• identify the • Place one plant in light,

environmental factors one in dark and one
(temperature, light, covered with polythene
water) that support life in sheet and observe for a
a habitat. week.
• identify the ways plants • Make an aquarium or any

and animals have other habitat and present
features suitable to their that to the class. (Project
habitat (camel, fish, polar Work)
bear, cacti, lotus, pine
trees etc.).
• identify the ways human

activities affect the
natural habitats.
40
4.3 GRADE – III
Changes in Living Things • compare different stages • Draw and sequence the
of lifespan of plants and stages of the life cycle of
• Life cycle of some animals (from pictures, a plant/animal.
animals and plants through observation
/ Video etc.)
• identify the changes in • Draw or interpret

the lifespan of an animal diagrams of the life
and a plant. cycles of animal and
plants, from their own
surrounding, to identify
the different stages.
The Sun • describe the formation of • Fix a pole in school

shadows ground and observe the
• Sunrise and Sunset size of the shadow with
• recognize that the size the position of the sun
• Role of Sunlight in the
and direction of the and time of day.
Formation of Shadows shadow can be used to
• Using the Sun for estimate (guess) time
Guidance
• identify that on Earth, the
direction of sunrise is ‘East’
and the direction of sunset
is ‘West’.
• identify South and North

with respect to East and
West, namely, South and
North
• name places towards • Draw a map of your

North, South, East and neighbourhood showing
West of the school/home. postion of your school/home
Matter • identify matter and its • Name a solid, liquid and

states gas around themselves
• States of Matter
• recognize basic • Use a balloon to help
• Observing Matter
differences between states students understand how
of matter, such as water, gas or liquid feels inside
through physically a balloon and how a solid
observable properties (e.g. balloon feels when it is
shape; size) empty
41
4.3 GRADE – III
Energy and its sources • recognize that energy is Students will make a list
required for doing work. of tasks performed in
• Common sources and • understand that sources of their daily life that
energy are used for many require energy
uses of energy
things (move an object,
heating, lighting,
transportation, electric
appliances etc.).
• identify natural sources of
energy (e.g. the sun, wood,
flowing water, wind, coal,
oil, gas).
Resources and type of • define the term “resouces”

resources • state type of resources,
natural resources, human
resources and capital
• Types of Resources
resources
• Natural resources,
Human Resources, and • identify natural resources • Collect the pictures of
Capital Resources (plants, animals, water, air, natural, human and
• Goods and Services land, forests and soil) capital resources. Paste
• Buyers and Sellers human resources (farmers, on a chart or booklet and
• Scarcity builders, painters etc.), present in the classroom
capital resources (trucks,
computer, factory buildings
etc.) of Pakistan.
• define the terms: goods, • Role play: Buyer and

services, buyers and seller
sellers.
• identify the main goods • Visit nearest market and

and services of their local list what is being sold
area there.
• recognize the need for

interdependence as not
all goods and services are
available in their area.
• define scarcity. • Group Activity: identify
the scarce resources in
their surroundings.
• recognize that people

make economic choices
because goods and
services are limited.
42
4.3 GRADE – III
Conservation of Natural • describe ways in which

Resources humans have changed the
natural environment
• Changes in the Natural
• define the term pollution
Environment
• Pollution • list different types of
• Conserving the Natural pollution (noise , air, water,
Environment land)
• Protecting the
• predict that what would • Make a presentation on
Endangered Animals happen if natural what would happen if
• Extinct Animals resources were all used up there was no water/ gas/
(Dinosaurs) electricity at school or in
their locality
• suggest ways to save • Design a poster to
natural resources communicate ways to
conserve natural resources
• identify the endangered • Group Activity:

animals of Pakistan. Make a pictorial
(Indus Dolphin, Markhor, presentation on
Blackbuck etc.) endangered animals
• suggest ways to protect

the endangered animals
• identify animals, which

are extinct (Dinosaurs
etc.)
Food
• recognize that plants make
their own food in the
• Plants’ and Animals' Food presence of sunlight
• Basic Food Groups
• Balanced Diet • recognize that different
• Factors for Healthy living animals eat different kinds
of food
• identify certain food

groups as fruits,
vegetables, grains, dairy
food, meat and dry fruit.
• define a balanced diet.
43
4.3 GRADE – III
• recognize that healthy • Prepare a flyer to educate

living requires eating a others of the importance
balanced diet, keeping of cleanliness for healthy
clean, sleeping well, and living.
exercising regularly
• identify the ways to get • Make a personal

sufficient exercise to stay timetable mentioning
healthy. time for study, exercise,
play, leisure and rest.
Quaid-e-Azam • introduce Quaid-e-Azam as • Sketch out
the founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam’s character
• Major events in life of through Role play.
Quaid-e-Azam • narrate the major events in
the life of Quaid-e Azam
• Contributions
(date of birth, founder of
Pakistan, few major
contributions, and the date
when he died).
Allama Iqbal • introduce Allama Iqbal as • Recite any of Allama

a personality who Iqbal’s poem.
expounded the idea of
• Major events in life of
Pakistan. • Interview your
Allama Iqbal
parents/ grandparents/
• Contributions • narrate the major events elder brother or sister to
in the life of Allama Iqbal investigate about Allama
(date of birth, national Iqbal’s life.
poet, famous poems for
children, and the date
when he died).
Changing World • recognize that present

time is different from
• Past and Present Things the past in terms of
• Differences in Past and living style, food,
communication, clothes
Present Things
etc.
• identify how schools, • Collect and paste the

communities, and pictures of past and
transportation have present means of
changed over time (from transportation.
the given pictures).
• sequence events in a • Visit a museum/ historical

narrative in chronological places and observe what
order. changes occurred in
people’s lives.
44
4.3 GRADE – III
Inventions • describe what an • List a few favorite

invention is. inventions.
• Common Inventions • identify major recent

• Effects of Inventions inventions (e.g. aeroplane,
computer, medicines etc.)
on lives
• analyse recent inventions • Discuss how a future

(electricity, computers, invention could change
phone, internet etc.) have life of the people.
changed the life people.
• define tool as an • Identify some tools of the

Force and Machines instrument to make past that are still in use
people’s work easier today
• Simple Machines • name and identify different • Draw some simple

• Push and Pull as a Force forms of simple machines machines used in daily life
• Uses of Force (inclined plane; lever; (e.g. screwdriver; hammer;
• Force and Motion pulley; wheel - and - axel; plier; scissors)
wedge)
• recognize that push and • Push and pull the door and
pulls move things fast or explain the intensity of
slow. (push and pull as a force and quantity of
force) change.
• Play tug of War to explain
push and pull
• recognize from pictures of

the past that force applied
by humans and animals
moved vehicles (Tonga,
bullock cart, cycle,
pushcart) while today
vehicles are moved by
machines (bus, motorcycle
and car etc.)
• recognize that greater the

force, the greater the
change in the motion of an
object.
• observe and describe how

motion of vehicles can be
changed by applying force
(speed up, slow down, stop,
change direction etc.)
45
4.3 GRADE – III
Making the World a Better • define community and its

Place: The Role of the importance.
Government and Citizens
• describe the activities that
• Individuals and individuals perform for
Community the welfare of the
community.
• Key Problems
• Need of Government
• identify key problems in • Group activity: inquire
• Government and People their local area (shortage about a problem in the
• Good Citizenship of drinking water, community, identify its
pollution, lack of health causes, suggest solutions
and educational facilities, and take a responsible
poor sewerage system action to solve the issue.
etc.) (one problem per group)
• recognize that citizens

organize themselves to
meet their needs
• describe what the

government does to meet
the needs of the citizens
• suggest ways the • Prioritize three problems

government and people from the previous activity
can work together to in groups and identify for
meet people's needs in local
the area
• identify ways they can

demonstrate good
citizenship (playing fairly,
helping others, following
rules, taking
responsibility for one's
actions).
• identify the personal • Make a chart of the

traits of good citizens qualities of a good
(trustworthiness, respect citizen.
for law, responsibility,
honesty, tolerance,
gender equality and
respect for others’ rights.
46
4.3 GRADE – III
Working out Disagreement • recognize the

disagreements / conflicts
• Common Conflicts/ that occur at home, in
Disagreement school and in the local
community.
• Causes of Conflicts/ • identify the feelings of • Draw various face

Disagreement people in different expressions to show
conflicting situations. different feelings (happy,
sad, angry etc.)
• Impact of Conflicts/
Disagreement • identify reasons for
disagreements with friends
• Resolving Conflicts/ and family members.
Disagreement • identify the ways in which
people resolve conflicts/
• Preventing Conflicts/ disagreements at home, in
Disagreement school.
• use discussion and • Resolve a class conflict
problem-solving methods through a role play with
to work out different situations
disagreement. highlight the traits of
tolerance, flexibility and
pluralism. (Group Work)
Safety • recognize the need of • Demonstrate through a

personal safety role play how to rescue
• Personal Safety • understand the risk and themselves and others
danger associated with the during a disaster
use of electric appliances/ (Earthquake, flood and
• Indoor Safety fire).
sharp objects/ fire.
• Outdoor Safety • practice safety measures • Show a video to the
while using electrical students related with
appliances. stranger danger and
• Natural Disaster
• list the various hazards they generate discussion
can face at home (bare
wires, damaged roof, broken • Identify potential hazard
glass, fire, scissor etc.) areas in their school and
home (bare wires, broken
• underﬆand the ways of being glass etc.) and recommend
careful and ﬆaying safe ways to make their home
• identify some common and school safe
disasters and ways to stay
safe.
• understand that they should
not hide anything from their
parents/ teachers/ guardians
to stay safe from any
unexpected situation.
47
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
5.1 THE ROLE OF TEACHER
Teachers have extremely important responsibilities in implementing the main objectives of

the curriculum. This means that when teachers design teaching and learning strategies, they
must ensure that these strategies include learning opportunities and enriching experiences
for their students aimed at and achieving the learning outcomes set out in the curriculum.
It is established that what students learn is fundamentally connected to how they learn it.
Therefore, there is a need for new forms of classroom organization, communication, and
instructional strategies where the teacher is a facilitator of learning whose major tasks
include but are not limited to:
• Creating a classroom environment that reflects a constructive, active view of the learning
process that supports learning and teaching.
• Designing effective learning experiences that help students achieve expected learning
outcomes.
• Stimulating and managing classroom discourse in support of student learning.
• Learning about and then using student’s motivations, interests, abilities, and learning
styles to improve learning and teaching.
• Selecting teaching strategies from a wide repertoire.
• Assessing students’ learning, including their participation in classroom activities for
making ongoing instructional decisions.
5.2 THE CHANGING NATURE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
Traditional Instructional Practices generally have shown that:
• Most of the classroom time is spent on teachers lecturing, students listening and reading
textbooks.
• Teachers use the same set of practices for every lesson. They do not review the previous
day’s lessons, state their objectives, present, demonstrate, model, check for
understanding, provide guided practice, and use closure.
• There are fewer connections between school learning and the everyday world.
• Knowledge of subject becomes an exercise of rote learning.
In such an environment, the role of the student is to memorize information, conduct

well-regulated experiments, and perform activities using a specific prescribed procedure
and then be tested on their ability to repeat these tasks or remember specific facts.
In the light of current understanding about the nature of learners and learning, the roles
and responsibilities of students and teachers in the learning process are changing. The way
in which learning is defined has expanded from simply recalling of facts or definitions to
being able to find connections between facts to build conceptual understanding. Teaching
for conceptual change requires knowledge about the preconceptions of the students. It
helps them to purposefully design, intellectually engaging explorations that encourage
students to confront and refine their own ideas. The teaching strategies described in this
curriculum are intended to support these changing emphases and classroom learning.
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The purpose of this curriculum is therefore, not to memorize the ‘’right’’ answer by the
students but for them to move along a learning continuum toward a deeper
understanding of concepts and processes. While students engage in constructing their
own understanding of each concept, the primary role of teaching is not to lecture,
explain, or otherwise attempt to ‘transfer’ knowledge, but to create situations for
students that will encourage their making the necessary mental constructions.
5.3 THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Teachers need to keep themselves abreast of recent trends in teaching and learning. They
need to learn, analyze, and appraise, new developments in this field. For example,
developmentally appropriate instructions describe an approach to education that focuses
on the child as a developing human being and a lifelong learner. This approach
recognizes the child as an active participant in the learning process: a participant who
constructs meaning and knowledge through interaction with others, friends and family,
materials and environment. The teacher is an active facilitator who helps the child to
understand meaning of the various activities and interactions encountered through the
teaching-learning process. It requires teachers to make decisions in the classroom by
combining their knowledge of child development with an understanding of the individual
child to achieve desired and meaningful outcomes. Teachers ought to value the basic
principles of active learning; some of these are:
1. Learning Involves the Whole Mind and Body. Learning is not all merely ‘’head’’
learning (conscious, rational, ‘’left-brained,’’ and verbal) but involves the whole body/
mind with all its emotions, senses and receptors.
2. Learning in Creation, Not Consumption. Knowledge is not something a learner

absorbs, but something a learner creates. Learning happens when a learner integrates
new knowledge and skills into their own existing structure. Learning is literally a
matter of creating new meaning, new natural networks, and new patterns of electro/
chemical interactions within one’s total brain/body system.
3. Collaboration Aids Learning. The good learning has a social base. We often learn
more by interacting with peers than we learn by any other means. Competition
between learners slows learning. Cooperation among learners speeds it.
4. Learning Takes Place on Many Levels Simultaneously. Learning is not a matter of

absorbing one thing at a time in linear fashion, but absorbing many things at once.
Good learning engages people on many levels simultaneously (conscious and Para
conscious, mental and physical) and uses all the receptors, senses and path, it can go
into a person’s brain/ body system. The brain, after all, is not a sequential, but a
parallel processor and thrives when it is challenged to do many things at once.
5. Learning from Doing the Work Itself (With Feedback). People learn best in context.
Things learned in isolation are hard to remember and quick to evaporate. We learn
how to swim by swimming, how to manage by managing, how to sing by singing, and
how to sell by selling.
6. Positive Emotions Greatly Improve Learning. Feelings determine both the quality and
quantity of one’s learning. Negative feelings inhibit learning. Positive feelings accelerate
it. Learning that is stressful, painful and dreary cannot form the basis for learning that is
joyful, relaxed and engaging.
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7. The Image Brain Absorbs Information Instantly and Automatically. The human
nervous system is more of an image processor than a word processor. Concrete images
are much easier to grasp and retain than verbal abstractions. Translating verbal
abstractions into concrete images of all kinds will make those verbal abstractions faster
to learn and easier to remember.
5.4 TEACHING STRATEGIES
Research suggests that high quality student learning is most likely to occur when students
are engaged in the construction of personal knowledge and in work that has value
(application) beyond the school.
The key instruction of General Knowledge Curriculum is that ‘’ Students will value and use
their learning as a process of obtaining knowledge, based upon observable evidence.’’
Teachers can use a variety of teaching strategies to enhance students’ learning; however,
these must relate to outcomes of the General Knowledge Curriculum to be consistent with
the teaching role to be adopted. Suggested (not limited) teaching strategies for achieving
the outcomes of learning are described below:
A. Inquiry- based teaching method
Inquiry is an approach to learning that involves a process of exploring the natural or

material world that leads to asking questions and making discoveries in the search for new
understandings. In other words, it provides experiences that help students acquire
concepts, skills, abilities and understanding of inquiry. Inquiry-based teaching approach
takes children to new levels of awareness and environment of learning. As a
student-centered activity, inquiry gives children ownership of the learning process and
inspires them to become more independent learners. As students engage in critical thinking
and problem solving, questioning, probing, and discovering answers, they gain a more
meaningful and long lasting understanding of concepts and processes.
CHANGING EMPHASES TO PROMOTE INQUIRY

LESS EMPHASES ON MORE EMPHASES ON
Activities that demonstrate and verify content Activities that investigate and analyze
questions
Investigations confined to one class period Investigations over extended periods of time
Process skills out of context Process skills in context
Emphases on individual process skills such Using multiple process skills (manipulation,
as observation or inference cognitive, procedural)
Getting an answer Using evidence and strategies for developing
or revising an explanation
Providing answers to questions about content Communicating explanations
Analyzing and synthesizing data without Analyzing and synthesizing data after
defending a conclusion defending conclusions
Doing few investigations in order to leave Doing More investigations in order to
time to cover large amounts of content develop understanding, ability, values of
inquiry and knowledge of subject content
Concluding inquires with the result of Applying the results of experiments to
experiments arguments and explanations
Management of material and equipment Management of ideas and information
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Traditional educational systems work in a way that discourages the natural process of
inquiry. Students become less prone to ask questions as they move through the grade levels.
In traditional system students learn not to ask too many questions, instead to listen and
repeat the expected answers.
The inquiry-based classroom highlights that:
• Learning is student-centered.
Inquiry shifts ownership of learning process from the teacher to the students, making the
process through which students learn concepts and develop skills as important as the
content. In this setting, the teacher acts as a facilitator in the inquiry process.
• Students engage in inquiry by asking questions and devising answers.
Inquiry requires students to describe objectives and events, ask questions and devise
answers, collect and interpret data and test the reliability of the knowledge they have
generated. They also identify assumptions, provide evidence for conclusions and justify
their work.
• Teachers ask questions that encourage inquiry and stimulate thinking.
To guide students through inquiry, teachers engage in open-ended questions such as ‘’

How do you know?’’ and ‘’How does your data support your conclusion?’’ in order to
encourage further probing and discovery.
• Students are engaged in problem solving by constructing meaningful experiences.
Because students follow a scientific approach, engaging in meaningful problem solving,

they can construct meaning out of their experiences. Endeavors include hands-on
exercises as well as critical and logical thinking activities.
• Students gain a greater understanding of the purpose of learning.
Inquiry allows teachers to create a framework where students understand ‘’how’’ and
‘’why’’ to ask questions. Students reflect on the lesson and explain why it is important and
gain a greater understanding about the inquiry process and how it relates to learning.
• Inquiry-based learning promotes a creative learning environment using both

groups and individual discovery techniques.
Inquiry involves setting short and long term goals and adapting them to students’
interests. Within this framework, teachers involve students in hands-on activities, whole
classroom, or group collaboration. This learning environment allows students the
freedom to explore and investigate while making connections and drawing conclusions.
• Students interact purposefully with each other and with the teacher, leading to
effective communication.
Inquiry-based teaching encourages students to collaborate with one another,

communicate ideas and thoughts, ask questions, justify answers and search for advice
from others.
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• Assessment for learning.
Inquiry takes the focus off memorization and instead promotes assessing students’ ability
to understand reason and use their knowledge. Assessment can be achieved through
questioning, observing, using checklists, portfolios, student journals, student work
samples, hands-on assessments etc.
Assessment provides students with constructive feedback on how well they are meeting
expectations and in addition gives response on how well the classroom ‘’lessons’’ are
going.
B. Major Inquiry Skills
The skills of inquiry include observing, asking questions, proposing ideas, experimenting,
and interpreting the evidence that is gathered.
An inquiry may be initiated in a variety of ways. It may be based on a question brought to the
classroom by a teacher or students; or it may arise out of an activity, an interesting
observation, an unexplained event or pattern that appears worth pursuing. Engagement in
inquiry is not a linear process; it can have a variety of starting points and the steps followed
may vary from one inquiry activity to another. When an unexpected observation is made or
a procedure does not work, there is opportunity for new idea to emerge a new set of
procedures to be followed.
1. Questioning
Questioning is one of the basic tools for inquiry skill that students need.
Questioning in the classroom reflects students’ innate curiosity and practical-mindedness. It

can lead them to deeper understanding of any phenomena than what they would get just by
reading about it.
There are various strategies for helping students to ask questions. For example: Provide
them with an observable phenomenon to ask question about. Initially, some coaching will be
necessary. Teachers can, for example, ask students to focus their attention on a particular
aspect of what they are asked to observe. This works best when the phenomenon being
observed is active in some way. Students should be invited to formulate questions that occur
to them as they watch and afterwards explain what they observed and suggest possible
follow-up investigations.
Good questions share the following characteristics:
• The questions should be relevant and in a clear and simple language.

• The questions should be concise avoiding any extra details.
• The questions should stimulate thinking.
• The question should be guiding but not leading.
• The questions should be one-dimensional
• The questions cannot be too personal.
2. Conducting Investigation
Once students have decided on questions and hypotheses they wish to address, they should
be encouraged to design experiments that test their hypotheses.
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As students conduct their experiments, the teacher should continue in a role of a mentor or
as facilitator, giving as little direction as possible. Questions and issues can be brought up as
situations demand. Every effort should be made to let students make decisions and draw
conclusions. Students should also devise their own way to report their findings to others.
Inquiry is an involving process. Students may not always arrive at the complete answer, but
the point is they experience things which are new and different, conduct investigations,
supply evidence to support ideas, connect with scientists and experts, keep record of
thoughts and conclusions, and continue asking questions.
A note for teachers:
When working with younger, shy, or alienated students and with those who are new to this
sort of approach, teachers can ask leading questions or even spoon feed them questions to
get started.
C. Learning-by-Doing Approach
Hands-on activities actively engage the learners in learning. If they are physically involved,
they are likely to be mentally involved too. They are thinking about what they are doing. This
is called ‘’hands-on, minds-on’’ or the ‘’learning-by-doing approach’’. Students learn concepts
more when they are able to appreciate what they are doing. If they practice only calculating
answers to predictable exercises or unrealistic ‘’word problems’’ then that is all they are likely
to learn. Similarly, students cannot learn to think critically, analyze information,
communicate thought provoking ideas, make logical arguments, work as a part of team, and
acquire other desirable skills unless they are provided an opportunity and encouraged to do
those things over and over in different contexts.
Why learning-by-doing approach?
We remember:
20% of what we read;
20% of what we hear;
30% of what we see;
50% of what we see and hear;
70% of what we see, hear, and discuss; and
90% of what we see, hear, discuss, practice and teach.
Advantages of learning by doing approach
• Multiple teaching/learning methods can be integrated.

• Always student-centered.
• Process of ‘’discovery’’ builds self-esteem.
• Learning is more fun for students; teaching is more fun for teachers.
• Different life skills can be learned, instead of only a single set of knowledge.
However, this approach requires systematic preparation, patience and guidance by teacher,
as there is often no single, ‘’right’’ answer.
The teacher’s role in learning by doing process
First, it is important to review the materials and practice the activities to be taught. The
teacher should never freely give the answers to a problem/ question. Instead, the teacher
facilitates the students in this process.
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a. Experience (doing) – Describe the experience or activity students do, they are told or
shown ‘’how’’.
b. Share (What happened?) – Develop questions that teacher will ask the students about
their experience and their reaction to it after they have completed the activity.
c. Process (What’s important?) -Develop questions that teacher will ask the students about
something they felt important about the experience.
d. Generalize (So what?)- Develop questions that will ask the students how the experience
related to their own lives.
e. Apply (How what?) Develop questions that ask the students how they could apply what
they learnt to a similar or different situation.
D. Demonstrations
In-class demonstrations are an important part of teaching as demonstrations can make

ongoing lessons a fun and entertaining experience, and can also stimulate students’ interest
and curiosity. To make in-class demonstrations effective in promoting conceptual
understanding, active participation and interaction of students is important.
Conducting Interactive Demonstration
• Determine the purpose of demonstration and what is to be achieved.

• Conduct the demonstration yourself to ensure the results are as you want.
• Prepare curricular materials or worksheets and ensure they are designed to promote
student-student as well as student-teacher interactions in the classroom.
• Perform the demonstration
Once the demonstration is complete, let students complete their worksheet activities. An
interactive demonstration could be made up of a number of conceptually linked
mini-demonstrations to address important conceptual issues and worksheet activities
require students to write predictions, draw diagrams and answer a set of multiple-choice
questions.
Conduct a whole class discussion and provide explanations to clarify or extend students’
learning.
Teachers think that they need a lot of sophisticated, expensive resources to teach any
subject. While teaching and learning does require purchases, much of the General
Knowledge Curriculum contents can be taught with simple, inexpensive and readily available
materials: such as paper clips, soda straws, papers, balloons, rubber bands, paper cups, clay
etc. Similarly, outdoors (farms/gardens/parks) are perfect resources for learning. From
examining bugs on a sidewalk to observing how a tree changes through the seasons, the
outdoors provides a wealth of learning opportunities. Children can learn about plants and
animals, shadows, weather, seasons, traffic signals, religious and cultural festivals and many
more concepts outside the classroom.
e) Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning is a strategy in which students work together in small groups to

maximize their own and each other’s learning.
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In cooperative classrooms, students have two responsibilities:
• to learn and complete assigned tasks and,

• to make sure that all members of the group do so as well.
A source of academic, social and psychological benefits is associated with working

collaboratively in groups such as improved self-esteem, increased on-task time, increased
higher order thinking, better understanding of material, ability to work with others in
groups and improved attitudes towards schools and teachers. Cooperative learning creates
opportunities for students to master the social skills, necessary for living productive and
satisfying lives.
An example of cooperative learning structure is described below:
Think-Pair-Share
To follow think-Pair-Share strategy, teachers have to first pose a question or create a

problem situation to the class that requires students to think critically.
• Students ‘Think’ alone to answer the question for a specified amount of time. Students
write their answer to show what they thought about the questions individually.
• Students ‘Pair’ up with another student acting as a partner to discuss the question/
problem, listen to and expand on one another’s ideas.
• Students ‘Share’ their possible answers/solutions to the questions/problem with the
entire class.
Think-Pair-Share structures are effective only when students participate equally in practicing
social skills, and individually demonstrate what they have learned from their partners.
Success on the academic task is assessed by the randomly asking questions to students,
checking their work, or through individual tests or quizzes. For the social skills task, students
are evaluated through teacher observation and students’ evaluation of their own and group
effectiveness.
f) Role -Play
Role-playing is a teaching strategy in which students learn by acting and observing, where
some students act out a scenario in front of the class. Students learn the content being
presented and also develop problem solving, communication, initiative and social skills. As
students examine their own and others’ feelings, attitudes and perspectives, they develop an
understanding of themselves and others. If students are asked to write the content of
role-plays themselves rather than simply enacting roles handed to them it will enable them
to connect and process information, and be creative. However, for early grades students,
teachers have to facilitate them in conducting role-plays.
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Conducting Role-Plays
i. Determine the purpose of role-play, appropriateness to the objectives, and its

suitability for the age group.
ii. Write a role-play
iii. Teacher or students develop a realistic situation and decide how to portray it (newscast,
courtroom scene, press conference, puppet show, talk show, panel discussion, drama).
iv. Define the problem or issue in the situation that the role-players have to deal with.
v. Determine the number of role-players needed.
vi. Develop short, specific roles for each person.
vii. Determine the time for each role play.
viii. Develop a set of questions for the post role-play discussion.
While students are acting, ensure that the rest of the students are attentive and observe the
role-play. Teachers must allow students enough time to read and understand their role and
prepare to enact it. Also, teachers may involve the rest of the class by having them suggest
questions for the discussion to follow.
After the role-play, teacher reviews it with the class then opens the discussion of the class
ensuring they discuss only the role-play’s content. If discussing a problem, students can
explore alternative solutions to it. Summarize the role-play, focusing on student’s
understanding of the problem/issue that was being dramatized and/or attempt to solve the
problem.
The teacher can assess concept understanding, ability to communicate an issue/ problem,
etc. through observation and asking questions. The social skills, developed while preparing
and conducting the role-play, can be assessed through a checklist.
g) Other Classroom Teaching and Learning Practices
The suggested Classroom teaching strategies are not intended to be exhaustive. It is

expected that teacher will also identify other research-based instructional designs and
practices that are appropriate to their students and can prompt students to focus on the
salient features of their experiences, observations, and the concepts they are working with
to support critical engagement and movement towards desired learning outcomes. Model
building, consequence maps, concept mapping, brainstorming, predict-observe- explain,
small group research, use of information technology, drill and practice, process writing,
storytelling, show and tell, class discussion, creative writing, computer simulations, posters,
etc. are some of the practices that may be used to ensure that students have quality learning
experiences.
Safety Practice
Activity-based, hands-on processes provide an exciting method of teaching and learning.

However, experiments and demonstrations may involve inherent risks for both the teacher
and the students. Thus teachers/ schools should make every effort to create a positive
environment in which risk can be evaluated and reduced to an acceptable, safe level.
Fieldwork and field trips need special vigilance with respect to traffic and road safety.
57
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Assessment provides a way to measure students’ demonstration of learning. It helps

teachers answer the questions: ‘’How much did they learn?’’ and ‘’ How well did they learn it?’’
and ‘’How well did we teach it?” It determines their progression through their learning
experiences and enables them to demonstrate that they have achieved the intended
learning outcomes.
Cognitive learning theories emphasize that learning is not linear, that is instead of building
knowledge bit by bit from fundamental elements into more complex, higher-order thinking,
and it is a process of connecting prior understanding with new learning. Consequently, an
assessment strategy that measures the acquisition of facts and elements cannot serve a
constructive model.
Evaluation is an integral part of teaching-learning process. It involves gathering information

through various assessment techniques, making valuable judgment and sound decisions.
Assessment provides information and teaching about students’ achievement in relation to
learning objectives. With this information, the teacher makes informed decisions about what
should be done to enhance the learning of students or to improve teaching methods.
The early years of schooling (Age5-8) are an important period for development. It is in these
early grades that children learn to read and write, acquire a basic understanding of content
areas, and develop important dispositions toward learning. It is also a time to begin the
process of assessing children’s performance related to learning outcomes that is consistent
with how young children demonstrate their knowledge and skills.
6.1 THE CHANGING PARADIGM IN EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT
This curriculum establishes that the ultimate outcome for the school education is that
students will learn the skills and competencies needed to succeed in today’s world such as
the skills of inquiry, reasoning, problem solving, decision-making and working
collaboratively. To meet these outcomes, teachers need to provide students with learning
experiences that are more authentic. If we want an accurate appraisal of how well teachers
are helping students to achieve these outcomes, they must make changes in assessment
that reflect the changes in curriculum and instruction.
Conventional assessments driven-by standardized multiple-choice tests, matching terms or

a short-answer tests, although can adequately assess factual knowledge and basic skills,
often fail to assess students’ acquisition of higher-order thinking skills such as critical and
creative thinking, and problem solving. Traditional assessment also does not evaluate
students’ learning process. Moreover, this approach may not increase students’ desire to
learn as they know that what will probably be tested is their factual recall or simple analysis.
Alternative assessment, which uses strategies such as performance, portfolio, students’

self-reflections and peer review, is considered as a valuable addition to standardized
assessment. The rationale of alternative assessment is to gather evidence from real-life, use
multiple assessment strategies to assess learning, and provide ongoing feedback to students.
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Alternative assessment is a better way to determine how well students are learning (and how
effective instruction is) than traditional forms of assessment. Research on assessment
suggests that a constructive alignment between instruction, learning, and assessment is
vital.
6.2 INCORPORATING ASSESSMENT INTO LEARNING PROCESS
Linking assessment to instruction i.e., embedding it in the process of learning is central to

full implementation of this Curriculum. To allow students to construct learning in the
classroom through authentic experiences, assessment must be:
1. mainly open-ended, allowing for discussion and revision of new understanding.

2. tolerant of divergent thinking of students and promote the notion of no ‘’one right
answer’’.
3. presented in alternative mode, not just paper-and-pencil responses to limiting
questions.
4. designed to foster analysis, comparison, generalization, prediction, and modification
according to the grade and development level.
5. capable of promoting collaboration and team effort in demonstration of competence.
6. ongoing and cumulative, showing growth over time.
Therefore, assessment should be carried out regularly through the use of different
techniques such as oral questioning, observation checklist, and assignments, practical and
written tests. When assessment is carried out on continual basis, the teacher has the
feedback required to plan their day-to-day teaching.
On the basis of assessment data, a teacher can decide whether to proceed to the next
teaching lesson/ theme, carry out remedial teaching, set enrichment exercises/ drills or
modify teaching methods. Hence the process of evaluation can help a teacher raise students’
performance by identifying the needs of students and taking the right steps in meeting
these needs.
Assessment practices also communicate what is important and what is valued at early
education (Grades I-III). For example, assessments that emphasize the acquisition of factual
knowledge imply that facts are important, whereas inquiry-centered assessments indicate
that scientific inquiry is important. The methods used to gain information about
achievement should define what students must learn.
The primary purpose of classroom assessment for these grades is not solely to evaluate and
classify student performance, but to inform teaching and improve learning, and to monitor
student progress in achieving year-end learning outcomes. The intent is to find out whether
a student knows and understands sufficiently to apply knowledge and skills effectively after
a period of instructions.
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6.3 THE LEARNING ASSESSMENT PROCESS
In order to apply assessments effectively to determine whether student learning is

expanded or improved, an assessment plan needs to be developed that incorporates
assessment opportunities throughout the learning process. In the early grades, to be
effective, assessment cannot be an afterthought or an instructional add-on. It needs to be
embedded, contextualized, and executed within the learning process. Effective teachers
should outline the process for developing and implementing an assessment plan for
measuring students’ learning.
Following is a process, as an example, to follow for the development and implementation of

assessment:
1) Select learning outcomes from a course of a study and Grade level.

2) Design assessment to measure learning outcomes.
i. Determine the outcomes to measure,
ii. Determine the purpose for the assessment,
iii. Determine the assessment method to employ, and
iv. Determine the kind of assessment data you need to collect.
3) Design learning activities based upon learning outcomes.
4) Include assessment activities within the learning designs.
5) Deliver learning.
6) Assess learning and learning activities.
7) Gather and format data generated from assessment activities.
8) Interpret the assessment data.
9) Use assessment data to make decisions at the students, classroom, and course level.
Teachers can modify this process depending upon their professional competencies and
needs of the students. However,
Assessment should be:
• inclusive of a range of practices to allow for diverse learning styles of students

• continuous, productive and constructive
• able to monitor and guide students’ progress towards attainment of outcomes
• appropriate to and based on the learning experience of all students
• comprehensive
• valid and reliable
• effective and manageable
• able to promote improved teaching strategies
• monitoring strengths and areas for further development
• consistent with teaching strategies
• involving negotiation between teachers and students
• able to involve students in their own record-keeping
• taking account of students’ self-assessment, and
• in understandable language.
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6.4 Assessor(s)
The teachers, the students doing self-assessment, or the student(s) assessing a peer or
group, are assessors.
a) Teacher Assessment
The teacher assesses individual students or groups of students using a variety of
assessment tools to implement the various assessment strategies.
b) Self-Assessment
Through self-assessment, students can get a good idea of what they are expected to
accomplish and how they can demonstrate their knowledge. Students perceive the
relationship among content acquisition, skill proficiency and assessment opportunities. By
setting their sight on a demonstration, students can more readily see the connection and the
relevance of their work.
In addition, students record their observation and write reflective notes about how learning
experiences help them to understand the concepts and principles.
The students assume the role of researchers and use critical thinking skills as they find facts
and make inferences to reach more conclusions. They are not receiving information
passively and then simply giving it back to the teacher after memorizing it. At early grades,
students apply established criteria to reflect upon and/ or assess their own progress and
achievement with the role of teacher as a facilitator.
Through the development of self-assessment skills, students can learn accuracy and
accountability. Other virtues of self-assessment are:
• The ability to perform self-assessment is a critical programming goal that has

implications for lifelong learning.
• Self-assessment helps students develop understanding of the established criteria. This
is particularly true with respect to psychomotor skills for which a cognitive
understanding is a necessary step towards good performance.
• Self-reflection is a part of self-assessment which includes personal responses and
reflections about oneself or the learning process (e.g, using questionnaires, surveys,
interest inventories, description of likes/ dislikes, responses to performance results
etc.). These reflections and responses can be recorded and included in student learning
logs, journals and portfolios.
c) Peer Assessment
Peer assessment is an effective way to collect a great deal of reliable information in a short
time. Evaluating the work of others is a valuable learning experience for the student who is
doing the assessment. While students make systematic judgments about each other’s
performance relative to stated criteria for the student learning outcomes, it extends the
teacher’s knowledge about an individual or group. However, peers must be knowledgeable
about the criteria for assessment, willing to take their responsibility seriously, and treat
others with respect.
In assessing their peers, students need to start with a limited role and use simple checklists,
rating scales, and frequency indexes.
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d) Group Assessment
Group assessment is similar to peer assessment; however, group assessment involves using
group of students to assess other groups or using one student to assess a group.
6.5 CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
Assessment is an integral part of classroom activity. It involves analyzing students’ work in

light of given criteria and paying attention to what they are thinking, attending as much to
their reasoning as to what they don’t understand. It involves engaging students as active
participants in an assessment activity or conversion, so that it becomes something they do,
not merely something done to them.
Classroom assessment strategies provide ongoing feedback for the learners and the teacher
on what is making sense and what learners don’t understand. They provide information for
the teachers on adjustments and modifications that need to be made to a course or learning
plan.
Teachers learn about students’ progress not only through formal tests, but also through
moment-by-moment observations of students in action. They often conduct assessment
through instructional activities. To assess students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes,
teachers require a variety of tools and approaches.
Some of the classroom assessment strategies are described as follow.
a) Observation
Observation provides a way of gathering information fairly quickly while a lesson is in

progress. When used formally, the students would be made aware of the observation and
criteria being assessed. Informally, it could be frequent but brief check on a given criterion.
Observation may offer information about students’ participation level for a given task, use
of piece of equipment or application of a given process. It is important to document
observations by keeping records.
Assessment tools that assist with recording information and maintaining records include
checklists, rating scales, scoring rubrics, frequency index scales, inventories, anecdotal
notes, codes, and self-adhesive notes or grids.
Observation guidelines for teachers:
• Observe a certain number of students per class rather than all students.
• Focus on one skill at a time.
• Display scoring rubrics, rating scales, and checklist criteria.
• Use computer/ information technology to assist in recording observations (subject to
availability).
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b) Performance Tasks
Performance tasks (skill demonstration, games, routines, drawings, projects, presentations)

are activity-based tasks, used to observe student acquisition and/ or application of
knowledge, skills and/ or attitudes where:
• students perform, create, construct, produce, or do something

• deep understanding and/ or higher order thinking skills are needed
• significant work is involved that usually takes days/ weeks to complete
• it calls on students to explain, justify, and defend
• performance is directly observable
• criteria is specified and explained to students along with the task
• there is no single best product or correct process
• usually students work with real-world contexts and constraints
Performance-Based Assessment
• Can assess communication, presentation, psychomotor skills.

• Through product, can assess performance of process/ skill, and also see what learning
students got from it.
• Teaching and learning occur during the assessment.
• Students find real-life application and contexts engaging.
• Provide a different way for students to show what they know and can do.
• Students learn how to ask questions, and since such tasks often involve group work, to
work effectively with others.
• Emphasis on higher order thinking and application - allows in-depth assessment of
main content ideas.
• Forces teacher to establish specific criteria to identify successful performance
• Encourage re-examination of instructional goals.
Assessing performance is most often achieved through observing. However, assessment

tools such as scoring rubrics and rating scales also include performance criteria. These tools,
as well as anecdotal notes and checklists completed by the individual student, peers, groups,
and/ or the teacher, help measure the level of student performance, progress and
achievement.
c) Questioning/ Interviews
General Knowledge Curriculum promotes in-depth understanding of concepts. Interviewing

a student allows teacher to verify that learning has taken place beyond simply recall of facts.
Interviews may be brief discussions between teacher and student or they may be more
extensive and include student, peer/ parent and teacher. It is helpful for students to know
which criteria will be used for assessing formal interviews. This assessment technique
provides an opportunity to students to enhance verbal presentation.
• Interview allows a student to display ability to use information and clarify

understanding.
• Effective questioning (e.g., open-ended, divergent, convergent) promotes critical
thinking and allows teacher to identify what the student knows and what the student
needs to learn.
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• Questions can be delivered formally or informally through interviewing carried out as
a station activity or through whole-class questioning.
• Students’ responses can be given in writing or through a variety of methods (e.g.,
human opinion lines, thumbs up/ down sideways signals, stand-up/ sit-down
indicators).
• Responses can be recorded using class checklists or other record-keeping methods.
d) Journals/ Learning Logs/ Reflections
Journal writing and learning log entries provide opportunities for students and record their
personal thoughts, reflections, choices, feelings, progress, and/ or participation, patterns
and changes related to active living participation chart, recess participation records,
personal goal-setting plans, and so on.
By recording feelings, perceptions of success and responses of new concepts, a student may
be helped to identify his or her most effective learning style. Knowing how to learn in an
effective way is useful information. Journal entries also give indicator of developing attitudes
towards concepts, process and skills, and how these may be applied in the context of society.
Self-assessment, through a journal, learning log or reflection allows a student to think about
strengths and weakness, attitudes, interests and new ideas.
e) Portfolio
Portfolios offer another option for assessing students’ progress in meeting Curriculum
Outcomes over a more extended period of time. This form of assessment allows the student
to be central to the process. There are decisions about the portfolio, and its contents, which
can be made by the student and teacher together. What is placed in the portfolio, the criteria
of selection, how the portfolio is used, how and where it is stored, and how it is evaluated,
are some of the questions to consider when planning to collect and display students’ work in
this way. Items in portfolio may take the form of audio-video productions, demonstrations,
laboratory reports, research projects, work of art, written reports, to name a few.
The portfolio should provide a long-term record of growth in learning and skills. This record
of growth is important for individual reflection and self-assessment, but it is also important
to share with others. For all students, but particularly younger students, it is exciting to
interview a student regarding portfolio and see the record of development over the time.
f) Paper and Pencil Tasks
Paper and pencil tasks may involve answering multiple-choice, true or false, open-ended, or
matching questions, completing and drawing, or labeling a diagram. These techniques can
be formative or summative.
These can be in written form for display or direct teacher assessment. Whether as part of
learning, or a final statement, students should know expectations for the exercise and rubric
by which it will be assessed. Written assignments and tests can be used to assess knowledge,
understanding and application of concepts. Test items tend to assess knowledge of factual
information and application of basic skills in isolated, de-contextualized ways rather than
assessing the application of the knowledge and skills in meaningful, everyday situations.
Because formal written tests have limitations in measuring movement-based learning

outcomes, the use of paper and pencil tasks should be limited at early grades.
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6.6 ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Assessment tools are instruments for measurement or making judgments, based on the
interpretation of evidence, to determine how well the students are performing. They include
the performance criteria to determine the level of students’ progress and achievement.
Examples of the assessment tools are checklists, rating scales, scoring rubrics, frequency
indexes, inventories, and anecdotal notes.
a) Checklist
• A checklist is an assessment instrument used to record of presence or absence of

specific, pre-selected concepts, skills, processes, or behavior and attitudes.
• It includes a list of specific criteria and/ or descriptors for behaviors and/ or
performance related to student learning outcomes and attitude indicators.
• The criteria and descriptors use in checklists should be clear, specific, easily
observable, and understood by the students. Students are encouraged to assist in the
development of criteria and descriptors. Teachers or students can readily add new
items to generic forms for various assessments.
b) Rating Scales
• Rating scales include clear and concise list of criteria that allows students’ performance
to be judged along a continuum.
• Rating scales can be descriptive (e.g., always frequently, rarely), graphic, and/ or
numeric (e.g., 5,4,3,2,1 with 5 being highest and 1 lowest.)
c) Scoring Rubrics
• Separate sets of descriptors/ criteria for each performance level reflect learning
outcome components and distinguish the quality of a performance or product. Rubrics
usually have three to five levels.
• Students assist with the development of criteria for each performance level where
possible so that there are clear expectations for students at the outsets of a project/
assignment, performance, or demonstration.
• Rubrics provide more detail than do rating scales or checklists. However, Scoring
rubrics are time consuming to construct. They should be created for large products and
processes.
• Scoring rubrics may range from two to five points:
• two- point rubrics (e.g., yes, no/ developing, developed/ okay, improvement desired)
• three point- rubrics (e.g., proficient, competent, improvement desired/ powerful,
capable, developing/ mature formative, initial/ outstanding, acceptable, progressing)
• four - points rubrics (e.g., outstanding, good, okay, novice/ exemplary, competent,
developing, emerging)
• five-point rubric (e.g., consistently, frequently, sometimes, with direction, rarely/
awesome, very good, satisfactory, minimal, non-existent)
66
There are two types of rubrics
• Holistic rubrics score the students’ performance as a whole and combine a variety of
essential performance elements in order to determine the overall level of competency
(e.g. one rubric is used to assess several elements such as cooperation, participation,
fair play, and communication skills)
• Analytical rubrics outline essential elements so that student receives feedback on the
level of performance for each essential element (e.g., a separate rubric is used for
elements of fair play that includes respect for opponents, rules, and officials,
self-control and equitable playing)
d) Frequency indexes
A frequency index indicates how often various skills, behaviors and/or attitudes occur.
Teacher may use a class list to add check marks each time a student performs or
demonstrates a certain characteristic. For example, the students perform or demonstrate a
certain characteristics i.e., the student:
• properly performs an activity/ role situation in the class room;

• assist fair or unfair play;
• works well with others;
• is active or inactive; and
• follows safety procedures and school/ games rules.
e) Inventories
An inventory is given to student in order to find out prior knowledge, past experience,
abilities, and/ or current interest in an activity/ area.
An inventory can be either verbal (informal inventory) or written, and can consist of a series
of questions or statements requiring responses. For example, teacher may use
questionnaires, surveys, and/or a show of hands on specific topic areas (e.g., sports
interests, food intake and physical activity participation in leisure time).
f) Anecdotal Notes
An anecdotal note is a brief, narrative description of observations that provide information

regarding a student’s learning/ development/ behaviors/ needs. It captures observations
that might otherwise be lost.
Anecdotal recording can be time-consuming and therefore, requires an organized, efficient

approach. Teachers may find it helpful to use:
• a list of students for each class, divided into three columns: date, observation, planned
action.
• brief, focused and objective notes.
• codes for quick recording (e.g.) C-cooperation, FP-fair play, IA- inattentive)
• self – adhesive notes for comment forms that students fill out, including date, name,
and description of behavior (positive or negative). Notes can be placed on a class
record-keeping sheet.
• computer technology (e.g. software programs for creating class recording lists).
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Assessment of Affective Traits and Dispositions
Affective traits and dispositions are the attitudes, values, motivation, social relationship,
classroom environment, and concept of one’s own academic ability. They are those factors
(of the student, teacher, and classroom) that affect the way students learn.
Positive, well-developed affective traits motivate students to learn effectively now an in the
long-term. Students have a better self-concept, higher productivity and become more
involved citizens of their society. In addition, they learn or analyze themselves and refine
behaviors and disposition. (All teachers know that the students with positive affective traits,
learn better, and are more confident. But few, if any, teachers assess affective targets.
Reasons include the subject matter-knowledge and skills – are seen as the primary focus of
education in schools; the difficulty of defining affective targets because they are personal
and different for individual students; assessment is influenced by transient to please
teachers).
Affective traits can be assessed through self-reporting, teacher’s observation and peer
evaluation. No assessment technique/ tool is a perfect device to assess students’
achievement. Thus, several techniques may be utilized collectively to evaluate total growth
of students in:
• intellectual growth
• moral achievement
• physical development
• emotional growth
• social growth
• social development
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CHAPTER
CHAPTER
In general, student-teacher interaction in most classrooms is limited to reading, writing and

speaking where textbook is the only teaching and learning tool. In addition to the textbooks,
teachers, in order to support the learning, must use many other resources that can be
available, accessible and affordable.
The teaching and learning resources include: textbooks, teacher’s guide/manual, student’s
workbooks, visual aids such as charts, models, videotapes, computer software, internet
websites, online libraries, community (field work, Guest Speakers etc).
7.1 GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A TEXTBOOK
A textbook is an important teaching and learning resource and one of the most extensively
used resources in classrooms. Both the quality of contents and presentation must be of the
highest quality for primary school children in the early grades. Young learners draw upon
immediate personal experiences as a basis for exploring concepts and skills. They enjoy
hearing stories of both the recent and distant past. They enjoy learning about events
through the autobiographies and biographies of historical personalities, therefore, for early
grades, short pictorial representation, exposure to various media and firsthand experience
through activities, must be included in the teaching and learning resources. Since the
textbook serves as a framework for teaching throughout the year, following are essential
features for a textbook, which need serious consideration:
1. A textbook must include an introduction to the textbook, explaining how to use the
textbook.
2. Table of contents including subtopics.
3. The textbook must be in line with the National Curriculum, covering all SLOs.
4. The book must be attractive and engaging.
5. Written text needs to be kept at minimum, particularly for Grade I and II.
6. Content and illustrations must be culturally, contextually and age appropriate.
7. Activities must be simple and within students’ capabilities.
8. All text and material must be accurate, up-to-date and error-free.
9. End-of-the-Chapter exercises must include a variety of assessment styles based on
levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. These should encourage students to think, develop skills,
use information for a variety of purposes.
10. Exercises/questions must be contextually relevant (feasible to use in classrooms,
affordable, examples from context to increase relevance and meaning).
11. Textbooks should not include any content/ material repugnant to the national integrity
and harmony.
12. Textbooks should be free from all kinds of biases including, gender, religion,
occupation, social background etc.
13. Relevant internet links and other online resources may be included.
14. Glossary of the new vocabulary must be included.
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7.1.1 Guideline for planning and writing a chapter
This curriculum requires a new way of writing a chapter in the textbook. The textbook author
is free to decide the titles of each chapter and can choose to cover students’ learning
outcomes (SLOs) from any themes in developing the content of the chapter.
The textbook author must also keep in mind that a number of SLOs cannot be addressed in
the text (as if this is done it would lead students to simply memorize the text and not serve
the realization of the curriculum). These SLOs could be realized through questions and
practical activities within and at the end of the chapter exercises.
For example, students could be given a question that takes them to predict about scarcity of
natural resources with reference to growth of living things. Similarly, an activity could ask
students to engage in any inquiry and design a poster to communicate ways to conserve
natural resources as a product of the inquiry.
• Learning outcomes must be given at beginning of each chapter.

• Identify topics and subtopics that will be included (develop an outline)
• Decide on key ideas, facts, concepts, skills and values that can be developed.
• Decide about potential illustrations.
• Illustrations must clearly convey the desired concept.
• Activities must demand from students to do inquiry and problem solving according to
grade level.
• Ensure that the content is up to date, accurate and developmentally appropriate.
• Contents must be in line with chapter outcomes.
• Gender balance must be maintained while developing the text.
• Language must be consistent, culturally appropriate and grammatically correct (as if
talking to a group).
• Language must not be disparaging, patronizing or have stereotypes about any religion,
ethnic group, gender, for people of differing abilities or any other community.
• Language must engage and hold reader’s attention.
• For Grades I and II, text must be kept to minimum level.
• Recall previous learning, where possible.
• Structure the writing so that the sentence is simple, paragraphs deal with single ideas etc.
• Interesting information in the form of tid bits, fact file, point to ponder etc. must be given.
• Write a summary/ concept map at end of each chapter, reviewing key knowledge and
skills.
• End-of-chapter exercises
• Recall and integrate previous learning
• Engage students and develop their creativity
• Move from lower to higher order thinking
• Focus on multiple intelligences
• Keep the text contextually relevant in line with local teaching and learning.
• Provide website links for further research
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7.1.2 Guidelines for choosing a textbook
Following indicators can be used to determine the quality of a textbook.
1. Does the book follow the outcomes of the curriculum?

2. Is the content accurate and up to date?
3. Are important skills developed?
4. Do the illustrations (maps, pictures, drawings, graphs) help understand the content
better?
5. Do the end-of-the-chapter exercises encourage students?
a. To think
b. To develop their skills
c. To be creative
d. To be research oriented
6. Activities?
a. Are activities suitable for the needs of the learners?
b. Do activities include student participation in real life issues?
c. Do activities promote 21st century skills?
7. Is a variety of assessment strategies suggested? (e.g., binary and multiple choice items,
completing picture/ map items, project work, exhibitions, interpretive exercises,
open-ended and divergent responses, etc.)
8. Does it motivate students to think?
9. Do the text, questions and suggested activities stimulate interest that would lead to
further study?
10. Is the book free from biases?
a. Religious | b. National/Ethnic Origin | c. Gender | d. Occupation | e. Class etc.
11. Do the textbooks present issues from different perspectives?
12. Does it include current issues, problems, latest information and happenings?
13. Is a teacher’s guide/ teaching notes included?
14. Is it attractive and appealing to children?
15. Is the language readable, understandable, and easy to follow? Is it appropriate for the
level of target learners?
16. Are the contents relevant to the needs, age and level of understanding of the student?
17. Is there an introduction and summary?
18. Does it have an introduction explaining its organization, table of contents etc.?
19. Are there suggestions for further reading in the area or websites for further
information?
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7.2 GUIDELINE FOR WRITING A WORKBOOK
Workbooks are books that contain writing activities and exercises that build upon each
chapter in the textbook. Workbook exercises help students to develop conceptual
understanding of the concepts dealt with in the text, to develop skills and to apply
knowledge to new situations.
Basic features of a workbook
A workbook should have:
• Various exercises and activities for each chapter, topic, subtopic.

• Exercises and activities that will enable student to develop and practice the content
knowledge, skills and higher order thinking.
• Accurate and variety of exercises.
• Clear and explicit instructions i.e., easy for students to understand and follow.
• Clear illustrations/ examples/ explanations to show what children are supposed to do,
and/or what product looks like.
• Enough space for students’ responses (where appropriate).
• Relevant material and age appropriate vocabulary.
• Exercises and activities with a variety of purposeful, stimulating, challenging and
innovative items to encourage students to review and practice the knowledge and skills
they have learnt.
• Exercises that include both constructed and restricted response items.
• Activities, which requires readily available, acceptable, and affordable materials and
resources.
7.3 OTHER EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Educational Tours (visits): Keeping in view that students link their learning experiences
with real-life situations pertaining to environment, community, resources and local
expertise, explorative activities for examples, a quick field trip/ visit to the schoolyard or
nearby field/park, railway station etc are recommended. All such activities are characterized
by active student involvement in attempting to find answers to questions about the natural
and constructed world. For this, teacher has to plan the tour and Identify and contact
appropriate authorities (seek parents’, principal’s written permission at school and
management at place of visit). Explain about the purpose of the tour. Develop a task sheet
to be completed by students. Evaluate and record the students’ outcomes.
Guest Speakers: Guest speakers from laboratories/ factories or some community personnel
(not only professional but people with special skills such as carpenter) can be invited to the
school that could help students develop interest in learning.
Non-Print Resources: There are an increasing variety of resources such as video, offer
simulations and models of real-life situations that permit the investigation of phenomena
that are not easily available because of cost, safety, or accessibility.
Use of Technology: Computer and related technology offer students a very important
resource for learning the concepts and processes of science through simulations, graphic,
sound, data manipulation, and model building.
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7.4 A GUIDELINE FOR DEVELOPING “TEACHER’S GUIDE’’
Textbooks should ideally be accompanied by a teachers’ guides that is aimed at informing

teachers about how the textbook is written and how best to use it to facilitate student
learning. Teachers’ guides include detailed explanations of key concepts and the
methodologies to teach particular topics. They provide further examples that could be given
to facilitate learning, relate concepts with daily life situations and to reinforce development
of attitudes and values. Teachers’ guides serve to educate teachers and thus can be seen as
a mean of helping teachers develop professionally. A teacher guide should include
introduction to guide explaining how to use it. It must be easy to understand and use,
expand and develop teacher’s repertoire of knowledge and skills.
Basic features of a teacher’s guide
A teacher’s guide:
• Helps teachers to plan and sequence the lesson in order to teach the text effectively.
• Provides teachers with relevant background knowledge essential for teaching the
concepts.
• Outlines the learning outcomes to be achieved from each planned lesson.
• Identify teaching strategies appropriate to the context of teaching and learning according
to the textbook.
• Provides step by step guidelines for teaching strategies that are suitable for teaching
knowledge, skills, and dispositions in each chapter.
• Identifies what extended activities students could do with teacher’s help to reinforce and
build upon the target knowledge, skills and dispositions.
• Identifies the resources needed for teaching strategies and extension activities.
• Identifies sources of information teachers can use to develop their knowledge (content
and pedagogical).
• Explains how and where teachers can develop low-cost or no-cost resources.
• Includes Materials that teachers can photocopy (PCM), use themselves or for students.
• Identify constraints and strength of each strategy or activity, especially if likely to be new
for teacher.
• Includes various assessment strategies (strengths, weaknesses, how to implement etc.)
and give examples of questions/ tests.
• Provides teachers with choices of strategy/ activity for each chapter (let them decide
which to use).
• Needs to be error free and contextually relevance.
• Includes Relevant website links
• Includes revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Pyramid to support the teachers in designing tasks
and questions in line with the progression in the lesson.
• Includes some other resources/ websites/ appropriate online resources at the end of each
topic/ theme.
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7.5 TEACHER TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL GROWTH
Teachers are important variable for effective implementation of Outcomes of any

Curriculum. In order that education can make a meaningful contribution towards the
national development efforts and become more relevant by linking it with real-life problems
and environment, additional competencies are needed for the teachers to play their new
role as they are not to be seen only as someone “imparting instructions” but as a guide and
facilitator for the students.
Teacher training programs therefore need to be critically analyzed and restructured to

provide for experiences, which will help develop these competencies. The efforts for
reforming teaching and learning strategies in the interest of promoting students’
understanding must be long-term and must explore teachers’ prior knowledge and
experience. Teacher professional development must utilize collaborative problem-solving
approaches, and must work toward the redefinition of student’s and teacher’s roles in the
classroom.
Teacher training programs, training for pre-service as well in-service teachers must among
other factors, focus on these guidelines:
7.5.1 Comprehensive understanding of teaching methods
Teachers should have full command over different methods of teaching. For example,
promoting inquiry by participating in “inquiry experiences” similar to those they will
eventually provide for their students. They must have understanding of elements of
constructive teaching practices and various inquiry approaches. Knowledge of
methodologies must be accompanied by a full understanding about the philosophy and
rationale of each teaching method.
7.5.2 Use and application of different methods in different situations
Teachers need to use and apply different strategies of teaching and learning according to
different situations, age appropriateness, and students’ prior knowledge. Experienced and
effective teachers know that their method and style needs to be adapted and transformed to
fit the local situation and external factors that may impinge on a lesson.
7.5.3 Resource Management
Teachers must be trained to develop skills for managing the new and existing resources that
they may require to enrich their teaching styles. Teachers need to arrange resources that are
required for activities that enhance concepts of students and match these with the level and
interests of the learners.
7.5.4 Time Management
Time management is essential for implementation of teaching and learning practices.

Teachers should be able to effectively manage time while working with small and large
groups, for inquiry/ investigative activities, role-plays as well as for assessing and evaluating
students’ learning and its documentation.
Teachers must be taught to evaluate their own teaching practices and subject knowledge in
the light of information about the content standards and students’ learning outcomes. They
improve their teaching practices by soliciting feedback and engaging in cycles of planning,
teaching, reflecting, discerning problems, and applying new trends and strategies. Teachers
use reflection and feedback to formulate and prioritize goals for increasing their subject
knowledge and teaching effectiveness.
75
ADVISOR
Mr. Muhammad Rafique Tahir

Joint Educational Advisor, National Curriculum Council, Ministry of Federal Education
and Professional Training Islamabad
PROVINCIAL AND AREAS FOCAL PERSONS FOR

S.# Name Designation and Organization
1 Dr. Amir Riaz Director Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
2 Mr. Gohar Ali Khan Director, DCTE, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Director, Bureau of Curriculum & Extension Centre,

3 Mr. Niamatullah Khan Kakar Balochistan
4 Director, Directorate of Curriculum, Assessment and

Mr. Ghulam Asghar Memon
Research, Sindh Jamshoro
5 Director General, DCRD, Azad Jammu & Kashmir,

Mr. Raja Muhammad Naseer Khan
Muzaffarabad
Director General (Schools) Directorate of Education,
6 Mr. Majeed Khan Gilgit-Baltistan
CURRICULUM REVIEW COMMITTEE (GENERAL KNOWLEDGE)
Islamabad
S.# Name Designation and Organization
Assistant Educational Advisor, National Curriculum

1 Mr. Suhail Bin Aziz Council, Islamabad
School Coordinator, Beaconhouse School System

2 Ms. Yasmeen Jadoon Islamabad
Headmistress, Islamabad Model College for Boys,

3 Ms. Lubna Mehmood G-10/4, Islamabad
Junior Lady Teacher, Islamabad Model College for

4 Ms. Sadia Zubair
Boys, G-10/4, Islamabad
Assistant Professor, Federal College of Education,
5 Mr. Tahir Mahmood
H-9, Islamabad
6 Ms. Farzana Hashmi Teacher, Beaconhouse School System
Subject Specialist, National Education Assessment

7 Mrs. Alia Imtiaz System, Islamabad
Education Officer, National Curriculum
8 Ms. Saima Abbas Mehsud Council, Islamabad
76
Punjab
Deputy Director, Curriculum, Punjab Curriculum &
9 Mr. Karam Hussain Textbook Board Lahore
Joint Educational Advisor (R), Ministry of Education

10 Mr. Aurangzeb Rehman
(Defunct), Islamabad
Director, Character Education Foundation,
11 Mr. Abdul Hameed
Lahore
Assistant Professor (Physics), Govt. Islamia College,
12 Dr. Waris Ali Civil Lines, Lahore
Lecturer, Political Science, Govt. Islamia College

13 Mr. Ali Imran Nasir Railway Road, Lahore
Head of Geography Department, Govt. College of

14 Mr. Muhammad Ghous
Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore
Subject Specialist (Science), Manuscripts Wing,
15 Mr. Anwar Sajid
Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore
Research Associate, Punjab Curriculum and
16 Mr. Muhammad Akram
Textbook Board, Lahore
Sindh
Subject Specialist, DCAR Sindh,
17 Mr. Tanweer Ahmed Khan Jamshoro
Lecturer, Department of General History Sindh

18 Mr. Bashir Ahmed Jatoi
University Jamshoro
Subject Specialist, PEACE Sindh

19 Ms. Rozina Channar
Jamshoro
Assistant Professor, GECE (M)
20 Mr. Bakhtiar Amin
Hyderabad
PST, GGPS Mehran Latifabad Unit No 10

21 Ms. Nida Shaikh
Hyderabad
Head Master, GBLSS Sikandarabad, Kotri District
22 Mr. Ghulam Dastagir
Jamshoro
Subject Specialist, DCAR Sindh,
23 Mr. Tanweer Ahmed Khan Jamshoro
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Subject Specialist (Social Science), DCTE Khyber
24 Mr. Babar Bashir Pakhtunkhwa Abbottabad
25 Mr. Hamid Khan SS, DCTE, Abbottabad
26 Mr. Abdul Khaliq Principal, GHS No. 1 Kohat
27 Mr. Muhammad Hanif SS, GHSS, Nawanshehr
77
Balochistan
Subject Specialist, Education Department
28 Mr. Muhammad Anwar Government of Balochistan
Subject Specialist, Education Department
29 Mr. Junaid Farooq Government of Balochistan
J.E.T, Education Department Government
30 Mr. Muhammad Imran Farooq
of Balochistan
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
31 Raja Qadeer Khan Retired Director DEE Muzaffarabad
32 Ms. Saeeda Sultana Principal GHSS Ashkoot Neilam Muzaffarabad
33 Mr. Olaad Ali Shah Assistant Professor Degree College Ghari Dupatta
34 Ms. Shazia Afzal Subject Specialist, DCRD Muzaffarabad
Gilgit-Baltistan
Instructor, Government College of Education
35 Mr. Samiullah for Men Gilgit
Federal Government Educational Institutions (C&G)

EST, Federal Government Educational Institutions
36 Ms. Zahida Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi
Associate Professor, Federal Government Educational
37 Mr. Shahid Mehmood Institutions Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi
Principal, Federal Government Educational

38 Ms. Fouzia Javid
Institutions Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi
39 Ms. Sarwat Sultana Sami Institutions Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi

40 Ms. Abida Khanum Institutions Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi
SST, Federal Government Educational Institutions

41 Mr. Muhammad Sabrin Javid
Cantts & Garrisons Rawalpindi
42 Mr. Afzal Tahir Principal, Federal Government Educational

43 Mr. Fateh Gull TGT, Federal Government Educational Institutions

44 Ms. Saba Ahmed SST, Federal Government Educational Institutions

45 Ms. Qurat-ul-Ain
SST, Federal Government Educational Institutions
46 Mr. Kaleem Ullah Baig
78
LUMS University
Faculty, Technical Consultant,
47 Ms. Soufia Siddiqui LUMS University Lahore
Technical Support
48 Ms. Nighat Lone Curriculum Expert, NCC
49 Mr. Asfundyar Khan Curriculum Expert, NCC
79
NATIONAL CURRICULUM COUNCIL
MINISTRY OF FEDERAL EDUCATION AND
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, ISLAMABAD
www.mofept.gov.pk

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SINGLE NATIONAL CURRICULUM

ONE NATION, ONE CURRICULUM

NATIONAL CURRICULUM COUNCIL,

NATIONAL CURRICULUM COUNCIL

General Knowledge Curriculum 06

1.1 Aims of General Knowledge Curriculum 06

1.2 Curriculum Development 07

1.3 Guiding Principles for the Curriculum Development 07

Chapter 02: Curriculum Focus 10

2.1 Inquiry-Based Curriculum 11

2.2 The Student-Centered Curriculum 11

2.3 An Outcome-Focused Curriculum 11

Chapter 03: Content Organization 12

3.3 Attitudes and Moral Values 20

Chapter 04: Learning Themes and Students’ Learning Outcomes 22

4.3 Grade – III 40

Chapter 05: Teaching and Learning 48

5.1 The Role of Teacher 49

5.2 The Changing Nature of Teaching and Learning 49

5.3 The Guiding Principles of Learning 50

Chapter 06: Assessment and Evaluating Students’ Learning 58

6.1 The Changing Paradigm in Educational Assessment 59

6.2 Incorporating Assessment into Learning Process 60

6.3 The Learning Assessment Process 61

6.5 Classroom Assessment Strategies 63

6.6 Assessment Tools 66

7.1 Guidelines for writing a Textbook 70

7.2 Guideline for writing a workbook 73

7.3 Other Educational Resources 73

7.4 A Guideline for Developing “Teacher’s guide’’ 74

7.5 Teacher Training and Professional Growth 75

Curriculum Review Committee for General Knowledge (I-III) 76

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE CURRICULUM

1.1 AIMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE CURRICULUM

1.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Consistent with the Nature of Learning:

Comprehensive and Developmentally Appropriate:

• Active exploration of the environment;

Useful and Relevant:

Effective Assessment Practices:

Reflective of Successful Teaching Practices:

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills:

Similarly, effective instructions engage students actively in enjoyable learning

Therefore, this Curriculum emphasizes the importance of teaching instructions that

Primary focus of General Knowledge Curriculum is to develop students’ interest and

2.1 INQUIRY-BASED CURRICULUM

Inquiry-based approaches to the early childhood education focus on “student

2.2 THE STUDENT-CENTERED CURRICULUM

Student is the centre of learning. Learning experiences need to be relevant to students’

2.3 AN OUTCOME-FOCUSED CURRICULUM

Outcomes-focused is a method of curriculum design and teaching that focuses on what

ETHICS AND VALUES

Standard 1: Students identify aspects of good character and good manners to

Benchmarks Grade I-III

GRADE I GRADE II GRADE III

• Good qualities • Sharing things • Common conflicts/

Standard 2: Students demonstrate responsible citizenship by respecting rules,

Benchmarks Grade I-III

PROGRESSION BETWEEN THE LEVELS

GRADE I GRADE II GRADE III